Coor din ates: 1 5 °N 03 2 °E Sudan T he Sudan or Sudan (US: /suˈdæn/ ( listen), UK: /suˈdɑːn [9][10] Republic of the Sudan as-Sūdān), also known as اﻟﺴﻮدان :dæn/; Arabicˈ- , ﺟﻣﮫورﻳﺔ اﻟﺳودان North Sudan since South Sudan's independence and (Jumhūriyyat as-Sūdān (Arabic ﺟﻤﮭﻮرﯾﺔ :officially the Republic of the Sudan[11] (Arabic Jumhūriyyat as-Sūdān), is a country in Northeast اﻟﺴﻮدان Africa. It is bordered by Egypt to the north, the Red Sea, Eritrea and Ethiopia to the east, South Sudan to the south, the Central African Republic to the southwest, Chad to the west and Libya to the northwest. It houses 37 million Flag [12] people (2017 ) and occupies a total area of 1.861.484 Emblem square kilometres (7 18.7 22 square miles), making it the (Arabic) اﻟﻧﺻر ﻟﻧﺎ :Motto third largest country in Africa.[13] Sudan's predominant "An-Naṣr lanā" [14] religion is Islam, and its official languages are Arabic and "Victory is ours" English. The capital is Khartoum, located at the confluence Anthem: of the Blue and White Nile. ﻧﺣن ﺟﻧد ﷲ، ﺟﻧد اﻟوطن Naḥnu Jund Allah, Jund Al- The history of Sudan goes back to the Pharaonic period, waṭan (transliteration) witnessing the kingdom of Kerma (c. 2500 BC-1500 BC), the We are the Soldiers of God, the Soldiers of the subsequent rule of the Egyptian New Kingdom (c. 1500 BC- Nation 107 0 BC) and the rise of the kingdom of Kush (c. 7 85 BC- 0:00 MENU 350 AD), which would in turn control Egypt itself for nearly a century. After the fall of Kush the Nubians formed the three Christian kingdoms of Nobatia, Makuria and Alodia, with the latter two lasting until around 1500. Since the 7 th century eastern Sudan was settled by Muslim Arabs, who would eventually push into the Nile Valley and the regions west of it in the 14th and 15th centuries. From the 16th-19th centuries, central and eastern Sudan were dominated by the Funj sultanate, while Darfur ruled the west and the Ottomans the far north. This period saw extensive Islamization and Arabization. From 1820 to 187 4 the entirety of Sudan was conquered by the Muhammad Ali dynasty. Between 1881 and 1885 the Sudan in dark green, disputed regions in harsh Egyptian reign was eventually met with a successful light green. revolt led by the self-proclaimed Mahdi Muhammad Ahmad, resulting in the establishment of the Caliphate of Omdurman. This state was eventually destroyed in 1898 by the British, who would then govern Sudan together with Egypt. The 20th century saw the growth of Sudanese nationalism and in 1953 Britain granted Sudan self-government. Independence was proclaimed on January 1, 1956. Since independence, Sudan has been ruled by a series of unstable parliamentary governments and military regimes. Under Gaafar Nimeiri, Sudan instituted fundamentalist Islamic law in 1983.[15] This exacerbated the rift between the Arab north, the seat of the government and the black African animists and Christians in the south. Differences in language, religion, ethnicity and political power erupted in a civil war between government forces, strongly influenced by the National Islamic Front (NIF) and the southern rebels, whose most influential faction was the Sudan Capital Khartoum People's Liberation Army (SPLA), eventually concluding in and largest city 15°38′N the independence of South Sudan in 2011. Before the 032°32′E Sudanese Civil War, South Sudan was part of Sudan, but it Official languages Arabic became independent in 2011.[16] Since 2011 Sudan's English[1] government is engaged in a war with the Sudan Religion Islam Revolutionary Front. Human rights violations, religious Demonym Sudanese persecution and allegations that Sudan had been a safe haven for terrorists isolated the country from most of the Government Federal dominant- party presidential international community. In 1995, the United Nations (UN) republic (de jure) imposed sanctions against it. One-party state under totalitarian dictatorship (de facto)[2] Contents • President Omar al-Bashir • Prime Minister Bakri Hassan Saleh Etymology • First Vice Bakri Hassan Saleh History President Prehistoric Sudan (before c. 800 BC) • Second Vice Hassabu Mohamed Kingdom of Kush (c. 800 BC–350 AD) President Abdalrahman Medieval Nubian kingdoms (c. 350–1500) Islamic kingdoms of Sennar and Darfur (c. 1500–1821) Legislature National Turkiyah and Mahdist Sudan (1821–1899) Legislature Anglo-Egyptian Sudan (1899–1956) • Upper house Council of States Independence (1956–present) • Lower house National Assembly 1990s–2000s Partition and rehabilitation Formation Geography Area Climate • Total 1,886,068 km2 Environmental issues (728,215 sq mi) Government and politics (15th) Sharia law Population Foreign relations • 2016 estimate [3] Armed Forces 39,578,828 (35th) International organizations in Sudan • 2008 census 30,894,000 [4] Human rights (disputed) Darfur • Density 21.3/km2 Disputed areas and zones of conflict (55.2/sq mi) Administrative divisions GDP (PPP) 2018 estimate Regional bodies and areas of conflict • Total $197.825 billion[5] [5] Economy • Per capita $4,700 Demographics GDP (nominal) 2018 estimate Ethnic groups • Total $138.090 billion[5] Languages • Per capita $3,459[5] Urban areas Religion Gini (2009) 35.3[6] Culture medium Music HDI (2015) 0.490[7] Sport low · 165th Clothing Media Currency Sudanese pound Education (SDG) Science and research Time zone CAT (UTC+2) Health care Date format dd/mm/yyyy See also References Drives on the right Bibliography Calling code +249 External links ISO 3166 code SD .ﺳﻮدان ,Internet TLD .sd Etymology The country's place name Sudan is a name given to a geographical region to the south of the Sahara, stretching from Western Africa to eastern Central Africa. The name derives from the Arabic bilād as- or "the lands of the Blacks".[17] The name is one of several toponyms sharing similar ,(ﺑﻼد اﻟﺴﻮدان) sūdān etymologies, ultimately meaning "land of the blacks" or similar meanings, in reference to the dark skin of the inhabitants. History Prehistoric Sudan (before c. 800 BC) By the eighth millennium BC, people of a Neolithic culture had settled into a sedentary way of life there in fortified mudbrick villages, where they supplemented hunting and fishing on the Nile with grain gathering and cattle herding.[18] During the fifth millennium BC, migrations from the drying Sahara brought neolithic people into the Nile Valley along with agriculture. The population that resulted from this cultural and genetic mixing developed a social hierarchy over the next centuries which The large mud brick temple, known as the shrek or Western Deffufa, in the became the Kingdom of Kush (with the capital at Kerma) at 17 00 ancient city of Kerma BC. Anthropological and archaeological research indicate that during the predynastic period Nubia and Nagadan Upper Egypt were ethnically, and culturally nearly identical, and thus, simultaneously evolved systems of pharaonic kingship by 3300 BC.[19] Kingdom of Kush (c. 800 BC–350 AD) Nubian pyramids in Meroë. Fortress of the Middle Kingdom, reconstructed under the New Kingdom(about 1200 B.C.) The Kingdom of Kush was an ancient Nubian state centered on the confluences of the Blue Nile and White Nile, and the Atbarah River and the Nile River. It was established after the Bronze Age collapse and the disintegration of the New Kingdom of Egypt, centered at Relief from Naqa depicting the royal Kushitic Napata in its early phase. family approaching Apedemak (c. 0 AD) After King Kashta ("the Kushite") invaded Egypt in the eighth century BC, the Kushite kings ruled as pharaohs of the Twenty-fifth Dynasty of Egypt for a century before being defeated and driven out by the Assyrians. At the height of their glory, the Kushites conquered an empire that stretched from what is now known as South Kordofan all the way to the Sinai. Pharaoh Piye attempted to expand the empire into the Near East, but was thwarted by the Assyrian king Sargon II. The Kingdom of Kush is mentioned in the Bible as having saved the Israelites from the wrath of the Assyrians, although disease among the besiegers was the main reason for the failure to take the city.[20] The war that took place between Pharaoh Taharqa and the Assyrian king Sennacherib was a decisive event in western history, with the Nubians being defeated in their attempts to gain a foothold in the Near East by Assyria. Sennacherib's successor Esarhaddon went further, and invaded Egypt itself, deposing Taharqa and driving the Nubians from Egypt entirely. Taharqa fled back to his homeland where he died two years later. Egypt became an Assyrian colony; however, king Tantamani, after succeeding Taharqa, made a final determined attempt to regain Egypt. Esarhaddon died while preparing to leave the Assyrian capital of Nineveh in order to eject him. However, his successor Ashurbanipal (668 – c. 627 BC) sent a large army into southern Egypt and routed Tantamani, ending all hopes of a revival of the Nubian Empire. During Classical Antiquity, the Nubian capital was at Meroë. In ancient Greek geography, the Meroitic kingdom was known as Ethiopia (a term also used earlier by the Assyrians when encountering the Nubians). The civilization of Kush was among the first in the world to use iron smelting technology. The Nubian kingdom at Meroë persisted until the mid fourth century AD. Medieval Nubian kingdoms (c. 350–1500) On the turn of the fifth century the Blemmyes established a short- lived state in Upper Egypt and Lower Nubia, probably centered around Talmis (Kalabsha), but before 450 they were already driven out of the Nile Valley by the Nobatians. The latter eventually founded a kingdom on their own, Nobatia.[22] By the 6th century there were in total three Nubian kingdoms: Nobatia in the north, which had its capital at Pachoras (Faras); the central kingdom, Makuria centred at Tungul (Old Dongola), about 13 kilometres (8 miles) south of modern Dongola; and Alodia, in the heartland of old Kushitic kingdom, which had its capital at Soba (now a suburb of modern-day Khartoum).[23] Still in the sixth century they converted to Christianity.[24] In the seventh century, probably at some point between 628 and 642, Nobatia was incorporated into Makuria.[25] The three Christian Nubian kingdoms.