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223175118.Pdf L’Istituto di Studi Politici “S. Pio V”, con sede in Roma, in conformità alla Legge 23 ottobre 2003, n. 293 e secondo i suoi fini istituzionali, promuove e incoraggia studi nelle discipline giuridiche, economiche ed umanistiche, con particolare riferimento a quelle storico-politiche e linguistiche, nonché, più in generale, alle discipline che analizzano i problemi della società contem- poranea. Presidenza: Piazza Navona, 93 – 00186 Roma tel: 06/6865904 fax: 06/6878252 Ufficio Ricerca Scientifica: Corso Rinascimento, 19 – 00186 Roma tel: 06/6879580 fax: 06/68300090 e-mail: [email protected]; [email protected]. Ricerca a cura di Domenico Melidoro e Simone Sibilio, realizzata dall’Istituto di Studi Politici “S. Pio V”, dal Dipartimento di Scienze Politiche della LUISS “Guido Carli” e dal Ministero degli Affari Esteri. ISBN 978-88-7233-112-5 Copyright 2014 Editrice APES S.r.l. Piazza Navona, 93 – 00186 ROMA È vietata la riproduzione, anche parziale con qualsiasi mezzo effettuata, com- presa la fotocopia, anche ad uso interno e didattico, non autorizzata. Domenico Melidoro e Simone Sibilio (a cura di) Voci dal mondo arabo Cronache e testimonianze delle transizioni in Egitto, Siria, Tunisia e Yemen Premessa di Sebastiano Maffettone Postfazione di Francesca M. Corrao Con contributi di Sadeq Abu Hamed Mohamed Haddad Hanin Hanafi Nadia al-Saqqaf Editrice APES 2014 4 A cura di Domenico Melidoro e Simone Sibilio Voci dal mondo arabo 5 Indice PREMESSA di Sebastiano Maffettone ........................................................11 INTRODUZIONE di Domenico Melidoro e Simone Sibilio ..................................15 MONITORARE IL CAMBIAMENTO. IL VALORE DELLA TESTIMONIANZA E LA BATTAGLIA DELL’INFORMAZIONE IN TUNISIA, EGITTO, SIRIA E YEMEN di Simone Sibilio .....................................................................19 I REPORT: Tunisia, a cura di Mohamed Haddad Egitto, a cura di Hanin Hanafi Siria, a cura di Sadeq Abu Hamed Yemen, a cura di Nadia al-Saqqaf LUGLIO 2012 Tunisia Alla ricerca di una Costituzione: uno studio preliminare ...............51 Egitto Morsi presidente: cambiamento del sistema o continuità? ........ 56 Siria La battaglia delle identità: confessionalismo e crisi dell’identità nazionale .............................................................. 60 Yemen Il lento percorso verso la transizione sotto l’ombra del terrorismo ........................................................................... 67 6 A cura di Domenico Melidoro e Simone Sibilio AGOSTO 2012 Tunisia. Il progetto della nuova Costituzione tunisina ........................... 73 Egitto. Un agosto drammatico .............................................................. 78 Siria. Gli scenari nella Siria del post-Asad: sfide, rischi e speranze ... 82 Yemen. Società civile e democrazia emergente .................................... 88 SETTEMBRE 2012 Tunisia. Le correnti politiche .................................................................. 93 Egitto. La bozza della nuova Costituzione e l’impatto del film-oltraggio al Profeta................................................................................... 98 Siria. Rassegna dei movimenti di opposizione. Obiettivi simili, ma percorsi diversi ........................................ 100 Yemen. Alla ricerca di un eroe .............................................................108 OTTOBRE 2012 Tunisia. Il fenomeno ‘salafita’: radicalismo rivoluzionario o minaccia per la rivoluzione? ................................................113 Egitto. Due venerdì significativi ..........................................................118 Siria. Le manifestazioni dell’islam politico sulla scia della rivoluzione 120 Yemen. Le comunità emarginate ..........................................................129 Voci dal mondo arabo 7 NOVEMBRE 2012 Tunisia. La nuova configurazione politica ............................................133 Egitto. La crisi del novembre 2012 .....................................................138 Siria. Il ruolo degli intellettuali nella rivoluzione .............................140 Yemen. Un anno dopo la firma dell’Iniziativa del Consiglio di Cooperazione del Golfo .......................................................147 DICEMBRE 2012 Tunisia. Il ritorno del sociale? ...............................................................151 Egitto. Sì, abbiamo una Costituzione, ma… ........................................156 Siria. Le donne e la rivoluzione. Una presenza forte, una voce emarginata ................................................................158 Yemen. Aumenta il potere delle donne yemenite ..................................164 GENNAIO 2013 Tunisia. Tunisia. Il 2013. Un anno pieno di rischi .................................169 Egitto. Il secondo anniversario della rivoluzione egiziana.................174 Siria. I palestinesi e la rivoluzione siriana. Un unico destino… l’angoscia della ‘tribù straniera’ .............................................176 Yemen. Il fallimento dell’anti-terrorismo americano-yemenita ...........184 8 A cura di Domenico Melidoro e Simone Sibilio FEBBRAIO 2013 Tunisia. 6 febbraio 2013: una svolta decisiva? ......................................189 Egitto. 25 gennaio 2013: la rivoluzione continua ................................194 Siria. I curdi e la rivoluzione siriana. Le difficoltà della prima occupazione durante la ‘seconda indipendenza’ .....................198 Yemen. Genere e media: un nuovo caso di femminismo ..................... 206 QUALE LIBERAL-DEMOCRAZIA DOPO LE RIVOLUZIONI ARABE?, di Domenico Melidoro ............................................................ 209 POSTFAZIONE di Francesca Maria Corrao ...................................................219 BIBLIOGRAFIA................................................................................231 Voci dal mondo arabo 9 Traslitterazioni dei termini arabi Per agevolare la lettura ad un pubblico non esperto si è scelto di adottare una traslitterazione scientifica semplificata dei termini arabi presenti nel testo. Quindi, non verranno differenziate le consonanti enfatiche da quelle non enfatiche né verranno indicate le vocali lunghe. Ci si limita a indicare soltanto la ‘ayn (‘) e la hamza (’). Riguardo ai nomi propri e ai titoli arabi di opere artistiche e culturali si è scelto di utilizzare la trascrizione più comune e generalmente adottata nei media e in rete. Per alleggerire il testo, si è scelto di indicare la ta’ marbuta soltanto nei termini in stato costrutto. Es: thawra; thawrat al-shabab. Nota dei curatori Le traduzioni dei report sono state realizzate dall’Istituto di Studi Politici “San Pio V”. Domenico Melidoro, docente a contratto presso il Dipartimento di Scienze politiche dell’Università Luiss “Guido Carli”, ha curato le seguenti sezioni: pp. 1-18 e pp. 169-235; Simone Sibilio, docente di Lingua araba e di Media e Comunicazione nei Paesi arabi al Master in Economia e Istituzioni dei Paesi Islamici (Mislam) presso l’Università Luiss “Guido Carli”, ha curato le seguenti sezioni: pp. 19-168. 10 A cura di Domenico Melidoro e Simone Sibilio Voci dal mondo arabo 11 Premessa Sebastiano Maffettone (Direttore del Dipartimento di Scienze politiche dell’Università Luiss “Guido Carli” di Roma) I materiali pubblicati in questo volume rappresentano l’esito del progetto Monitoring the Arab World: Civil Society, Human Ri- ghts, Non-Mainstream Information, realizzato grazie alla feconda collaborazione tra il Dipartimento di Scienze politiche della Luiss “Guido Carli”, l’Istituto di Studi Politici “San Pio V” e il Ministero per gli Affari Esteri. Il progetto in questione rientra nell’ambito di una più ampia attività del dipartimento di Scienze politiche della Luiss riguardante il Medio Oriente. Da anni la Luiss ha ritenuto che uno dei suoi focus principali di ricerca dovesse riguardare il mondo arabo per la sua rilevanza geopolitica assoluta e la sua prossimità al nostro Paese. Da questo punto di vista, abbiamo trovato piena intesa intellettuale e organizzativa nelle persone del presidente dell’Istituto “San Pio V”, Antonio Iodice, dell’ambasciatore Mario Boffo e della dottoressa Eva Pföstl, ricercatrice dell’Istituto “San Pio V”. Sono stati loro, insieme ai dottori Melidoro e Sibilio (che curano questo volume e hanno coordinato gli interventi degli autori) a realizzare il lavoro di cui questo volume rende conto. Tutto ciò non sarebbe comunque stato possibile senza la presenza della professoressa Francesca Corrao, cui tanto devono gli studi sul mondo arabo in Italia e nel mondo e che è stata il perno attorno a cui ruotano tutte le attività del nostro dipartimento nell’area. Il progetto è consistito nella produzione mensile di report aventi come ambito l’evoluzione dei processi socio-politici in Siria, Egitto, 12 Premessa Tunisia, Yemen. Si tratta di quattro Paesi scossi dall’ondata rivoluzio- naria che ha attraversato il mondo arabo a partire dall’inizio del 2011. I contributi sono stati redatti da quattro collaboratori di diversi profili professionali, provenienti dai Paesi sopraelencati di cui conoscono a fondo il tessuto sociale, politico, economico e culturale. Il periodo di cui i report rendono conto va da luglio 2012 a febbraio 2013. I colla- boratori hanno monitorato i processi di transizione nei loro rispettivi Paesi, delineando progressivamente le ‘traiettorie’ del cambiamento. I loro contributi raccolti hanno anche il pregio di prendere in esame alcuni temi rilevanti nei dibattiti interni ai singoli Paesi, in costante riferimento ai tre nuclei
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