Studies in Arabic Literary Papyri, 3 Vols.Vols

STUDIESSTUDIES IINN ARABIARABICC LITERARLITERARYY PAPYRIPAPYRI

bbyy

KarimKarim SamjiSamji

A thesithesiss submittedsubmitted toto thethe facultyfaculty ofof ThThee UniversityUniversity ooff UtahUtah in partiapartiall fulfillmentfulfillment ooff ththee requirementrequirementss forfor ththee degredegreee ofof

MasteMasterr ooff ArtsArts

DepartmentDepartment ooff HistoryHistory

ThThee UniversitUniversityy ooff UtahUtah

AlAlll RightsRights ReservedReserved THE UNIVERSI TY OF UTAH GRADUATE SCHOOL

SUPERVISORY COMMITTEE APPROVAL

of a thesis submitted by

Karim Samji

This thesis has been read by each member of the following supervisory committee and by majority vote has been found to be satisfactory.

l� Chair.

Edwird 1. Davies, II THE UNIVERSITY OF UTAH GRADUATE SCHOOL

FINAL READING APPROVAL

To the Graduate Council of the University of Utah:

I have read the thesis of KarimSamji in its final form and have found that (1) its format, citations, and bibliographic style are consistent and acceptable; (2) its illustrative materials including figures, tables, and charts are in place; and (3) the final manuscript is satisfactory to the supervisory committee and is ready for submission toThe GraduateSchool. s��¥ Date peter Chair: Supervisory Committee

Approved for the Major Department

Eric Hinderaker Chair/Dean

Approved for the GraduateCouncil

DavidS. Chapman Dean ofThe GraduateSchool ABSTRACABSTRACTT

ThThee thesisthesis addresseaddressess ththee historiographicahistoriographicall anandd methodologicamethodologicall impassimpassee iinn ArabicArabic manuscripmanuscriptt researchresearch.. ThThee firsfirstt parpartt ooff ththee thesisthesis examinesexamines ththee authenticityauthenticity debatdebatee inin historicahistoricall circlescircles betweebetweenn ththee descriptivistdescriptivist anandd revisionisrevisionistt schoolsschools,, followedfollowed bbyy anan

analysisanalysis ooff ththee methodologicamethodologicall problemproblemss facefacedd iinn ththee criticismcriticism ooff prophetipropheticc logialogia

(nadfth).{hadith). IInn lighlightt ofof thesthesee considerationsconsiderations,, ththee codicologicacodicologicall approacapproachh isis advanceadvancedd aass anan

alternatealternate conceptualconceptual schemaschema.. Subsequently,Subsequently, a cascasee studystudy ofof MMss Or.P44Or.P4433 iiss provideprovidedd toto

demonstratedemonstrate ththee efficacyefficacy ofof ththee proposeproposedd method.method.

ThThee seconsecondd parpartt ofof ththee thesithesiss provideprovidess thethe editionseditions,, translationstranslations,, commentaries,commentaries,

andand significancesignificance ofof sixsix ArabiArabicc literarliteraryy papyrpapyrii frofromm ththee AziAzizz SS.. AtiyAtiyaa PapyrPapyrii andand PaperPaper

CollectionCollection atat thethe UniversitUniversityy ofof UtahUtah.. TheThe sisixx ArabiArabicc literarliteraryy papyrpapyrii comprisecomprise materialsmaterials

from botbothh hadithnadfth andand IslamicIslamic moramorall lalaww (fiqh).ifiqh). ThThee papyrpapyrii includincludee MMss Or.P173Or.PI73,, P205,P205,

P365,P365, P443P443,, P518P5I8,, andand P521P521.. ThesThesee specificspecific papyrpapyrii addresaddresss a varietvarietyy ooff issuesissues relatinrelatingg toto

ththee developmendevelopmentt ofof nadfthhadith andfiqh.sndfiqh. ThThee publicatiopublicationn ooff thesthesee papyrpapyrii wilwilll provprovee ttoo bbee a

substantialsubstantial contributiocontributionn toto ththee understandinunderstandingg ofof ththee evolutioevolutionn ofof thesthesee traditions.traditions. No-onNo-onee iiss ablablee ttoo attainattain ththee truthtruth adequately,, while,, oonn ththee otheotherr hand,, wwee ddoo nonott collectivelcollectivelyy fail,, butbut everyoneveryonee saysayss somethinsomethingg trutruee aboutabout ththee naturnaturee ofof things,, anandd whilwhilee individuallindividuallyy wwee contributcontributee littllittlee oror nothinnothingg ttoo ththee truthtruth,, bbyy ththee uniounionn ooff alalll a considerablconsiderablee amountamount iiss amassedamassed......

WWee mustmust firsftrstt consideconsiderr whawhatt iiss saisaidd bbyy others, soso thatthat,, ifthereif there isis anythinanythingg whicwhichh thetheyy saysay wrongly,, wwee maymay nonott bbee liablliablee ttoo ththee samsamee objections,, while, iiff thertheree iiss ananyy opinioopinionn commoncommon ttoo thethemm andand usus,, wwee shalshalll havhave nono privatprivatee grievancgrievancee againsagainstt ourselveourselvess oonn thathatt account,account, forfor ononee musmustt bbee contencontentt ttoo statstatee somsomee pointpointss bettebetterr thanthan one'sone's predecessorpredecessorss anandd otherotherss nnoo worse.worse.

AristotlAristotlee TABLTABLEE OOFF CONTENTSCONTENTS

ABSTRACABSTRACTT ...... iivv

LISLISTT OOFF FIGUREFIGURESS ...... iixx

SYMBOLSyMBOLSS ...... x*

ACKNOWLEDGMENTACKNOWLEDGMENTSS ...... xixi

INTRODUCTIOINTRODUCTIONN ...... 1

HistoriographicaHistoriographicall ProblemProblem:: ThThee AuthenticitAuthenticityy DebatDebatee ...... 11 MethodologicaMethodologicall Problem:: HadithEadlth CriticisCriticismm ...... 4 AlternatAlternatee ConceptuaConceptuall SchemaSchema:: ThThee CodicologicaCodico1ogicall MethoMethodd ...... 7 CodicologicaCodicologicall StudStudyy oofMsf Ms Or.P443:: HadithEadzth anandd HistorHistoryy ...... 8 ThThee ScopScopee ooff ththee PresenPresentt StudStudyy ...... 1414

DOCUMENDOCUMENTT 1: MMSS OR.P17OR.P1733 ...... 1717

IdentificatioIdentificationn ...... 1717 PhysicaPhysicall DescriptioDescriptionn ...... 1717 ScriptScript ...... 1818 TeTextxt:: RectoRecto ...... 1919 Text:Text: VersoVerso ...... 2020 Translation:Translation: RectoRecto ...... 2020 Translation:: VersoVerso ...... 2121 CommentsComments ...... 2121

DOCUMENTDOCUMENT 2:2: MSMS OR.P205OR.P205 ...... 3232

IdentificationIdentification ...... 3232 PhysicalPhysical DescriptionDescription ...... 3333 ScriptScript ...... : ...... 3333 Text:Text: RectoRecto ...... :...... 3535 Text:Text: VersoVerso ...... 3535 Translation:Translation: RectoRecto ...... 3636 TranslationTranslation: VersoVerso ...... 3636 CommentsComments ...... 3939

DOCUMENTDOCUMENT 3:3: MSMS OR.P365OR.P365 ...... 4545 IdentificatioIdentificationn ...... 4455 PhysicaPhysicall DescriptioDescriptionn ...... 4455 ScripScriptt ...... 4466 TextText:: RectRectoo RighRightt SidSidee ...... 4488 TextText:: RectRectoo LefLeftt SidSidee ...... 4488 TextText:: VersVersoo RighRightt SidSidee ...... 4488 TextText:: VersVersoo LefLeftt SidSidee ...... 4499 TranslationTranslation:: RectRectoo RighRightt SidSidee ...... 4499 TranslationTranslation:: RectRectoo LefLeftt SidSidee ...... 5500 TranslationTranslation: : VersVersoo RighRightt SidSidee ...... 5500 TranslationTranslation: : VersVersoo LefLeftt SidSidee ...... 5500 CommentCommentss ...... 5511

DOCUMENDOCUMENTT 44:: MMSS OR.P44OR.P4433 ...... 6611

IdentificatioIdentificationn ...... 6611 PhysicaPhysicall DescriptioDescriptionn ...... 6262 ScripScriptt ...... 6363 Text:: RectRectoo ...... 6464 TextText:: VersVersoo ...... 6464 Translation:: RectRectoo ...... 6565 Translation:: VersVersoo ...... 6565 CommentCommentss ...... 6868

DOCUMENDOCUMENTT 55:: MMSS OR.P51OR.P5188 ...... 7171

IdentificationIdentification ...... 7171 PhysicalPhysical DescriptionDescription ...... 7373 ScriptScript ...... 7373 Text:Text: RectoRecto ...... 7575 Text:Text: VersoVerso ...... 7575 Translation:Translation: RectoRecto ...... 7676 Translation:Translation: VersoVerso ...... 7777 CommentsComments ...... 7777

DOCUMENTDOCUMENT 6:6: MSMS OR.P521OR.P521 ...... 8383

IdentificationIdentification ...... 8383 PhysicalPhysical DescriptionDescription ...... 8383 ScriptScript ...... 8383 TText ext:: RectoRecto ...... 8484 Text:Text: VersoVerso ...... 8585 Translation:Translation: RectoRecto ...... 8585 Translation:Translation: VersoVerso ...... 8585 CommentsComments ...... 8686

Vllvii CONCLUSIOCONCLUSIONN ...... 92

BIBLIOGRAPHBIBLIOGRAPHYY ...... 94

V111 LISTLIST OFOF FIGURESFIGURES

FigureFigure PagePage

1.1. MsMsOr.P173 Or.PI73RR ...... 2222

2.. MsMsOr.P173 Or.PI73VV ...... 2323

3.3. MsOr.P205Ms Or.P205RR ...... 3737

4.. MsMsOr.P205 Or.P205VV ...... 3838

55.. MsMsOr.P365 Or.P365RR ...... 5252

66.. MsOr.P365Ms Or.P365VV ...... 5353

77.. MsOr.P443Ms Or.P443RR ...... 6666

88.. MsOr.P443Ms Or.P443VV ...... 6767

99.. MsOr.P518Ms Or.P518RR ...... 7878

10.10. MsOr.P518Ms Or.P518VV ...... 7979

1111.. MsOr.P521MsOr.P52IRR ...... 8787

12.. MsOr.P521Ms Or.P521 VV ...... 8888 SYMBOLSSYMBOLS

GeneralGeneral SymbolsSymbols

R RectoRecto V VersoVerso rrSS RighRightt SideSide IISS LeftLeft SideSide A WrittenWritten FirstFirst B WrittenWritten SubsequentlySubsequently

EditedEdited TexTextt SymbolsSymbols

[[...... ] LacunaLacuna inin ththee text.text. ( ) UncertainUncertain reading;reading; texttext appearsappears betweenbetween brackets.brackets. < > PostulatedPostulated reconstructionreconstruction ofof text.text. \ \ GlosGlosss iinn translation.translation. «»« » TextText crossedcrossed oror blottedblotted outout byby copyist.copyist. <<...... > > Erasure.Erasure. J{ f} Dittograph.Dittograph. Superscript.Superscript. Subscript.Subscript. IllegiblIllegiblee script;script; eacheach dashdash representrepresentss ononee letterletter space.space, fr J Marginalia.Marginalia. x BreaBreakk withwith followingfollowing fragment;fragment; uncertaiuncertainn whetherwhether ththee twotwo fragmentsfragments areare contiguouscontiguous.. ACKNOWLEDGMENTACKNOWLEDGMENTSS

ThiThiss thesisthesis representrepresentss thethe culminatioculminationn ooff ththee collectivecollective efforteffortss ofof manmanyy scholars.scholars.

FirsFirstt anandd foremost,foremost, I woulwouldd liklikee ttoo thanthankk MarMarkk MuehlhaeuslerMuehlhaeusler,, MiddleMiddle EastEast CollectionCollection

SpecialistSpecialist aatt ththee AziAzizz S.S. AtiyAtiyaa MiddlMiddlee EastEast Library,Library, withouwithoutt whoswhosee expertiseexpertise,, assistance,assistance, andand encouragementencouragement ththee fruitionfruition ofthisof this projecprojectt woulwouldd nonott havhavee beebeenn feasible.feasible.

SignificantSignificant contributionscontributions werweree madmadee bbyy ththee followingfollowing scholars:scholars: HanaHanann Ahmad,Ahmad, whoswhosee criticacriticall eyeyee anandd patiencpatiencee werweree indispensablindispensablee iinn finalizinfinalizingg ththee translationtranslationss ooff thethe papyripapyri;; BernarBernardd G.G. Weiss,Weiss, undeunderr whoswhosee guidancguidancee ththee theoreticatheoreticall andand methodologicalmethodological sectionsection wawass completed;completed; PetrPetraa Sijpesteijn,Sijpesteijn, whwhoo generouslygenerously lenlentt heherr expertisexpertisee iinn ArabicArabic papyrologpapyrologyy anandd whoswhosee criticalcritical,, meticulousmeticulous,, andand eruditeerudite commentcommentss havhavee withouwithoutt doubtdoubt amelioratedameliorated ththee qualitqualityy ofof ththee thesis;thesis; LuisLuisee PoultonPoulton,, AssociatAssociatee CuratorCurator ofof RarRaree BookBookss atat ththee J.J. WillarWillardd MarriotMarriottt LibraryLibrary,, whwhoo provideprovidedd unlimiteunlimitedd accessaccess ttoo ththee PapyrPapyrii CollectionCollection anandd enthusiasticallenthusiasticallyy supportedsupported evereveryy efforteffort ttoo studystudy thethe documents;documents; LeonarLeonardd Chiarelli,Chiarelli,

MiddlMiddlee EastEast LibrariaLibrariann atat thethe JJ.. WillardWillard MarriotMarriottt LibraryLibrary,, whoswhosee untirinuntiringg commitmencommitmentt toto makinmakingg ananyy andand everyevery bibliographibibliographicc resourcresourcee availableavailable advanceadvancedd ththee researchresearch considerably;considerably; anandd PetePeterr Sluglett,Sluglett, whowho masterfullmasterfullyy oversaoversaww ththee completioncompletion ooff ththee thesis.thesis.

Ilowe owe specialspecial gratitudegratitude toto ProfessorProfessor EdwardEdward J.J. DavieDaviess II,II, whowho facilitatedfacilitated anan

environmenenvironmentt ofof intellectualintellectual freedofreedomm conduciveconducive ttoo academicacademic growth.growth. LastlyLastly,, I woulwouldd likelike

ttoo thankthank ththee EditorEditor.. ItIt goegoess withouwithoutt sayingsaying thathatt I alonealone amam responsibleresponsible foforr whawhatt isis

publishepublishedd here.here. INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION

HistoriographicaHistoriographicall ProblemProblem:: ThThee AuthenticitAuthenticityy DebateDebate

ContemporarContemporaryy ArabiArabicc manuscripmanuscriptt researcresearchh iiss atat a criticacriticall impasse.impasse. ThThee historhistoryy ofof ththee genesisgenesis anandd growtgrowthh ooff IslaIslamm iinn ththee firstfirst halhalff ofof ththee seventseventhh centurycentury iiss writtewrittenn fromfrom sourcesourcess composecomposedd a tercentenniatercentenniall afteafterr ththee factfact.. ThThee monumentamonumentall historiehistoriess ofof AbiAbui Ja'farJa'far al-Tabaral-rabarli (c.838-92(c.838-9233 C.E./c.223-31c.E./c.223-3100 A.H.A.H.)) anandd aI-Abual-Abu al-HasaaI-Hasann 'A'AlIH bb.. al-Husayal-Husaynn bb.. 'AlI'AH al-Mas'udal-Mas'udIi (c.896-956(c.896-956 C.E./c.282-34c.E./c.282-3444 A.H.A.H.)) thathatt chroniclchroniclee ththee formativfonnativee perioperiodd oofIslamicf Islamic historhistoryy politicallypolitically,, asas welwelll asas militarilymilitarily,, religiouslyreligiously,, culturallyculturally,, andand linguistically,linguistically, emergeemerge asas fulfulll fledgedfledged cohesivcohesivee narrativenarrativess setset withiwithinn a finnfirm theologicatheologicall framework.framework. AlthougAlthoughh thethe valuvaluee ofof thesthesee historianshistorians iiss nonott ttoo bbee underestimatedunderestimated,, ththee documentarydocumentary lacunaelacunae havhavee givengiven risrisee ttoo aann historiographicahistoriographicall debatdebatee thathatt hahass bifurcatebifurcatedd ththee disciplinediscipline intintoo twtwoo opposingopposing

campscamps - descriptivistsdescriptivists andand revisionists.revisionists. 11

ThThee descriptivistsdescriptivists,, witwithh limitelimitedd reservationsreservations,, accepacceptt ththee narrativnarrativee structurestructure ofof

IslamiIslamicc historhistoryy delineatedelineatedd bbyy AraArabb historianshistorians.. OnOn ththee otheotherr handhand,, thethe revisionisrevisionistt schoolschool

maintainmaintainss thathatt ththee historicahistoricall reconstructioreconstructionn ooff ththee firsfirstt sesquicentenniasesquicentenniall ooff IslamicIslamic historyhistory

isis nonott possiblpossiblee givengiven ththee naturnaturee ooff ththee availablavailablee sourcesource materialsmaterials.. AccordinglyAccordingly,, thethe

revisionistrevisionistss jettisojettisonn iinn largelarge parpartt ththee literaryliterary sourcesourcess ofof ththee AraArabb historianhistorianss oonn thethe groundsgrounds

1 TheThe conventionalconventional nomenclaturenomenclature utilizesutilizes thethe termsterms traditionaliststraditionalists andand skeptics.skeptics. TheThe terminologyterminology employeemployedd herheree iiss adopteadoptedd frofromm P.FP.F.. Strawson'sStrawson's Individuals: An Essay in Descriptive Metaphysics (London:(London: MethueMethuenn & CoCo Ltd.,Ltd., 1959),9-12.1959), 9-12. ForFor FredFred M.M. Donner'sDonner's classificationclassification schema,schema, cf.cf. IrvingIrving M.M. Zeitlin,Zeitlin, The HistoricalHistorical Muhammad (Cambridge(Cambridge:: PolitPolityy PressPress,, 2007)2007),, 6-86-8.. 2

thathatt thesethese workworkss constituteconstitute theologytheology,, notnot history.history. AlthoughAlthough a methodologicamethodologicall middlemiddle groundground hashas beebeenn soughtsought bbyy certaincertain scholars,scholars, thethe criticalcritical tonetone setset bbyy PatriciaPatricia CroneCrone andand

MichaelMichael CookCook inin theirtheir 19771977 publicatiopublicationn ofof Hagarism: The Making of the Islamic WorldWorld stillstill prevails.prevails. 2

InIn responseresponse toto thethe historiographicahistoriographicall problemproblemss poseposedd byby thethe authenticityauthenticity debate,debate, therethere emergedemerged a numbernumber ofof scholarsscholars callingcalling foforr a returreturnn toto thethe manuscriptmanuscript tradition.tradition. TheThe mostmost noteworthynoteworthy proponentproponent wawass NabiaNabia AbbotAbbottt andand heherr monumentamonumentall Studies in ArabicArabic

Literary Papyri?Papyri. 3 TheThe conclusionsconclusions drawndrawn byby Abbott,Abbott, namelynamely thatthat thethe manuscripmanuscriptt traditiontradition corroboratedcorroborated thethe traditionaltraditional narrative,narrative, furtherfurther precipitateprecipitatedd ththee ongoingongoing debate.debate. TheThe cruxcrux ofof ththee probleproblemm consequentlyconsequently shiftedshifted toto thethe questionquestion ofof chronologychronology andand thethe datesdates ascribedascribed ttoo thethe manuscriptsmanuscripts bbyy Abbott.Abbott.

PalaeographPal::eographyy isis thethe predominanpredominantt methodmethod forfor datingdating manuscriptsmanuscripts atat present.present. ThisThis

methodmethod wawass pioneerepioneeredd bbyy JacoJacobb ChristianChristian Lindber Lindbergg andand JohannJohann HeinrichHeinrich MollerMoTler inin thethe

earlyearly nineteenthnineteenth century.century. AlthougAlthoughh ththee methodmethod hashas sincesince undergonundergonee furtherfurther development,development,

iitt iiss nonethelesnonethelesss ladenladen witwithh problemsproblems.. ForFor example,example, B.B. MoritzMoritz suggestedsuggested thethe datesdates ofof 7th,7th,

8 th,, andand 9 th centuriescenturies respectivelyrespectively forfor threethree Qur'anQur'an specimensspecimens fromfrom thethe EgyptianEgyptian NationalNational

Library. 4 TheseThese assertionsassertions werweree rejectedrejected bbyy JJ.. vv.. KarabacekKarabacek whowho asseveratedasseverated thatthat thethe

datesdates ofof 9 th,, 9 th,, andand 8 th centuriescenturies respectivelyrespectively werweree mormoree probableprobable.. 5 Moreover,Moreover, M.M.

MinovMinovii inin hishis "Outline"Outline HistoryHistory ofof ArabiArabicc Writing"Writing" claimedclaimed thatthat thethe extantextant Qur'anQur'an

6 manuscriptmanuscriptss werweree "all eithereither forgeries oror suspect." 6 ThThee problematicproblematicss ooff palasographipal::eographicc

2 PatriciaPatricia CroneCrone andand MichaelMichael Cook,Cook, Hagarism: The Making of the Islamic World (Cambridge:(Cambridge: CambridgeCambridge UniversitUniversityy PressPress,, 1977).1977). 3 3 NabiaNabia Abbott,Abbott, Studies in Arabic Literary Papyri, 3 vols.vols. (Chicago:(Chicago: UniversityUniversity ofof Chicago,Chicago, 1957).1957). 4 AdolAdolff GrohmannGrohmann,, "The"The ProbleProblemm ofof DatingDating EarlyEarly Qur'ans,"Qur'ans," Der Islam 3333 (1958):(1958): 215.215. 5lbid.5 Ibid. 6lbid.,6 Ibid., 217.217. 3

datindatingg werweree recognizerecognizedd bbyy GotthelGotthelff BergstrasserBergstrasser,, whwhoo iinn hihiss eruditeerudite 19191919 publicatiopUblicationn onon

Qur'anicQur'anic palaeographpalreographyy proffereprofferedd onlonlyy relativrelativee datesdates,, e.g.e.g.,, oldestoldest,, mosmostt archaic,archaic, etcetc.. AsAs illustratedillustrated,, palaeographpalreographyy isis aann inexacinexactt methodmethod,, ttoo sasayy ththee least.least. 77

TheThe consequenceconsequencess ooff ththee inadequacyinadequacy ooff datindatingg oonn palaeographipalreographicc groundgroundss havehave resounderesoundedd throughoutthroughout ththee fieldfield ofof ArabiArabicc manuscripmanuscriptt researcresearchh andand havhavee compoundedcompounded andand intensifieintensifiedd existinexistingg problemproblemss thereintherein.. InIn ththee studstudyy ooff IslamiIslamicc legalegall historyhistory,, ththee laclackk ofof a stablestable chronologychronology hahass resulteresultedd inin contradictorycontradictory assertionsassertions asas ttoo ththee developmendevelopmentt ofof law.law.

AccordinAccordingg ttoo IgnaIgnazz GoldziherGoldziher,, ththee origioriginn ofof hadithliad7:th iiss traditionalltraditionallyy attributeattributedd ttoo ththee CaliphCaliph

'Umar'Umar IIII anandd MuhammaMuhammadd bb.. al-HasaaI-Hasann al-Shaybanal-ShaybanIl (d.(d. c.80c.8044 c.E'/189C.E./189 A.H.).A.H.).88 TheThe traditionatraditionall accounaccountt wawass nonott acceptedaccepted bbyy GoldziherGoldziher,, ratheratherr GoldziheGoldziherr arguedargued thathatt "[l]egal"[l]egal literaturliteraturee properproper,, whicwhichh representrepresentss ththee resulresultt ooff comprehensivcomprehensivee thinking,thinking, isis chronologicallchronologicallyy priopriorr ttoo ththee literatureliterature ooff ththee hadith."hadlth.,,99 GoldziherGoldziher maintainedmaintained thathatt liadfthhadith typtypee literatureliterature wawass collectedcollected foforr practicapracticall legallegal purposepurposess anandd organizeorganizedd intointo legallegal chapterschapters priopriorr ttoo ththee emergencemergencee ooff ththee sciencescience of liadfth.hadith.10 10 ThThee heighheightt ooff thithiss legalliadfthlegal hadith genregenre isis representerepresentedd bbyy ththee extantextant Muwatia'Muwatta' ofof MaliMalikk bb.. AnaAnass (c.715-79(c.715-7966 c.E./96-179C.E./96-179 A.H.).l1A.H.).11

Therefore,Therefore, GoldizherGoldizher,, anandd laterlater JosepJosephh SchachtSchacht,, maintainemaintainedd thathatt IslamiIslamicc lawlaw (jiqh)(fiqh) developedevelopedd prior ttoo ononee ooff ththee traditionalltraditionallyy helheldd foundationafoundationall sourcessources ofof law,law, thathatt is,is, prophetipropheticc logia (liad'lth).{hadith). ThiThiss probleproblemm ofof IslamiIslamicc legalegall historhistoryy iinn conjunctionconjunction withwith similasimilarr inquiresinquires intointo ththee originoriginss ooff ththee Qur'anQur'an,, IslamicIslamic ritualsrituals,, anandd IslamicIslamic institutionsinstitutions havhavee coalescecoalescedd intointo whawhatt iiss knowknownn aass ththee authenticitauthenticityy debate.debate.

7 Ibid.,Ibid., 215-216.215-216. 8 IgnazIgnaz Goldziher,Goldziher, Muslim Studies, vol.vol. 22,, ed.ed. S.M.S.M. Stem,Stern, transtrans.. C.R.C.R. BarberBarber andand S.M.S.M. StemStern (Chicago:(Chicago: AldinAidinee PublishinPublishingg CompanyCompany,, 1968),1968), 195-196.195-196. 9 Ibid.,Ibid., 193193.. 1010 Ibid.Ibid.,, 197197.. 1111 Ibid.Ibid. 4

MethodologicaMethodologicall ProblemProblem:: HadfthHadith CriticismCriticism

AlbrechAlbrechtt NotNothh hashas arguearguedd thathatt liadfthhadith criticiscriticismm ttoo datdatee hahass beebeenn conducteconductedd oonn oneone ooff twtwoo diametricalldiametricallyy opposeopposedd frontsfronts,, thathatt ofof ththee 'ilm al-hadithal-liadfth asas differentiateddifferentiated from thethe

1 ? Orientalist tradition. 12 The former school of thought is represented by the EanbalI Orientalist tradition. The former school of thought is represented by the Hanbah scholar Abu I-Faraj b. al-JawzI (c.1126-1200 c.E./c.SI9-S96 A.H.) who authored the Kitab scholar Abu 1-Faraj b. al-JawzT (c.l 126-1200 C.E./C.519-596 A.H.) who authored the Kitab al-Mawdu 'at that categorized liadfth forgers and was profoundly influential on al-Mawdu'at that categorized hadith forgers and was profoundly influential on succeeding generations of scholars. The latter Orientalist mode of liadfth criticism was succeeding generations of scholars. The latter Orientalist mode of hadith criticism was promulgated by Goldziher whose second volume of Muhammedanische Studien has promulgated by Goldziher whose second volume of Muhammedanische Studien has definitively shaped the academic view on liadfth since its publication in 1888 C.E. definitively shaped the academic view on hadith since its publication in 1888 C.E. As Noth maintains, the reason for the disparity between the two schools of As Noth maintains, the reason for the disparity between the two schools of thought resides in the fact that " ... the burden of proof in the case of liadfth forgery is thought resides in the fact that "...the burden of proof in the case of hadith forgery is distributed differently.,,13 The traditional school of liadfth criticism of the 'ilm al-liadfth distributed differently."13 The traditional school of hadith criticism of the 'ilm al-hadith is based on the assumption that there indeed exist forged liadfths although few in number is based on the assumption that there indeed exist forged hadiths although few in number compared to the authentic extant liadfths. The discrimen veri ac falsi advanced by Noth, compared to the authentic extant hadiths. The discrimen veri ac falsi advanced by Noth, as utilized by the 'ilm al-liadfth, assumes that the burden of proof lies not in proving the as utilized by the 'ilm al-hadith, assumes that the burden of proof lies not in proving the veracity of the liadfth; 14 rather, the obligation of proof is shifted to the demonstration of veracity of the hadith;14 rather, the obligation of proof is shifted to the demonstration of the inauthentic nature of a given liadfth through the analysis of isnads, i.e., the chain of the inauthentic nature of a given hadith through the analysis of isnads, i.e., the chain of transmitters. The Orientalist school, on the other hand, operates on the assumption that transmitters. The Orientalist school, on the other hand, operates on the assumption that the liadfth corpus is rife with forgery. Thus, the burden of proof lies in demonstrating the the hadith corpus is rife with forgery. Thus, the burden of proof lies in demonstrating the

12 AlbrechAlbrechtt NothNoth,, "Common"Common FeatureFeaturess ooff MusliMuslimm anandd WesterWesternn HadithHadfth CriticismCriticism:: IbIbnn al-JawzT'al-JawzI'ss CategorieCategoriess ofof HadithHadzth Forgers,Forgers,"" inin Hadith,Hadfth, ed.ed. HaralHaraldd MotzkMotzkii (Burlington(Burlington:: Ashgate/VariorumAshgateNariorum,, 2004)2004),, 309-316.309-316. TheThe tertennm "Orientalist""Orientalist" representrepresentss Noth'Noth'ss worwordd choicechoice,, anandd hahass beebeenn maintainemaintainedd aass such.such. 1313 Ibid.Ibid.,, 310310.. 14 Ibid. 5

authenticitauthenticityy ofof a givegivenn hadith,liadfth, basebasedd primarilprimarilyy o onn ththee analysisanalysis ooff thethe matn, 1.e.,i.e., thethe narrativnarrativee contentcontent ooff ththee hadithliad'ith itself.itself.

IrrespectivIrrespectivee ofof hohoww ththee naturnaturee ooff liadithhadith isis perceivedperceived,, aass eithereither inherentlyinherently fabricatefabricatedd oror authenticauthentic,, NotNothh observesobserves thathatt ththee major raison d'etred'etre ofof botbothh schoolsschools ofof hadithliadith criticiscriticismm iiss hadithliadith forgerforgeryy itself. 1515 ThThee formaformall critericriteriaa forfor ththee detectiodetectionn ofof fabricationfabrication areare essentiallyessentially identicalidentical.. AlthougAlthoughh ththee twtwoo modemodess ofof hadithliadith criticismcriticism areare antipodalantipodal aass ttoo theitheirr assumptions,assumptions, andand ttoo a certaicertainn degreedegree iinn theitheirr poinpointt ofof departuredeparture,, i.e.,i.e., emphasisemphasis oonn eithereither isnddisnad oror matn, thetheyy areare bothboth,, nonethelessnonetheless,, foundationallfoundationallyy epistemicepistemic approachesapproaches ttoo liad'ithhadith criticism.criticism.1616

ThThee epistemic-basedepistemic-based approachapproach,, IIIin ththee forformm ooff historicahistoricall authentication,authentication, isis primarilprimarilyy concernedconcerned witwithh ththee truth-valutruth-valuee ooff hadithliadith aass prophetipropheticc documents.documents. 1717

AuthenticitAuthenticityy iiss inin facfactt concerneconcernedd witwithh threthreee separatseparatee issues:issues: (i)(i) veracityveracity,, (ii)(ii) originorigin,, andand

(iii(iii)) evidence.evidence. ThThee epistemiepistemicc approachapproach largellargelyy addresseaddressess veracitveracityy andand origioriginn ttoo ththee extentextent thathatt iitt reflectreflectss ththee HerderiaHerderiann premispremisee thathatt "in"in ththee origioriginn ooff a phenomenophenomenonn thertheree lieliess allall thethe

1155 Ibid.Ibid.,, 309309.. 1616 EpistemiEpistemicc criticiscriticismm anandd ththee originoriginss thereothereoff areare nonott a modernmodem,, OrientalisOrientalistt phenomenonphenomenon.. ThiThiss modemode ooff hadithliad'ith criticiscriticismm emergedemerged witwithh ththee classicalclassical debatdebatee betweebetweenn ththee Ahl al-Ra 'y andand ththee Ahl al-Had'ith,al-Hadith, alsoalso !mownknown aass ththee AshdbA~liiib al-Hadith.al-Had'ith. "The"The ahl al-ra'yal-ra 'y anandd ththee ahl aI-kaIamal-kalam foundfound themselvesthemselves extremelyextremely vulnerablvulnerablee ttoo ththee attackattackss ooff ththee adherentadherentss of hadith.liad'ith. TheTheyy coulcouldd nonott rejectreject ththee authoritauthorityy ooff ththee hadithliad'ith ooff thethe PropheProphett outrightoutright,, iiff foforr nnoo otheotherr reasoreasonn thathann thathatt thesthesee reportreportss hahadd longlong heldheld a placplacee inin theitheirr owownn doctrines.doctrines. ThThee probleproblemm forfor thethemm wawass ttoo keekeepp theitheirr owownn hadithliad'ith whilwhilee rejectinrejectingg thosthosee thathatt contradictecontradictedd theitheirr doctrines.doctrines. ThThee stancestance thetheyy dididd adopadoptt wawass ononee ofof skepticismskepticism iinn ththee authenticationauthentication ofof hadith.liad'ith. IInn otherother wordswords,, theythey representerepresentedd themselvethemselvess aass nonott rejectinrejectingg ththee wordwordss ooff ththee ProphetProphet,, bubutt ratheratherr doubtindoubtingg whethewhetherr mosmostt liad'ithhadith iinn facfactt accuratelaccuratelyy representerepresentedd hihiss wordswords.. OOnn ththee oneone handhand,, thetheyy refuserefusedd ttoo accepacceptt ananyy liad'ithhadith thathatt wawass notnot mutawdtir,mutawatir, thathatt isis transmittetransmittedd iinn eacheach ereraa afteafterr ththee PropheProphett bbyy a numbenumberr ooff transmittertransmitterss soso largelarge asas ttoo excludexcludee ththee possibilitpossibilityy ooff a conspiracyconspiracy.. OOnn ththee otherother handhand,, ththee KiifanKUfanss alsalsoo rejectedrejected thosthosee hadithnad'ith whicwhichh dididd nonott meemeett variouvariouss internalinternal critericriteriaa thetheyy stipulatedstipulated.. ThroughouThroughoutt ththee third/nintthird/ninthh andand fourth/tenthfourth/tenth centuriescenturies,, wwee findfind ththee KufanKUfanss fightinfightingg a rearguarrearguardd actionaction againstagainst ththee thesithesiss ofof ththee adherentsadherents ooff nad'ithhadith whilewhile simultaneouslysimultaneously tryintryingg ttoo accommodataccommodatee iitt intintoo theitheirr ownown teachingsteachings"" (Eerik(Eerik DickinsonDickinson,, The Development of Early Sunnite Hadithliad'ith Criticism: The Taqdima oflbnof Ibn AbiAb'iHatim Hdtim al-Raz'ial-RazT (240/854-327/938) (Leiden(Leiden:: Brill,Brill, 2001),4-5).2001), 4-5). 1717 Ibid.Ibid.,, viivii.. 6

treasuretreasure ofof ititss interpretation.interpretation.,,18" InIn termtenuss ofof evidenceevidence,, inin ththee casecase oofthef the 'Urn'ilm al-hadithal-liadfth andand isniidisndd criticism,criticism, ththee emphasisemphasis iiss onon testimoniatestimoniall andand biographicabiographicall evidencevidencee andand ttoo a limitedlimited extentextent documentarydocumentary evidence,evidence, inin soso fafarr asas theythey investigatinvestigatee ththee chainchain ooff transmissiontransmission

(isniid)(isndd) ofof a givengiven liadfth.hadith}9 19 TheThe OrientalisOrientalistt circlcirclee iiss akiakinn ttoo thathatt ofof ththee 'Urn'ilm al-hadithal-liadfth withwith respectrespect ttoo veracitveracityy andand originorigin.. AAss forfor evidence,evidence, althougalthoughh ththee OrientalistOrientalist schoolschool analyzesanalyzes whawhatt iiss ostensiblostensiblyy documentardocumentaryy evidenceevidence iinn ththee forformm ooff matn, iitt nonethelessnonetheless,, aass a forformm ofof epistemiepistemicc criticism,criticism, treattreatss liadfthhadith iinn isolate,isolate, thathatt is,is, codifiecodifiedd form.form. InIn otheotherr wordswords,, iitt isis liadfthhadith solelysolely asas artifact thathatt drivesdrives OrientalisOrientalistt research.research.

FurthermoreFurthenuore,, sincesince thethe OrientalistOrientalist schoolschool commencecommencess witwithh ththee artifact andand proceedsproceeds ttoo determindeterminee ththee miliemilieuu iinn whicwhichh iitt wawass composed,composed, anandd vicevice versaversa,, thathatt isis,, itit startsstarts fromfrom ththee milieumilieu inin orderorder toto ascertainascertain hohoww thethe miliemilieuu affecteaffectedd ththee texttext,, itit iiss largelylargely anan extra-documentaryextra-documentary approachapproach.. ThiThiss givegivess risrisee ttoo a centracentrall probleproblemm iinn ththee OrientalistOrientalist modemode ofof criticism.criticism. EerikEerik DickinsonDickinson notenotess thathatt "[s]ince"[s]ince ththee timtimee ofof Goldziher,Goldziher, scholarsscholars havehave examineexaminedd differentdifferent sourcesource materialmaterial andand drawndrawn differentdifferent conclusionconclusionss aboutabout ththee authenticityauthenticity ooff hadithnadfth aass ProphetiPropheticc documents."documents.,,2o20 MoreoverMoreover,, GautieGautierr H.AH.A.. JuynbolJuynbolll proposeproposess thathatt thethe mosmostt efficaciousefficacious tootooll ofof thethe OrientalistOrientalist criticriticc iinn ththee quesquestt forfor ththee authentiauthenticc iiss "a"a keekeenn sensesense foforr whawhatt seemseemss truetrue andand whawhatt false.,,21false."21 ThereforeTherefore,, OrientalistOrientalist criticiscriticismm devolvedevolvess intointo historicahistoricall intuitionintuition,, nonott historicahistoricall methomethodd - a criticiscriticismm thathatt echoesechoes ththee sentimentssentiments ofof

18 FredericFrederickk C.C. BeiserBeiser,, The Fate of Reason: German Philosophy fromfrom Kant to Fichte (Cambridge(Cambridge:: HarvardHarvard UniversitUniversityy PressPress,, 1987),1987), 142.142. ThisThis tenetenett wawass predominanpredominantt iinn ththee worworkk ooff IgnaIgnazz GoldziherGoldziher,, ththee fathefatherr ofof modermodernn dayday OrientalistOrientalist hadithnadfth criticismcriticism.. Goldziher'Goldziher'ss concernconcern witwithh originoriginss duldulyy reflectreflectss ththee influencinfluencee ooff thethe eighteentheighteenth centurcenturyy GermaGermann philosophephilosopherr JohanJohannn GottfriedGottfried vovonn HerdeHerderr anandd hihiss genetic-historicagenetic-historicall methomethodd inin ththee fieldfield ofof classicaclassicall philologphilologyy ttoo whicwhichh GoldziherGoldziher wawass exposeexposedd (cf.(cf. KariKarimm SamjiSamji,, "Th'Thee HistorHistoryy ooff thethe PhilologicaPhilologicall MethoMethodd ofof IgnaIgnazz Goldziher"Goldziher" (Unpublishe(Unpublishedd GraduatGraduatee SeminarSeminar ResearcResearchh PaperPaper,, UniversitUniversityy ofof UtahUtah,, 2007)).2007)). 1919 ThThee classificationclassification ooff evidencevidencee intointo threthreee groups,groups, i.e.i.e.,, (i(i)) testimonialtestimonial,, (ii)(ii) biographicalbiographical,, andand (iii)(iii) documentary,documentary, followsfollows ththee schemaschema advancedadvanced bbyy EeriEerikk DickinsoDickinsonn iinn The Development of Early SunniteSunnite Hadithffadfth Criticism (Op(Op cit.).cit.). 2200 Ibid.,Ibid., viivii.. EmphasiEmphasiss added.added. 2211 Ibid.,Ibid., ix.ix. 7

JosepJosephh SchachtSchacht anandd CarlCarl HeinricHeinrichh BeckerBecker.. SchachtSchacht statedstated thathatt "[h]istorical"[historical intuitionintuition,, asas itit was sometimes called, began to take the place of sound criticism.,,2222 This• is the criticism... was sometimes called, began to take the place of sound criticism." This is the criticism that is leveled by Becker on Henri Lammens' Fatima, where he characterizes Lammens' that is leveled by Becker on Henri Lammens' Fatima, where he characterizes Lammens' methods as "der historische Instinkt" and "das historische Gefiihl.,,23 methods as "der historische Instinkt" and "das historische Geftihl."23

AlternatAlternatee ConceptuaConceptuall Schema:Schema: TheThe CodicologicaCodicologicall MethodMethod

ThThee codicologicalcodicological approach,approach, iinn ththee broadesbroadestt senssensee ofof thethe termterm,, constitutesconstitutes anan alternatalternatee conceptualconceptual schemschemaa ttoo epistemiepistemicc criticismcriticism.. TheThe codicologicalcodicological approachapproach isis a strictlystrictly documentary-basedocumentary-basedd approachapproach thathatt isis nonott concerneconcernedd witwithh ththee truth-valutruth-valuee ooff thethe hadith,nadfth, nonorr iiss iitt restricterestrictedd ttoo questionsquestions ofof originsorigins.. RatherRather,, utilizinutilizingg a diachronicdiachronic frameworkframework,, iitt seeksseeks ttoo analyzeanalyze ththee hadithnadlth solelysolely aass historicahistoricall texts,texts, i.e.,i.e., hadithnadlth asas artifactartifact andand process iinn timtimee perspectiveperspective.. ItIt iiss concerneconcernedd witwithh changchangee iinn texttextss anandd ththee meansmeans ofof changechange oveoverr time.time.

IInn contradistinctioncontradistinction ttoo ththee epistemiepistemicc approach,approach, ththee codicologicacodicologicall approachapproach doesdoes nonott seekseek a methomethodd ttoo distinguisdistinguishh anandd separatseparatee authentiauthenticc frofromm inauthentiinauthenticc nadlth,24hadith^ nonorr toto recoverecoverr aann originaoriginall substratum. 2525 ItIt considersconsiders hadithnadlth in situ, thatthat isis,, iinn ththee immediateimmediate contextcontext iinn whicwhichh iitt iiss foundfound.. Thereafter,Thereafter, througthroughh ththee comparativecomparative methodmethod,, itit juxtaposesjuxtaposes differendifferentt layerslayers ooff stratastrata andand fromfrom internainternall evidenceevidence attemptsattempts ttoo reconstrucreconstructt ththee meanmeanss byby

22 JosepJosephh SchachtSchacht,, "A"A ReevaluationReevaluation ooff IslamiIslamicc Traditions,Traditions,"" Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society (1949):(1949): 143.143. 2233 Ibid.,Ibid., mfn.. 3.3. 2244 JuynbolJuynbolll isis skepticaskepticall whethewhetherr ananyy methomethodd cacann bbee devisedevisedd ttoo facilitatfacilitatee ththee retrievaretrievall oror discriminatiodiscriminationn ofof authentiauthenticc from inauthentiinauthenticc hadith.hadzth. HHee states:states: '''Surely'"Surely itit iiss unlikelunlikelyy thathatt wewe willwill everever fmfmdd eveevenn a moderatelymoderately successfusuccessfull methomethodd ooff provinprovingg witwithh incontrovertiblincontrovertiblee certaintcertaintyy ththee historicithistoricityy ooff ththee ascriptioascriptionn ofof suchsuch toto thethe propheprophett bubutt iinn a fefeww isolateisolatedd instances'instances'"" (Dickinson(Dickinson,, ix)ix).. JosepJosephh SchachtSchacht goesgoes ssoo farfar aass ttoo eveneven doubdoubtt thethe existenceexistence ooff ananyy sucsuchh authenticauthentic corcoree (Ibid.).(Ibid.). 2255 OnOnee notablnotablee attemptattempt ttoo recoverecoverr aann originaloriginal substratusubstratumm iiss HaralHaraldd MotzkiMotzki,, "The"The MusannafMU$annaf ofof 'Abd'Abd alal- RazzaRazzaqq al-San'anIal-§an'anl aass a SourcSourcee ooff AuthentiAuthenticc ahadithahiidith ofof ththee FirsFirstt CenturCenturyy A.H.,A.H.,"" Journal of Near EasternEastern Studies 5050 (1991)(1991):: 1-21.1-21. 8

whicwhichh anan earlieearlierr stratustratumm ofof liadzthhadith developdevelopss soso aass ttoo taketake a particulaparticularr shapeshape andand configuratioconfigurationn iinn a laterlater stratum.stratum. AAss opposeopposedd ttoo ththee epistemicepistemic approach,approach, ththee codicologicalcodicological approachapproach commencecommencess anandd concludesconcludes witwithh ththee artifact, revealinrevealingg ththee process therein.therein.

CodicologicalCodicological StudStudyy oofMsf Ms Or.P443Or.P443:: HadithHadzth anandd HistoryHistory

InIn orderorder ttoo demonstratdemonstratee ththee efficacyefficacy ofof ththee codicologicalcodicological approach,approach, ththee followingfollowing cascasee studystudy wilwilll examinexaminee ththee relationshirelationshipp betweebetweenn earlyearly liadlthhadith criticiscriticismm andand earlyearly IslamicIslamic historiographyhistoriography.. ThThee casecase studstudyy wilwilll analyzanalyzee oneone ooff ththee papyrpapyrii inin ththee presenpresentt group,group, namelynamely,, MsMs Or.P443Or.P443,, soso asas toto comparcomparee ththee criticacriticall procedureproceduress (e.g.,(e.g., redactioredactionn techniques)techniques) employedemployed iinn liadlthhadith criticismcriticism andand historiographhistoriographyy vis-a-vivis-a.-viss documentarydocumentary evidence.evidence.

ItIt hahass beebeenn remarkeremarkedd thathat"t "...discussion ... discussionss ofof ththee QuraQurann cannotcannot bbee easileasilyy separatedseparated from questionquestionss abouaboutt ththee authenticitauthenticityy ofof hadithsliadzths anandd sira."szra.,,26 TToo ththee extentextent thathatt siraszra isis representativrepresentativee ooff ththee tar'lkhtar'ikh genre,genre, thithiss assertionassertion isis equallyequally valivalidd iinn ththee casecase of liadlthhadith andand historhistoryy - thetheyy totooo araree inextricablyinextricably intertwined.intertwined. ThThee absenceabsence ofof biographicabiographicall literatureliterature

(tabaqat) onon historianhistorianss iiss a significansignificantt clucluee iinn determinindeterminingg ththee relationshiprelationship ooff liadzthhadith andand

historhistoryy iinn ththee incubatioincubationn phasphasee ooff earlyearly IslamiIslamicc scholarship.scholarship. EllaElla Landau-Landau-TasseroTasseronn

observes:observes:

WhaWhatt iiss puzzlinpuzzlingg iiss ththee factfact thathatt historiographihistoriographicc source-criticissource-criticismm dididd notnot develodevelopp aass aann independenindependentt disciplindisciplinee alongsidalongsidee Hadzth-criticismHadTth-cnticism...For ...For allall theitheirr interestinterest iinn source-criticissource-criticismm ththee MusliMuslimm scholarscholarss focusefocusedd onon hadith,nadzth, anandd aass farfar aass thetheyy dealdealtt witwithh historianhistorianss thetheyy treatetreatedd thethemm asas muhaddithunmunaddithun iinn disguise,disguise, anandd dididd nonott trtryy ttoo evaluatevaluatee thethemm forfor whawhatt theythey were. 2277 were.

26 HerberHerbertt BergBerg,, revierevieww ofof The Origins of the Koran: Classic Essays on Islam's Holy Book editeeditedd bbyy IbnIbn WarraqWarraq,, Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 62:62:33 (1999)(1999):: 558.558. 2277 EllEllaa Landau-TasseronLandau-Tasseron,, "SayfIbn"Sayf Ibn 'Uma'Vmarr inin MedievaMedievall andand ModerModernn Scholarship,"Scholarship," Der Islam 6767 (1990)(1990):: 1111.. 9

Landau-Landau-TasseroTasseronn furtherfurther remarkremarkss thathatt althougalthoughh ththee tabaqiittabaqat genrgenree wawass employeemployedd aass a formform ofof sourcesource criticismcriticism,, itit neveneverr developedevelopedd foforr historiographershistoriographers.. 28 Tabaqatrabaqiit workworkss onon varyinvaryingg classeclassess ofof personpersonss werweree composed,composed, ranginrangingg from hadithliadfth transmittertransmitterss ttoo chesschess playerplayerss andand poetpoetss - bubutt neveneverr forfor historians.2929 Landau-TasseronLandau-Tasseron statesstates thathatt "[t]his"[t]his iiss oddodd inin vievieww ofof ththee highlhighlyy developeddeveloped historicahistoricall consciousnesconsciousnesss ofof ththee MusliMuslimm community,community, thethe relevancerelevance ooff historyhistory ttoo ititss theologicatheologicall anandd politicapoliticall lifelife,, anandd ththee extensiveextensive historiographicalhistoriographical worworkk whicwhichh itit produced.,,30produced."

RegardlessRegardless ooff whethewhetherr hadithliadfth anandd historhistoryy constitutedconstituted oneone amorphouamorphouss discoursediscourse witwithh nono cleaclearr cutcut disciplinarydisciplinary boundariesboundaries,, historianshistorians,, iinn effecteffect,, werweree treatetreatedd asas muhaddithun.muliaddithiin. Therefore,Therefore, iitt isis reasonablreasonablee ttoo advancadvancee thethe tentativtentativee hypothesihypothesiss thathatt thethe methodmethodss ooff historicahistoricall criticiscriticismm areare inin facfactt ththee methodmethodss ofof liadfthhadith criticismcriticism.. AAss a corollarycorollary ttoo thithiss assertion,assertion, itit followsfollows thathatt ththee problemproblemss inheriteinheritedd bbyy historicahistoricall criticiscriticismm araree alsoalso thosthosee endemicendemic ttoo thethe fieldfield ofof liadfthhadith criticismcriticism proper.proper.

IInn 1991,1991, a criticalcritical manuscriptmanuscript ofof ththee KitabKitiib al-Ridda bbyy SaySayfb.f b. 'Umar'Umar al-TamlmIal-Tamlml wawass discovereddiscovered bbyy QasimQasim al-Samardi'Ial-Samarra'T iinn ththee LibrarLibraryy ooff ImaImamm MuhammaMuhammadd IbnIbn Sa'udSa'ud

IslamiIslamicc UniversitUniversityy iinn Riyadh.3131 ThThee significancesignificance ooff thithiss groundbreakingroundbreakingg findfind restrestss iinn thethe factfact thathatt al-al-TammiFT amlmI's s worworkk servedserved aass AbAbuu Ja'faJ a' farr al-Tabari'al-l'abari' s primarprimaryy sourcsourcee foforr thethe accountsaccounts ofof ththee Ridda warwarss wagewagedd inin ArabiArabiaa fromfrom roughlroughlyy 632-63632-6344 C.EC.E.. AAss ththee Tii'rfkhTa 'rikh al-Rusul wa- 'l-muZiik'l-muluk ofof al-'fabar!al-TabarT representrepresentss ththee maturitmaturityy ofof ththee historicahistoricall traditiontradition,, anan

28 Ibid.Ibid. 29 Ibid.Ibid. 3300 Ibid.Ibid. 31 31 cf.cf. Sayfb.Sayf b. 'Umar'Umar al-TamImI,al-Tamlmi, KitabKitiib al-Riddah wa-al-futiih:wa-al-futuli: wa-Kitdb wa-Kitiib al-Jamalai-Jamal wa-masirwa-maszr 'A'ishah'A 'ishah wawa- 'All'Ali /ta'lifSayfb./ ta 'Iif Say! b. 'Umar al-al-TamimTal-DabbiTamzmz al-Dabbl al-AsidT;al-Aszdz; tahqiqtanqzq wa-taqdimwa-taqdzm QiisimQasim al-SiimarriiT,al-Samarrd'i, 2 vols.vols.,, ed.ed. QasimQasim al-Samarra'ial-Samarra'T (Leiden(Leiden:: SmitskampSmitskamp OrientalOriental AntiquariumAntiquarium., 1995).1995). 1010

analysisanalysis ooff al-Tabari'al-rabarI'ss useuse oofSayfb.f Sayf b. 'Vmar'Umar al-Tamlml'al-TamlmI'ss extantextant KitabKitiib al-Ridda maymay yieldyield insighinsightt intointo ththee muhaddithunmunaddithiin techniquetechniquess ooff handlinhandlingg hadithnad"ith reports.reports.

FroFromm a comparisocomparisonn ooff ththee narrativenarrativess relaterelatedd inin ththee KitabKitiib al-Ridda anandd thethe Ta'r"ikhTa 'rikh ofof al-Tabarial-IabarI,, ninninee operatinoperatingg principleprincipless ooff redactioredactionn employeemployedd bbyy al-Tabaral-rabarIi havhavee beenbeen identified.identified. A givengiven accounaccountt woulwouldd bbee transmittetransmittedd iinn ththee followingfollowing waysways:: (i)(i) verbatim,verbatim, (ii)(ii) partlpartlyy paraphrasedparaphrased,, (iii(iii)) partlpartlyy "processed,""processed," (iv(iv)) witwithh ththee omissioomissionn ofof isniids,isnads, (v)(v) asas a partiapartiall reporreportt ofof a narrativnarrativee followefollowedd bbyy ititss reproductioreproductionn in toto, (vi)(vi) witwithh ththee omissionomission ofof reportreportss thathatt sheshedd nnoo neneww lighlightt onon ththee subjectsubject mattermatter,, (vii)(vii) witwithh ththee interpolatiointerpolationn ofof newnew informatioinformationn derivederivedd frofromm otheotherr sourcesourcess withouwithoutt citationcitation,, (viii(viii)) asas narrativenarrativess rearrangerearrangedd forfor a coherentcoherent sequencesequence inin orderorder toto fitfit thethe annalsannals schemaschema adoptedadopted byby meansmeans ofof a "cut"cut andand pastepaste"" khabar methomethod,d , oorr (ix)(ix) witwithh alterealteredd settingssettings anandd wordinwordingg ooff somesome narratives.narratives. 32

ThThee hitherthithertoo unknowunknownn oorr purelpurelyy hypothesizehypothesizedd principleprincipless ooff al-rabarI'sal-Tabari's redactionredaction methodmethodss providprovidee a powerfupowerfull meanmeanss witwithh whicwhichh ttoo analyzanalyzee ththee HadithEadfth corpus.corpus. ItIt isis importantimportant ttoo notenote thathatt ththee aiaimm ooff al-rabarI'sal-Tabari's methodmethodss iiss postulatepostulatedd ttoo reflecreflectt ththee primaryprimary objectivobjectivee ofof establishinestablishingg historicahistoricall writinwritingg oonn ththee samesame systematicsystematic principleprincipless aass nad"ithhadith scholarshipscholarship.33. ThereforeTherefore,, inin lightlight ooff ththee derivedderived procedureproceduress ofof redactioredactionn gainegainedd from thethe analysianalysiss ofof al-rabarI'sal-Tabari's ninninee operatinoperatingg principlesprinciples,, itit iiss nonoww possiblpossiblee toto determindeterminee thethe validitvalidityy ofof ththee theoreticatheoreticall claiclaimm thathatt ththee methodmethodss ooff historicahistoricall criticiscriticismm areare thosthosee ooff nadfthhadith criticism.criticism.

InIn ordeorderr ttoo determinedetermine whethewhetherr anyany parallelparallelss inin methomethodd exist,exist, nadfthhadith preservepreservedd inin ththee canonicacanonicall collectioncollectionss ooff BukhariBukharI,, IbIbnn MajahMajah,, andand MusliMuslimm wilwilll bbee comparecomparedd witwithh anan extantextant hadithnad"ith papyrupapyruss fragmentfragment (Ms(Ms O.P443)Or.P443),, thuthuss providinprovidingg anan evidentiaryevidentiary basibasiss andand

332lbid.,2 Ibid., volvol.. 1,1,14-18 14-18.. 3333 FreFredd MM.. DormerDonner,, "Translator'"Translator'ss Forward,Forward,"" iinn The Conquest of Arabia (al-Tabari(al-'faban,, Tii'rzkhTd'rTkh al-rusul wa-alwa-al- muluk),muZUk), transtrans., anandd annotateannotatedd bbyy FreFredd MM.. DormeDonnerr (Albany(Albany:: StatStatee UniversitUniversityy ooff NeNeww YorYorkk Press,Press, 1993),1993), xvii.xvii. 1111

verificatioverificationn foforr ththee initiainitiall hypothesishypothesis.. MMss Or.P44Or.P4433 iiss ooff particulaparticularr significancsignificancee aass thethe isnddsisniids preservpreservee ththee namnamee ooff YtisuYusuff bb.. 'Adi'AdI,, ononee ofof Bukhari'BukharI'ss sourcesourcess (cf.(cf. CommentsComments

SectionSection foforr MsMs Or.P443)Or.P443).. ThThee editededited texttext,, translationtranslation,, andand figuresfigures ofof MMss Or.P44Or.P4433 areare reproducereproducedd iinn thethe seconsecondd parpartt ofof thethe thesisthesis,, followingfollowing ththee proposeproposedd analysis.analysis.

MMss Or.P44Or.P4433 RectRectoo iiss tentativeltentativelyy datedatedd ttoo ththee third/nintthird/ninthh centurycentury andand isis voivoidd ofof diacriticadiacriticall marksmarks.. WhereaWhereass ththee VersVersoo iiss largelylargely undecipherableundecipherable,, ththee isnddsisniids andand matns ofof ththee twtwoo hadithsliadfths preservepreservedd in toto oonn ththee RectRectoo havhavee beebeenn reconstructereconstructedd bbyy meanmeanss ofof palaeographypal~ography.. ThThee texttextss ooff ththee twtwoo matns reflecreflectt earlearlyy IslamiIslamicc prophetipropheticc logia thathatt closelyclosely parallelparallel ononee anotheranother.. ThThee matn oftheof the firsfirstt hadithliadfth (Line(Line 10)10) reads:reads:

(Jjit (>» Al^st

"There"There isis nnoo (acceptance(acceptance ooff charitcharityy frofromm ill-gotteill-gottenn gains)."gains)."

ThThee matn onon LineLine 1616 ofof ththee secondsecond liadfthhadith isis a reduplicatioreduplicationn ooff ththee firstfirst hadith.liadfth. LinLinee 1717 provideprovidess aann extensionextension ofof ththee firsfirstt liadfthhadith aass indicateindicatedd grammaticallgrammaticallyy bbyy thethe coordinatingcoordinating conjunctioconjunctionn wiiw.waw. LineLiness 1616 andand 1717 read:read:

J)c 0-(-") (~)~ J.(~)'i ((.J~..>#- JJS-^J^ LJA0* -;;)L...:.)6^>) 'i.JV j

"Ther"Theree iiss nnoo (acceptanc(acceptancee ofof charitycharity fromfrom)) ill-gotteill-gottenn gainsgains andand nnoo (prayer(prayer withouwithoutt rituarituall cleansing)."cleansing)."

ThThee significancesignificance ofof thesthesee twtwoo hadithsliadfths restrestss iinn thethe facfactt thathatt thetheyy areare preservepreservedd iinn laterlater canonicalcanonical hadithliadlth collections.collections. TheThe §ahih$a1il1i al-Bukhiirfal-BukharT ofof MuhammaMuhammadd bb.. Isma'TIsma'TIl BukhariBukhari

(810-870(810-870 c.E.l194-256C.E./194-256 A.H.A.H.)) relegaterelegatess ththee firstfirst matn ofof botbothh liadfthshadiths ttoo a chaptechapterr headingheading followefollowedd bbyy a Qur'aniQur'anicc VersVersee (2:263)(2:263).. TheThe fullyfully vocalizevocalizedd chapterchapter headinheadingg appendedappended 1212

witwithh additionaadditionall materialmaterial,, constitutingconstituting a subsectiosubsectionn ofof ththee BooBookk ofof TithinTithingg (Kitiib{Kitab al-

Zakdt),Zakiit), iiss accordinglaccordinglyy entitled:entitled:

'. \j\ H. '. 34~•• _ ,.~ LJ,4, I.rJ ,\-J~. \ LJ,4 ~~ ill! ~• _ II ~u••

ThThee secondsecond matnmata ofof ththee secondsecond liadzthhadith isis likewiselikewise transformedtransformed intintoo a chapterchapter heading,heading, comprisincomprisingg a subsectionsubsection ooff ththee BooBookk ooff ththee MinorMinor AblutionAblution (Kitiib(Kitab al-al-Wudii'),Wuilii j, bubutt iinn thisthis casecase iiss followedfollowed bbyy anotheranother corroboratingcorroborating hadith.liadzth. ItIt reads:reads:

35'.~~ < ~ II ~u J~~ . ..

A comparisoncomparison ofof MMss Or.P443ROr.P443R andand ththee $alilli§ahTh al-Bukhiirzal-Bukhari demonstratesdemonstrates thethe followingfollowing operationoperationss ooff al-l'abarI'sal-Tabari's methodmethodss inin effecteffect.. ThThee liadzthhadith iiss redacteredactedd (i(i)) verbatimverbatim,, (iv)(iv) withwith ththee omissioomissionn ooff isniidsisndds, , (vii(vii)) witwithh ththee interpolatiointerpolationn ooff neneww informationinformation derivederivedd fromfrom otherother sourcessources withouwithoutt citatiocitationn (i(inn thithiss case,case, anan appendage),appendage), (viii)(viii) rearrangerearrangedd foforr a coherentcoherent sequencesequence iinn ordeorderr ttoo fit ththee compilatiocompilationn schemaschema adoptedadopted bbyy meansmeans ooff a "cut"cut andand paste"paste" khabar methomethodd (in(in thisthis casecase,, chaptechapterr headings)headings),, andand (ix(ix)) witwithh alterealteredd wordinwordingg ooff somesome reportreportss (e.g.(e.g.,, ththee changchangee ooff prepositionprepositionss frofromm jp-.YF c(.)A> toto ~).

ThThee §ahih$alilli Sunan ofof IbIbnn MajahMajah (824-88(824-8877 C.E./210-27c.E.l210-2733 A.H.A.H.)) preservepreservess LineLiness 1616

andand 1717 ofof MMss Or.P443Or.P443RR largelylargely in toto.3636 TheThe differencesdifferences beinbeingg thathatt LinesLines 1616 andand 1717 areare

reversereversedd iinn order;order; LinLinee 1717 iiss alsoalso employeemployedd aass a chapterchapter headingheading;; andand ththee prepositioprepositionn ofof

LinLinee 1616 iiss reducereducedd frofromm .YFJJ^ i(.)A> ttoo (.)A.o*. A comparisoncomparison ooff MMss Or.P443Or.P443RR anandd ththee $alilli§ahih

Sunan Ibn MajahMiijah illustratesillustrates thethe followinfollowingg redactioredactionn strategiesstrategies ofof historiographyhistoriography iinn effect.effect.

3344 MuhammadMuhammad bb.. Isma'iIsma'lll BukhariBukhari,, SahihSalim al-Bukhan,al~Bukhiirl, volvol.. 1 (Beirut(Beirut:: DaDarr al-Kotobal-Kotob al-Ilmiyahal-Ilmiyah,, 1999),1999), 345345.. Cf.Cf. MuhammadMuhammad bb.. Isma'iIsma'lll BukharI,Bukhari, The Translation of the Meanings ofofSahih Sahih al-Bukhari: Arabic-English,Arabic-English, volvoL. 22,, transtrans.. MuhammaMuhammadd MuhsinMuhsin KhaKhann (Lahore:(Lahore: KazKazii PublicationsPublications,, 1983),280.1983), 280. 3535 BukhariBukhari,, Sahih,Salim, volvol.. 1,44.1, 44. CfCf.. Bukhari,Bukhari, The Translation, volvol.. 1,1, 10110l.. 36 36 IbIbnn MajahMajah,, SahihSalim Sunan Ibn Majah,Miijah, volvol.. 1 (Beirut(Beirut:: Al-MaktaAI-Maktabb al-Islamlal-IslamI,, 1986),50.1986), 50. 1313

TheThe liadUhhadith iiss preservepreservedd (i(i)) verbatimverbatim,, (v)(v) asas a partiapartiall reporreportt ooff a narrativnarrativee followedfollowed byby itsits reproductioreproductionn in toto, (viii)(viii) aass reportreportss rearrangerearrangedd forfor a coherentcoherent sequencsequencee inin ordeorderr ttoo fitfit thethe compilationcompilation schemschemaa adoptedadopted bbyy meanmeanss ooff a "cut"cut andand pastepaste"" khabar methomethodd (in(in thisthis case,case, botbothh asas a chapterchapter headinheadingg andand a reversareversall ofof linlinee order),order), andand (ix)(ix) witwithh alteredaltered wordinwordingg ofof somsomee reports.reports. IInn addition,addition, IbIbnn MajaMajahh utilizeutilizess anan alterationalteration ofof strategystrategy iv.iv. RatheRatherr thanthan omittinomittingg ththee isniid,isnad, hhee useusess a truncatedtruncated isnadisniid thathatt doesdoes nonott corroboratecorroborate witwithh MsMs

Or.P443ROr.P443R..

TheThe §ahihSalim ooff MusliMuslimm bb.. al-tIajjajal-Hajjaj (c.821-87(c.821-8755 C.E./c.202-261C.E./C.202-261 A.H.A.H.)) alsalsoo preservespreserves

LineLiness 1616 anandd 1717 ofMsof Ms Or.P443ROr.P443R largellargelyy in totO.toto.2137 InIn liklikee mannemannerr aass IbnIbn Majah,Majah, MuslimMuslim reversereversess ththee lineline orderorder ofof LinesLines 1616 andand 17.17. IInn lieulieu ofof ththee prepositioprepositionn Y.P 0-0,c>, MusliMuslimm usesuses

~, inin accordanceaccordance witwithh Bukhan.Bukhari. Furthermore,Furthermore, MusliMuslimm appendappendss anotheranother linlinee ttoo thisthis liadlthhadith bbyy meanmeanss ofof ththee coordinatincoordinatingg conjunctioconjunctionn wdw.wiiw. ThiThiss latterlatter linlinee translatestranslates asas follows:follows: ""...an ... andd thothouu werwertt ththee (governor)(governor) oofBasra.,,38f Basra."38 This,This, however,however, iiss nonott preservepreservedd inin

MMss Or.P443R.Or.P443R. UnlikUnlikee BukharBukhani andand IbnIbn MajahMajah,, MuslimMuslim doesdoes nonott emploemployy ththee liadlthshadiths asas chaptechapterr headingsheadings.. A comparisocomparisonn ofof MMss Or.P443ROr.P443R andand ththee §ahihSalim Muslim revealrevealss thethe followingfollowing proceduresprocedures.. ThThee hadithliadlth iiss redacteredactedd (i)(i) verbatimverbatim,, (vii(vii)) witwithh ththee interpolatiointerpolationn ofof neneww informatioinformationn derivederivedd fromfrom otheotherr sourcesourcess withouwithoutt citatiocitationn (i(inn thithiss casecase,, anan appendage),appendage),

(viii(viii)) aass reportreportss rearrangerearrangedd foforr a coherentcoherent sequencesequence inin ordeorderr ttoo fifitt ththee compilationcompilation schemaschema

adopteadoptedd bbyy meanmeanss ooff a "cut"cut anandd pastepaste"" khabar methomethodd (i(inn thithiss case,case, a reversareversall ooff lineline

order)order),, andand (ix(ix)) witwithh alteredaltered wordinwordingg ooff somesome reportsreports.. InIn additionaddition,, MuslimMuslim,, liklikee IbnIbn

MajahMajah,, utilizeutilizess aann alteratioalterationn ofof strategystrategy iviv.. RatheRatherr thathann omittinomittingg ththee isnad,isniid, hhee useusess anan

37 MusliMuslimm bb.. al-Eajjaj,al-Hajjaj, al-Jiimi'al-Jami' al-$aMIi,al-SahTh, volvol.. 1 (N.p.(N.p.:: n.p.n.p.,, 1911),1911), 140.140. CfCf.. ImamImam MuslimMuslim,, $alriliSahih Muslim,Muslim, volvol.. 11,, transtrans.. 'Abdul'Abdul HamlHamIdd §idd!qSiddIqI! (Ne(Neww DelhiDelhi:: KitabKitab BhavanBhavan,, 1977),1977), 148-149.148-149. 3388 Muslim,Muslim, $alifli,Sahih, 149.149. 1414

alternativalternativee isnad thathatt atat pointpointss parallelparallelss MMss Or.P443R.Or.P443R. BothBoth isnadsisndds referrefer ttoo anan 'Abd'Abd

AllaAllahh anandd tractracee bacbackk ultimatelultimatelyy ttoo a personagpersonagee whoswhosee namnamee includeincludess Hurayra.Hurayra.

ThThee parallelparallelss inin methomethodd betweebetweenn al-Tabari'al-'fabarl'ss ninninee operatingoperating principleprincipless andand thathatt ofof ththee muhaddithunmunaddithiin araree evidentevident from ththee abovabovee comparisocomparisonn ofof ththee hadithnadfth specimenspecimen preservepreservedd iinn ththee canonicacanonicall collections.collections. AlthougAlthoughh MMss Or.P443Or.P443RR representrepresentss bubutt a fragmentfragment ofof ththee earlearlyy HadithHadfth corpuscorpus,, a comparisocomparisonn witwithh ththee canonicacanonicall collectionscollections hahass identifieidentifiedd thethe presencpresencee ooff sisixx ofof ththee ninninee redactioredactionn procedureproceduress ooff historicahistoricall criticism,criticism, i.e.,i.e., i,i, iviv,, vv,, vii,vii, viiiviii,, anandd ixix.. AdditionallyAdditionally,, itit hahass exposeexposedd perhapperhapss a tenttenthh operatinoperatingg principleprinciple,, thathatt iiss a variatiovariationn ooff iviv,, namelynamely,, ththee truncatiotruncationn oorr utilizatioutilizationn ofof anan alternatealternate isnad. TheThe comparativcomparativee studystudy ooff furthefurtherr hadithnadfth papyrpapyrii fragmentfragmentss mamayy illustrateillustrate ththee functioninfunctioningg ooff thethe remaininremainingg threthreee proceduresprocedures,, aass welwelll aass providprovidee evidenceevidence ooff othersothers.. MoreoverMoreover,, thesethese resultresultss mamayy clarifyclarify ththee existinexistingg ninninee operationsoperations anandd vicvicee versaversa.. InIn termsterms ooff ththee scopscopee ofof thithiss studystudy,, thesthesee resultresultss providprovidee aann evidentiaryevidentiary basibasiss andand verificatioverificationn foforr ththee initialinitial hypothesihypothesiss thathatt ththee methodmethodss ooff historicahistoricall criticismcriticism araree inin factfact ththee methodmethodss ooff nadfthhadith criticismcriticism.. FurthermoreFurthermore,, thetheyy demonstratdemonstratee ththee applieappliedd valuvaluee ofof ththee proposeproposedd codicologicalcodicological approachapproach thathatt commencescommences andand concludesconcludes witwithh ththee artifact, revealinrevealingg ththee process therein.therein.

TheThe ScopScopee ooff ththee PresenPresentt StudyStudy

ThThee abovabovee casecase studystudy hahass establisheestablishedd ththee effectivenesseffectiveness ooff ththee codicologicalcodicological methomethodd inin clarifyinclarifyingg issuesissues ofof historicahistoricall imporimportt witwithh regarregardd ttoo ththee naturnaturee ofof thethe relationshirelationshipp betweebetweenn earlearlyy hadithnadfth criticismcriticism anandd earlearlyy IslamiIslamicc historiographyhistoriography.. TheThe degreedegree ofof ththee utilitutilityy ooff ththee codicologicalcodicological methomethodd iiss largellargelyy dependendependentt upouponn ththee availabilitavailabilityy ofof primarprimaryy sourcesource materialmaterialss ttoo bbee analyzed.analyzed. TheThe greategreaterr ththee numbenumberr ofof sourcesource materials,materials, thethe 1515

greategreaterr precisioprecisionn witwithh whicwhichh ththee methodmethod cancan bbee applied.applied. InIn turntum,, ththee mormoree soundsound thethe resultresultss ooff ththee method.method.

GivenGiven thethe methodologicamethodologicall impassImpassee imn ArabiArabicc manuscriptmanuscript researcresearchh andand historiographhistoriographyy resultinresultingg frofromm ththee latlatee compositiocompositionn ooff thethe sourcessources anandd ththee authenticityauthenticity debatedebate,, iitt isis astonishinastonishingg thathatt ththee availabilityavailability andand accessibilitaccessibilityy ooff primarprimaryy sourcsourcee materialsmaterials inin ththee forformm ofof ththee thousandsthousands ooff extanextantt ArabicArabic papyrpapyrii hahass nonott taketakenn precedencprecedencee iinn thethe historicahistoricall discipline.discipline. 39 TToo date,date, ththee vasvastt majoritmajorityy ooff ArabiArabicc literarliteraryy papyrpapyrii remamremain

40 untappeduntapped,, anandd asas suchsuch,, areare unknowunknownn toto anandd unaccounteunaccountedd foforr bbyy historians. 40

InIn lighlightt ofof thesthesee considerationsconsiderations,, thethe followingfollowing thesithesiss seekseekss ttoo makemake availablavailablee thethe editions,editions, translationstranslations,, commentaries,commentaries, andand significancesignificance ofof sixsix ArabiArabicc literarliteraryy papyrpapyrii fromfrom ththee AziAzizz S.S. AtiyAtiyaa PapyriPapyri anandd PapePaperr CollectionCollection aatt ththee UniversitUniversityy ooff UtahUtah.. ThThee AtiyaAtiya

41 CollectioCollectionn constitutesconstitutes oneone ofof ththee largestlargest papyrpapyrii holdingholdingss inin NortNorthh America. 41 TheThe collectiocollectionn comprisescomprises 770770 ArabiArabicc papyripapyri,, asas welwelll aass overover 13001300 ArabiArabicc papepaperr documents.documents.

ThThee provenancprovenancee ofof ththee CollectioCollectionn isis largellargelyy EgyptiaEgyptiann inin origin.origin. AtiyAtiyaa collectedcollected thethe documentsdocuments overover ththee coursecourse ooff manmanyy yearyearss througthroughh purchasepurchasess from dealersdealers inin Egypt,Egypt,

BeirutBeirut,, anandd LondonLondon,, iinn additionaddition ttoo a selectionselection ooff itemsitems acquiredacquired from ththee UniversitUniversityy ofof

ChicagoChicago.. 42 ThThee AtiyAtiyaa CollectionCollection iiss uniquuniquee notnot onlyonly iinn itsits size,size, bubutt alsalsoo iinn itsits content,content, asas a significansignificantt numbenumberr ofof ththee papyrpapyrii datdatee ttoo ththee perioperiodd betweebetweenn ththee eighteighthh andand ninthninth centuriescenturies..

39 RoberRobertt HoylandHoyland,, "New"New DocumentarDocumentaryy TextsTexts andand ththee EarlEarlyy IslamicIslamic State,State,"" Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 69:69:33 (2006)(2006):: 395.395. 4400 Ibid.Ibid. 4411 FoForr ththee figurefiguress ooff otherother comparablcomparablee collectioncollectionss iinn NortNorthh AmericaAmerica,, cfcf.. PetrPetraa Sijpesteijn,Sijpesteijn, "North"North AmericanAmerican PapyruPapyruss CollectionsCollections Revisited,Revisited,"" BardiyyatBardiyyiit 1 (2003):(2003): 11-19.11-19. 4422 FoForr Atiya'Atiya'ss accountaccount ooff ththee collectiocollectionn andand itsits preservationpreservation,, cfcf.. "Azi"Azizz S.S. AtiyaAtiya.. Interview,Interview,"" Everett L. Cooley Oral History Project, nosnos.. 323288 anandd 329329,, ed.ed. EveretEverettt L.L. CooleCooleyy (Sal(Saltt LakLakee CityCity:: MarriotMarriottt Library,Library, 1985),1985), 19-22.19-22. 1616

TheThe sixsix ArabiArabicc literaryliterary papyrpapyrii compriscompnsee materialmaterialss from bothboth prophetipropheticc logialogia

(nadfth)(hadith) anandd lalaww (fiqh). ThThee papyrpapyrii include:include: MMss Or.PI73,Or.P173, P205P205,, P365P365,, P443P443,, P518P518,, andand

P521P521.. FouFourr ofof thethe sixsix papyrpapyrii werewere independentlindependentlyy editededited bbyy WilliaWilliamm MatthewsMatthews

MalczyckiMa1czycki4343 andand MarMarkk Muehlhaeusler.4444 MMss Or.P173Or.P173 iiss a hadithnadfth basebasedd legallegal (fiqh) texttext thathatt addressesaddresses generagenerall anandd specificspecific issueissuess regardinregardingg menstruationmenstruation.. MMss Or.P20Or.P2055 iiss a proto-proto- fiqh texttext,, containingcontaining anan admixturadmixturee ooff hadithnadfth andand lalaww propeproperr thathatt concernsconcerns ththee protocoprotocoll forfor prayersprayers.. MMss Or.P365O.P365 iiss a hadithnadfth commentarycommentary oonn Sura al-Nisa',al-Nisii', VersVersee 34.34. InIn addition,addition,

MMss Or.P365Or.P365 preservepreservess a fragmentfragment ofof ththee Musnad ooff AhmaAhmadd bb.. HanbaHanball (780-85(780-8555 c.E.l164-C.E./164-

242411 A.H.).A.H.). MMss Or.P443,O.P443, asas notednoted above,above, isis aann extantextant hadithnadfth papyrupapyruss fragmentfragment ooff a nadfthhadith compilercompiler.. MMss Or.P51Or.P5188 includesincludes a mixturmixturee ooff td'rikhtii'rlkh anandd tajsfrtafsir (Qur'ani(Qur'anicc exegesis).exegesis).

LastlyLastly,, MsMs Or.P521Or.P521 isis representativrepresentativee ofof a fullfullyy developedevelopedd traditiotraditionn of liadfth.hadith.

ThesThesee specificspecific papyrpapyrii addressaddress a varietvarietyy ooff issueissuess relatinrelatingg ttoo ththee developmendevelopmentt ofof prophetipropheticc logia (nadfth)(hadith) andand IslamicIslamic moramorall lalaww (fiqh). TheThe publicatiopUblicationn ofof thesthesee papyripapyri willwill provprovee ttoo bbee a substantialsubstantial contributioncontribution ttoo ththee understandinunderstandingg ooff ththee evolutioevolutionn ofof thesethese traditionstraditions..

43 TheseThese includeinclude:: MsMs Or.P205,Or.P205, P365P365,, P443 P443,, anandd P521P521.. ThThee re-editere-editedd papyrpapyrii presentepresentedd herheree shedshed neneww lightlight oonn ththee fourfour papyrpapyrii asas followfollowss (the(the designationdesignation ooff RectRectoo anandd VersVersoo followfollow Malczycki)Malczycki).. MMss Or.P205:Or.P205: SignificantSignificant grammaticalgrammatical variancvariancee (Recto(Recto,, LineLine 2)2);; identificatioidentificationn ooff a pericoppericopee ooff ththee Qur'anQur'iin (6:161-163)(6:161-163) (Recto(Recto,, LineLiness 7-8)7-8).. MMss Or.P365:Or.P365: MalczyckMalczyckii provideprovidedd aann editioeditionn ooff ththee RectoRecto;; ththee re-editiore-editionn includeincludess anan editionedition ooff thethe VersVersoo thathatt preservepreservess almostalmost verbativerbatimm a passagpassagee fromfrom ththee Musnad ooff IbIbnn HanbalHanbal.. MsMs Or.P443:Or.P443: RatherRather thathann twtwoo identicaidenticall isniidsisndds onon ththee RectoRecto,, ththee re-editiore-editionn revealrevealss varianvariantt readingreadingss ooff ththee namename ofof ththee transmittertransmitter ofof ththee paralleparallellladfths.l hadiths. MMss Or.P521:Or.P521: ThThee re-editiore-editionn includeincludess ththee reconstructioreconstructionn ofof fivefive additionaladditional lineliness (Recto,(Recto, LinLinee 7;7; VersoVerso,, LineLiness 4-7)4-7).. CfCf.. WilliaWilliamm MatthewMatthewss MalczyckiMalczycki,, "Literar"Literaryy PapyrPapyrii fromfrom thethe UniversitUniversityy ooff UtaUtahh ArabiArabicc PapyruPapyruss andand PapePaperr CollectionCollection"" (Ph.D.(Ph.D. diss.diss.,, UniversitUniversityy ooff UtahUtah,, 2006).2006). 44 44 TheseThese includeinclude:: MMss Or.P51Or.P5188 anandd P521.P521. MarMarkk MuehlhaeusleMuehlhaeuslerr wawass kinkindd enougenoughh ttoo makmakee availablavailablee hishis unpublishedunpublished editioneditionss ooff thesethese twtwoo papyripapyri,, inin additioadditionn ttoo providinprovidingg instruction,instruction, assistanceassistance,, andand directiodirectionn inin ththee editingediting ooff allall ofof ththee papyrpapyrii inin thethe presenpresentt group.group. 45 DOCUMENDOCUMENTT 1:1: MMSS OR.P173OR.P173

IdentificatioIdentificationn

Date:Date: Third/nintThird/ninthh century.46century.46

MMss Or.P17Or.P1733 iiss a collectioncollection ofof hadithsnadfths thathatt formform ththee basibasiss forfor a sectiosectionn ofof a judicialjudicial workwork addressingaddressing ththee issueissue ofof mustahadah.mustanaaah. ThisThis papyrupapyruss partiallpartiallyy overlapoverlapss iinn thematicthematic contentcontent witwithh ththee Muwatta' ofof MaliMlilikk bb.. AnaAnass (c.715-796(c.715-796 C.E./96-17c.E./96-1799 A.H.)A.H.),, specifically,specifically, thethe bookbookss oonn "Menstruation"Menstruation iinn GeneralGeneral"" anandd "Bleeding"Bleeding aass iiff Menstruating."Menstruating.,,4747 AnotherAnother paralleparallell betweebetweenn ththee twtwoo worksworks includeincludess ththee facfactt thathatt ththee isnadsisndds tractracee bacbackk ttoo '.Aisha,'Aisha, asas wellwell asas ttoo otheotherr mutuamutuall transmitters.transmitters.

PhysicalPhysical DescriptionDescription

GooGoodd qualitqualityy dardarkk browbrownn papyrupapyruss 2266 x 18.518.5 cmcm.. BlacBlackk ink.4848 PerhapPerhapss a fragmentfragment

4949 ofof a rollroll;; thethe beginninbeginningg iiss missinmissingg anandd iitt iiss uncertaiuncertainn aass toto whethewhetherr ththee enendd iiss complete.complete.

ComposedComposed ooff threthreee fragmentsfragments:: 2266 x 8.38.3 cmcm,, 1919 x 10.510.5 cm,cm, andand 3x3 x 3 3 cmcm.. ThThee firstfirst

45 TheThe physicaphysicall descriptiondescription ooff ththee papyrpapyrii areare basebasedd onon LolLolaa AtiyaAtiya,, "Arabi"Arabicc PapyruPapyruss anandd PapePaperr Collection,"Collection," AzizAziz S.S. AtiyAtiyaa MiddlMiddlee EasEastt Library,Library, n.d.n.d.,, http://www.lib.utah.edU/libraryinfo/deptJmiddleeastJpapyrus/http://www.lib.utah.edu/libraryinfo/dept/rniddleeast/papyrus/ (15(15 MaMayy 2007).2007). TheThe designationdesignation ooff RectRectoo anandd VersVersoo ddoo nonott correspondcorrespond witwithh AtiyaAtiya.. RectRectoo anandd VersVersoo havhavee beenbeen determinedeterminedd accordingaccording ttoo ththee standardstandard practicpracticee ofof identifyinidentifyingg ththee directiodirectionn ooff ththee fiberfiberss ooff a givegivenn papyruspapyrus,, i.e.,i.e., horizontahorizontall anandd verticalvertical,, respectivelyrespectively.. WherWheree ththee designationdesignation ooff RectRectoo anandd VersVersoo differdiffer fromfrom thathatt ooff thethe readingreading orderorder,, ththee symbolssymbols A (Writte(Writtenn FirstFirst)) anandd B (Writte(Writtenn Subsequently)Subsequently) havhavee beebeenn utilizedutilized.. ThThee papyripapyri appearappear iinn numericanumericall orderorder inin accordancaccordancee witwithh theitheirr cataloguecatalogue designations.designations. 4466 PetrPetraa SijpesteijnSijpesteijn (Personal(Personal e-maile-mail correspondenccorrespondencee (1(122 FebruarFebruaryy 2008)).2008)). 4477 MaliMalikk bb.. AnasAnas,, Al-Muwatta' ai-Imamal-Imam Malik: RiwdyatRiwayat YaliyaYahya b. YaliyaYahya al-Laythi,al-Laythl, eded.. AhmaAhmadd RatibRatib 'Armllsh'Armush (Beirut(Beirut:: DaDarr al-Nafa'isal-Nafii.'is,, 1977),50-52;1977), 50-52; MaliMalikk bb.. AnasAnas,, Al-Muwatta of Imam Malik ibn Anas: The First Formulation of Islamic Law, transtrans.. AishAishaa AbdurrahmaAbdurrahmann BewleBewleyy (London:(London: KegaKegann PauPaull International,International, 1989),21-22.1989), 21-22. 4848 FoForr specificspecificss regardinregardingg ththee inkink (^)(..ll~),, cfcf.. AdolAdolff GrohmannGrohmann,, From the World of Arabic Papyri (Cairo(Cairo:: AlAl- MaareMaarefPress,f Press, 1952),67-68.1952), 67-68. 4499 PetraPetra SijpesteijnSijpesteijn (Persona(Personall e-maie-maill correspondencecorrespondence (12(12 FebruarFebruaryy 2008))2008)).. 1818

fragmentfragment ofof thethe textextt formsforms ththee RectRectoo RightRight Margin.Margin. A gagapp ofof 1 ccmm inin lengtlengthh iiss postulatedpostulated betweenbetween ththee firstfirst anandd ththee smallesmallerr secondsecond fragmentfragment;; ththee secondsecond fragmenfragmentt iiss eithereither iinn needneed ofof beinbeingg movemovedd furtherfurther leftleft oorr ththee fragmenfragmentt belongbelongss elsewhere.elsewhere. TherTheree iiss a 2 cmcm gapgap postulatepostulatedd ttoo separateseparate ththee thirthirdd fragmenfragmentt from thethe firstfirst fragmentfragment ofof ththee text.text.

RectoRecto:: ReconstructioReconstructionn ofof RectRectoo yieldyieldss 3131 lineslines.. InIn goodgood condition.condition.

Verso:Verso: VersoVerso yieldyieldss 1 illegiblillegiblee lineline.. WhaWhatt appearsappears ttoo bebe illegibleillegible fadedfaded inkink isis vaguelyvaguely identifiablidentifiablee iinn ththee centecenterr ooff ththee pagepage.. ItIt mamayy bbee a titltitlee pagpagee ofof a codecodexx oorr lemmlemmaa ofof thisthis particulaparticularr quire.quire.

Script

ThThee naskhTnaskhz skeletalskeletal ductuductuss ofof thithiss documendocumentt parallelparallelss thathatt ofof MMss Or.PSI8,Or.P518, e.g.,e.g., nrhr

combination,combination, ^j*4.1. y::... A numbenumberr ooff diacriticadiacriticall markmarkss araree employed,employed, i.e.i.e.,, dottedottedd ^Y,, ^w,, £e;:,, t,£,

Jj,, u-*u:=-,, u, (3J,, u0,, andand 9.LS. TheThe dottindottingg ofof qd'qa' witwithh twtwoo dotdotss abovabovee ththee letteletterr iiss inconsistentinconsistent

sincsincee ththee dotsdots araree oftenoften omitteomittedd (cf.(cf. RectoRecto,, LinLinee 2424,, wherewhere botbothh variationvariationss ooff qa'qd' existexist

sidsidee bbyy side).side). UnlikUnlikee ththee pervasivpervasivee ususee ofof miniaturminiaturee letterletterss inin MMss Or.P518Or.PSI8,, thisthis documentdocument

evidenceevidencess butbut ononee possiblpossiblee miniaturminiaturee belobeloww aann c'aynayn (cf(cf.. RectoRecto,, LinLinee 17)17)..

TheThe vowevowell ooff prolongatioprolongationn isis ofteoftenn omittedomitted iinn favorfavor ooff ththee defectivdefectivee alif (cf.(cf.

RectoRecto,, LinLinee 2828:: i>^»)lJ.4:!L).. ThThee singulasingularr casecase ooff a shorshortt vowevowell diacriticdiacritic mamayy bbee thatthat ofof a

dhamma (cf(cf.. Recto,Recto, LinLinee 30).30). Otherwise,Otherwise, aass opposeopposedd ttoo MMss Or.P5I8,Or.P518, nnoo otherother shortshort

vowevowell markingmarkingss araree presenpresentt iinn thithiss document.document.

PunctuationPunctuation includeincludess O0 witwithh a diagonaldiagonal dividindividingg lineline (e.g.(e.g.,, Recto,Recto, LineLine 9).9). TheThe

marginaliamarginalia ofof RectoRecto,, LinLinee 2121,, containcontainss a circlecircle witwithh nnoo intersectionintersection.. ThThee earliestearliest casecase forfor

thithiss devicedevice inin ththee shapeshape ooff aann inverteinvertedd heart,heart, witwithh oror withouwithoutt a verticalvertical lineline intersectingintersecting 1919

ththee middle,middle, inin lieulieu ooff ththee circlecircle witwithh oorr withouwithoutt a dot dot,, iiss dateddated ttoo ththee firsfirstt halfhalf ooff thethe third/nintthird/ninthh century.century.5050 ThisThis papyrupapyruss alsalsoo containcontainss a crossecrossedd ououtt dittograpditto graphh (cf(cf.. RectoRecto,, LineLine

14).14). Lastly,Lastly, thithiss documendocumentt hahass a fewfew casecasess ofof superscriptsuperscript textextt (cf(cf.. Recto,Recto, LineLiness 14.5,14.5, 18.518.5

20.520.5,, andand 28.5).28.5). RectoRecto,, LinLinee 29,29, hahass superscriptsuperscript scholia,scholia, thathatt is,is, commentariecommentariess andand annotationsannotations onon thethe texttext.. TheThe maimainn textextt readreadss "said"said"" anandd ththee superscripsuperscriptt readreadss "said,""said," perhapperhapss providinprovidingg furtherfurther detaildetailss regardingregarding ththee transmitter.transmitter.

TextText:: RectoRecto

[[„... jJ Ii [...[ ... ]J _c 2 [-[... ] J (.u.J)(«>J) 3 [[•••]... J [------][-][J [ ... J [------]J 4 [[...][-- ... J[--J] p"~I^ A~-^c- ^illl Jj^JJ-U'.Jj 55 [[...... ] J x [...][- [ ... J[-J] .l.=...c. ~tijMiic. illl ¥=- LF- (AL(~~I& UJ)[—~)[--J] 66

[[...... ] J [----[—]J]JI.u[I ... J x [[...... J] ~ L>U"l<-lll>,L J-(p*..Jl(-'-"'-)-IIp Ut... 'Y 77

[[...... J] <~l>(...1.(_L ^1~I)) &~ J*~ [[...... ] J x [[...... ] J <«>c> (lu(Uj <~I~)p ^) I.k:. (<(LF-)» [[...... ] J 8 [... J [-J..AC 0 ~k..:i.u.JI :u Jk! 9 [[...... ] J <•&<.s>> ((u~) u1^) [2cm[2cm...... ]J ((-::..J~^ ^L}x~l)..c, jLF-I.k:.g Uac (jLF-c 1010 [[••• ...] J [-J.JH J [0[0 -J-] [2cm[2cm...... ]J (u(u)~P uul.J~.Jb 1111

[[...... ] J <<~t>uLa c~>jj> [2cm...[2cm ...] J J~~le>JIS jjcLF-I.k:.. LLc 1122 [[...]

> y>[---]JIp c(JJWe::(.J3i:l)) J-p) [2cm[2cm...... ]J ((—p...... )JI..roi j-llee cLF-> 1313 [[...... ] J [-[-J] W~J J.;.~ ^~ ^L~u rJ jlul.Jj «U«tA»» UjtA--*'"^ [-J[_] [2em[2cm...... ]J <^->--k^ u1l JJ~15 [-J[-] [[...... ] J [----J.JI[—] J 1414 '-0'^'14. 14.55 ^jjp~.Jy::. cr?~I1 oi~ .l.(-+p...."M^p- tIih J~â (6-(lJA)) [2cm[2cm...... ]J [-]J (-*^L(-o)l}-u>p u[...u[ ... J...Jp 1155 [[...... ] J lJAc> ((~I)AJJJI) d*J\J;-.)I e::.Jjjrjj »iI~Il ill I >jJ-~y-<-u> j> [2cm[2cm...... ]J [---J[—] <*><7»..,...... 1 LF-> aî~Il (t>(LF-)) ô~t:i916 16 l [[...... ] J ~ > lJA ~ t 4 J;-..J ~I.J l[[--J ] [2cm...]<£jj[2cm ... J> £I~I1 j.J ~ > c~.J^J 1177 [[...... ] J Y:!-?- ^~I1 ~ (~J:!) <<>>[-[-J] [2cm[2cm...... ]J o>~ ~)I ^XjW (0) (0) ~Wi* J.J)ll18 J_£U 18 PtL^\:..l\..bJ1I o~'/ 18.518.5 [ ... J LF- ~)I 0 <~> ~b.:i.....a <7>~> [ ... J <~>...... JI ~ ~ LF- y~ ~I LF- 19

[[...... ] J [-]J <J~<4->Jli (u-pî(0-}--=J1t cLF-> fL£~~* oi~ (4-p^-(4...p.l..o.Jj [2cm...[2cm ...] J ...lllI ¥=- j.3[-----[ ]J cLF-> ^~~ 2200 Va.uu-;....K'<~k..:i.u.JI>'' 20.520.5 [[„.]_... J...... ^ (cuSe(w~1l U!jaltAI.)I)) L".l9y::.câjo liI~Il JI~S [2em[2cm...... ]jV J.Jll1I -::..JL.. Ailjl¥)Il JIJ~S jî~I) rf 0O ,''<~>'J J 2211 [[••• ... J] [----[—]J rJ ulj 4-J1~1.J 4-Jll~.J t4-J«5 [---[—]J jS,)4U [[...... ]J ~1^l Ll(.A(Jk )1.)1)ljSI wy.J *l~Il CPLF- [--]J .):l<1> [2em[2cm...... ]J j^~It W~ w~ ^.ill~ 2323 [[••••.... J] [-J[-] ^~I ^~ 1l.)ll4.JJ5^ J AjjalaJwl~k..:i.u.J1l [[-----J ] [2cm...[2cm ...] J tLF-> ~ ^t... ^-[-p.l.[-J-=.I~.Jl cJ^J 2244 [[...... ] J UljatA 1.)1! cJij^w y.Ji rJ^ jlulja UJIJS4-:11.)4U ~AS*J [2cm[2cm ...... ][--p>(P)l J[--J..... >(-+ )I.Jj [-[-p&J-.,1CIl [----[—] J yoj* -::..JL..^tu> 2525

50 NabiNabiaa AbbottAbbott,, Studies in Arabic Literary Papyri, volvol.. 1:1: HistoricaHistoricall TextTextss (Chicago:(Chicago: UniversitUniversityy ofof ChicagoChicago,, 1957),61.1957), 61. 2200

[[...pic ... ]...!.c. [--][-] [[...... ] ~I a0[--]J[-]j f U("yl m [_[-]] [2cm...[2cm ...] ]^ja ~j j^~i J ~.)£ ^ cj^ w~1I 2266 [[...... ] ] [—p[-[---~[-]] ~ 1:JJi ':IJ s^soWIl (U^L(th.~)) L[2cm...l[2cm ...] ] pj«-p(s-*"}..bJ~j >yo 0#u_&* 2727

':II ~ . . ·... L· <"- ~ '1 [[...... ] ] VI aj_* ^ IY.^ ^jj^~j jjucc (I...i"';:'"'"">uL. (jIY.j s-(..l..u.\0(^u.)- .. ,- & [2cm...[2 cm...] ] [—[ ---] ] -*'"" ^m 2288 '[...'[ ... ]Jt9] JIS '' 28.528.5

[[...... ] ] fl.?-lj^ jJI! OJ0Jhx± ![- 1[-]] [2cm...[2cm ...] ] [—[---]] JU 4J~I*—JI 0~^ ^~ 2299 [[...... ] ] [------]J[ ]j Wj'-P.")a [---][—] [2cm[2cm...... ] ] <4-:> J;..~ ~ ~~ p~> p~ 3030 [[...... ] ] (f-p(r)-b- (o(0)tSp 0u>1 (l)+[-] (Lp[-] [[-.]3 ... ] 311

Text:Text: VersoVerso

[...[ ...] ] 1i

Translation:Translation: RectoRecto

1 [ [...... ]] 2 [[...... ] him> 3 (and(and hehe has)has) [[...... ] 4 [[...... ] 5 thethe MessengerMessenger ofof GodGod peacepeace bebe uponupon himhim [[...... ] 6 [[...... ] ] (b.(b. AbIAbl 'Abla)'Abla) fromfrom 'Abd'Abd AllahAllah b.b. MuhammadMuhammad [[...... ] ] x [[...... ] 7 inin itit [[...... ] ] thethe (eyesight)(eyesight) ofof people> fromfrom meme [[...... ] ] x [[...... ] 8 [[...... ] ] (from)(from) 'AHa' Atta (b.(b. AbI)Abl) [[...... ] ] x [[...... ] ] 'Alib.'AHb. (AbI)(Abl) <'falib> [ [...... ]] 9 asas ifif sheshe isis experiencingexperiencing anan intermittentintermittent dischargedischarge ofof bloodblood 0 [ [...... ] 1010 frofromm 'AHa'Atta fromfrom ('Aisha('Aisha said)said) [2cm[2cm...... ] [[...... ] 1111 anandd sheshe prayeprayedd anandd eveneven iifitf it (was(was)) [2cm[2cm...... ] [0][0] AnAndd [[...... ] 1212 'AHa'Atta fromfrom 'Aisha'Aisha saidsaid [2em[2cm...... ] Sulayman> [[...... ] 1313 frofromm 'Amir'Amir [[...... ] ] [2em[2cm...... ] [[...... ] ] > (marries(marries)) ththee [[...... ] ] > heherr [[...... ] ] oror [[...... ] 1414 oorr [[...... ] ] hhee saidsaid thathatt knows> [2cm[2cm...... ] heherr «her«her»» dowrydowry andand ifif hhee doesdoes notnot knoknoww untiuntill hhee consummateconsummatedd hihiss marriagmarriagee witwithh heherr [[...... ] 14.514.5 '["[...]... ]'' 1515 [[...... ] ] [2cm[2cm...... ] (someone(someone)) saidsaid itit wawass relaterelatedd ttoo uuss (Sa'id(Sa'Id)) bb.. AbAbIi 'Arub'ArUbaa 1616 QatadQatadaa (from)(from) al-HasaaI-Hasann frofromm > [[...... ] ] [2cm[2cm...... ] > GodGod ifif thethe mamann givegivess inin marriagmarriagee (his(his daughterdaughter)) ttoo <> [[...... ] 1717 andand shshee iiss first> ofof thethemm botbothh anandd iiff hhee > [2cm[2cm...... ] [[...... ] ] andand whicheverwhichever mamann soldsold somethingsomething frofromm > ssoo iitt iiss [[...... ] 1818 ttoo ththee firsfirstt ofof thethemm botbothh (0)(0) al-WalIdal-Walld bb.. [2cm[2cm...... ] (YazId)(YazTd) bb.. AbAbIl HabTHabIbb [[...... ] 18.518.5 ''b. b.Khattab Khattab'' 1919 fromfrom IbnIbn ShihabShihab from Sa'IdSa'Td bb.. al-al- [[...... ] ] <\the<\the\\ waitingwaiting perioperiodd \for\\for\>> a womawomann experiencingexperiencing anan intermittentintermittent dischargedischarge ofof bloobloodd > 0 al-al-WallW alidd from [[...... ] 2020 DIbDlb fromfrom [[...... ] ] 'Abd'Abd > [2cm[2cm...... ] andand (§adaqah(Sadaqah)) bb.. HishaHishamm from (al-Hasan(aI-Hasan)) hehe saidsaid [[...... ] 2211

20.520.5 'blood> 2121 rf '' 0O jJ monthmonthss saidsaid al-Walldal-Walld I askedasked [[...... ] ] [2cm[2cm...... ] hhee saidsaid iiff yoyouu knowknow whewhenn heherr perioperiodd startsstarts (the(thenn sheshe countcountss from thathatt ofof)) [[...... ] 2222 anandd ifif yoyouu ddoo nonott knoknoww whewhenn (her(her)) perioperiodd startsstarts thethenn > countscounts from thathatt ofof [[...... ] ] bbyy readinreadingg [[...... ] ] herher [[...... ] ] andand heherr maternamaternall auntsaunts andand heherr sisterssisters andand iiff [you][you] dodo nonott [[...... ] 2233 thathatt sheshe countcountss threthreee monthmonthss [2cm[2cm...... ] > [[...... ] ] from al-Hasaal-tIasann [[...... ] 2244 andand saidsaid [[...... ] ] whatwhat Mu'amaMu'amadd from [2cm[2cm...... ] [[...... ] ] ththee womawomann experiencinexperiencingg anan intermittenintennittentt dischargedischarge ofof bloobloodd bbyy ththee readinreadingg saisaidd AbAbuu [[...... ] 2255 I askedasked hhee [...[ ...] ] [2cm[2cm...... ] bbyy countingcounting bbyy ththee readinreadingg ofof iitt andand iiff yoyouu dodo nonott knowknow heherr readingreading 2266 sheshe countscounts ononee menstruamenstruall cyclecycle evereveryy montmonthh [2cm[2cm...... ] [[...... ] ] threthreee daysdays anandd [[...... ] ] thethe perioperiodd [[...... ] 2727 itit isis ononee menstruamenstruall cyclcyclee anandd (purification)(purification) [2cm[2cm...... ] [[...... ] ] ththee waitinwaitingg perioperiodd andand sheshe cannocannott marrmarryy untiuntill [[...... ] 2828 threthreee fulfulll monthmonthss [[...... ] ] [2cm[2cm...... ] 'Ubayd'Ubayd bb.. SulaymaSulaymann from YahyYahyaa bb.. Sa'TSa'Idd al-[al-[...... ] 28.28.55 'said'said [[...]... ]'' 2929 Sa'IdSa'Td bb.. MusayyiMusayyibb saidsaid [[...... ] ] [2cm[2cm...... ] [[...... ] 3030 ifheif he doesdoes nonott knowknow abouaboutt thathatt untiuntill > [2cm[2cm...... ] [[...... ] ssoo heherr chastitychastity andand [[...... ] 3311 [[...]if(heknew)[...... ] if (he knew) [... ]

TranslationTranslation:: VersoVerso

1 [[...... ] ] (Figure(Figure 11 andand FigureFigure 2)2)

CommentsComments

Recto, Line 6. "(b."(b. AbAbIl 'Abla)"'Abla)":: IbrahimIbrahim bb.. AbAbIl 'Abl'Ablaa (d(d.. c.769c.769 C.E./15c.E.l1522 AH.),51A.H.),51 knownknown aass AbuAbu IsnaqIshaq al-'Uqayllal-'Uqayll al-ShamIal-Shaml al-Maqdisial-MaqdisI,, wawass ththee shaykh ofof PalestinPalestinee anandd thethe laslastt ofof ththee generatiogenerationn ooff SuccessorsSuccessors (Tiibi(Tdbi lun).'un).52 52 HHee wawass borbornn afteafterr ththee yeayearr 676799 C.E./6c.E.l600

53 A.H.53 IbIbnn AbIAbl 'Abla'Abla narratednarrated from WathilWathilaa bb.. al-Asqa',al-Asqa', AnaAnass bb.. MaliMalikk (cf(cf.. CommentsComments

5151 AhmaAnmadd ibibnn 'AI'Ali:T bb.. HajaHajarr al-'AsqalanI,al-'Asqalam, KitabKitiib tahdhibtahdhlb al-tahdhib,al-tahdhlb, volvol.. 1 (Beirut(Beirut:: DaDarr §adrSadr,, 1907),1907), 143143;; MunammadMuhammad ibibnn AhmadAhmad DhahabIDhahabl,, TahdhlbTahdhib siyar a'1dma'liim al-nubald',al-nubalii " volvol.. 1 (Beirut(Beirut:: Mu'assasaMu'assasatt al-Risalahal-Risalah,, 1991),235.1991), 235. 5522 DhahabIDhahabl,, vol.vol. 1,235.1,235. 53 Ibid. 2222

FigureFigure I.1. MsMsOr.P173 Or.P 173RR RareRare BooksBooks DivisionDivision SpecialSpecial CoCollectionll ectionss 1.J. WillardWillard MarriottMarriott LibraryLibrary UniversityUniversity ofof UtahUtah 23

FigurFiguree 22.. MsMsOr.P173 Or.P173VV RarRaree BookBookss DivisionDivision SpeciaSpeciall CollectionCollectionss JJ.. WillarWillardd MarriotMarriottt LibrarLibraryy UniversitUniversityy ooff UtaUtahh 2244

SectionSection foforr MMss Or.P521ROr.P521R,, LineLine 55,, anandd CommentsComments SectionSection foforr MMss Or.P365VIS,Or.P365VlS, LineLine 2)2),,

AbAbIl UmamUmamaa al-Bahillal-BabilI,, et alia.5454 ThosThosee whwhoo narratenarratedd from hihimm includincludee IbIbnn IshaqIshaq,, IbnIbn

Shudhab,Shudhab, MalikMalik,, al-Layth,al-Layth, et aliaalia.55 55 YahyYahyaa bb.. Ma'TMa'Inn anandd al-Nasa'al-Nasa'IT consideredconsidered IbnIbn AbIAbl

''Abla Abla trustworthy.trustworthy. 5656

Recto, Line 8. l1:.c: Read:Read: .. l1:.c.

Recto, Lines 8, 10, and 12. "'AHa'"Atta (b(b.. AblAbI)) "":: AbAbuu MuhammaMuhammadd AttAHaa b.b.

AbAbIl RabaRabahh AslaAslamm (or(or SalimSalim)) IbIbnn SafwanSafwan (d.(d. c.733-4c.733-4 C.E./114-11c.E.l114-1155 A.H.)A.H.) wawass ththee mufti ofof

57 Mecca.57 HHee learneleamedfiqhd fiqh anandd hadithnadzth from JabirJabir bb.. 'Ab'Abdd AllaAllahh al-AnsaraI-AnsarIl (d.(d. 697-8697-8 C.E./7c.E./788

A.H.)A.H.),, 'Abd'Abd AllaAllahh bb.. 'Abbas,'Abbas, 'Abd'Abd AllaAllahh bb.. al-Zubayr,al-Zubayr, andand manmanyy otherother CompanionsCompanions

CO — ($aniiba).58 He also transmitted nadlth from 'Aisha (cf. Recto, Lines 10 and 12), Umm (§ahaba). He also transmitted hadith from 'Aisha (cf. Recto, Lines 10 and 12), Umm Salama, Umm Hana, Abu Hurayra (cf. Ms Or.P365RrS, Line 11, and Ms Or.P443R, Salama, Umm Hana, Abu Hurayra (cf. Ms Or.P365RrS, Line 11, and Ms O.P443R, Lines 8 and 14), and 'fa'ifa.59 'AHa b. AbI Rabah is cited as a traditionist by 'Amr b. Lines 8 and 14), and Ta'ifa.59 'Atta b. Abl Rabah is cited as a traditionist by 'Amr b. Dinar (cf. Comments Section, Recto, Line 19), aI-ZuhrI (cf. Comments Section, Recto, Dinar (cf. Comments Section, Recto, Line 19), al-Zuhri (cf. Comments Section, Recto, Line 19), Qatada (cf. Comments Section, Recto, Line 16), Malik b. Dinar, al-A'mash, al- Line 19), Qatada (cf. Comments Section, Recto, Line 16), Malik b. Dinar, al-A'mash, al- Awza'I, et alia. 6o 'All b. al-MadInI declared him trustworthy.61 Awza'T, et alia.60 'AH b. al-Madlnl declared him trustworthy.61 Recto, Line 8. 'All b. (AbI) <'falib>: 'All b. AbI 'falib (d. 661 c.E.l40 A.H.) was Recto, Line 8. 'AH b. (Abl) : 'AH b. Abl Talib (d. 661 C.E./40 A.H.) was the cousin and son-in-law of the Prophet and the fourth and last of the Riishidiin caliphs the cousin and son-in-law of the Prophet and the fourth and last of the Rashidun caliphs (cf. Ms Or.P518V, Line 8).62 (cf. Ms Or.P518V, Line 8).62

5454 IbidIbid.. 5555 IbidIbid.. 5566 IbidIbid.. 5577 AbAbuu al-'Abbasal-'Abbas AfimaAhmadd bb.. Khallikan,Khallikan, Ibn Khallikan's Biographical Dictionary [Wafaydt[Wafayat al-a 'yan),'yanj, trans.trans. BnBn.. MaMacc GuckinGuckin dede Slane,Slane, volvol.. 2 (Beirut(Beirut:: LibrairiLibrairiee dduu LibanLiban,, 1970),203-204;1970), 203-204; DhahabiDhahabl,, vol.vol. 1,1, 175175.. 5588 IbIbnn KhallikanKhallikan,, volvol.. 22,, 202033 anandd 205205.. 5599 DhahabiDhahabl,, volvol.. 1,1, 175175.. 6600 Ibid.;Ibid.; IbIbnn KhallikanKhallikan,, volvol.. 22,, 203203.. 6611 OOpp citcit.. 622 cfcf.. LL.. VecciaVeccia VaglieriVaglieri,, '''All'"AIT bb.. AbAbll Talib,'falib,"" Encyclopaedia of Islam, eds.eds. P.P. BearmanBearman,, Th.Th. BianquisBianquis,, C.E.C.E. BosworthBosworth,, EE.. vavann DonzeDonzell anandd W.PW.P.. HeinrichsHeimichs,, 2008,2008, 2525

Recto, Line 9. Mustahddah:Mustaniiaah: ""aa womawomann inin ththee statestate ofof pseudpseudoo menstruation.,,63menstruation."

!stiniiaahIstihddah iiss "a"a tertennm useusedd bbyy ththee juristjuristss foforr ththee bloobloodd dischargdischargee whicwhichh occuroccurss outsidoutsidee thethe periodperiodss ofof menstruatiomenstruationn anandd followinfollowingg childbirtchildbirthh anandd whicwhichh cannotcannot bbee consideredconsidered menstruationmenstruation (such(such asas a dischargedischarge occurrinoccurringg afteafterr ththee maximumaximumm perioperiodd ooff menstruatiomenstruationn oror withiwithinn ititss minimuminimumm period)period).. ItIt isis usuallusuallyy yellowishyellowish,, coldcold,, thithinn anandd flowsflows outout slowlyslowly asas opposeopposedd ttoo menstruation.,,64menstruation."64

Recto, Lines 10 and 12. '"Aisha""'Aisha":: 'Aisha'Aisha binbintt AbAbIl BakBakrr (d.(d. 678678 C.E./5c.E./588 A.H.)A.H.) waswas ththee thirthirdd andand favoritefavorite wifwifee ofof ththee ProphetProphet.. AAss heherr namnamee indicates,indicates, shshee waswas alsalsoo thethe daughtedaughterr ooff ththee firstfirst RdshidunRiishidiin caliphcaliph,, AbAbuu BakBakrr (d.(d. 634634 c.E./13C.E./13 A.H.).A.H.).6565 'Aish'Aishaa iiss saisaidd toto havhavee transmittetransmittedd 12101210 traditionstraditions,, approximatelapproximatelyy 303000 ooff whicwhichh areare founfoundd inin ththee canonscanons

6666 (§ahihayn)($aMnayn) ooff BukharBukhani anandd Muslim. AttAttaa bb.. AbAbIl RabaRabahh (cf(cf.. CommentCommentss Section,Section, Recto,Recto,

LinesLines 8,8, 10,10, andand 12)12) transmittetransmittedd hadithnad'ith from'from 'Aisha Aisha..

Recto, Line 12. ^<~> of>~>:: ReconstructedReconstructed,, cf.cf. LineLine 2828..

Recto, Line 14. ParalleParallell clauseclausess signaledsignaled bbyy 0u1.•

Recto, Line 1515. "(Sa'Id)"(Sa'Id) bb.. AbAbIl 'Aruba"'ArUba":: MihraMihrann AbAbuu al-Nadal-Nadrr al-'Adawal-'AdawIi al-Ba9nal-Basri

6767 Sa'ISa'Idd bb.. AbAbIl 'Arub'ArUbaa (c.689-771-(c.689-771-66 C.E./70-155-159C.E./70-155-159 A.H.A.H.)) wawass a BasraBasrann traditionalist. HeHe 68 iiss creditecreditedd ttoo havhavee beebeenn amonamongg ththee firsfirstt ttoo composecompose musannaf-typemu~annaftype nadUhhadith collections.collections.

ThThee twtwoo workworkss ooff Sa'IdSa'Id (i.e.(i.e.,, ththee KitiibKitab al-Sunan anandd ththee KitdbKitiib al-Talaq)al-raliiq) areare nnoo longerlonger

h1^://http://www.brillonline.nl/subscriber/entry?entry=islam_COM-0046www.brillonline.rd/subscriber/entry?entry^ (26(26 FebruaryFebruary 2008)2008).. 6633 LaleLalehh BakhtiarBakhtiar,, Encyclopedia of Islamic Law: A Compendium of the Major Schools (Chicago(Chicago:: KaziKazi Publications,Publications, Inc.,Inc., 1996),1996), 601601.. 6644 Ibid.,Ibid., 3838.. 6655 WW.. MontgomerMontgomeryy WattWatt,, "'A'isha'"A'isha BinBintt AbAbil Bakr,Bakr,"" Encyclopaedia of/slam,of Islam, edseds.. P.P. Bearman,Bearman, Th.Th. BianquisBianquis,, C.E.C.E. BosworthBosworth,, EE.. vavann DonzeDonze!l anandd W.PW.P.. HeinrichsHeinrichs,, 20082008,, http://www.brillonline.nl/subscriber/entry?entry=islam_SIhttp://www.brillonline.nl/subscriber/entry?entry=islam_SIM-0440M (26(26 FebruarFebruaryy 2008)2008).. 6666 Ibid.Ibid.

67 67 WW.. RavenRaven,, "Sa'I"Sa'idd bb.. AbAbil Aruba,ArUba,"" Encyclopaedia ofof/slam, Islam, edseds.. PP.. BearmanBearman,, ThTh.. BianquisBianquis,, C.EC.E.. BosworthBosworth,, EE.. vanvan DonzeDonze!l anandd W.PW.P.. HeinrichsHeinrichs,, 20082008,, http://www.brillordine.nl/subscriber/en1ry?entry=islam_SIM-648http://www.brillonline.n1!subscriber/entry?entry=islam_SIM-64822 (26(26 FebruarFebruaryy 2008)2008).. 6868 Ibid.Ibid. 2266

extant.extant. 69 OverallOverall,, aass a transmittertransmitter,, Sa'IdSa'id iiss deemeddeemed reliablereliable,, althougalthoughh AhmaAhmadd bb.. EanbalHanbal chargechargess hihimm witwithh tadlls,tadhs, i.e.i.e.,, tamperintamperingg witwithh isnads.isniids. 7o Sa'IdSa'Id waswas ththee pupipupill ofof QatadQatadaa b.b.

Di'ama (cf. Comments Section, Recto, Line 16) whose Kitiib al-Maniisik he edited. 7711 Di'ama (cf. Comments Section, Recto, Line 16) whose Kitdb al-Mandsik he edited. Sa'Id was also a transmitter of the Successor, al-Easan al-Ba~n (cf. Comments Section, Sa'Id was also a transmitter of the Successor, al-Hasan al-Basri (cf. Comments Section, Recto, Line 16, and Lines 16,20, and 23).72 'Abd al-A'la b. 'Abd al-A'la al-SamI (d. 805 Recto, Line 16, and Lines 16, 20, and 23).72 'Abd al-A'la b. 'Abd al-A'la al-Saml (d. 805 c.E.l189 A.H.) transmitted from Sa'Id.73 C.E./189 A.H.) transmitted from Sa'Id.73 Recto, Line 15. : Reconstructed from an established isniid. Recto, Line 15 : Reconstructed from an established isndd. Recto, Line 16. "Qatada": Abu al-KhaHab Qatada b. Di'ama b. Qatada al-SadusI Recto, Line 16. "Qatada": Abu al-Khattab Qatada b. Di'ama b. Qatada al-SadusI (c.680-735 c.E.l60-117 A.H.) belonged to the class of Successors and was the student of (c.680-735 C.E./60-117 A.H.) belonged to the class of Successors and was the student of al-Easan al-Ba~rI (cf. Comments Section, Recto, Line 15, and Lines 16,20, and 23) and al-Hasan al-Basri (cf. Comments Section, Recto, Line 15, and Lines 16, 20, and 23) and Ibn SInn (cf. Comments Section, Recto, Line 16 (below)).74 Qatada was also the teacher Ibn Slrin (cf. Comments Section, Recto, Line 16 (below)).74 Qatada was also the teacher of Sa'Id b. AbI 'ArUba (cf. Comments Section, Recto, Line 15). The $aliifa of Jabir b. of Sa'Id b. Abl 'Aruba (cf. Comments Section, Recto, Line 15). The §ahTfa of Jabir b. 'Abd Allah was transmitted by Qatada.75 Lastly, Qatada cites AHa b. AbI Rabah (cf. 'Abd Allah was transmitted by Qatada.75 Lastly, Qatada cites Atta b. Abl Rabah (cf. Comments Section, Recto, Lines 8, 10, and 12) and Sa'Id b. al-Musayyib (cf. Comments Comments Section, Recto, Lines 8, 10, and 12) and Sa'Id b. al-Musayyib (cf. Comments Section, Recto, Lines 19 and 29) as authorities. Section, Recto, Lines 19 and 29) as authorities. Recto, Lines 16, 20, and 23. "al-Easan": Abu Sa'Id b. AbI aI-Easan Yasar aI- Recto, Lines 16, 20, and 23. "al-Hasan": Abu Sa'Id b. Abl al-Hasan Yasar al- Ba~n (642-728 C.E.l21-110 A.H.), the prominent preacher during the Umayyad period, Basri (642-728 C.E./21-110 A.H.), the prominent preacher during the Umayyad period,

oy69Ibid Ibid.. 7700 Ibid.Ibid. 77llbid.1 Ibid. 7722 Ibid.Ibid. 7733 Ibid.Ibid. 7744 ChCh.. PellatPellat,, "Qatada"Qatada bb.. Di'amDi'amaa bb.. QatadaQatada al-SadusTal-Sadusl,, AbAbuu al-Khattab,al-Khattab,"" Encyclopaedia of Islam, eds.eds. PP.. BearmanBearman,, ThTh.. BianquisBianquis,, C.B.C.E. BosworthBosworth,, EE.. vavann DonzeDonzell anandd W.PW.P.. HeinrichsHeinrichs,, 2008,2008, http://wv/w.brillomine.http://www.brillonline.nl/subscriber/entry?entry=islam_SIM-4014^ (26(26 FebruarFebruaryy 2008)2008).. ThThee datdatee ofof Qatada'sQatada's deatdeathh isis contradictorycontradictory iinn ththee sourcessources (Ibid.).(Ibid.). 7575 IbidIbid.. 2277

wawass numberenumberedd amongamong ththee SuccessorSuccessor class.7676 a1-ltasanal-Hasan transmittetransmittedd from SamuraSamura bb.. JundubJundub

(cf.(cf. CommentCommentss Section,Section, RectoRecto,, LinLinee 1616 (below)).(below)). QatadQatadaa bb.. Di'amaDi'ama,, a pupipupill ofof al-ltasanal-Hasan

andand Sa'ISa'Idd bb.. AbAbIl 'ArUba,'Aruba, wawass a well-knowwell-knownn transmittetransmitterr ofof a1-ltasanal-Hasan (cf(cf.. CommentsComments

SectionSection,, RectoRecto,, LineLiness 1515 anandd 16).16). LateLaterr liad'ithhadith commentatorcommentatorss dididd nonott considerconsider a1-ltasanal-Hasan

reliablreliablee becausbecausee ofof hihiss handlinhandlingg ooff isndds.isnads.7777 AccordinAccordingg ttoo H.H. RitterRitter:: "Measured"Measured bbyy laterlater

standards,standards, Hasaltasann handlehandledd liad'ithhadith iinn a ververyy carelescarelesss fashion.fashion. HiHiss ownown saYIngssayings werewere

circulatecirculatedd aass hadiths,liad'iths, andand hhee dididd nonott protest.protest .... .Henc Hencee hhee iiss judgejudgedd harshlharshlyy bbyy ththee criticscritics ooff

ththee muhaddithun.muliaddithun. DhahabDhahabIi designatedesignatess hihimm iinn ththee Mizan...&sM'izan ... as kathirkathlr al-tadlisal-tadlls 'rich'rich iinn

forgeries'forgeries'...." .... ,,7878

Recto, Line 16. "":"": SamuraSamura bb.. JunduJundubb (d.(d. 677-8677-8 C.E.l58-9C.E./58-9 A.H.)A.H.) hailedhailed

from Basra.7979 SamuraSamura isis saisaidd ttoo havhavee hahadd goodgood liad'iths.hadiths*080 ThosThosee whowho transmittetransmittedd oonn hihiss

authoritauthorityy includeinclude hihiss sosonn anandd Sulayman,Sulayman, al-ltasanal-Hasan al-Basra1-Ba~rIi (cf.(cf. CommentsComments Section,Section, Recto,Recto,

Lines 16 and 17), Ibn SIrln— (cf. Comments Section, Recto, Line 16 (above)), et aliaY81 Lines 16 and 17), Ibn Sinn (cf. Comments Section, Recto, Line 16 (above)), et alia. Recto, Line 16. .&\ 3-<-"'" y: Reconstruction of standard phrase based on the

Recto, Line 16. &\ <J-<-^J>: Reconstruction of standard phrase based on the final waw and lam. final wdw and lam. Recto, Line 17. ~ requires T. Recto, Line 17. ^ requires I Recto, Line 18. "(Yazld) b. AbI ltabTh": Cf. Comments Section for Ms Recto, Line 18. "(Yazld) b. Abl Habib": Cf. Comments Section for Ms Or.P518R, Line 9 and Ms Or.P518V, Line 12, and Comments Section for Ms Or.P365R, Or.P518R, Line 9 and Ms Or.P518V, Line 12, and Comments Section for Ms Or.P365R, Line 1. Munammad b. Ishaq (767 c.E.l150 A.H.), the author of the famous S'ira, is said to Line 1. Muhammad b. Ishaq (767 C.E./150 A.H.), the author of the famous STra, is said to have studied under a certain Yazld b. AbI ltabTh when Ibn Ishaq arrived in Alexandria in have studied under a certain Yazld b. Abl HabTb when Ibn Ishaq arrived in Alexandria in 76Ibid. Ibid.;; HH.. RitterRitter,, "Hasan"Hasan al-Basrial-Ba~rl,, AbAbUu Sa'ISa'Idd bb.. AbAbIl al-HasaaI-Hasann YasaYasarr al-Basral-Ba~rli (21/642-110/728),(21/642-110/728),"" Encyclopaedia of Islam, eds.eds. PP.. BearmanBearman,, ThTh.. BianquisBianquis,, C.EC.E.. BosworthBosworth,, E.E. vavann DonzelDonzel anandd W.PW.P.. HeinrichsHeinrichs,, 20082008,, http://ww.brilloruine.nl/subscriber/entry?entry=islam_COM-027http://www.brillonline.nllsubscriber/entry?entry=islam_ COM-02733 (26(26 FebruaryFebruary 2008).2008). 7777 Ibid.Ibid. 7788 IbidIbid.. 79 79 DhahabiDhahabI,, volvol.. 1,94.1, 94. 80 IbidIbid.. 8!81 IbidIbid.. 2828

737737 c.E.l119C.E./119 A.H.A.H.8282 UnderUnder ththee entryentry foforr '''Abd"cAbd AllaAllahh bb.. Lahla,Lahla,"" IbIbnn KhallikaKhallikann relaterelatess a narrativnarrativee fromfrom IbnIbn Lahl'LahI'aa (cf.(cf. MMss Or.P365RrS,Or.P365RrS, LinLinee 1),1), ththee incipitincipit ooff whicwhichh readsreads:: "On"On goinggoing ttoo seesee YazldYazld bb.. AbAbIl HabTb...."HabIb .... ,,8383 WilliaWilliamm McGuckiMcGuckinn ddee SlaneSlane citecitess thithiss YazlYazldd bb..

AbIAbl HabIbHablb asas AbuAbu RajaRaja YazlYazldd bb.. AbAbIl HablHabIbb SuwaidSuwaid (d(d.. 745745 c.E.l128C.E./128 A.H.).A.H.).8484 ddee SlaneSlane notesnotes thatthat YazlYazldd "studied"studied thethe TraditionsTraditions undeunderr a numbenumberr ooff eminenteminent mastermasterss andand hahadd al-al-

LaitLaithh IbnIbn SaadSaad amongamong hihiss ownown pupils.,,85pupils."85

Recto, Line 18.5. "b.b. Khattab'"Khatlab',,:: PerhapPerhapss 'Umar'Umar bb.. al-Khattaal-Khattabb (d(d.. 646444 c.E.l23C.E./23

A.H.)A.H.),, ththee thirdthird ofof ththee Rashidun caliphcaliphss (c(cf.f MMss Or.P518ROr.P518R,, LinLinee 12,12, anandd CommentsComments

SectionSection foforr MsMs Or.P365VlSOr.P365VIS,, LinLinee 11).8611).86

Recto, Line 19. "Ibn"Ibn Shihab":Shihab": PerhapPerhapss IbIbnn ShihabShihab al-Zuhral-ZuhrIi (d.(d. 747422 c.E.l124C.E./124 A.H.).A.H.).

on al-ZuhrI was among the most prominent Medinan Successors, jurists, and traditionists. 87 al-Zuhn was among the most prominent Medinan Successors, jurists, and traditionists. al-ZuhrI transmitted on the authority of 'AHa b. AbI Raban (cf. Comments Section, al-Zuhri transmitted on the authority of 'Atta b. Abl Rabah (cf. Comments Section, Recto, Lines 8, 10, and 12) and Sa'Id b. al-Musayyib (cf. Comments Section, Recto, Recto, Lines 8, 10, and 12) and Sa'Id b. al-Musayyib (cf. Comments Section, Recto, Lines 19 and 29). Among those who cited al-ZuhrI were Malik b. Anas (c.715-796 Lines 19 and 29). Among those who cited al-Zuhri were Malik b. Anas (c.715-796 c.E.l96-179 A.H.), Sufyan b. 'Uyana, and Sufyan al-ThawrI (d. 778 c.E.l161 A.H.) (cf. C.E./96-179 A.H.), Sufyan b. 'Uyana, and Sufyan al-Thawri (d. 778 C.E./161 A.H.) (cf. Comments Section, Recto, Line 28).88 Ibn Khallikan relates that al-ZuhrI met 'Amr b. Comments Section, Recto, Line 28).88 Ibn Khallikan relates that al-Zuhri met 'Amr b. Dinar (cf. Comments Section, Recto, Lines 8, 10, and 12) while he was in Mecca.89 Dinar (cf. Comments Section, Recto, Lines 8, 10, and 12) while he was in Mecca.

8822 J.M.BJ.M.B.. JonesJones,, "Ib"Ibnn IshaqIshaq,, MuhammaMuhammadd bb.. IshaIsnaqq bb.. YasaYasarr b.b. KhiyaKhiyarr (according(according ttoo somsomee sourcessources,, bb.. KhabbarKhabbar,, oorr KumanKurnan,, oorr Kutan),Kutan),"" Encyclopaedia of Islam, edseds.. PP.. BearmanBearman,, ThTh.. BianquisBianquis,, C.E.C.E. BosworthBosworth,, E.E. vavann DonzeDonzell anandd W.PW.P.. HeinrichsHeinrichs,, 2008,2008, http://www.brillonline.nVsubscriber/entry?entry=islam_SIM-3222http://www.brillonlme.nysubscriber/entry?en1iy=islam_SIM-3222 (2(266 FebruaryFebruary 2008).2008). 8833 IbnIbn KhallikanKhallikan,, volvol.. 22,, 1818.. 8484 Ibid.Ibid.,, 19.19. 8585 Ibid.Ibid. 8686 G.G. LevLevii DellaVidDellaVidaa anandd MichaeMichaell BonnerBonner,, '''Umar'"Umar (I(I)) bb.. al-Khattab,al-Khattab,"" Encyclopaedia of Islam,[slam, edseds.. PP.. Bearman,Bearman, Th.Th. BianquisBianquis,, C.EC.E.. BosworthBosworth,, EE.. vavann DonzeDonzell anandd W.PW.P.. HeinrichsHeinrichs,, 20082008,, http://www.brillonline.nVsubscriber/entry?entry=islam_SIM-7707http://www.brillonline.nl/subscriber/entry?entry::=islam_SIM-7707 (2(266 FebruarFebruaryy 2008).2008). 8877 OpOp cit.,cit, 581-583.581-583. AccordinAccordingg ttoo IbnIbn KhallikanKhallikan,, otheotherr sourcesourcess givgivee al-Zuhri'al-ZuhrI'ss datedate ooff deatdeathh asas 741741 C.Ec.E.Il23./123 A.HA.H.. oror 723723 C.Ec.E.l105./105 A.HA.H.. (Ibid.(Ibid.,, 583)583).. 8888 Ibid.,Ibid., 545466 andand 582;582; SusaSusann AA.. Spectorsky,Spectorsky, "Tabi'u"Tabi'unn (a.(a.)) (sing.(sing, tabtabii oorr tabitiibiIT ),),"" Encyclopaedia of Islam, eds.eds. PP.. BearmanBearman,, ThTh.. BianquisBianquis,, C.E.C.E. BosworthBosworth,, EE.. vavann DonzeDonzell anandd W.PW.P.. HeinrichsHeinrichs,, 20082008,, 2929

Recto, Lines 19 and 29. "Sa'Id"Sa'Id bb.. al-"al-":: AbAbuu MuhammaMuhammadd Sa'IdSa'Id bb.. alal--

MusayyiMusayyibb bb.. HazHaznn bb.. AbAbIl WahWahbb bb.. 'Am'Armr bb.. 'Aid'Aidhh bb.. 'Imra'Imrann bb.. MakhzuMakhzumm bb.. YaqazaYaqaza

(636/7-709/10(636/7-709/10 C.E./15/16-9c.E.llS/16-911 A.H.A.H.)) wawass a MedinaMedinann traditionalistraditionalistt ('iilum{'alum ahl al-madfna)al-madina) whwhoo belongebelongedd toto ththee classclass ooff Successors.9090 Sa'IdSa'Id wawass considereconsideredd ononee ofof thethe sevenseven greatgreat

9191 juristjuristss ofof Medina. Sa'IdSa'Id studiestudiedd undeunderr Sa'dSa'd bb.. AbAbIl WakkaWakkass (d(d.. betweebetweenn 670670 C.E./5C.E.lSO0 A.H.A.H. andand 677677 C.E./5c.E.lS88 A.H.A.H.)) anandd AbAbuu HurayraHurayra (cf.(cf. MMss Or.P365RrSOr.P365RrS,, LinLinee 11)11) whoswhosee daughtedaughterr hehe

92 married. 92 Sa'IdSa'Id sasaww 'Umar'Umar (cf(cf.. CommentCommentss Section,Section, RectoRecto,, LinLinee 18.5),18.5), anandd heardheard

'Uthman,'Uthman, 'All'AH (cf(cf.. CommentCommentss Section,Section, RectoRecto,, LineLine 8),8), ZayZaydd bb.. ThabitThabit,, AbAbuu MiisaMusa,, 'Aisha'Aisha

(cf.(cf. CommentCommentss Section,Section, RectoRecto,, LineLiness 1010 andand 12),12), IbnIbn 'Abbas,'Abbas, MuhammaMuhammadd bb.. Maslama,Maslama, andand UmUmmm Salama.9393 al-Zuhral-Zuhrli (cf(cf.. CommentCommentss SectionSection,, RectoRecto,, LinLinee 19)19) andand Mak'huMak'hUll bothboth considereconsideredd Sa'ISa'Idd ttoo bbee ththee mosmostt competencompetentt jurisjuristt thetheyy hahadd encountered.9494 al-ZuhrIal-Zuhri andand

QatadaQatada (cf.(cf. CommentsComments Section,Section, RectoRecto,, LinLinee 16)16) transmittetransmittedd nadfthhadith onon ththee authorityauthority ofof

Sa'Id.9595

Recto, Line 19. <> ~6..:i...... ;: ThThee lastlast worwordd beforbeforee ththee punctuatiopunctuationn markmark iiss sana - sincesince ththee waitinwaitingg perioperiodd ooff ththee mustahadahmustaniiaah isis oneone yearyear,, whicwhichh iiss ththee topitopicc thisthis sectionsection iiss addressingaddressing.. ThereThere musmustt bbee 'idda somewheresomewhere inin ththee lacunlacunaa afteafterr al-Musayyib,al-Musayyib, perhapperhapss witwithh a gala:qiila: "'l...s.b. ... s.b. al-Musayyib, qiila:gala: 'idda al-mustahadahal-mustaniiaah sana.,,96sana."96

http://www.brillomine.nl/subscriber/entry?entryhttp://www.brillonline.nlIsubscriber/entry?entry=islam_SIM-7259^ (2(266 FebruaryFebruary 2008).2008). 8899 IbIbnn KhallikanKhallikan,, volvol.. 2,2, 546546 andand 582.582. 9900 Ibid.Ibid.,, volvol.. 1,568-569.1, 568-569. IbIbnn KhallikaKhallikann alsoalso givegivess ththee datedatess betweebetweenn 709/17091100 c.E.l91C.E./91 A.HA.H.. througthroughh 713713 C.Ec.E.l95./95 A.H.A.H.,, andand eveneven 727233 c.E.l105C.E./105 A.H.A.H., , asas alternativalternativee deatdeathh datedatess foforr Sa'IdSa'Id (Ibid.)(Ibid.);; DhahabDhahabIi givegivess ththee yeayearr 712712 C.Ec.E.l94./94 A.HA.H.as.as ththee datedate ofof deatdeathh (DhahabI,(Dhahabi, volvol.. 1,1, 143).143). 9911 IbnIbn Khalliki:in,Khallikan, volvol.. 1,569.1,569. 9922 Ibid.,Ibid., 569569 anandd 570.570. 9933 Ibid.,Ibid., 569;569; DhahabiDhahabI,, volvol.. 1,1, 143143.. 9944 IbnIbn Khallikan,Khallikan, volvol.. 1,569.1,569. 9955 DhahabiDhahabI,, volvol.. 1,143.1, 143. 9966 MarkMark MuehlhaeusleMuehlhaeuslerr (Persona(Personall e-maie-maill correspondencecorrespondence (26(26 DecemberDecember 2007)).2007)). 3030

Recto, Lines 19 and 27. ;;~: WaitinWaitingg perioperiodd beforbeforee remarryinremarryingg oorr ablutionablution afterafter completincompletingg menstruamenstruall cycle.cycle.

Recto, Line 20. "DTh":"DTb": PerhapPerhapss AbAbuu al-I=Iarithal-Harith MuhammadMuhammad,, surnamesurnamedd IbIbnn AbIAbl

97 Dlb/Dhib/Dhi'b/ZlDThIDhThIDhi'b/ZThb (700-775/(700-775/66 C.E./80-15c.E./80-1599 A.H.)A.H.),, anan eminenteminent jurisjuristt andand pupipupill ofof Malik.Malik.97

IbIbnn KhallikaKhallikann relaterelatess ththee followingfollowing anecdotanecdotee regardinregardingg IbnIbn AbAbIl DTbDTh:: "When"When MaliMalikk wentwent

ttoo AbAbuu Ja'farJa'far al-MansviaI-Mansurr thathatt khalikhaliff askeaskedd hihimm whawhatt mastermasterss (in the science of jurisprudence)jurisprudence) hhee hahadd leftleft behinbehindd hihimm atat MedinaMedIna,, anandd hhee repliedreplied:: 'Commander'Commander ofof thethe

98 faithful!faithful! IbnIbn AbAbIl DTbDTh,, IbIbnn AbAbIl Salama,Salama, anandd IbIbnn AbAbIl Sabra.Sabra.'" ",98 ThThee followinfollowingg accountaccount

witwithh regarregardd ttoo IbnIbn AbAbIl DTDThb iiss alsalsoo preservepreservedd bbyy IbnIbn KhallikanKhallikan:: ""...Ib ... Ibnn WahbWahb...relate ... relatess

thathatt hhee hearheardd thesthesee wordwordss proclaimeproclaimedd bbyy a publipublicc criecrierr iinn MedinaMedIna:: 'Let'Let nnoo persopersonn acactt asas

99 mufti ttoo ththee peoplpeoplee excepexceptt MaliMalikk IbIbnn AnaAnass anandd IbIbnn AbAbIl ZTb.'"ZTh. ",99 IbIbnn AbAbIl DTDThb heardheard

traditiontraditionss fromfrom 'Ikrima'Ekrima (c(cf.f CommentsComments SectionSection foforr MMss Or.P365RrS0r.P365RrS,, LineLiness 2 anandd 3)3),,

ShurhblShurhbTIl bb.. Sa'd,Sa'd, Sa'ISa'Idd al-Maqrubial-MaqrubI,, andand NafaNiifa'' al-'Umari.al-'Umarl.lOO100 ThosThosee whwhoo transmittetransmittedd fromfrom

IbIbnn AbAbIDThl DTb includeinclude IbnIbn MabarakMabarak,, AbAbuu Nu'ImNu'Im,, WakI',WakI',IOI101 et alia.alia.102102

Recto, Line 21. \f 0'O <^<~>> J:J: "Three""Three" directlydirectly aboveabove thethe punctuatiopunctuationn marmarkk (0)(O) inin

ththee marginalia.marginalia.

Recto, Lines 21, 22, and 25. ReadRead:: "you"you"" oorr "she.""she."

Recto, Lines 24 and 25. 1.)1:U&l: TranslateTranslatedd aass "reading.""reading." ThisThis tertermm mamayy inin factfact readread

"qara.""qara" "Qara" isis definedefinedd bbyy ththee Ja'fariJa'farI,, Malik!MalikI,, andand Shafi'IShafi'I legalegall schoolsschools aass "free"free fromfrom

97 IbnIbn KhallikanKhallikan,, volvol.. 2,2,589 589.. 98 IbidIbid.. 99 Ibid.Ibid.,, 546546.. 100} Dhahabl,Dhahabi, vol.vol. 1,1, 252252.. 1011 PerhapsPerhaps thethe famousfamous KllfanKufan traditionist,traditionist, Wak"i'WakI' b.b. al-Jarranal-Jarrah (d.(d. 812/197)812/197) (Spectorsky,(Spectorsky, n.p.).n.p.). 102 Ibid. 3131

menstruamenstruall cycle"cycle";; whereaswhereas ththee HanafiHanarT anandd HanbalHanballT schoolschoolss defindefinee qara asas

"menstruation." 11003 3

Recto, Line 28. "Yahya"Yahya bb.. Sa'IdSa'Id al-[al-[...]" ... ]":: PerhapPerhapss ththee qadiqiidf AbtAbui Sa'ISa'Idd YahyYahyaa b.b.

Sa'IdSa'Id al-An~arIal-Ansari (d(d.. 760/1760/1 c.E.l143C.E./143 A.H.).A.H.).104104 YahyYahyaa bb.. Sa'IdSa'Id instructeinstructedd MaliMalikk bb.. AnasAnas

(c.715-79(c.715-7966 c.E.l96-179C.E./96-179 A.H.A.H.) ) iinn ththee traditions. 105105 InIn additioadditionn ttoo MalikMalik,, thosthosee whowho transmittetransmittedd fromfrom YahyYahyaa bb.. Sa'IdSa'Id includincludee AbAbuu HanlfaHanlfa,, SufyaSufyann bb.. 'Uyana'Uyana,, anandd SufyanSufyan alal--

ThawrIThawri (cf.(cf. CommentsComments Section,Section, RectoRecto,, LinLinee 19).10619).106 YahyYahyaa bb.. Sa'ISa'Idd wawass a contemporarycontemporary ofof HumayHumaydd bb.. al-TawIal-'fawTIl (cf.(cf. CommentCommentss SectionSection foforr MMss O.P365V1SOr.P365VIS,, LinLinee 11).11).

Recto, Line 30. W^-J4-;-...):*: Cf.Cf. ththee Qur'anQur'an:: "And"And (remember(remember)) heherr whwhoo guardeguardedd herher chastity:chastity: WWee breathebreathedd intintoo heherr ooff OurOur SpiritSpirit,, andand WWee MadMadee heherr andand heherr sonson A SignSign forfor allall peoplespeoples"" (21(21:91). :91).107107 ThThee referencreferencee iiss ttoo ththee VirgiVirginn Mary.Mary. 108108

Verso, Line 1. MultispectraMultispectrall ImagingImaging (MSI(MSI)) oror anan infrareinfraredd digitadigitall imageimage mightmight assisassistt inin ththee readinreadingg ofof thithiss lemma.lemma.

103 103 BakhtiarBakhtiar,, 525200 anandd 522522.. 104 IbIbnn KhallikanKhallikiin,, volvol.. 2,549.2, 549. !O505 Ibid.Ibid.,, 545545.. 106106 IbidIbid.. 107 thth 107 'Abdulla'Abdullahh YiisuYusuff 'All,'AH, The Meaning of the Holy Qur'an,Qur 'an, 10 eded.. (Maryland:(Maryland: AmanAmanaa PublicationsPublications,, 1999),1999), 815.815. 108108 Ibid.Ibid.,, 815,815, fn.m. 2748;2748; MuhammaMuhammadd MM.. PickthallPickthall,, The Glorious Qur'an (Ne(Neww YorkYork:: TahrikTahrikee TarsileTarsile Qur'aQur'ann Inc.Inc.,, 1992),334,1992), 334, fn.fn. 33.. DOCUMENDOCUMENTT 2:2: MSMS OR.P205OR.P205

IdentificationIdentification

DateDate:: SecondSecond halhalff ofof ththee second/eighthsecond/eighth century.109century.109

MsMs Or.P205Or.P205 isis importantimportant asas itit representrepresentss a proto-fiqh text,text, containingcontaining anan admixtureadmixture ofof liadfthhadith andand fiqhfiqh properproper.. TheThe contentscontents addressaddress ththee prayerprayer protocolprotocol.. LolaLola

AtiyAtiyaa questionquestionss whetherwhether thisthis textextt isis a forgery, 110110 perhapperhapss becausbecausee ofof thethe inordinateinordinate numbernumber ooff diacriticaldiacritical andand shortshort vowevowell markings,markings, inin additionaddition ttoo ththee factfact thathatt thethe texttext seemsseems ttoo continuecontinue onon fromfrom oneone lineline atat ththee bottobottomm ofof thethe textextt toto ththee otherother sideside eveneven thoughthough thethe textextt thathatt woulwouldd containcontain thethe necessarnecessaryy transitiotransitionn isis destroyed.destroyed.

ThThee long-heldlong-held notionotionn thathatt ththee mostmost ancienancientt texttextss araree devoidevoidd ofof diacriticaldiacritical marksmarks hahass beebeenn demonstrateddemonstrated toto bbee inin error. l1l111 TheThe issueissue ofof ththee supposedsupposed continuitycontinuity ofof thethe texttext from oneone sideside ttoo thethe otherother isis alsoalso misleadingmisleading asas thethe texttext isis a protocolprotocol forfor prayerprayer,, andand thethe missinmissingg portioportionn containingcontaining a rak 'a cyclecycle isis absentabsent alongalong withwith thethe correspondingcorresponding sectionsection

119 of the destroyed text. 112 The archaic features of the script and the fact that the ink of the destroyed text. The archaic features of the script and the fact that the ink continues to cling to the fiber where the text is ripped at the bottom of the papyrus continues to cling to the fiber where the text is ripped at the bottom of the papyrus

\09 PetraPetra SijpesteijnSijpesteijn (Personal(Personal e-maile-mail correspondence(12February2008)).Cf.correspondence (12 February 2008)). Cf. MalczyckiMalczycki,, 148.148. 110110 cf.cf. LolaLola AtiyaAtiya,, "Arabi"Arabicc PapyruPapyruss andand PaperPaper Collection,"Collection," n.p.n.p. 11III1 Grolnnann,Grohmann, World, 82.82. "Although"Although itit wawass believedbelieved forfor a certaincertain timetime accordingaccording toto thethe statementsstatements mademade byby AraArabb writerswriters,, thathatt ththee inventioninvention ofof ththee so-calledso-called diacritical dots diddid nonott taketake placeplace beforebefore thethe secondsecond halfhalf ofof ththee firstfirst CenturyCentury ofof ththee HigraHigra - YahyYanyaa ibnibn Ya'marYa'mar (d.(d. beforbeforee 9900 A.H.A.H.,, 709709 A.D.)A.D.) iiss creditedcredited therewiththerewith duringduring ththee reignreign ofof thethe CaliphCaliph 'Abd'Abd aI-Malikal-Malik bb.. MarwanMarwan (d.(d. 8686 A.H.,A.H., 705705 A.D.A.D.)) - iitt isis a factfact thatthat alreadyalready thethe oldestoldest papyrus-documenpapyrus-documentt datedatedd 2222 A.HA.H.. (643(643 A.D.)A.D.),, PERPERFF NoNo.. 558,558, showsshows diacriticaldiacritical dotdotss aboveabove thethe lettersletters tC jJ j tY andand LJu ••.... " (Ibid.).(Ibid.). 112112 HananHanan AhmaAlnnadd isis creditedcredited withwith thisthis observation.observation. 3333

indicateindicate thathatt thithiss textextt iiss nonott a fakefake.. ThisThis claiclaimm cacann bbee verifieverifiedd oorr falsifiedfalsified bbyy meanmeanss ofof radiocarboradiocarbonn datingdating (otherwise(otherwise knowknownn aass Carbon-14Carbon-14 oror C-14C-14 testing).testing).

PhysicaPhysicall DescriptionDescription

StronStrongg qualityquality brownbrown papyrupapyruss 1212 x 2626 cm.cm. BlackBlack ink.ink. TheThe beginninbeginningg ofof ththee texttext startsstarts oonn ththee VersVersoo (A(A)) anandd continuescontinues onon ththee RectoRecto (B).(B). ThThee portioportionn transitionintransitioningg fromfrom thethe VersoVerso ttoo ththee RectRectoo isis nnoo longelongerr extant.extant.

RectoRecto:: RectRectoo yieldyieldss 9 lineslines.. UppeUpperr margimarginn intact.intact. InIn googoodd condition.condition.

Verso:Verso: ReconstructioReconstructionn ooff VersVersoo yieldyieldss 1111 lineslines.. MarginsMargins:: UppeUpperr endend andand sideside marginsmargins areare negligiblenegligible.. IInn goodgood condition.condition.

Script

A numbernumber ofof diacriticaldiacritical marksmarks areare evidenced,evidenced, i.e.i.e.,, dotteddotted Y, w, G,^, ~, t,c> \~, Xj, o*,cY, o^,tY=>, t, w, ",i3, 0,u, anandd r.;.LS. Fa' iiss markemarkedd bbyy ononee dotdot undeunderr ththee graphemegrapheme andand qa' iiss identifiedidentified bbyy oneone dotdot aboveabove ththee graphemegrapheme.. ThThee backwindinbackwindingg final yd'ya' iiss a distinctdistinct characteristiccharacteristic ofof ththee texttext.. InIn lieulieu ooff ththee alif maqsiira,maq§iira, yd'ya' isis employeemployedd (cf(cf.. VersoVerso,, LinLinee 33:: ~ foforr ~). NoNo distinctiondistinction iiss madmadee betweebetweenn ththee ta'marbiitatd 'marbuta andand ththee non-emphatinon-emphaticc haha'' iinn termtermss ooff dottingdotting

(cf(cf.. VersoVerso,, LinLinee 4 forfor anan undotteundottedd tatd'marbuta). 'marbiita). WuauWudu (cf.(cf. VersoVerso,, LineLine 22)) iiss spelledspelled withouwithoutt ththee finalfinal hamza. AdolAdolff GrohmannGrohmann notenotess thathatt "[t]he"[t]he hamza isis,, aass a rule,rule, completelycompletely neglected,"neglected,,,113113 aass ththee hamza isis a developmentdevelopment ofof ththee third/ninththird/ninth century.1l4century.114

113 OOpp cit.,cit., 9595.. 114 MalczyckiMalczycki,, 153153.. 3434

TheThe datedate ofof thethe secondsecond halhalff ofof ththee second/eighthsecond/eighth centurycentury isis basedbased onon thethe shapeshape ofof ththee ilaldal withouwithoutt a backbendinbackbendingg totopp andand ththee 'ayn/ghayn'aynlghayn thatthat isis notnot ververyy triangular.triangular. 115 115

TheThe alif ofof prolongatioprolongationn isis utilizedutilized asas opposedopposed ttoo ththee ususee ofof thethe daggerdagger alif (cf.(cf.

Recto,Recto, LineLine 6 andand Verso,Verso, LinLinee 8).1168).116 InIn otherother cases,cases, ththee alif of prolongationprolongation asas wellwell asas thethe daggerdagger alifalifare are omittedomitted altogetheraltogether (cf.(cf. Verso,Verso, LineLine 7,7, Read:Read: w'~I;Jl; andand cf.cf. Verso,Verso, LineLine 8,8,

ReadRead:: 0-(~)-WI).u-(-^«-)-^)- ShortShort vowevowell diacriticdiacritic dhamma (')(*) isis presenpresentt inin ththee text,text, cf.cf. Verso,Verso, LineLine

22..

Verso,Verso, LineLine 3,3, employsemploys letterletter extensions.extensions. GrohmannGrohmann remarkremarkss thathatt ththee extensionextension ofof finalfinal formsforms ofof letters,letters, knownknown asas dilatadilatabiles, biles , iiss permittepermittedd onlyonly atat thethe endend ofof a lineline inin characteristicallycharacteristically finelyfinely executedexecuted calligraphy.calligraphy. 111177 ThThee dilatabilesdilatabiles araree particularlparticularlyy

I18118 employedemployed witwithh ththee ~,\ L>-"",<_K», ~,O^, .1.,-K .1:.,^, andand -cl.<4 InIn thethe casecase ofof thisthis papyruspapyrus,, thethe w& isis thethe dilatabile. TheThe dilatabiles areare utilizedutilized inin orderorder toto fillfill spacespace whewhenn therethere isis eithereither barelybarely

119 enougenoughh spacespace forfor anotheranother wordword,, lelett alonealone forfor two. I19 AbbottAbbott notesnotes thathatt thethe dilatabilesdilatabiles

serveserve ttoo providprovidee emphasisemphasis toto ththee sentence. 120120 TheThe extensionsextensions iinn thethe formform ofof a longlong stroke,stroke,

knowknownn asas kashfdahkashTdah oror mashq alsoalso serveserve anan aesthetirestheticc function.function.121121

Verso,Verso, LineLine 9,9, hashas a bloblott outout byby thethe scribe.scribe. HyphenatioHyphenationn ofof wordwordss isis alsoalso manifestmanifest

inin thithiss papyrupapyruss (cf.(cf. Recto,Recto, LineLiness 3 andand 44;; VersoVerso,, LineLiness 9 andand 10).10). Generally,Generally, a givengiven

wordword concludesconcludes a line,line, bubutt exceptionsexceptions inin thethe formform ofof hyphenatiohyphenationn areare attestedattested toto asas earlyearly

aass ththee first/seventhfirst/seventh centurycentury inin thethe Qurra-papyri (709-714(709-714 c.E./90-96C.E./90-96 A.H.)A.H.),, andand inin a legallegal

11515 PetrPetraa SijpesteijnSijpesteijn (Personal(Personal e-maile-mail correspondencecorrespondence (12(12 FebruaryFebruary 2008)).2008)). 11616 ForFor thithiss archaicarchaic orthographicaorthographicall feature,feature, cf.cf. Grohmann,Grohmann, World,88.World, 88. 11717 Ibid.,Ibid., 80.80. 11818 Ibid.Ibid. 11919 Ibid.Ibid. 12020 AbbottAbbott,, Studies, vol.vol. 1,61.1, 61. 12121 AdaAdamm GacekGacek,, The Arabic Manuscript Tradition: A Glossary of Technical Terms and BibliographyBibliography (Leiden(Leiden:: Brill,Brill, 2001),125.2001), 125. Grohmann,Grohmann, World, 8080.. 3535

texttext dateddated 707707 c.E./88C.E./88 A.H.122A.H.122 TheThe mostmost strikingstriking exampleexample isis thatthat ofof thethe basmala,123basmala,123 whichwhich reads:reads:

)I.ilil~ f':P')1 ~

Lastly,Lastly, thethe spellingspelling ofof Qur'iinQur'an withwith a wiiwwaw (uIJYlI)(ubj^1) isis especiallyespecially conspicuousconspicuous (cf.(cf. Verso,Verso,

LineLine 9)9)..

Text:Text: RectoRecto

I (JjS AjuU^al ^Jjolj A_lu£J ^gic- A_|_L|_ji£ (J»>jj A-uilj £3JJ ^3 1

Ijli I JlA (_sic IgK ajLuall (Jj-aJ A-al$j| aJfljj AJjsII 2 (j-a ^JSJ tjj*. A . ASUJ Vj Uii Aja (j^u< J->-J Vj .ig u2a (jil*£jil ^ 3

(tliL)_K (l)j^ t-ukll ja lila ^j 4

[...] I3fl* 6 [...] 7 [.,.] L-aJI ^ 8 [...] 9

TextText:: VersoVerso

f':P')1 ~)I.ilil ~ 1 jJj~[-]JI£-[-]JI l~~J$-aJ^jiJ gjluul~Il IgU~j L^~k t$j4.10x jy,A jjuajl..,...;:.)1l (jjuia~. ^^L-allo)U1 0<>^ 2

dij.|_i|_iiiiw>{... l-}-...iilIJ j Ujibt!.ilii f'~ (juli &jL*aio.,t...J1i ^~Ii aif't!s liI~Ii ^luu~> jJS£ c_~?ic. 3 (JjJJIl (jju~^J ^>~.ilil~.)J <&l AJA j 0<>(jx t~IJ^jjuaaJIj t~IJ^j^llj tfi)IJ^j£__)llj tfi)1^j£__^SI 44 JJ£..r.&1I jy,A ^.ilil1 JjliJ.#a Aail~~Il (jull ')J~..>PjJfr (j0<>-o Ajj£i~a lis*Ih"'-:l~. AJAJ (^i(t9lI j.))) jy,JA j ^jr~L (j~^ (JjJ~L L~a 5

1 (>)Ja(.J-)-.b3a (^Mt,?:illl ~J(^j ~J~..>Pj t*l JJ& .ulAil ':IJ ~.l.(~) <~k...>...:iJJj ~(\""""I)4j(^l) ~.)4iJ<^jLuJ r(~)1HT^) ~'^J'" 66

< _ _>_£jluJj jJ (_gt,?~Jl ,!Sy;...JI) uiaII (j0<>-a Liwil La~Jj LalubL.J...... a liil^~. (_>

^t_(_jl)_ic:-(..:u.~j ~ (~IJIaIuiaII (j0<>-a (jjufil^l jUIJl j (wylIjjaI lill.illl~.ul Aj tiL^4..;::.i V':I (j0-(~)-h.l1-(-La.)-Uil C-Jy.).ilij (_t,?<...:i>~?_La-a 88 1«»_~(o~"'-:l~^ AJAJ ^alt91.)J JAy,JJ JJ£(I..r.&(I)) <<&<.ilill J>lJ>t!a AJI.(il..ftJi 0<> t..foja IJlI~l!a (jljjaiUIJYlIl (JjAJL(J>~a 9

Au&~Jj U~? [[-----]- ] ^IrlJ'I.·j A_uil ..,·I.)J...a(I) j cU(l) [...[ ...] ] (^)<(t)>^J [.-.[---]] (A_)^ie,-~~Il jull (jjL)_OJl}-?-:i..>p^ JJC. (j0<>~>a AajiL» I110 10 [-][ ... ]~^ [[-] ... ] 11H

111221 GrohmannGrohmann,, World, 9090.. 121233 IbidIbid.. 3636

TranslationTranslation:: RectoRecto

1 ThenThen oneone raisesraises one'sone's headhead andand placesplaces one'sone's palmpalm oftheof the handshands onon one'sone's knees,knees, thethenn stretchstretch one'one'ss indeindexx fingefingerr inin ththee directiondirection ofof 2 thethe Qibla andand laylay one'sone's thumbthumb onon thethe side,side, thenthen performperform thethe wholewhole prayerprayer inin thisthis positiopositionn anandd whewhenn yoyouu sitsit 3 inin thethe twotwo rakrak'as, 'as, thenthen youyou reciterecite thethe tashahhud andand dodo notnot addadd toto itit oror omitomit fromfrom iitt untiuntill ththee shahadashahiida isis donedone 4 andand whenwhen donedone saysay whateverwhatever \you\you want\want\ forfor thethe GoodGood WorWordd isis great.great. (I(I advised)advised) 5 IbnIbn Mas'udMas'tid toto saysay inin hishis shahiida:shahada: InIn thethe namename ofof GodGod andand hehe saidsaid thethe (Good)(Good) WorWordd 6 inin thisthis wayway [[...... ] 7 [[...... ] 8 God'sGod's slaves.> (I(I witnesswitness thatthat therethere isis no)no) godgod God> 9 [[...... ]

TranslationTranslation:: VersoVerso

1 InIn thethe namename ofof Allah,Allah, thethe Beneficent,Beneficent, thethe Merciful.Merciful. 2 InIn orderorder toto perforperformm thethe prayeprayerr properlyproperly,, oneone needsneeds toto performperform thethe wuaiiwudu properly.properly. TheThe taslfmtaslim makemakess iitt \i.e.\i.e.,, theprayer\the prayer\halla lialliill oorr haramliariim [[...] ... ] 3 ItIt isis incumbentincumbent onon allall MuslimsMuslims ifif oneone goesgoes toto thethe prayerprayer thatthat oneone standstand \before\\before\ GoGodd humblyhumbly.. AnAndd humblehumble 4 rak'asrak 'as andand rak'asrak 'as andand humblenesshumbleness andand humblenesshumbleness from thethe fearfear ofof GodGod thenthen thethe firsfirstt thingthing 5 toto bebe saidsaid whenwhen oneone standsstands (raising)(raising) one'sone's handshands parallelparallel toto one'sone's shouldersshoulders withouwithoutt one'one'ss handhandss beinbeingg nexnextt ttoo one'one'ss earsears soso oneone sayssays GodGod isis GreatGreat 6 YouYou (are(are exalted)exalted) andand greatgreat areare (Your(Your names)names) andand high.> YouYou areare anandd thertheree iiss nnoo gogodd excepexceptt YouYou.. I turneturnedd mmyy faceface ttoo WhoWhomm (created)(created) 7 thethe heavensheavens andand thethe earthearth \for\\for\ thethe Hanif\and\HanTf\arid\ Muslim andand I amam notnot ofof thethe disbelieverdisbelieverss verilverilyy mmyy prayeprayerr anandd > pietpietyy anandd mmyy lifelife andand 8 mymy belongbelong toto GodGod thethe lordlord ofof (the(the twotwo worlds)worlds) andand therethere isis nono partnerpartner toto HimHim,, thithiss I aamm connnandedcommanded anandd thathatt I amam ononee amonamongg ththee MuslimsMuslims,, thethenn (one(one starts)starts) 9 (reciting)(reciting) thethe Qur'Qur'an an.. OnceOnce oneone isis donedone withwith thethe recitation,recitation, is> (Great)(Great) andand ononee standstandss raisinraisingg one'one'ss handhandss 1010 ttoo one'one'ss shouldersshoulders withouwithoutt one'one'ss handhandss (being(being nexnextt ttoo one's)one's) earsears [[...... ] ] [[...... ] ] one'one'ss heaheadd anandd nonott [[...... ] ] witwithh ththee palpalmm ofof one'one'ss handshands 1111 [[...... ] ] (Figure(Figure 3 andand FigurFiguree 4)4) 37

FigurFiguree 3. MsMs Or.P205ROr.P205R RarRaree BookBookss DivisionDivision SpecialSpecial CollectionsCollections 1.J. WillarWillardd MarriotMarriottt LibraryLibrary UniversitUniversityy ooff UtahUtah 3388

FigureFigure 4. MMss Or.P205VOr.P205V RareRare BooksBooks DivisionDivision SpecialSpecial CollectionsCollections J.J. WillardWillard MarriotMarriottt LibraryLibrary UniversityUniversity ofof UtahUtah 3939

CommentCommentss

Recto, Line 1. ^-{-i-}-^

Recto, Line 1. AAtt thethe endend oftheof the linlinee thertheree iiss anan extrextraa alifalifwritten written perhapperhapss fromfrom thethe articlearticle ofof al-Qibla oonn thethe followingfollowing line.line.

Recto, Line 2. »o)...a.ll:jk-oll: §alahSalah iiss spelledspelled witwithh a wdw.waw. SinceSince nnoo distinctiodistinctionn iiss mademade betweebetweenn ththee ta'marbiitatd 'marbuta andand ththee non-emphaticnon-emphatic ha' iinn termtermss ofof dotting,dotting, itit iiss uncertainuncertain whethewhetherr §alahSalah iiss spelledspelled witwithh ththee formerformer oorr ththee latterlatter.. TheThe spellingspelling ooff §aldhSalah witwithh a wawwdw

125125 andand withwith a ha' araree botbothh characteristicharacteristicc ofof MiddlMiddlee Arabic. CfCf.. Verso,Verso, LinLinee 22,, wherewhere

$aliih§aldh isis spelledspelled withwith anan alif (o)l...::JI),(o^-all), bubutt iinn thethe followingfollowing linlinee ooff ththee samsamee sideside,, thethe spellingspelling revertrevertss bacbackk ttoo ththee wawwdw (o)...a.ll).(ajL-all). ThiThiss cannocannott bbee a resulresultt ooff grammaticagrammaticall casecase inflectioinflectionn becausbecausee botbothh nounnounss areare precedeprecededd bbyy prepositionprepositionss (Lin(Linee 22,, min; LinLinee 33,, ila).ila).

Recto, Line 2. Qibla: "[O]rientation"[0]rientation towardtowardss ththee KabaKabahh forfor prescribeprescribedd prayer.,,126prayer."

Recto, Lines 2 and 3. ...!AJM; .. .I~\j: ProtasiProtasiss anandd apodosiapodosiss ooff a conditionaconditionall sentence.sentence.

Recto, Line 3. Rak'a: "[C]ycle"[C]ycle ooff prescribedprescribed prayer."prayer." 127

Recto, Line 3. 0¥j.>....:icAK^-J ^j:~J: ThThee zayn seemsseems ttoo bbee spelledspelled witwithh a wdw.waw. MalczyckiMalczycki reads:reads: UAJ_0~.".:iH ^J~J.128.128 InIn thethe semanticsemantic contexcontextt ooff ththee followingfollowing worwordd coordinatedcoordinated bbyy wawwdw

(i.e.(i.e.,, "or"or omiomitt fromfrom it")it"),, thethe readinreadingg ofof zayn iiss probableprobable,, thuthuss renderinrenderingg ththee meaningmeaning accordinglyaccordingly aass "do"do nonott addadd \to\to it\.it\."" OnOn ththee otheotherr handhand,, ththee readinreadingg ofof zayn aass wdwwaw (i.e.,(i.e.,

124124 Malczycki,Malczycki, 150.150. 125125 Ibid.,Ibid., 158.158. CfCf.. SimonSimon HopkinsHopkins,, Studies in Early Arabic Grammar Based Upon Papyri Datable to BeforeBefore 300 A.H./912 A.D. (Oxford(Oxford:: OxfordOxford UniversitUniversityy PressPress,, 1984),16.1984), 16. 126126 BakhtiarBakhtiar,, 602.602. 127127 Ibid.Ibid. 128128 MalczyckiMalczycki,, 150.150. 4400

u0~..,..:i^_H 'iJ)Vj) translatestranslates aass "and"and dodo notnot genuflecgenuflectt aatt all."all." InIn lightlight ofof thesthesee considerationsconsiderations,, thethe zayn inin thisthis cascasee mightmight represenrepresentt a cacograph.cacograph.

Recto, Line 3. W^y..=.:: ReadRead:: ~ oror tp~.. GrohmanGrohmannn alsoalso citescites tSL:;. asas peculiarpeculiar writingwriting preservepreservedd iinn ththee papyri.129papyri.129

Recto, Line 3. Tashahhud: "[S]itting back on knees and bearing witness."• 131300 Recto, Line 3. Tashahhud: "[Sjitting back on knees and bearing witness." Recto, Line 3 .. Shahada: "[B]earing witness of the Oneness of God and the Recto, Line 3. Shahada: "[Bjearing witness of the Oneness of God and the prophethood of Muhammad." 13l prophethood of Muhammad."131 Recto, Line 3. u.: Negative emphatic. Recto, Line 3. 0-: Negative emphatic. Recto, Line 4. <~>.): Ma1czycki reads: w.....{-+}- ~.132

Recto, Line 4. ja: Malczycki reads: ^^j-^-}- -^a. Recto, Line 4. (Wi.)J$ (\)~: Ma1czycki reads: (0\.5.) ...>JiS..133

1 Recto, Line 4. (ci-)J£ Malczycki reads: (u ^) J^.133 Recto, Line 5. J#..&\ f"""l<-:>: Malczycki reads: J~ <\.JlI ~ {I J} .134

Recto, Line 5. Jj^a M ^L: Malczycki reads: 6jk <^ {t J}.134 Recto, Line 6. \.:t;1..A.: Ma1czycki reads: 0]1 ~\j.135 Recto, Line 6. I&U; Malczycki reads: u]1 ^.135 Recto, Lines 6, 7, 8, and 9: The text following \.:t;1..A. in Line 6 can be reconstructed Recto, Lines 6, 7, 8, and 9: The text following in Line 6 can be reconstructed as it is probable that the text is that of the Tashahhud. 136 This is confirmed by the as it is probable that the text is that of the Tashahhud.136 This is confirmed by the overlapping of the words 4.1\ 'i\ +(~)\ ~WI"&\ in Line 8 with the text of the overlapping of the words ^ VI j^-L-ail M in Line 8 with the text of the Tashahhud. There are two versions of the Tashahhud, the minimal and the optimal. The Tashahhud. There are two versions of the Tashahhud, the minimal and the optimal. The minimal Tashahhud reads as follows: minimal Tashahhud reads as follows:

12929 GrohmannGrohmann,, World, 88.88. 13030Bakhtiar Bakhtiar,, 605.605. \3131 Ibid.Ibid.,, 604.604. \3232 MalczyckiMalczycki,, 150.150. 13333 Ibid.Ibid. 13434 Ibid.Ibid. 13535 Ibid.Ibid. 136 HanaHanann AhmaAhmadd iiss creditecreditedd witwithh ththee identificatioidentificationn anandd reconstructioreconstructionn oftheof the Tashahhud.Tashahhud. 4411

SQ]j 'M ill Al\ V [jt ^-'^ cjj^j^^l &\ J^lo j Ujlc ^ AJISJJJ ill <^kjj ^jlll L$jt tSlJlc ^XAI AIS tAjaall"

137 t ' - 137."^ . "~ •L \ 'U.J-"'.JDJ^> J T1·..l.=...4^xaJ - ,a

ThThee optimaloptimal Tashahhud readreadss asas follows:follows:

ill (^JT j lilt pllull AlSjJj ill A^kjj J-JJII Ifcjt iiSjl& J^LLILL \l ilil^H^U CJI£JLJ1]I ililjAjll"

138."iil [}jlu'j f.&ki y i^ilj ftl tfl *]) V of S^t o^JllaSI

GiveGivenn ththee averagaveragee numbenumberr ooff wordwordss peperr sentencesentence oonn ththee Recto,Recto, itit seemsseems mormoree probableprobable thathatt ththee reconstructereconstructedd textextt woulwouldd approximatapproximatee thethe optimaoptimall Tashahhud sincesince iitt isis ofof greatergreater

lengthlength..

Recto, Line 8. "God's"God's "slaves.>":: CCf.f thethe textextt ooff thethe Tashahhud forfor

reconstructioreconstructionn (above)(above).. "Th"Thee minimaminimall TestificatioTestificationn ooff FaitFaithh (Tashahhud)(Tashahhud) iiss ttoo say:say:

'Greeting'Greeting ttoo AllahAllah.. PeacPeacee bbee upouponn youyou,, 0O ProphetProphet,, anandd ththee mercmercyy ooff AllaAllahh anandd HisHis

blessingsblessings.. PeacPeacee bbee upouponn uuss andand upouponn Allah's righteous slaves. I testiftestifyy thertheree iiss nnoo godgod

exceptexcept AllahAllah,, anandd thathatt MuhammaMuhammadd iiss ththee MessengeMessengerr ofof Allah.",139Allah.'"139

Recto, Line 8. Contraction.Contraction. ReadRead:: UfIJ\l = ~+01.¥+

Recto, Line 88. . .u\^ (VI)(~I):: MalczyckMa1czyckii readsreads::

Recto, Line 8. <.&\^J.J-"'.Jj 1..l.=...4 jlUIJj '&1M Vl>~I>:: ReconstructeReconstructedd standardstandard phrasephrase.. SeeSee

aboveabove foforr furtherfurther commentscomments onon ththee reconstructioreconstructionn ooff ththee text.text.

Verso, Line 2. WuauWudu (y..:o)I): "[S]horter"[S]horter ablution."ablution.,,141141 ThThee wordword wuauwudu marksmarks thethe

enendd ooff ththee clauseclause.. WuauWudu iiss spelledspelled withouwithoutt ththee finalfinal hamza; ththee hamza beinbeingg a

developmendevelopmentt ooff ththee third/nintthird/ninthh century.century. 142142

131377 AhmaAhmadd bb.. NaqiNaqibb a1-Misri,al-Misri, Reliance aftheof the Traveller: A Classic Manual afIslamicof Islamic Sacred Law [,Umdat['Umdat al-salikj,al-siilikJ, eded.. anandd transtrans.. NuNuhh HHaa MiMimm KelleKellerr (Evanston(Evanston,, IllinoisIllinois:: SunnSunnaa BooksBooks,, 1991),1991), 143143.. 138138 IbidIbid.. 139139 Ibid.Ibid. EmphasiEmphasiss addedadded.. 141400 MalczyckiMalczycki,, 150150.. 141411 BakhtiarBakhtiar,, 607607.. 142 OpcitOp cit.,, 153153.. 4242

Verso, Line 2. W^~:: A wawayy ofof doingdoing things.things. MalczyckMalczyckii readsreads:: ~.W^. 14314

Verso, Line 2. Taslzm:Taslim: Submission,Submission, surrender.surrender.

Verso, Line 2. Halldl:Halliil: Pennissible.Permissible.

Verso, Line 2. Hardm:Hariim: Forbidden.Forbidden.

Verso, Line 2.2 . .fo.[-]JI: ThisThis worwordd mighmightt reareadd takbzr,takbTr, thethe pronouncementpronouncement ofof thethe fonnulaformula AlldhuAlliihu akbar. MalczyckMalczyckii readsreads:: ~1.144j^ll.144

Verso, Line 3. ~ LIS~: MalczyckiMalczycki reads:reads: ~I.fif^j^jA .J:!"-.14S145

Verso, Line 3. ^j-p-}-^wJ-{...i...}...ll1I:: TheThe worwordd hashas anan extraextra toottoothh (the(the rasm reads:reads: '-lpl).<-j_^aSt).

ThisThis isis perhapperhapss a dittodittograph graph.. al-Qanut isis nonott ttoo bbee confusedconfused withwith thethe Du'dDu'ij al-Qanutal-Qanut reciterecitedd aatt ththee dawndawn prescribeprescribedd prayerprayer (jajr).146(fajr).146 InIn thisthis contextcontext itit meanmeanss humble.humble.

Verso, Line 5. LinLinee 5 parallelparallelss LinesLines 9 andand 10.10.

ViVerso,erso, LineL ine. 55. JJj^L* ..JS:l:- \...0: MMalczyck a I czycki i readsread s:: JJj^l...JS:l. - I 147147

Verso, Line 5. (~I.J):(<^j): MalczyckMalczyckii reads:reads: ~J;l.148tLw.148

Verso, Line 5. .JJL;..:i:JJW^: MalczyckMalczyckii reads:reads: jJL;..:iI.149jjW^.149

Verso, Line 5. LJI:

LinLinee 10.10.

151SO0 Verso, Line 66.. .JI^\ V')Jj &x(^).cl..)..~)<.Y <...:i:Jl*>-5: MalczyckiMalczycki readsreads:: .t..Jl1 V')J.cl~j Jii.A

Verso, Line 7. Hanif: PurPuree monotheistmonotheist.. ReadRead:: w...... ,~.taLi* tLi*..

143143 Ibid.,Ibid, 150.150. 144144 Ibid.Ibid. 145145 Ibid.Ibid. 146146Bakhtiar,593 Bakhtiar, 593.. 147147 OpOp cit.cit. 148148 Ibid.Ibid. 149149 Ibid.Ibid. 15050 Ibid.Ibid. 4343

Verso, Line 77.. wI^ L.:^: MalczyckMalczyckii readsreads:: L. wI.l51U.151

Verso, Line 7.7. "Disbelievers""Disbelievers":: "~~ £/rsirk& polytheismpolytheism,, idolatridolatryy I ~~I <>~Il ahl as-sas-s

ththee polytheistspolytheists,, ththee idolaters."idolaters.,,152152 AfteAfterr al-MushraJdn:al-Mushrakfn: a verb,verb, e.g.e.g.,, qiil,qdl, shouldshould

follofolloww givegivenn ththee stanstandd alonealone an, iinn orderorder ttoo makmakee iitt a propeproperr construction.construction.

Verso, Lines 7 and 8. CS^:~1...... : Read:Read: r.F~. i:::.JG.::. isis translatedtranslated asas death oror lifelessness.153 153 ThThee tertermm occursoccurs inin ththee Qur'anQur'iin (6:162(6:162,, 17:75,17:75, andand 45:20).45:20).154154 InIn fact,fact, LinesLines

7 andand 8 mirrormirror thethe lastlast lineslines ofof ChapterChapter 6,6, VerseVerse 161161 throughthrough thethe endend ofof VerseVerse 163163 ofof thethe

Qur'iinQur'an whicwhichh readreadss (the(the wordwordss thathatt correlatecorrelate witwithh MMss Or.P20Or.P2055 araree underlined):underlined):

^jj^jjuuiill (j^a (jlS \1AJ UJJT ^jAi JJ! AXA UUS IJJ^ aJjffi ox lal Jj-o ^1 t5-^i L$ 161

3 TJ-LALUTLL L-ij ^LAAJ ^GUK^AJ (^^^J i^P^-* Ol cJ^ 162

QjX^I Djt Ulj £lTjJ jjg/g iiLj^ V 163

TheseThese VerseVersess araree translatetranslatedd aass follows:follows:

161161 Say:Say: "Verily,"Verily, mmyy LordLord HatHathh guidedguided mmee toto AAWay Way thatthat iiss straight,straight, -- A religioreligionn ofof rightright,, -- ThThee PatPathh (trod)(trod) bbyy AbrahamAbraham TheThe trutruee iinn faith,faith, AnAndd hhee (certainly)(certainly) JoineJoinedd nonott godsgods witwithh God."God." 162162 SaySay:: "Truly,"Truly, mmyy prayerprayer AnAndd mmyy servicservicee ofof sacrifice,sacrifice, MMyy liflifee anandd mmyy death,death, AreAre (all(all)) ooff God,God, ThThee CherisheCherisherr ofof ththee Worlds:Worlds: 163163 NNoo partnepartnerr hathathh He:He: ThisThis aamm I commanded,commanded, AnAndd I aamm ththee firstfirst

151511 Ibid.Ibid. 152152 HanHanss WehrWehr,, A Dictionary of Modern Written Arabic (Arabic-English), ed.ed. J.J. MiltoMiltonn CowanCowan,, 44thth ed.ed. (Urbana(Urbana,, Illinois:Illinois: OttOttoo HarrassowitHarrassowitzz KGKG,, 1994),547.1994), 547. 153153 EdwarEdwardd WilliaWilliamm LaneLane,, Arabic-English Lexicon, volvol.. 1,1, ptpt.. 7 (Ne(Neww YorkYork:: FredericFrederickk UngaUngarr PublishingPublishing CoCo.,, 1956),2741.1956), 2741. 154lbid.154 Ibid. 4444

OOfthosef those whwhoo bowbow ToTo HiHiss Will.,,155Will."155

InIn effect,effect, aass illustrateillustratedd aboveabove,, LineLiness 7 andand 8 preservpreservee a pericoppericopee ofof ththee Qur'an.Qur'an.

Verso, Line 8. u-(-7"-)-WI:Cy(-?^*^\ DefectivDefectivee alif. ReadRead:: o$A^.~WI. FoForr a discussiodiscussionn ofof thethe tertermm 'iilamln'alamin asas eitheeitherr a duaduall forformm referrinreferringg ttoo ththee twtwoo worldworldss ooff humanhumanss anandd jinn,jinn, oror

'alamln'alamin aass ththee pluraplurall formform ofof 'alam'dlam (world)(world) (an(andd forfor ththee determinatiodeterminationn ofof ththee classeclassess thatthat belonbelongg ttoo thesthesee worlds)worlds),, cf.cf. MahmouMahmoudd MM.. AyoubAyoub,, The Qur'an and Its Interpreters.Interpreters.156156

Verso, Line 8. c-(-c:;-(..1i...}-i:!~:31)-^ MalczyckiMalczycki readsreads:: ~ ^j*wy>1 l ~.157fX157

Verso, Line 9. ul.Jjill:

LinLinee 33,, anandd MMss Or.P5l8V,Or.P518V, LineLine 16,16, foforr normalizenormalizedd spelling,spelling, i.e.,i.e., 0u11jill.^1.

158158 Verso, Line 9. 1*J>L3:: MalczyckMalczyckii readsreads:: [j[~4....ll]*

Verso, Line 9. !«»-»•i.«>~:: MalczyckMalczyckii readsreads:: ~.159-^.159

1 160 Verso, Line 10. J4:1)cK ) [...][ ... J:: MalczyckMalczyckii readsreads:: [~[J*—]. ____ ].160 161 Verso, Line 10. [-----][ ] ^rl:: MalczyckMalczyckii readsreads:: ~'^^*J^. rl. 161

Verso, Line 11. IIff iitt iiss a paralleparallell constructionconstruction,, ththee lacunlacunaa mightmight read:read: ~.J .)c followingfollowing ththee worwordd ~ (cf(cf.. RectoRecto,, LinLinee 1).1). ThiThiss seemsseems correctcorrect,, aass ththee spacingspacing atat ththee rightright couldcould accommodataccommodatee aann 'ala'aid anandd ththee kafkaj attestsattests ttoo rakabatihi.rakabatihi.

155 rdrd 155 'Abdulla'Abdullahh YusuYusuff 'AIT'AlT,, The Holy Qur-an: Text, Translation and Commentary, 3 eded.,, volvol.. 1 (Beirut(Beirut:: PrintinPrintingg ProductionProduction,, 1965)1965),338., 338. 156 156 MahmouMahmoudd MM.. AyoubAyoub,, The QurQur'an 'an and Its Interpreters, volvol.. 1 (Albany(Albany:: StateState UniversitUniversityy ooff NeNeww YorYorkk PressPress,, 1984),1984), 4747.. 157157 MalczyckiMalczycki,, 150150.. 151588 IbidIbid.. 159159 IbidIbid.. 160160 IbidIbid.. 161161 Ibid.Ibid. DOCUMENTDOCUMENT 3:3: MSMS OR.P365OR.P365

IdentificatioIdentificationn

Date:Date: LateLate third/ninththird/ninth century.century. 162162

MsMs Or.P365Or.P365 isis a notablnotablee liadzthhadith specimen,specimen, asas MsMs OLP365VlSOr.P365VlS containscontains a liadfthhadith commentarycommentary onon Sura al-Nisii',al-Nisa', VerseVerse 34.34. MsMs Or.P365VlSOr.P365VlS preservespreserves almostalmost verbativerbatimm a portioportionn ofof thethe famousfamous Musnad ofof AhmadAhmad bb.. HanbalHanbal (780-855(780-855 c.E.l164-241C.E./164-241 A.H.)A.H.) (cf.(cf.

CommentsComments Section).163Section).163

MMss Or.P365Or.P365 isis significantsignificant forfor a secondsecond reasonreason,, asas itsits chainchain ofof transmissiontransmission reachesreaches

'Ab'Abdd AllaAllahh b.b. WahbWahb (743-812/813(743-812/813 C.E.-125-196/197C.E.-125-196/197 A.H.A.H.)) (cf.(cf. MMss OLP518),Or.P518), a famousfamous

EgyptiaEgyptiann jurisjuristt whowho waswas thethe pupipupill ofof nonnonee otherother thathann MalikMalik b.b. AnaAnass (c.(c.715-79 715-7966 c.E./96-C.E./96-

179179 A.H.)A.H.),, ththee effectiveeffective founderfounder ofIslamicof Islamic law.law.

PhysicalPhysical DescriptionDescription

GoodGood qualityquality lighlightt browbrownn papyrupapyruss 2244 x 16.516.5 cm.cm. BlackBlack ink.ink. RemnantsRemnants ofof thethe bindingbinding inin thethe formform ofof a stringstring ofof twistedtwisted papyruspapyrus bearingbearing a knotknot attachedattached toto thethe foldfold areare stillstill visiblevisible.. ThisThis papyruspapyrus isis a codexcodex foliofolio containingcontaining foufourr pages.pages. TheThe heightheight ofof thethe texttext isis preserved,preserved, asas thethe upperupper andand lowerlower marginmarginss remairemainn intact.intact. TentativeTentative readingreading order:order: VersoVerso

RighRightt SideSide (A)(A) bottobottomm continuescontinues onon RectoRecto LeftLeft SideSide (B).(B).

162 PetrPetraa SijpesteijnSijpesteijn (Personal(Personal e-maile-mail correspondencecorrespondence (12(12 FebruaryFebruary 2008)).2008)). 163 MarMarkk MuehlhaeusleMuehlhaeuslerr isis creditedcredited withwith ththee identificationidentification andand reconstructionreconstruction ooff thethe Musnad fragment.fragment. 4466

RectoRecto:: ReconstructioReconstructionn ooff ththee RectRectoo RighRightt SideSide yieldyieldss 1212 lineslines andand thathatt ofof ththee RectoRecto LeftLeft

SideSide yieldyieldss 1313 lineslines.. A margimarginn ooff 1.71.7 ccmm separateseparatess ththee righrightt andand leftleft sides.sides. ThThee texttext onon ththee RighRightt SideSide iiss upsidupsidee dowdownn inin relatiorelationn ttoo ththee textextt oonn ththee LefLeftt Side.Side. TheThe leftleft portioportionn ofof ththee LefLeftt SidSidee iiss nnoo longelongerr extantextant.. MarginMarginss RighRightt Side:Side: almosalmostt nnoo margimarginn atat thethe uppeupperr endend anandd ththee lowelowerr endend iiss 1.81.8 cm.cm. MarginMarginss LefLeftt Side:Side: ththee uppeupperr enendd iiss 1 cmcm anandd ththee lowerlower endend iiss 1.71.7 cm.cm. AlthougAlthoughh ththee textextt evinceevincess breakbreakss anandd peelingspeelings,, itit iiss inin tolerablytolerably goodgood conditioncondition..

VersoVerso:: VersVersoo RighRightt SidSidee yieldyieldss 1414 lineslines anandd VersVersoo LefLeftt SideSide yieldsyields 1313 lineslines.. A marginmargin ooff 1.71.7 cmcm separateseparatess ththee RighRightt anandd LefLeftt SidesSides.. ThThee textextt onon ththee RighRightt SideSide isis upsidupsidee downdown iinn relatiorelationn ttoo ththee textextt onon ththee Lef Leftt Side.Side. ThThee righrightt portioportionn ooff thethe RighRightt SideSide iiss nnoo longerlonger

extantextant.. MarginMarginss RighRightt Side:Side: ththee uppeupperr enendd iiss 1.81.8 ccmm andand ththee lowelowerr endend iiss 1.21.2 cm.cm.

MarginMarginss LefLeftt Side:Side: ththee uppeupperr enendd iiss 1 ccmm andand ththee lowelowerr enendd isis 1.81.8 crn.cm. IInn tolerabltolerablyy goodgood

conditioncondition..

Script

ThThee ductuductuss indicateindicatess a righrightt leaningleaning nashJdnashki script. 164164 A numbenumberr ooff diacriticaldiacritical

marksmarks araree employed,employed, i.e.,i.e., dotteddotted ^Y,, w, c,£, t, \~, u, <3J,, u,u, andand LS.tj. TheThe dottingdotting ooff qa' witwithh a

dodott oonn totopp iiss inconsisteninconsistentt witwithh ththee dottingdotting ofof ththee fa'.fo '. GrohmanGrohmannn notenotess thathatt "a"a certaincertain

unsteadinesunsteadinesss inin dottindottingg ththee letterletterss FFaa aann [sic][sic] QaQaff isis ttoo bbee observeobservedd nonott onlyonly iinn Egypt,Egypt, butbut

alsalsoo inin otherother countries."countries.,,165165 J.vJ.v.. KarabaceKarabacekk profferprofferss a bipartitbipartitee schemaschema foforr ththee evolutionevolution ofof

dottindottingg ththefa'e fa" anandd qa'}qa,.16666 GrohmannGrohmann cautioncautionss thathatt iinn ththee casecase ofof EgyptEgypt,, alalll ththee variantvariantss ofof

164 MalczyckiMalczycki,, 182.182. 165 GrohmannGrohmann,, World, 8585.. 166 Ibid. 4477

dottindottingg thesthesee twtwoo letterletterss araree evidencedevidenced,, indicatinindicatingg thathatt ththee variantsvariants araree nonott containedcontained

1 withiwithinn strictstrict geographicageographicall boundaries.boundaries. 67

AAss opposeopposedd ttoo MMss Or.P518Or.PSI8,, nnoo horizontahorizontall dotdotss araree placeplacedd undeunderr sfn.sin. However,However, asas inin MMss Or.PSI8,Or.P518, threthreee horizontahorizontall dotdotss araree placeplacedd abovabovee shin.shln. MiniaturMiniaturee letterletterss araree placedplaced undeunderr 'ayn, aass iinn MMss O.P51Or.PSI88 anandd possiblpossiblyy MMss O.P173Or.PI73RR (cf(cf.. DescriptioDescriptionn SectionSection forfor MsMs

Or.P51Or.PSI88 forfor ththee functiofunctionn oftheof the miniaturminiaturee letters).letters).

TheThe backwindinbackwindingg finafinall yd'ya' iiss employed,employed, foforr example,example, inin ththee prepositioprepositionn fift (cf.(cf.

VersoVerso,, LefLeftt Side,Side, LinLinee 2),2), andand thertheree iiss a possiblpossiblee diacriticadiacriticall shorshortt vowevowell markinmarkingg offatliaoffatha

(cf(cf.. RectRectoo LefLeftt SideSide,, LinLinee 8).8).

ThereThere araree possiblpossiblyy tashdidtashdfd markingmarkingss C)(') oonn AllaAllahh inin LinesLines 7 andand 1212 ooff thethe RectoRecto

RighRightt Side.Side. LinLinee 7 isis improbablimprobablee becausbecausee thethe lighlightt scriptscript seemsseems ttoo belonbelongg ttoo thethe precedinprecedingg line.line. LinLinee 1212 hahass a bloblott aboveabove ththee secondsecond AllaAllahh wherwheree ththee shadda woulwouldd stand,stand,

althoughalthough thithiss totooo mighmightt belonbelongg ttoo ththee illegibleillegible worwordd iinn ththee lineline above.above. GrohmannGrohmann notesnotes

thatthat thethe tashdfdtashdid assumesassumes ththee forformm ofof a hemicyclhemicyclee iinn ththee mosmostt ancientancient papyri.papyri. 168168

ThThee punctuatiopunctuationn marmarkk O0 whicwhichh iiss nonott a circlecircle,, bubutt ratheratherr resemblesresembles a teatearr dropdrop isis

usedused.. GrohmanGrohmannn statesstates thathatt thithiss forformm ofof punctuatiopunctuationn indicateindicatess thethe closclosee ofof a longerlonger

portioportionn ofof ththee texttext,, anandd iitt iiss alsoalso useusedd ttoo distinguisdistinguishh variouvariouss itemitemss inin accounting.169169 ThisThis

punctuatiopunctuationn iiss prevalenprevalentt iinn ththee JamVJami' ofof 'Ab'Abdd AllaAllahh bb.. WahWahbb (cf(cf.. MMss Or.PSI8).170Or.P518).170 ThisThis

latterlatter poinpointt iiss significantsignificant asas IbIbnn WahWahbb iiss mentionementionedd inin RectoRecto,, RighRightt Side,Side, LineLiness 1,1, 6,6, andand

1010 ofof thithiss papyrupapyruss (cf(cf.. MMss Or.PSI8Or.P518 wherwheree 'Uqb'Uqbaa bb.. 'Amir'Amir isis alsoalso citedcited asas a transmitter).transmitter).

167167 IbidIbid.. 161688 IbidIbid.,, 87.87. 161699 IbidIbid.,, 92.92. 171700 IbidIbid.. CfCf.. 'Ab'Abdd AllaAllahh bb.. WahbWahb,, Le DJamVDjgmi' d'Ibn Wahb, 2 volsvols.,, eded.. JeaJeann David-WeilDavid-Weilll (Le(Le Caire:Caire: ImprimeriImprimeriee dede I'lnstitul'Institutt fianc)lisfrancais d'archeologid'arcMologiee orientaleorientale,, 1939-1948).1939-1948). 48

Text: Recto Right Side

(~) lY. ue.~J lY. tiih J\.S<(,?.JL..U. >JI ~ lY. ~I tiih 1

lY. J...>=-0-~>.&1~ J.)A\;. lY. ~ ue.o <..»>--:lAlY. ue. 2 J\.SJ {Jt!} <0> y:;,c 0"-"-(...;;..)().;i11 ~ 'it! (j""WI 3 u..J ()lJ~C?-<-l>1 ~ ~ J ~ ~ '&1J..,...., J 4 tiih J\.S.l.( ...... )-:-.I tiih [ ... ] (0) wl.J:l )l(.J) w~ r-l 5

ue.(Jj\.9) [ ... ] ue.(Y.J:!I) lY. [ ... ] (ue.)< ~>J lY. <'&1~-£:. 6 ~ .&I~).&IJ""""(J) 01(~I ue. Jt!) [ ... ] 7 [ ... ] J.(..... )\;. [ ... ] ~ l(...A.!)y'- -ill ~ (ue.Jt!) <~Y 8 tiih J\.S (.l. ~I tiih 0 (tJWI) y'-I u-o[... ] 'i 9

wl \...i . 'I ~ . , [.... ] U. I J...>=- ~ I ("-;-l-rJ U! AU(I) [ ••• ] 10 J."....J ue.0 Y-Y- (~Iue. 0 ~) lY. ue.(4.:ih) e:-"<.....JI> 11 JL(.J) ~J~.&I~.&I 12

Text: Recto Left Side

[ ... ] 1 [ ... ] [--]-£:.J lA I [---]..A [--] [ ... ] 2 [ ...] <1l>.Jh Jt! ~ [ ...] tiih Jl(.J) [--][ ...] 3 [ ... ] Jt!...>=- ue.~I ue. r[-][ ...] 4 [ ... ] WI [-][ ... ] 5 [ ... ] (tiih) Jt! [ ...] (lY.) [ ... ] 6 l[ ... ]..AC-[--][ ... ] ~ [-][ ... ] 7

<..:..!l.(..i9)J.(~):., ~ c[ ... ] 1.>-(..i..)J,-! [ ...] 8 ciliy.a ~[ __](JI)[ ... ] 9 (lY. ue.)tiih J\.SJ [ ... ] 10

J,:...:l(I~I Jt!) [ ... ] [-]-£:.[-)J\[ ... ] 11 ~[... ] ("I.>-(...JI)[_][... ] 12 (w.)[ ... ] l[ __] ('i)J-[ ...]Jl[-][ ... ] 13

Text: Verso Right Side

[... ].w. I l[ ... ] 1 [ ... ] (j"")WI ~IlY. (rS-=JI)[--] 2 [ ...][-)J\ Ld~(.:l9) (("WI)'i (Jt!) [-][ ... ] 3 [ ... ][-]-£:.IJ\.S r"-(...J) w19 Jt! [-][ ... ] 4

[ ... ](lli) ~I[ ... ] 5 [ ... ][------_][_]t![ ... ] 6 [ ... ] 7 [ ... ] ( l.>"~Ih) U!. [ ... ](.l.;-'I - 8 < ~JA.:!->Jc'&1~ ~I 9 4949

[[...][-}—J... ][_]...... 0..11l 1010 [[...]j[...]jl ... ]-, [ ... ]-,11l [[...][- ... ][-]] 1212

[[...... ] ] (~)(<» (4-)£Cf)i 1313 [[...... ] O(~)) 0-[6-[...]—[- ... ]---[-]] (".l.l! 1414

Text:Text: VersoVerso LeftLeft SideSide

~tjkjlfr rSl-, uQ\Jl-, l[--]L[—] <~Jc<^.>Jc LM-l^ ujll-,j ~Lai (j^aijL> 1 g~i u~yjib '1-,Vj f^j^c~ Ji:-- hi^1 r-S-~.)^l.<-iija LJll:.(jllajj ~>> '1V U(jl lia\h. 2 <0.\..,.k..>..s 0.\j~ <~> uti <.!...i> y.'1 <~->W 3 «Y.-- Ji:- ~~ 0.\~~>I-, <~t...... a..JI>.) 0.\-,.#1-, 4 <0.\<(jA_jAJl=k ~~Il WI>IAJ1> -'J J L.*i .J-~> -'j 0-4Q.<~$SJJj.J> > ~<....\Q$-Y 5 <~I> W<..S..: ~.J.) ti1L>~<..:i,....I.J ~14...il...~> 6 <.u..:ijl«iajj| (j~..)Ix ^1 U^jjjltA.~J:1l9a 4..il...1AAJ t>~oiifr ~>-l\.Sdi.>_jl£ QAJ~.J '11Vt 7 <~ JA. '11 ~ JA. '11 JIjS~.l;l ~y ~ 8

> ~~I^ALiU <<~>(jiji> J\.9cJ^-a <~><^> {J\.9}{ '11VI 9 [[...... ]] 0o c-<...c>l>-u>£-<-»I>-JUI ~t> <^ui<.A.ull»i &>...A^?->-a Y.J o\,j\.!AJIA 1100 I~[!![„. ... ] ~ ~I (J^(~)) [[. .... Jt ]\.9l JlJ\.9i jUo) •.=.ltih . Lftia. JIJ\.9S 1111 [[...]... ]1! Jl9-,JIS, (J)\.9(J)U ^~ [[..J(^... K·c)) [[..[.. ... ]..... [ ...J ] 0-[---]JI12c>[-]J! 12

[[. .... J ] t~> A~J .a.(-u»1 I~\.$I«... «... » » f("1.,31ljS! >AL (jiAi(~p.1l iil(j~I(-,)) 1133

Translation:Translation: RectoRecto RightRight SideSide

1 ItIt waswas relatedrelated toto usus byby AhmadAhmad b.b. elsaTsa al-al- saidsaid itit waswas relatedrelated toto usus byby IbnIbn WahbWahb fromfrom IbIbnn Lah!'LahT' a 2 fromfrom IbnIbn fromfrom 'Aqba'Aqba b.b. 'Amir'Amir andand 'Abd'Abd AllahAllah b.b. 'Amrb.'Amr b. 3 al-'A~al-'As said:said: InIn thethe QuranQuran areare fifteenfifteen {he{he said}said} andand hehe said,said, 4 thethe MessengerMessenger ofof God,God, prayersprayers onon himhim andand peace,peace, \said\\said\ onon pilgrimagepilgrimage areare twtwoo prostrationprostrationss andand soso ononee 5 \who\\who\ diddid notnot prostrateprostrate thethe twotwo \prostrations\,\prostrations\, soso \he\\he\ diddid notnot readread thethe twotwo (0)(O) [[. .... J ] ItIt waswas relaterelatedd ttoo uuss thathatt (Ahmad)(Ahmad) saidsaid thatthat itit waswas relaterelatedd ttoo usus 6 <'Abd<'Abd Allah>Allah>b b.. [[.. ...J ] (from)(from) [[.. ...J ] IbnIbn (Ayylib)(Ayyub) fromfrom [[.. ...J ] fromfrom 7 [[. .... J ] (said(said fromfrom hishis father)father) thatthat thethe (Messenger)(Messenger) ofof God,God, (blessings)(blessings) ofof GodGod onon himhim 8 peace,> (said(said from)from) [[. .... J ] workwork [[...... ] workerworker [[. .... J] 9 nono [[...... ] fromfrom [[...... ] 0O ItIt waswas relatedrelated toto usus thatthat AhmadAhmad saidsaid thatthat itit waswas relatedrelated toto usus 1010 <'Abd><'Abd> AllahAllah bb.. (Wahb)(Wahb) itit waswas narratednarrated toto usus bbyy 'Amr'Amr thathatt [[. .... J ] 1111 [[. .... J ] from IbnIbn (ftujIra(Hujlra fromfrom AbuAbu)) HurayraHurayra fromfrom thethe MessengerMessenger 1212 ooff God,God, blessingblessingss onon himhim andand peacepeace,, saidsaid 5050

Translation:Translation: RectRectoo LeftLeft SideSide

1 [ ... ] 2 [ ... ] 3 [ ... ] (said)(said) itit waswas relaterelatedd toto usus [[...... ] ] saidsaid itit waswas relatedrelated ttoo 4 [ ... ] fromfrom hihiss fatherfather fromfrom 'Umar'Umar saidsaid 5 [ ... ] 6 [ ... ] IbIbnn [[...... ] ] saidsaid (it(it wawass relaterelatedd ttoo usus)) [[...... ] 7 [ ... ] 8 [ ... ] bbyy readingreading [[...... ] ] from a manman (so(so itit iiss said)said) 9 [ ... ] youyourr voicevoice 10 [ ... ] andand saidsaid itit wawass relaterelatedd ttoo uuss (from(from Ibn)Ibn) 11 [ ... ] (said(said if)if) enteringentering 12 [ ... ] 13 [ ... ]

Translation:Translation: VersoVerso RighRightt SideSide

1 [[...... ] ] GodGod[... [ ... ] 2 [[...... ] ] (al-ttakam)(al-Hakam) bb.. AbAbTl al-('A~)al-('As) [[...... ] 3 [[...... ] ] saidsaid nnoo [[...... ] ] thethe [[...... ] 4 [[...... ] ] saidsaid itit iiss saidsaid yesyes [[...... ] ] saidsaid [[...... ] 5 [[...... ] ] ttoo himhim [[...... ] 6 [[...... ] ] 7 [[...... ] ] 0 8 [... [ ...] ] IbIbnn (Hadash(ttadash)) > [[...... ] 9 ThThee ProphetProphet,, blessingblessingss ooff GoGodd peace> 1010 [...[ ...] ] 1111 andand [[...... ] ] andand [[...... ] 1212 [[...... ] ] 1313 [...](from)[...[ ... ] (from)[ ...] ] 1414 [...[ ...] ] ('Abd)('Abd)[... [ ... ]

Translation:Translation: VersVersoo LefLeftt SideSide

1 TheyThey \i.e.,\i.e., females\females\ not> havehave thingsthings ofof theirtheir ownown andand verilyverily theythey havehave \rights\rights\\ onon yoyouu \i.e.,\i.e., malesmales\\ [[...... ] ] andand verilyverily andand asas yoyouu havhavee \rights\\rights\ onon themthem 2 TheThe rightright \ofmen\\of men\ onon womenwomen isis notnot allow> anotheranother inin youryour TheyThey shouldshould nonott allowallow intointo 3 dislike.> IfIf fear> ill-conductill-conduct oror perversenessperverseness onon theirtheir part,part, them> 4 andand desertdesert <\their\<\their\ beds>beds> andand way.> 5151

5 subsistence> andand themthem inin \al1\\all\ fairnesfairnesss anandd them> 6 vow\.> 7 UnlessUnless whoeverwhoever gave> 8 itit toto himhim \i.e.,\i.e., God\.God\. you,> 9 you."> {Said}{Said} itit waswas saidsaid \to\to whosoever\whosoever\ witnessedwitnessed \this\this speecspeechh bbyy ththee prophetprophet\\ convey> \i\itt toto\\ absent> 1010 becausbecausee \th\thee peoplpeoplee whwhoo diddid nonott heahearr itit\\ mighmightt fulfillfulfill iitt anandd bbee mormoree fortunatefortunate thanthan > O0 [[...... J] 1111 SaidSaid iitt wawass relaterelatedd ttoo uuss HammarHammar saidsaid [[...... ] J (Humayd)(Humayd) [[...... J] 1212 [[...... ] J (said(said)) andand saidsaid [[...... J] 1313 (and(and)) GodGod (already)(already) \th\thee speechspeech bbyy ththee prophetprophet\A spreadspread ttoo ththee peoplpeoplee ««...... » » theythey werweree (mor(moree fortunate)fortunate) bbyy receivinreceivingg iitt \th\thee speechspeech bbyy ththee prophetprophet\\ whwhoo [[...... ] J (Figure(Figure 5 andand FigureFigure 6)6)

CommentsComments

Recto, Right Side, Lines 1, 5, and 9. "Ahmad"Ahmad bb.. 'Isa'Isa al-"al-":: PerhapsPerhaps 'Abd'Abd

AllahAllah al-Misrial-Mi~rI,, knowknownn asas IbIbnn al-Tustaral-Tustarll (d(d.. 848848 C.E.l234C.E./234 A.H.).A.H.).l7l171 IfIf thithiss iiss indeeindeedd thethe

AhmaAhmadd bb.. 'IsaTsa ooff ththee papyruspapyrus,, hihiss datedate ooff deatdeathh woulwouldd supporsupportt ththee datindatingg ofof ththee papyrupapyruss toto ththee latlatee third/nintthird/ninthh century.century. IbnIbn al-al-TustarTustarli isis nonott consideredconsidered a reliablreliablee transmitter.172172 IbnIbn al-Tustaral-TustarIl hearheardd traditiontraditionss frofromm ththee liplipss ofof DimaDimamm bb.. Isma'IlIsma'II,, BashaBasharr bb.. BakrBakr,, AzhaAzharr b.b.

Sa'dSa'd al-Samln,al-Samln, et alia.alia} 17313

InIn ththee contexcontextt ofof ththee Musnad (cf.(cf. VersoVerso,, LefLeftt Side),Side), ththee laslastt transmittetransmitterr (Ahmad)(Ahmad) inin manmanyy ooff ththee isnadsisndds perhapperhapss referreferss toto AhmaAhmadd bb.. HanbaHanball himself.himself.174174

Recto, Right Side, Lines 1, 6, and 10. "Ibn"Ibn Wahb"Wahb":: 'Abd'Abd AllaAllahh bb.. WahWahbb b.b.

MusliMuslimm aI-Fihrlal-Fihri al-Qurashal-QurashIT (743-812/81(743-812/8133 C.E.-125-196/19c.E.-125-196/1977 A.H.A.H.)) (cf.(cf. MMss Or.P518Or.P518)) waswas a

17171DhahabT Dhahabl,, volvol.. 1,449.1,449. 172172 Ibid.Ibid. 173173 Ibid.Ibid. 174174 PetrPetraa SijpesteijnSijpesteijn (Personal(Personal e-maile-mail correspondenccorrespondencee (12(12 FebruarFebruaryy 2008)).2008)). 5252

FigurFiguree 55. . MMss Or.P365Or.P365RR RarRaree BookBookss DivisioDivisionn SpeciaSpeciall CollectionCollectionss J1.. WillarWillardd MarriotMarriottt LibrarLibraryy UniversitUniversityy ooff Uta Utahh 5353

•

FigurFiguree 66.. MMss Or.P365VO.P365V RarRaree BookBookss DivisioDivisionn SpeciaSpeciall CollectionsCollections JJ.. WillarWillardd MarriotMarriottt LibrarLibraryy UniversitUniversityy ooff UtaUtahh 5454

famoufamouss EgyptiaEgyptiann jurisjuristt whwhoo wawass ththee pupipupill ofof MaliMalikk bb.. AnaAnass (c.715-796(c.715-796 C.E./96-17cE./96-1799 A.H.),A.H.), ththee foundefounderr ooff IslamiIslamicc law.175175 IbIbnn WahWahbb wawass ththee rawTriiwz(transmitter) (transmitter) forfor IbIbnn Jurayj,Jurayj, YunisYunis

1 *n£ b. Yazld, tianiala b. AbI Sufyan, 'Abd AI-Rahman b. Ziyad al-IfrlqI, et alia. 176 Those b. YazTd, Hanzala b. Abi Sufyan, 'Abd Al-Rahman b. Ziyad al-IfriqT, et alia. Those who transmitted on Ibn Wahb's authority include al-Layth b. Sa'd, Sa'Id b. AbI Maryam, who transmitted on Ibn Wahb's authority include al-Layth b. Sa'd, Sa'Id b. Abi Maryam, 'Abd Allah b. Salih, et alia. 177 Ibn Wahb composed many works; of these works, the 'Abd Allah b. §alih, et alia}11 Ibn Wahb composed many works; of these works, the Jami' alone is ex ant (cf. Script Section ( above), and Script Section for Ms Or.P518). Jami' alone is exant (cf. Script Section (above), and Script Section for Ms Or.P518). Recto, Right Side, Line 1. "Ibn LahI' a": Abu 'Abd aI-Rahman 'Abd Allah b. Recto, Right Side, Line I. "Ibn Lahi'a": Abu 'Abd al-Rahman 'Abd Allah b. LahI'a b. 'Uqba b. LahI'a al-tiadramI al-GhafikI (715/6-790 cE./97-174 A.H.) was a judge Lahl'a b. 'Uqba b. Lahi'a al-Hadraml al-Ghafikl (715/6-790 C.E./97-174 A.H.) was a judge and traditionist in Egypt. 178 Muhammad b. Sa'd noted that Ibn LahI'a had a weak and traditionist in Egypt.178 Muhammad b. Sa'd noted that Ibn Lahi'a had a weak memory, and that traditions transmitted on his authority early in his career were more memory, and that traditions transmitted on his authority early in his career were more reliable than those transmitted towards the end. 179 Ibn LahI'a is said to have transmitted reliable than those transmitted towards the end.179 Ibn Lahi'a is said to have transmitted from his brother, 'Isa b. LahI'a. 180 Ibn LahI'a knew Yazld b. AbI tiabIb (cf. Comments from his brother, 'Isa b. Lahi'a.180 Ibn Lahi'a knew Yazid b. AbT Habib (cf. Comments Section for Ms Or.PI73R, Line 18, and Comments Section for Ms Or.P518R, Line 9 and Section for Ms Or.P173R, Line 18, and Comments Section for Ms Or.P518R, Line 9 and Ms Or.P518V, Line 12). Ibn Yunus in his History states that 'Amr b. al-Hartih, al-Layth Ms Or.P518V, Line 12). Ibn Yunus in his History states that 'Amr b. al-Hartih, al-Layth b. Sa'd, 'Uthman b. Al-tiakam al-JudamI, and Ibn al-Mubarak transmitted on the b. Sa'd, 'Uthman b. Al-Hakam al-Judami, and Ibn al-Mubarak transmitted on the authority of Ibn LahI'a. 181 Ibn LahI'a penned a number of works. 182 Franz Rosenthal authority of Ibn Lahi'a.181 Ibn Lahi'a penned a number of works.182 Franz Rosenthal

175175 JeaJeann David-WeillDavid-Weill,, "Ibn"Ibn WahbWahb,, 'Ab'Abdd AllaAlHihh bb.. WahWahbb bb.. MusliMuslimm al-Fihral-Fihrll al-Qurashi,al-Qurashl,"" Encyclopaedia of Islam, edseds.. PP.. BearmanBearman,, ThTh.. BianquisBianquis,, C.ECE.. BosworthBosworth,, EE.. vavann DonzeDonzell andand W.PW.P.. HeinrichsHeinrichs,, 2008,2008, http://www.brillonline.nl/subscriber/entry?entry=islam_SIM-340http://www.brillonline.nl/subscriber/entry?entry=islam_SIM-3403 3 (2(266 FebruarFebruaryy 2008).2008). 176176 DhahabIDhahabl,, volvol.. 1,320.1, 320. 177177 IbidIbid.. 178178 FranFranzz RosenthalRosenthal,, "Ib"Ibnn Lahi'aLahl'a,, 'Abd'Abd AllaAllahh bb.. Lahi'Lahl'aa bb.. 'Uqba,'Uqba,"" Encyclopaedia of Islam, eds.eds. PP.. BearmanBearman,, ThTh.. BianquisBianquis,, CE.C.E. BosworthBosworth,, EE.. vavann DonzeDonzell anandd W.PW.P.. HeinrichsHeinrichs,, 2008,2008, http://wv/w.brillonLinhttp://www.brillonline.nlIsubscriber/entry?entry=islam_SIM-3269^ (26(26 FebruarFebruaryy 2008)2008);; IbnIbn Khallikan,Khallikan, volvol.. 22,, 18.18. AAnn alternativealternative datdatee ooff deathdeath iiss givegivenn aass 787866 C.E./17C.E.l1700 A.HA.H.. (Ibid.(Ibid.,, 18)18).. 171799 IbnIbn KhallikanKhallikan,, volvol.. 22,, 1717.. 181800 RosenthalRosenthal,, n.pn.p.. 181181 OpcitOp cit.,, 1818.. 182182 Op . Op CIt.,cit, n.pn.p.. 5555

statesstates thatthat "[h]e"[h]e maymay havhavee beebeenn ththee authoauthorr ooff somsomee traditionatraditionall andand historicahistoricall textstexts

118 3 preservepreservedd onon papyrus." 83

Recto, Right Side, Line 2. "Ibn"Ibn "":: PerhapPerhapss YaziYazIdd bb.. 'Umar'Umar bb.. HubayraHubayra

(705/6-75(705/6-7500 c.E./87-132C.E./87-132 A.H.),A.H.), ththee governorgovernor ofof ththee twtwoo 'Iraqs'Iraqs (Amzr(Amir al- 'Iraqayn).184'Iraqayn).m

Recto, Right Side, Line 2. "'Aqba"'Aqba b.b. 'Amir"'.Amir":: PerhapPerhapss 'Aqb'Aqbaa bb.. 'Ami'.Amirr aI-JalmIal-Jahnl (d.(d.

185185 677677 c.E./58C.E./58 A.H.A.H.)) whwhoo wawass a Qur'aQur'ann recitereciterr anandjurist.d jurist. CfCf.. MMss Or.P518.Or.P518.

Recto, Right Side, Lines 2 and 3. '"Ab'''Abdd AllaAllahh bb.. 'Am'Amrr bb.. al-'As"aI-'A.;;":: 'Abd'Abd AllaAllahh b.b.

'Amr'Amr bb.. aI-'A.;;al-'As (al-'A.;;I)(al-'AsI) (d.(d. 691/2691/2 C.E./7c.E.1722 A.H.A.H.)) wawass ththee sosonn ooff ththee famefamedd conqueroconquerorr ofof

-- 186 EgyptEgypt,, 'Amr'Amr bb.. al-'A;;al-'As (al-'AsI(al-'A;;I)) (cf.(cf. MMss Or.P518R,Or.P518R, LineLiness 1111 anandd 12). 186 'Ikrim'Ikrimaa (cf.(cf.

CommentCommentss SectionSection forfor MMss Or.P173ROr.PI73R,, LinLinee 2020)) relaterelatedd traditiontraditionss oonn ththee authoritauthorityy ooff 'Abd'Abd

AllaAllahh bb.. 'Amrb.'Amrb. al-'A.;;I.al-'Asi.187187

Recto, Right Side, Line 3. TheThe firsfirstt ooff twtwoo qalas separateseparatedd bbyy ththee coordinatingcoordinating conjunctioconjunctionn waw mighmightt bbee a dittodittograph graph..

Recto, Right Side, Line 3. u1y!1:u'j^1: NormalizeNormalizedd spelling.spelling. Cf.Cf. MMss Or.P518VOr.P518V,, LineLine

16,16, forfor anotheranother cascasee ofof thisthis normalizenormalizedd spellingspelling.. CfCf.. MMss Or.P205V,Or.P205V, LinLinee 99,, forfor irregular,irregular, archaicarchaic spellinspellingg witwithh waw.waw.

Recto, Right Side, Line 4. J^*:~: MalczyckMa1czyckii reads:reads: .ullUllsX^. ~)l....,..188188

Recto, Right Side, Line 4. ofi-^h^:L»i~: DuaDuall readingreading:: -tayni confirmedconfirmed bbyy LinLinee 5,5, dualdual pronoupronounn (huma).(huma).

189189 Recto, Right Side, Line 5. wl..;i;l )l(.J):^-(-a): MalczyckMa1czyckii readsreads:: UA(-J)IJw(~)I..;i;l1J V';1 .J.j.

183183 IbidIbid.. 184 IbIbnn KhallikanKhallikan,, volvol.. 4,4, 202044 anandd 212;212; DhahabIDhahabI,, volvol.. 1,227.1, 227. 185185 DhahabIDhahabI,, volvol.. 1,1, 7373.. 186186 IbIbnn KhallikanKhallikan,, vol.vol. 2,2, 208208.. 187lbid187 Ibid. , 207 . 188""Malczycki Mal~zycki,, 180180.. 189189 IbidIbid.. 5656

Recto, Right Side, Line 6. <~>.J<<-rsA>j c.Y.oi <.l:I->~:<-if>-fr: ReconstructionReconstruction basedbased onon parallelismparallelism locatedlocated onon LineLine 10.10.

Recto, Right Side, Line 6. (Y(S-L^.J:!I) ) c.Y.Oi [[...... ] (ue):(c>): Ma1czyckiMalczycki reads:reads: Y.J:!IMJ^ c.Y.L» ~LS^S ueO^. .19019 0

Recto,itecfo, Rightifa'g/tf Side,SzYfe, LineIwe 6.(5. (Jjlj)(JJ^) [[...... ] ue:t>: Ma1czyckiMalczycki reads:reads: (~Ij(^a c.Y.L>J ~yj)ijj) ue.l91i>.191

Recto, Right Side, Line 7.7. (~I uec> JI.!) [[...] ... ]:: Ma1czyckiMalczycki reads:reads: ueCf- ~\.c(..A c.Y.L>J ~)<-W )

~1.192

Recto, Right Side, Line 7. ~(-'""):J^-*-*): MalczyckiMalczycki reads:reads: 0)\.....0.193$X^».193

194 Recto,itecfo, Rightl?zgft/ Side,Safe, LineZiwe 8.5. rb^ (ue(£& JI.!):Jli): Ma1czyckiMalczycki reads:reads: t....k.^ rb 0-c>1> JI.!.194LR

195 Recto,itecfo, Right Side, Line 8. [[...... ] ] J..>c l('-"':)..»:L(_^)J^: MalczyckiMalczycki readsreads:: (~J..>c)LW^) ..»1.195J^I.

Recto,itecfo, Rightifo'g/tf Side,*S7de, Line 9. (J!WI)..»I(JSUil) j^l 0-c>c> [[...... ] ] '1:V: MalczyckiMalczycki reads:reads: ..»10-c>j^l t> (~'1)(CK^ V) .Jj

JxUJI.196

Recto, Right Side, Line 1010. . .ili(I)M}) [[...] ... ]:: MalczyckMa1czyckii readsreads:: .u.llAJII -¥-.197^.197

Recto, Right Side, Line 10. ItIt iiss significantsignificant thathatt ththee expressioexpressionn akhbarndakhbarna ratherrather thathann hadathndnadathna isis employed.employed.

itecfoRecto,, ifo'g/tRightf iSfcfeSide,, LmLinee 10.70. "'Amr":'"Amr": Cf.Cf. CommentCommentss Section,Section, RectoRecto,, RightRight Side,Side,

LinesLines 2 andand 3 (above)(above),, andand CommentsComments SectionSection,, RectoRecto,, LeftLeft Side,Side, LineLine 5 (below).(below).

Recto, Right Side, Line 11. "(Abu"(Abu)) Hurayra"Hurayra":: CfCf.. MMss Or.P443ROr.P443R,, LineLiness 8 anandd 1144 anandd CommentCommentss SectioSectionn foforr MMss Or.P173ROr.P173R,, LineLiness 88,10,, 10, anandd 12.12. 'Ab'Abdd al-RahmaaI-Rahmann bb.. SakhrSakhr al-DawsIal-Dawsl,, surnamesurnamedd AbAbuu HurayrHurayraa ("th("thee mamann witwithh ththee kitten"kitten")) (d(d.. 676/676177 C.E./5c.E./577 A.H.)A.H.),, a

191900 IbidIbid.. 191911 IbidIbid.. 192 192 IbidIbid.. 191933 IbidIbid.. 191944 IbidIbid.. 191955 IbidIbid.. 191966 IbidIbid.. 191977 IbidIbid.. 5757

Companion of the Prophet, was one of the most prolific transmitters of traditions.1981 OR At Companion of the Prophet, was one of the most prolific transmitters of traditions. At times, the Prophet referred to him as Abu Rirr ("the man with the cat,,).199 According to times, the Prophet referred to him as Abu Hirr ("the man with the cat").199 According to the Tulifat al-ashriif hi-rna 'rifat al-alraJ of Yusuf b. al-ZakI 'Abd aI-Rahman al-MizzI the Tuhfat al-ashraf bi-ma 'rifat al-atraf of Yusuf b. al-Zakl 'Abdzoo al-Rahman al-MizzT (1256-1341 c.E.l654-742 A.H.), Abu Rurayra related 3,343 nadfths. (1256-1341 C.E./654-742 A.H.), Abu Hurayra related 3,343 hadiths.200 Recto, Right Side, Line 12. ~: Ma1czycki reads: o~.ZOl Recto, Right Side, Line 12. ij-^: Malczycki reads: sM^=>.201 Recto, Left Side, Line 4. '''Umar'': Cf. Comments Section for Ms Or.PI73R, Line Recto, Left Side, Line 4. '"Umar": Cf. Comments Section for Ms O.P173R, Line 18.5. 18.5. Recto, Left Side, Line 5. [... ]WI: Possibly reads <.J""'WI, as the same name appears Recto, Left Side, Line 5. Possibly reads u-3^, as the same name appears on the Recto, Right Side, of this papyrus. Cf. Ms Or.P365RrS, Lines 2 and 3, and Ms on the Recto, Right Side, of this papyrus. Cf. Ms Or.P365RrS, Lines 2 and 3, and Ms Or.P518R, Lines 11 and 12, for 'Amrb. al-'A~. Or.P518R, Lines 11 and 12, for 'Amrb. al-'As. Verso, Right Side, Line 2. "(al-fiakam) b. AbI al-('A~)": al-fiakam b. AbI al-'A~ Verso, Right Side, Line 2. "(al-Hakam) b. Abi al-('As)": al-Hakam b. Abi al-'As. al-SahabI died 651 C.E.l31 A.H.202 al-Sahabl died 651 C.E./31 A.H.202 Verso, Right Side, Line 9. <~.J ~Jc.&1 ~ ~I: Reconstruction from standard Verso, Right Side, Line 9. 4p>J& M Reconstruction from standard phrase (cf. Ms Or.P365RrS, Lines 4, 7, 8, and 12~ and Ms Or.P518R, Line 9, etc.). phrase (cf. Ms Or.P365RrS, Lines 4, 7, 8, and 12; and Ms Or.P518R, Line 9, etc.). Verso, Left Side, Line 1. "Themselves" - feminine plural; "for them" - feminine Verso, Left Side, Line 1. "Themselves" - feminine plural; "for them" - feminine plural; and "on them" - masculine plural. plural; and "on them" - masculine plural. Verso, Left Side, Line 3. j~: The Qur'amc definition of the noun of action )~ Verso, Left Side, Line 3. The Qur'anic definition of the noun of action JJ^J IS: "Ill-conduct or perverseness on the part of a husband or wife towards one another."zo3 is: "Ill-conduct or perverseness on the part of a husband or wife towards one another."203 Cf. the Qur'anic Verse 4:34. This section of the papyrus is a nadfth commentary on the Cf. the Qur'anic Verse 4:34. This section of the papyrus is a hadith commentary on the

198198 IbnIbn KhallikanKhallikan,, volvol.. 1,1, 570570.. 199199 Ibid.Ibid. 200 rdrd 200 G.H.AG.H.A.. Juynboll,Juynboll, "Ab"Abuu Hurayra,Hurayra,"" Encyclopaedia of Islam, 3 ed.ed.,, edseds.. GudrunGudrun KramerKramer,, DeniDeniss MatringeMatringe,, JohnJohn NawaNawass anandd EveretEverettt RowsonRowson,, 20082008,, hrtp://vfww.brilloruine.nl/subscriber/entry?enti7=ei3_SIhttp://www.brillonline.n1Isubscriber/entry?entry=ei3_SIM-0175M (2(266 FebruarFebruaryy 2008)2008).. 202011 MalczyckiMalczycki,, 180.180. 202022 DhahabIDhahabI,, volvol.. 1,53.1,53. 202033 JohnJohn PenricePenrice,, A Dictionary and Glossary of the Kor-dn,Kor-tin, with Copious Grammatical References and Explanations of the Text (Cambridge:(Cambridge: Schoenhof,Schoenhof, 1995),1995), 147147.. 5858

verseverse fromfrom Sura al-Nisa',al-Nisii', whicwhichh iiss translatetranslatedd aass followsfollows:: "Men"Men araree iinn chargchargee ooff women,women, becausbecausee AllahAllah hathathh madmadee ththee oneone ofof thethemm ttoo exceexcell ththee otherother,, andand becausbecausee thetheyy spendspend ofof theitheirr propertpropertyy (fo(forr ththee supportsupport ooff women)women).. SoSo googoodd womewomenn areare ththee obedient,obedient, guardinguardingg inin

secretsecret thathatt whicwhichh AllaAllahh hathathh guardedguarded.. AAss forfor thosthosee frofromm whowhomm yyee fearfear rebellion,rebellion,

admonishadmonish thethemm anandd banisbanishh thethemm ttoo bedbedss apartapart,, andand scourgscourgee them.them. Then,Then, ifif thetheyy obeyobey you,you,

seekseek nonott a wawayy againstagainst themthem.. LoLo!! AllaAllahh iiss everever HighHigh,, ExaltedExalted,, Great.,,204Great."204

Verso, Left Side, Line 9. <<}.c..>: J**>: ReconstructedReconstructed withwith referencereference toto LineLine 11.11.

Verso, Left Side, Line 10. O0:: PunctuatioPunctuationn marmarkk separatesseparates ththee hadithnadfth anandd thethe

gloss.gloss. ThThee commentarycommentary includeincludess anan isniid.isnad.

Verso, Left Side, Line 11. "Humayd""Humayd":: HumayHumaydd bb.. 'fawnTawTl (d.(d. 757599 c.E.l142C.E./142 A.H.A.H.))

205205 wawass a BasraBasrann hadithnad'ith collectorcollector from ththee generatiogenerationn ooff Successors. HumaydHumayd transmittedtransmitted

hadithnad'ith fromfrom AnaAnass bb.. MaliMalikk (cf(cf.. CommentCommentss SectioSectionn forfor MMss Or.P521ROr.P521R,, LinLinee 5,5, andand

CommentCommentss SectioSectionn forfor MMss Or.P173R0r.PI73R,, LinLinee 6)6).206. IItt iiss uncertaiuncertainn whethewhetherr HumaydHumayd relatedrelated

from AnaAnass bb.. MaliMalikk withouwithoutt havinhavingg memett himhim,, althoughalthough the theyy werewere contemporariescontemporaries inin

BasraBasra.. 207 AdditionallyAdditionally,, iitt iiss nonott knowknownn foforr certaicertainn whethewhetherr HumaydHumayd definiteldefinitelyy heardheard

'Umar'Umar bb.. al-KhaUabal-Khattab (cf(cf.. CommentCommentss SectioSectionn forfor MMss Or.P173Or.PI73,, LinLinee 18.5).20818.5).208 ItIt iiss narratednarrated

thathatt HumaydHumayd hahadd accesaccesss ttoo ththee workworkss ofof al-HasaaI-Hasann al-BasraI-Ba~rll (cf(cf.. CommentsComments SectionSection forfor MsMs

O.P173ROr.PI73R,, LineLiness 16,16, 2020,, andand 23).20923).209 ThThee al-HasaaI-Hasann mentionementionedd alongalong witwithh HumayHumaydd inin thethe

Musnad ofof AhmaAhmadd bb.. HanbaHanball (cf.(cf. CommentsComments,, VersoVerso,, LefLeftt Side,Side, LineLiness 1-131-13 (below))(below)) isis

perhapperhapss al-HasaaI-Hasann al-BasrlaI-Ba~rl.. YahyYahyaa bb.. Sa'ldSa'id (cf.(cf. MMss O.P173ROr.PI73R,, LinLinee 2828)) waswas alsalsoo a

202044 PickthallPickthall,, 8080.. 202055 Spectorsky,Spectorsky, n.pn.p.. 202066 IbidIbid.Thirl . 202077 IbidIbid.. 202088 IbidIbid.. 202099 Ibid.Ibid. 5959

210710 contemporarcontemporaryy ofof tlumayd.Humayd. al-tlakimal-Hakim al-Naysabtiral-Naysabl1rli chargechargedd tlumaydHumayd witwithh tadlTs,tadlfs, i.e.,i.e.,

211 tamperingtampering witwithh isniids.isnads211

Verso, Left Side, Lines 1-13. VersoVerso,, LefLeftt Side,Side, iiss preservepreservedd witwithh minominorr alterationsalterations

IIIin ththee Musnad ofof AhmaAhmadd bb. . HanbaHanball (780-85(780-8555 C.E./l64-24c.E.l164-2411 A.H.)A.H.),, ththee acclaimedacclaimed theologiantheologian anandd juristjurist,, anandd ththee eponymeponym forfor ththee fourthfourth IslamiIslamicc legalegall schoolschool ooff thoughtthought

(madhhab). TheThe paralleparallell textextt ofof ththee Musnad fromfrom whicwhichh LineLiness 1-131-13 havhavee beenbeen reconstructereconstructedd reads:reads:

Aa.V ^ (IP^J f^JsF" (jilajJ V (jl LL^- (jg \\c ^jlc- (j!j lijJj (jfr»"^V"

tllla ALaa. Jli ^^>f* JJC- LljjJa (jA_jJ^)jJalj ^ (jAj^yaJfclj (jA_a]»x3

j& x-alL (jgj_ajui£j (j$ijj (jg-^J ^J^aII (_J15 ^^ail La

diiL JA V) Cjitli JA VI CiiL JA VI J^aa lgj\r> Aiajjl (j* ^gJl lAJijjila 4iLal e^Jc dul£ (j-aj J».j

Laijal IjiL 4-alSLil oifc

212"212 <\.J ').,$ »» •4 j • .lIu..\ I_aJl\.J-l £

LineLine 1 ofof ththee papyrupapyruss followsfollows ththee Musnad witwithh threthreee exceptions.exceptions. First,First, ththee papyrupapyruss spellsspells

Luy..:;.i forfor Lu*~i asas foundfound inin ththee Musnad. Secondly,Secondly, followinfollowingg 'alaykum thertheree araree threthreee words;words; ththee firsfirstt perhapperhapss 2 ttoo 3 lettersletters longlong witwithh ththee finalfinal letteletterr beinbeingg anan alifialif, andand ththee seconsecondd andand thirdthird wordwordss reareadd 0\J.uU LastlyLastly,, anan an iiss foundfound iinn ththee papyrupapyruss betweebetweenn ththee wawwiiw andand lakum.lakum.

LinLinee 2 ofof ththee papyrupapyruss omitomitss ththee alif tanwintanwln oonn hi.^1. TheThe lineliness inin ththee Musnad thatthat araree interpolateinterpolatedd betweebetweenn LineLiness 4 anandd 5 araree a glossgloss bbyy HumaydHumayd oonn earlierearlier hadithnadfth lineliness inin ththee papyruspapyrus.. TheseThese lineslines read:read:

jjj-all Jli La (jm^N dllS MA-\ Jli

2\0210 Ibid.Ibid. 211211 IbidIbid..

212 212 AhmaAhmadd bb.. !1anbal,Hanbal, Musnad al-ImdmaI-Imam Ahmad ibn Hanbal,l1anbal, volvol.. 5 (Beirut:(Beirut: al-Maktaal-Maktabb al-Islamal-IsIamlli1-'faba'ahi lil-Taba'ah wa-al-Nashr,wa-al-Nashr, 1969),1969), 7373.. 6060

ThisThis glossgloss seemsseems ttoo bbee containedcontained inin LinLinee 1212 ofof thethe papyruspapyrus.. TheThe Musnad furtherfurther interpolatesinterpolates ~

TheThe remainingremaining lineslines ofof ththee Musnad textextt constituteconstitute a glossgloss byby HumaydHumayd onon nadlthhadith foundfound earlierearlier inin thethe papyruspapyrus.. TheseThese lineslines read:read:

•.4-.l...! 1 .k....1OJCUI I l~tS1 L..I~ILai jSI IAI jiL iillJJh\j ^~5 :i...J5.114-aKll eio~A ^J~j (Jjjal.Jp-. u-=JI(jjuiaJ I J~Jli ~^La^ ~Jli

ThThee formerformer portioportionn ofof thisthis glossgloss endingending witwithh al-kalima isis perhapsperhaps preservepreservedd inin LineLine 1111 ofof thethe papyrus.papyrus. TheThe latterlatter portioportionn ofof thisthis glossgloss (beginning(beginning withwith qad) isis foundfound inin LineLine 1313 ofof ththee papyruspapyrus.. TheThe variantvariantss inin thethe papyrupapyruss includeinclude (i)(i) ththee tamlam beforebefore qad, (ii)(ii) thethe placinplacingg ofof

(x)Ji(~)-ill afterafter iill(J),^l(j), whereawhereass ththee Musnad situatessituates thethe qad beforbeforee wa Allah, (iii)(iii) ththee omissionomission inin ththee papyruspapyrus ofof ththee finalfinal alifinalif in I~,lj*5, andand (iv)(iv) thethe omissionomission oftheof the aliftanwlnalif tanwin onon LoIJit. 213 DOCUMENDOCUMENTT 44:: MMSS 0R.P443OR.P443

IdentificatioIdentificationn

DateDate:: Third/nintThird/ninthh century.214century.214

MMss Or.P44Or.P4433 iiss a fragmenfragmentt ofof a hadithnadfth compiler'compiler'ss notes.2lS215 TheThe matns andand portionsportions ofof ththee isnddsisniids areare preservepreservedd iinn ththee canonicacanonicall nadfthhadith compilationcompilationss (cf.(cf. Introduction)Introduction).. TheThe compilercompiler hypothesihypothesiss iiss buttressebuttressedd bbyy ththee factfact thathatt varianvariantt strainsstrains ofof isniidsisndds (including(including differingdiffering spellingspellingss ofof ththee namenamess ofof transmittertransmitterss iinn analogousanalogous lineliness ooff transmissiontransmission,, e.g.,e.g.,

YahyYahyaa bb.. 'Ubay'Ubaydd versuversuss YahyYahyaa b.b. 'Ab'Abdd AllahAllah)) areare preservepreservedd oneone afterafter ththee otheotherr inin successivsuccessivee order.order. FurthermoreFurthermore,, analogouanalogouss hadTthsnadfths areare groupegroupedd togethetogetherr byby meanmeanss ofof punctuatiopunctuationn (i.e.,(i.e., threthreee overlappinoverlappingg circlescircles 000),OOO), indicatingindicating ththee hanhandd ofof a compiler.compiler.

A peculiapeculiarr featurefeature ofof thethe nadfthshadTths iinn thithiss papyrupapyruss isis ththee commencementcommencement ofof eacheach hadithnadfth witwithh ththee basmala, aann elemenelementt presenpresentt iinn neitheneitherr ththee canonicacanonicall collectionscollections nonorr thethe hadithnadfth al-qudsi.al-qudsf. PerhapsPerhaps,, commensurablcommensurablee witwithh ththee usagusagee ooff ththee basmala attesteattestedd ttoo byby thethe reciterreciterss ofof Basra,Basra, MedinaMedina,, andand Syria,Syria, ththee basmala functionfunctionss asas a forformm ooff punctuationpunctuation

213 HanaHanann AhmaAhmadd isis creditecreditedd witwithh ththee identificationidentification ooff ththee hadithnadfth asas canonicalcanonical andand withwith ththee reconstructionreconstruction ooff RectoRecto,, LinLinee 17.17. 212144 PetrPetraa SijpesteijSijpesteijnn (Personal(Personal e-maie-maill correspondenccorrespondencee (1(122 FebruarFebruaryy 2008».2008)). 212155 FoForr ththee hypothesihypothesiss thathatt thithiss fragmentfragment representrepresentss a scribascriball exerciseexercise,, cfcf.. MalczyckiMalczycki,, 178.178. ThisThis hypothesishypothesis iiss supportedsupported bbyy SijpesteijnSijpesteijn onon ththee groundsgrounds thathatt ththee beginninbeginningg ofof ththee textextt (signale(signaledd bbyy ththee basmala) isis repeaterepeatedd bbyy aann unpracticeunpracticedd hanhandd oonn a piecpiecee cucutt frofromm a missivmissivee (Petra(Petra SijpesteijnSijpesteijn (Persona(Personall e-maile-mail correspondencecorrespondence (1(122 FebruaryFebruary 2008))).2008))). 6262

"written simply to separate the surahs, as well as for its blessing.,,21671 f\ In the case of Ms "written simply to separate the surahs, as well as for its blessing." In the case of Ms Or.P443, the function of the basmala is to separate similar liadlths within a group. Or.P443, the function of the basmala is to separate similar hadTths within a group. Verso, Lines 1-4, 11, and 12 are either faded, water damaged, or they may have Verso, Lines 1-4, 11, and 12 are either faded, water damaged, or they may have been deliberately erased, but probably at one time contained a text related to the Recto. been deliberately erased, but probably at one time contained a text related to the Recto. This view is corroborated by the fact that Lines 10 and 11 have what appear to be This view is corroborated by the fact that Lines 10 and 11 have what appear to be super/sub scripts that may reflect the remnants of the earlier document. Above the super/sub scripts that may reflect the remnants of the earlier document. Above the palimpsest, the Verso constitutes a private letter. Multispectral Imaging (MSI) or an palimpsest, the Verso constitutes a private letter. Multispectral Imaging (MSI) or an infrared digital image might assist in the reading of the palimpsest. infrared digital image might assist in the reading of the palimpsest. Lastly, Ms Or.P443 is of particular significance as both isnads preserve the name Lastly, Ms Or.P443 is of particular significance as both isndds preserve the name of Yiisufb. 'AdI, one ofBukhiirI's sources (cf. Comments Section)?17 of Yusuf b. 'Adi, one of Bukhari's sources (cf. Comments Section).217

PhysicaPhysicall DescriptionDescription

GoodGood qualitqualityy browbrownn papyrupapyruss 20.20.55 x 12.312.3 cm.cm. BlacBlackk ink.ink.

Recto:Recto: ReconstructioReconstructionn ooff RectRectoo (B(B)) yieldyieldss 1717 lineslines.. MarginsMargins:: thethe rightright sideside isis 1 cm,cm, thethe lowelowerr endend iiss 3 cmem,, anandd ththee lefleftt sideside iiss negligiblenegligible.. IInn tolerabltolerablyy googoodd condition.condition.

VersoVerso:: VersVersoo (A)(A) yieldyieldss 1212 lineliness thathatt areare largellargelyy illegibleillegible.. LefLeftt sideside isis a fragment.fragment.

BeginningBeginning anandd righrightt sideside araree missingmissing.. MarginsMargins:: ththee leftleft sideside iiss 1.81.8 ccmm andand ththee lowelowerr endend iiss 3 cm.cm. InIn mediocrmediocree condition.condition.

216 AyoubAyoub,, volvol.. 1,46.1, 46. IInn corroboratiocorroborationn ooff ththee functiofunctionn ooff ththee basmala aass a formform ofof punctuationpunctuation,, a traditiontradition oonn ththee authoritauthorityy ofof IbIbnn 'Abbas'Abbas relaterelatess thathat"t "...... th thee ApostlApostlee ooff GoGodd diddid nonott knoknoww ththee separatioseparationn ooff oneone surahsurah fromfrom anotheanotherr untiuntill ththee wordswords,, 'I'Inn ththee namnamee ooff God,God, ththee All-MercifulAll-Merciful,, ththee Compassionate,'Compassionate,' werweree revealedrevealed toto hihimm (Shawkani,(Shawkani, II,, pp.. 17)"17)" (Ibid.).(Ibid.). 212177 MarMarkk MuehlhaeusleMuehlhaeuslerr isis creditecreditedd witwithh identifyinidentifyingg ththee significancesignificance ofof thithiss personagpersonagee (Persona(Personall e-maile-mail correspondencecorrespondence (2(266 DecemberDecember 2007)).2007)). 6363

Script

NNoo diacriticaldiacritical pointpointss onon thethe RectoRecto.. TheThe RectoRecto evidencesevidences paralleparallell textstexts inin twotwo handshands.. FirsFirstt handhand,, LinesLines 1-10;1-10; secondsecond hand,hand, LinesLines 11-17.11-17. TheThe firsfirstt hanhandd onon thethe RectoRecto isis a mutlaqmuilaq script.script. ItIt isis ""aa curvilinearcurvilinear scriptscript oror a familyfamily ofof scriptsscripts usingusing ligaturesligatures andand hairlineshairlines foforr joininjoiningg lettersletters togethertogether"" andand itit representsrepresents a "common,"common, popularpopular classclass ofof scriptS.,,218scripts."218

TheThe secondsecond handhand isis a naskhlnaskhi scriptscript withwith markemarkedd angularity.219angularity.219 NaskhiNaskhf referreferss toto copyincopyingg andand transcription.22o220 TheThe naskh basebasedd handhand isis ofof "an"an idiosyncraticidiosyncratic (informal,(informal, personal)personal) nature."nature.,,221221 NaskhiNaskhl isis toto bebe differentiateddifferentiated fromfrom al-Naskh oror Qalam al-Nussiikhal-Nussdkh properproper,, whichwhich isis a boobookk handhand belongingbelonging toto ththee muliaqqaqmuhaqqaq familyfamily ofof scriptS.scripts.222222 AccordingAccording ttoo Grohmann,Grohmann, al-Naskh isis "presumably"presumably thethe predecessopredecessorr ofof ourour well-knownwell-known so-calledso-called

Naskhi,Naskhl, a typtypee ofof handhand usedused inin copiescopies andand bbyy copyistscopyists...... ,." ,,223223

OnOn thethe Verso,Verso, a thirthirdd hanhandd inin a largerlarger quicklyquickly executedexecuted scriptscript isis presentpresent.. WhereasWhereas ththee RectoRecto hahass nono diacritics,diacritics, thethe VersVersoo hashas lightlight dotsdots iinn LineLine 5,5, markinmarkingg eithereither aya'a.yd' orjlmor jim

(although(although thesethese maymay bebe residuaresiduall markingmarkingss resultinresultingg fromfrom ththee palimpsest)palimpsest).. MalczyckiMalczycki observesobserves thathatt althoughalthough itit seemsseems thatthat twtwoo scribesscribes werweree atat workwork,, "there"there isis sufficientsufficient reasonreason ttoo believbelievee thatthat a singlesingle scribescribe wrotewrote thethe texttext inin twotwo scriptS.,,224scripts."224 ThisThis conjectureconjecture isis extendablextendablee toto ththee thirdthird hanhandd onon thethe VersoVerso asas well.well.

PunctuatioPunctuationn includesincludes threthreee overlappingoverlapping circlescircles 000OOO (cf.(cf. Recto,Recto, LineLine 17).22517).225 InIn thithiss case,case, theythey appearappear ttoo separateseparate groupsgroups ofof similarsimilar oror parallelparallel liadfthshadTths fromfrom otherother groups.groups.

212188 Gacek,Gacek, 9393.. 219219 Ma1czycki,Malczycki, 171171.. 220220 OpOp citcit.,, 140.140. 221221 Ibid.Ibid. 222222 Ibid.,Ibid., 139-140;139-140; Grohmann,Grohmann, World,79.World, 79. 223223 Grohmann,Grohmann, World,79.World, 79. 224224 Ma1czycki,Malczycki, 171171.. 225225 AlthoughAlthough threethree horizontahorizontall circlescircles areare recordedrecorded byby GrohmannGrohmann asas indicatingindicating ththee endend ofof a columncolumn oror largerlarger sectionsection,, thithiss typtypee ofof overlappingoverlapping punctuatiopunctuationn isis notnot recordedrecorded bbyy Grohmann,Grohmann, cf.cf. OpOp cit.,cit., 91-93.91-93. 6464

ThThee basmala iiss employeemployedd ttoo distinguisdistinguishh betweebetweenn similarsimilar nadfthshadTths withiwithinn a grougroupp (cf(cf..

IdentificationIdentification Section).Section).

Text:Text: RectoRecto

[...[ ...] ] J-~II [...[ ...] ] i1 [---[-][•••][ ...] ] 2 2 (JiS)IJ (~)-11 A..1(J) [-][ ...] (~) 3 (JS)LJ (Uu^.)JI -J(J) [-][...] (V) 3 c.> [--]~I [---] (-) 4 <•••> [-]* [-] (-) 4

<~.JI <'y=-.JI.&I ~> [ ... ] 5 .IFOIC LUAA\ii.b.. 1.5 ~ IY. w...... J::l \ii.b. 6 (C5JIJII(,?jI.JI)) <~^ LPt>>> (c(0'>~.JI>)^.JII«... «. .. » 77 S- ,b. .ll.lc. oJ^Y-..r- > c,r.^ I·6UC ° .l..J.J1·^_. uc6 ° _. > ((t5 ~^3 ) ((0-)-u-. \..,./ ^ 88

~ <.&1> (('-5"")<...1....:.C5_)II)> (JY"-.J)(JÛ.J) <> 9 (J.,l6(J_jic (j0'>x 4iAj~â c..4U)JFLJ) V~ rbÎUIJ J 101 0

(~).JI <.Y=-.J1<.u. >JI p**-*l~ 1111 ^.jl~ .Jl I .IFJuc- LP(jC 1.5 ~ (jIY.j (w...... (l_ibji)> (IJJ-^-(\ii.b.)) 1122 JLP.&I.lF& ill :UE IY. ~ LP(JFR (,?jl.JIC5 jl JLI (~)J(<>UL>)J 1313 JY"(-.J) ul oY-Y>'jiJ* (Y^(c,r.11 UC6° ^¥.I)0 1144 ^luirbJj Ajlc~.&I ill ^gl^~.&Ia ill 151 5 J.,l6J_ol& 0-(o-(-*.... ) (Ai)A^(Aj)~. J.(....,tii)J-(-jaj) V~ JlJ\.3i UiL~o 1166 000OOO v<...>v< ... >v~ (JJ^-(-.J~IM j^~)) 60'>- (o)L.a) V~Jj 1717

TextText:: VersoVerso

1 2 3 4 [ .. .] ()l)[-] (~I) <'&1 L:;, ul> [ ... ] 5 [ ...] 6 [ ... ](6.J) [ ...] 7 (JO(~)) [[...... ]] <4J]<~C J ~~^AIT>> [ ...J 8 L[4...]»[...... JI [ ... ]J (0'>G>I-J)[-] L.. J) [-] [ ...] 9 V v <...><• •• >v [...[ ..• J] <'< t...iiS.. & J LIDAI~^ JJ AUil> Il ~c*J >> [ . .. ] 10

v c .. >v c.> 11 <••. > 12 65

TranslationTranslation:: RectoRecto

1 [[...]&>[...... ] do [ ... ]] 2 [[...... ] 3 (no)(no) [[...... ] ] andand toto himhim thethe (the(the half)half) andand (more)(more) [[...... ] 4 [[...... ] ] thethe [--][-]<... c ..> >

5 Merciful> 6 ItIt waswas relatedrelated toto usus thatthat yusufb.Yiisuf b. 'AdI'Adi :: ItIt waswas relatedrelated toto usus byby 'Abd'Abd 7 ««...... » (aI-Rahman)(al-Rahman) Sulayman> (al-RazI)(al-RazI) 8 fromfrom YahyaYahya b.b. 'Ubayd'Ubayd from hishis fatherfather fromfrom AbuAbu HurayraHurayra 9 thethe (Messenger)(Messenger) God> andand peacepeace bebe uponupon him,him, :: 1010 "There"There iiss nnoo (acceptance(acceptance ofof charitcharityy frofromm ill-gotteill-gottenn gains)."gains)."

1111 IInn ththee namnamee ofof GodGod,, ththee BeneficentBeneficent,, ththee (Merciful).(Merciful). 1212 (It(It wawass relaterelatedd ttoo uuss byby)) > bb.. 'AdI'AdI fromfrom 'Ab'Abdd aI-RahImal-Rahlm 1313 andand SulaymaSulaymann al-RazIal-RazI from YahyYahyaa bb.. 'Ab'Abdd AllaAllahh fromfrom 1414 (his(his fathefatherr fromfrom AbuAbu)) HurayrHurayraa thathatt ththee (Messenger)(Messenger) 1515 ofof GodGod,, blessingblessingss ofof GodGod andand peacpeacee bbee upouponn him,him, 1616 said:said: "Ther"Theree iiss nnoo (acceptance(acceptance ooff charitcharityy fromfrom)) ill-gotteill-gottenn gainsgains 1717 andand nnoo (praye(prayerr withouwithoutt rituarituall cleansing).cleansing)."" w~<...> c .. >w~ OO000O

TranslationTranslation:: VersoVerso

1 <...c ..> > 2 <...c ..> > 3 <...c ..> > 4 <...c ..> > 5 [[...... ].]it>[... [ ... ] 6 [[...... ] ] 7 [[.. ...j ] 8 [[...... ] ] [ ... ] (on) 9 [[...... ] ] (and) [ ... J 1010 [...][ ... ]• [ ... ] ~ <... >~ 1111 "<...~<...>~> c.> 1212 <...<... > > (Figure 7 and Figure 8) 66

FigurFiguree 7 7. . MMss Or.P443Or.P443RR RarRaree Book Bookss Divisio Divisionn SpeciaSpeciall Collection Collectionss J.1. Willar Willardd Marriot Marriottt Librar Libraryy UniversitUniversityy o off Uta Utahh 67

FigurFiguree 88.. MMss Or.P443Or.P443VV RarRaree BookBookss DivisioDivisionn SpeciaSpeciall CollectionCollectionss J1.. WillarWillardd Marriot Marriottt LibrarLibraryy UniversitUniversityy o off Uta Utahh 6688

CommentsComments

Recto, Line 1. LM~I:: ArabiArabicc ablauablautt allowallowss multiplmultiplee significationssignifications forfor unmarkedunmarked

LM~I,, e.g.e.g.,, imperativimperativee (cJ*(~J),% first-personfirst-person singularsingular indicativindicativee (

Recto, Line 2. [---][[—][...] ... ]:: MalczyckMalczyckii readsreads:: J1.s:. I—w...,.."g[ [ .....••. ] t3~.227

itecfoRecto,, Line 3. (fo)l.J(j^)tj (w.....:u.)..ll(^oi)JI .u(.J)) [-][[_][...... ] ('1): MalczyckiMalczycki readsreads:: .uAJ .J)j) ...... ] V'1

(0 ).~. .1:JI .J y ~ JI .228

Recto, Line 4. <...c.>> [--]'11[-]¥! [---][—] (-):(-): MalczyckMalczyckii readsreads:: >Vy..'1I.J( j [4i.llI[U^l...... ] ^.~.229229

Recto, between Lines 4 and 5, and Lines 10 and 11. ThThee lineliness representrepresent postulatepostulatedd breakbreakss whicwhichh araree nonott iinn ththee textextt ooff ththee papyruspapyrus.. GivenGiven thatthat eaceachh hadithnadith iinn thisthis papyrupapyruss commencecommencess witwithh ththee basmala, thethenn LinLinee 4 woulwouldd marmarkk ththee endend ooff a hadith,nadith, aass lineline 5 beginbeginss witwithh a postulatepostulatedd basmala. ThThee samsamee iiss trutruee ofof LinesLines 1010 andand 11.11 .

Recto, Line 5. *\l.J-=.)1^ ^kl~: ^i>: StandardStandard phrasphrasee reconstructereconstructedd from LinLinee 1111..

A peculiarpeculiar featurfeaturee ooff ththee nadithshadiths inin thithiss papyruspapyrus iiss thatthat thetheyy eacheach commencecommence witwithh ththee basmala (cf(cf.. IdentificatioIdentificationn Section).Section).

Recto, Lines 6 and 12. "yusufb."Yusuf b. 'AdT'AdI":: Yusuyusufb.f b. 'AdI'AdI bb.. ZuraZuraqq bb.. Isma'TIIsma'Tl wawass a reliablreliablee transmittetransmitterr ofof nadithhadith whwhoo residedresided iinn Egypt.Egypt. 230 IbnIbn HibbanHibban iinn hihiss al-ThiqataZ-Thiqat statesstates thathatt Yusuyusufb.f b. 'Ad'AdIT dieddied iinn 838377 C.E./22c.E.l2233 A.A.H.H 232311 IbIbnn YuniYuniss statestatess thathatt Yusuyusufb.f b. 'Ad'AdII diediedd iinn

232 ththee yeayearr 652652 C.E./3c.E.I322 A.H.232 Yusuyusufb.f b. 'Ad'AdII wawass ththee rawi (transmitter)(transmitter) forfor ShanK:,Shank, AbAbuu alal--

222266 MalczyckiMa1czycki,, 173173.. 222277 IbidIbid.. 222288 IbidIbid.. 222299 IbidIbid.. 232300 DhahabiDhahabi,, volvol.. 1,388.1,388. 232311 Ibid.Ibid. 232322 Ibid.Ibid. 6699

AhwasAhwas,, et alia. 233 ThosThosee whwhoo relaterelatedd traditiontraditionss oonn hihiss authorityauthority includeinclude BukharBukhariT (d.(d. 870870

234 C.E.l256C.E./256 A.H.)A.H.),, 'Uma'Umarb.r b. 'Ab'Abdd al-'Azlzal-'Aziz bb.. MiqlasMiqlas,, Ya'qtiYa'qubb al-Fasawl,al-FasawI, et alia.234 InIn spitespite ofof ththee contradictorcontradictoryy datedatess ooff death,death, Yusuyusufb.f b. 'Ad'AdlI wawass nonethelesnonethelesss a sourcesource foforr BukharTBukhan..

Recto, Line 7. «.«...» .. »:: MalczyckMa1czyckii readsreads:: {

Recto, Line 7. :>: AlternativAlternativee reconstructionreconstruction:: ..

236236 Recto, Line 8.8. ~: ReadRea d: :~. .-, MalczyckM a Iczyc k'ilfea readsd s:: AJI

Recto, Lines 8 and 14. "Abu"Abu Hurayra"Hurayra":: CfCf.. CommentsComments SectionSection foforr MsMs

Or.P365RrSOr.P365RrS,, LinLinee 11,11, anandd CommentCommentss SectioSectionn foforr MMss Or.PI73R,Or.P173R, LineLiness 8,8, 10,10, andand 12.12.

Recto, Line 12. (liih):0-"-^): MalczyckMa1czyckii readsreads:: lii.b..3?37237

Recto, Line 12. ~)I •^¥-:fr: MalczyckMalczyckii readsreads:: Cy^J^0-=-)1 ¥-.238Ap.238

Recto, Line 13. "Yahya"Yahya bb.. 'Ab'Abdd Allah"Allah":: PerhapPerhapss YahyYahyaa bb.. 'Ab'Abdd AllahAllah bb.. BukayrBukayr

(771-845(771-845 c.E.l155-231C.E./155-231 A.H.)A.H.),, a muhaddithmunaddith whwhoo hearheardd ththee Muwatta' fromfrom MalikMalik bb.. AnasAnas

(c.715-796(c.715-796 c.E.l96-179C.E./96-179 A.H.).A.H.).239239 HHee alsalsoo hearheardd from al-Layth,al-Layth, IbnIbn WahWahbb (cf.(cf. MsMs

Or.P365RrS,Or.P365RrS, LineLiness 1,1, 66,, anandd 10),10), et alia.24024o ThoseThose whwhoo transmitransmitt oonn ththee authorityauthority ofof

YahyYahyaa bb.. 'Abd'Abd AllaAllahh includincludee BukharTBukharl,, HarmaltIarmalaa (cf.(cf. MMss Or.P518)Or.P518),, MuhammaMuhammadd bb.. 'Abd'Abd

AllahAllah bb.. NumayrNumayr,, et alia.241 241 al-Nasi'i'lal-Nasa'T considerconsiderss YahyYahyaa bb.. 'Abd'Abd AllahAllah a weakweak

242 243 transmitter.transml 'tt er. 242 MalczyckM a Iczyc k'i1 readsread s:: 4

232333 Ibid.Ibid. 232344 Ibid.Ibid. 232355 MalczyckiMalczycki,, 173173.. 232366 Ibid.Ibid. 232377 Ibid.Ibid. 232388 Ibid.Ibid. 232399 DhahabiDhahabl,, volvol.. 1,398-399.1, 398-399. 242400 Ibid.,Ibid., 399399.. 242411 Ibid.Ibid. 242422 Ibid.Ibid. 242433 MalczyckiMalczycki,, 173173.. 7700

Recto, Line 14. 0\:u1: MalczyckMa1czyckii reads:reads: J\3.cX 244

Recto, Line 17. §aldhSalah iiss spellespelledd witwithh aann alif(cf.alif (cf. MMss Or.P365R,Or.P365R, LinLinee 2, forfor MiddleMiddle

ArabiArabicc spellinspellingg withwith waw).wdw).

Verso, Line 5. ^>\..;.:: ReadRead:: ..et \..;..A TheThe hamza tendtendss ttoo bbee excludeexcludedd iinn ththee languagelanguage ofof ththee papyri.245papyri.245

Verso, Line 10. <4<~J^ j .ill.h."u*Uaia.j il~\l ~> : ReconstructioReconstructionn ooff standardstandard greetinggreeting fonnulaformula..224466 Kataba iiss generallygenerally followedfollowed bbyy thethe namnamee ooff ththee authoauthorr ifulan)(fuldn) andand ththee datedate ofof composition.composition.

242444 Ibid.Ibid. 245245 GrohmannGrohmann,, WorldWorld,, 9595.. 246246 FoForr ththee characteristiccharacteristicss ooff epistolaryepistolary formulasformulre,, cf. PetrPetraa Sijpesteijn,, "Shaping"Shaping a MuslimMuslim State:State: PapyriPapyri RelateRelatedd ttoo a Mid-eighth-centurMid-eighth-centuryy EgyptiaEgyptiann Official"Official" (Ph.D(Ph.D.. dissdiss..,, PrincetonPrinceton UniversityUniversity,, 2004)2004),, 196-197.196-197. DOCUMENTDOCUMENT 5:5: MMSS OR.P518OR.P518

IdentificatioIdentificationn

DateDate:: Third/nintThird/ninthh centurycentury..

MMss Or.P518Or.P518 isis significantsignificant forfor twtwoo reasonsreasons.. FirstFirst,, preliminarpreliminaryy observationobservationss indicateindicate thathatt MMss Or.P51Or.P5188 containcontainss a mixturmixturee ofof tata'rfkh 'rikh (on(on ththee RectoRecto)) andand tafslrtafsir (on(on ththee Verso).Verso).

TheThe tafsfrtafsir seemsseems ttoo bbee oonn ChapterChapter 2,2, VersVersee 210210 ooff ththee Qur'an.247Qur'an}41 ThThee exegesiexegesiss ofof thisthis versversee isis peculiarpeculiar,, sincsincee iitt attributeattributess anthropomorphianthropomorphicc qualitiequalitiess ttoo GodGod,, i.e.i.e.,, GodGod iiss walkingwalking undeunderr ththee shadoshadoww ofof ththee cloudsclouds..

WitWithh regarregardd ttoo tashblhtashbih (anthropomorphism),(anthropomorphism), tafsir,tafsfr, anandd liadfth,hadith, JosephJoseph vavann EssEss states:states:

ThThee Kur'a~ur'ann iiss bbyy intentiointentionn stronglystrongly transcendentalisttranscendentalist;; iitt doesdoes not,not, howeverhowever,, avoidavoid anthropologicaanthropologicall languaglanguagee asas a symbolicsymbolic referencreferencee toto God'God'ss actionactionss anandd qualitiesqualities.. ThiThiss wawass nonott iinn ththee beginninbeginningg felfeltt asas a tensiotensionn oorr contradictioncontradiction.. WheWhenn IslamIslam,, howeverhowever,, expandeexpandedd intintoo ththee landslands ooff ththee civilisationcivilisationss ofof ththee AncienAncientt WorldW orId,, botbothh transcendentalistranscendentalistt andand anthropomorphistanthropomorphist tendencietendenciess werweree sharpenedsharpened bbyy thethe religioureligiouss ideasideas prevailinprevailingg inin ththee neneww environmentenvironment.. Hadith,Ijadz!}L therefore, contains manymany anthropomorphist sayings, some of which are obviously exegeticalexegetical whereas others go farfar beyond this. Early tafsirtafszr works were sometimessometimes so strongly anthropomorphist that they had to be purged in laterlater 24824 z 9 recensions (cf.(ef e.g., MukatilMu/fiitil b. SulaymiinSulayman *).).249*

247 HanaHanann AhmaAhmadd iiss creditecreditedd witwithh ththee identificatioidentificationn ofof ththee Qur'aniQur'anicc versversee forfor thithiss taftzr.tafsir. 242488 AbAbuu '1-Hasa'I-Hasann MuqatiMuqatill bb.. SulaymanSulayman bb.. BasbiBasmrr al-Azdal-AzdIl al-Khurasanal-Khurasanil al-Balkhal-Balkhil (d.(d. 767767 C.Ec.E.l150./150 A.H.)A.H.) waswas a Qur'anQur'iin commentatocommentatorr whwhoo wawass consideredconsidered a weaweakk traditionistraditionistt andand wawass alsalsoo chargechargedd witwithh "extreme"extreme anthropomorphismanthropomorphism"" (M(M.. PlessnerPlessner,, "Muqati"Muqatill bb.. SulaymaSulaymann bb.. BashTBashlrr al-AzdIal-Azdf al-Khurasanal-KhurasanIl al-BalkhI,"al-Balkhl," Encyclopaedia ofof/slam, Islam, edseds.. PP.. BearmanBearman,, ThTh.. BianquisBianquis,, C.EC.E.. BosworthBosworth,, EE.. vavann DonzeDonzell andand W.PW.P.. Heinrichs,Heinrichs, 20082008,, http://www.brillonlme.nl/subscriber/entry?entry=islam_SIM-546http://www.brillonline.nllsubscriber/entry?entry=islam_SIM-54611 (2(266 FebruarFebruaryy 2008)).2008)). MuqatilMuqatil b.b. SulaymanSulayman composecomposedd threthreee extantextant commentariecommentariess oonn ththee Qur'anQur'iin thathatt havhavee beebeenn edited,edited, thesethese include:include: TaftzrTafsir MuqatilMuqiitil b. SulaymanSulaymiin (ed(ed.. 'Ab'Abdd AllaAllahh MafrmuMabmudd ShahiitaShahata ((55 vols.vols.,, Cairo,Cairo, 1979-88)),1979-88)), KitabKitiib TaftzrTafsir al-khamsal-khams mi'at ayaiiya min al-Qur'anal-Qur'iin al-karimal-karzm (ed(ed.. 1.I. GoldfelGoldfeldd (Shfaram,(Shfaram, 1980»,1980)), anandd Al-AshbdhAI-Ashbiih wa 'I-naiii'ir'l-nazd'ir fifi '1-7- Qur'iinQur'an al-karim,aI-karIm, (ed(ed.. 'A'A.. MM.. ShahatShahiitaa (Cairo,(Cairo, 1975»)1975)) (Ibid.).(Ibid.). 7272

ThThee latelaterr majomajorr QurQur'an 'an commentariescommentaries mirromirrorr ththee sentimentssentiments ofFakhrof Fakhr aI-DInal-DIn MuhammadMuhammad bb.. 'Uma'Umarr al-Razal-RazIi (d(d.. 12101210 C.E./60c.E.l6077 A.H.)A.H.) whosewhose al-TafslTal-Tafsir al-Kablral-Kabir advancesadvances sixsix argumentsarguments addressingaddressing ththee issueissue ooff anthropomorphism. 25o250 al-RazIal-Razi concludesconcludes hihiss commentarcommentaryy onon

2:212:2100 bbyy statinstatingg thathatt "Go"Godd iiss nonott a bodbodyy occupyingoccupying a specificspecific locuslocus anandd thereforetherefore comingcoming anandd goinggoing cannocannott bbee ascribedascribed ttoo Him.,,251Him."251

OnOn ththee on onee hand hand,, iiff MsMs Or.P518Or.P518 iiss consideredconsidered anan anthropomorphianthropomorphicc readinreadingg ofof

2:2102:210,, thathatt is,is, priopriorr ttoo thethe transcendentalistranscendentalistt (tanzlh)(tanzTh) turtumn iinn tafsir,tafslr,252252 thithiss mighmightt indicatindicatee a datedate priopriorr toto ththee mid-eighthmid-eighth centurcenturyy whewhenn ththee doctrindoctrinee ooff ththee Mu'taziliteMu'tazilitess wawass officiallyofficially adopteadoptedd bbyy thethe 'Abbasid' Abbasid caliphatecaliphate.. OOnn ththee otheotherr handhand,, ththee palasographipalreographicc evidence,evidence, basedbased oonn ththee earliestearliest usagusagee ooff ththee miniaturminiaturee lettersletters utilizeutilizedd inin thithiss papyruspapyrus,, suggestsuggestss a datedate ofof thethe seconsecondd halhalff ofof ththee second/eighthsecond/eighth century.253century.253 NeverthelessNevertheless,, sincesince internainternall evidenceevidence onon thethe basibasiss ofof ththee isnad indicateindicatess thathatt oneone ofof ththee transmitters,transmitters, namelynamely,, Harmalt=Iarmalaa bb.. 'lmran,'Imran, dieddied iinn ththee yeayearr 858858 C.E./24c.E.l2433 A.H.A.H.,, ththee datedate ooff ththee third/nintthird/ninthh centurcenturyy iiss accordinglyaccordingly employedemployed herehere..

MsMs Or.P51Or.P5188 iiss significansignificantt foforr a secondsecond reasonreason,, aass iitt containcontainss a hadithnadlth (Verso,(Verso,

LinesLines 5 anandd 66)) thathatt iiss preservepreservedd iinn ththee Musnad ooff AhmaAhmadd bb.. Hanbat=Ianball aass welwelll asas inin thethe

TunfatTuhfat al-ashrdfal-ashraf bi-mabi-rna 'rifat al-atraf ofof YusuYusuff bb.. al-ZakIal-Zakl 'Ab'Abdd aI-Rahmanal-Rahman al-Mizzal-MizzIT (see(see

CommentCommentss Section).Section).

249 1.J. vavann EssEss,, "Tashbih"TashbTh wa-Tanzih,wa-Tanzll,"" Encyclopaedia of Islam, edseds.. PP.. BearmanBearman,, ThTh.. Bianquis,Bianquis, C.E.C.E. BosworthBosworth,, EE.. vavann DonzeDonzell anandd W.PW.P.. HeinrichsHeinrichs,, 2008,2008, http://www.brillonline.nl/subscriber/entiy?entry=islam_COhttp://www.brillonline.n1/subscriber/entry?entry=isIam_COM-I M 190 (26(26 FebruarFebruaryy 2008).2008). EmphasiEmphasiss added.added. 252500 AyoubAyoub,, volvol.. 1,1, 212;212; FakhFakhrr aI-Dinal-DIn MuhammaMuhammadd bb.. 'Umar'Umar al-Razial-Razl,, al-Tafsiral-Tajsfr al-Kabfr,al-Kabir, volsvols.. 5-65-6 (Beirut(Beirut:: DaDarr al-Kotobal-Kotob al-Ilmiyahal-Ilrniyah,, 2000)2000),, 180-186180-186.. 252511 AyoubAyoub ,vo, vol 1. 1,212.1,212. 252522 vavann EEss ss,, n.pn.p.. 252533 AbbotAbbot,, Studies, volvol.. 1,61.1, 61. 7373

PhysicaPhysicall DescriptionDescription

GoodGood qualityquality browbrownn papyrupapyruss 2200 x 9.69.6 cm.cm. BlacBlackk ink.ink. A folifolioo from a codex.254codex.

RectoRecto:: ReconstructionReconstruction ooff RectRectoo yieldyieldss 1515 lines.lines. IInn googoodd condition.condition.

VersoVerso:: ReconstructionReconstruction ofof RectRectoo yieldyieldss 1717 lineslines.. IInn googoodd condition.condition.

Script

TheThe naskhlnaskhi ductusductus iiss similarsimilar ttoo thathatt ofMsof Ms O.P17Or.P1733 (e.g.,(e.g., hrnr combination,combination, *k>*)4.1...>='")..

A numbernumber ofof diacriticaldiacritical marksmarks areare evidenced,evidenced, i.e.,i.e., dotteddotted Y, (,£, \~, J,. TheThe defectivdefectivee alifxsali/is employedemployed (cf.(cf. RectoRecto,, LineLine 7).7). ThreeThree horizontahorizontall dotdotss araree placeplacedd undeunderr sfnsin inin properproper nounsnouns (cf.(cf. VersoVerso,, LineLiness 4 anandd 7)7).. ThreThreee horizontahorizontall dotsdots araree placeplacedd aboveabove shlnshin

(cf.(cf. MsMs Or.P365)Or.P365).. GrohmanGrohmannn statesstates thathatt "a"a shortshort slantinslantingg dasdashh ververyy frequentlyfrequently used,used, occursoccurs overover thethe Sin,Sin, whewhenn ththee dentsdents ofof thithiss letteletterr areare flattenedflattened iinn a cursivcursivee wawayy ttoo a meremere horizontahorizontall line...Sometimeline ... Sometimess aann undulatinundulatingg linlinee replacereplacess ththee shorshortt dashdash...o ... orr eveneven threethree dotsdots areare placeplacedd sideside bbyy side.side. ItIt iiss clearclear thathatt thithiss practice.practice .... .use usedd foforr ththee dottindottingg ofof ththee Shin,Shin, isis somewhatsomewhat confusing.confusing." ,,255255

MiniaturMiniaturee lettersletters areare placeplacedd undeunderr £(,, 0"'",o*, anandd £t ttoo assisassistt iinn ththee preventiopreventionn ofof misreadinmisreadingg ththee text.256256 InIn heherr studystudy ofof PERF NoNo.. 665665,, AbbotAbbottt notenotess thathatt althoughalthough thisthis devicedevice ofof miniatureminiaturess freed ththee readereaderr frofromm certaicertainn errorserrors,, itit nonethelesnonethelesss lefleftt certaicertainn otherother lettersletters ttoo bbee determineddetermined bbyy contexcontextt alone,alone, e.g.,e.g., betweebetweenn hana andand kha.251257 InIn ththee casecase ofof thisthis papyruspapyrus,, suchsuch a distinctiodistinctionn iiss mademade cleaclearr witwithh ththee indicatioindicationn ofof ththee kha witwithh a diacriticaldiacritical dotdot,, asas notednoted above.above. AbbotAbbottt maintainmaintainss thathatt ththee distinctiodistinctionn ooff letterletterss bbyy meanmeanss ofof

254 254 PetrPetraa SijpesteijnSijpesteijn (Persona(Personall e-maile-mail correspondencecorrespondence (1(122 FebruarFebruaryy 2008)).2008)). 255255 Grohmann,Grohmann, World, 86-87.86-87. 252566 AbbottAbbott,, Studies, vol.vol. 1,1,61 61.. 257 Ibid. 7474

miniaturminiaturee letters,letters, initiallyinitially useusedd ttoo distinguisdistinguishh ha"nii' anandd 'ayn, wawass laterlater extendeextendedd ttoo §iidsad andand fiiid '.258\258 IItt musmustt bbee notenotedd howeverhowever,, thathatt MMss Or.P51Or.P5I88 doesdoes nonott marmarkk ththee fii'id' witwithh a miniatureminiature letterletter..

FurthermoreFurthermore,, asas opposeopposedd ttoo Abbott'Abbott'ss fragmentfragment ofof ththee SiraSEra thathatt exclusivelyexclusively utilizesutilizes ththee miniatureminiature letterletterss foforr propeproperr nounnounss ooff personpersonss anandd placesplaces,, thithiss papyrupapyruss employsemploys thethe miniatureminiaturess iinn propeproperr nounnounss (cf(cf.. VersoVerso,, LineLine 7),7), commocommonn nounnounss (cf.(cf. VersoVerso,, LinesLines 1010 andand

12),12), anandd verbverbss (cf(cf.. RectoRecto,, LinLinee 14).25914).259 AccordinAccordingg ttoo AbbottAbbott,, ththee earliestearliest usagusagee ooff thethe miniaturminiaturee letterletterss iiss evidencedevidenced iinn ththee seconsecondd halhalff ooff ththee second/eightsecond/eighthh century?60century.

DiacriticaDiacriticall shorshortt vowevowell signssigns,, includinincludingfatnag fatha n,('), kasra C),(,), andand dhamma n,(), foundfound

IIIin ththee originaoriginall araree markemarkedd asas sucsuchh inin ththee editeeditedd texttext.. GrohmanGrohmannn statestatess thathatt "[t]he"[t]he inventioinventionn ooff vowel signs (harakdt)(fiarakfit) iinn ththee formform stilstilll useusedd isis ascribeascribedd toto Khalil ibn AnmadAhmad

(d.(d. 170170 A.HA.H.. 786/87786/87 A.D.).A.D.). TheTheyy frequentlyfrequently occuroccur inin literarliteraryy papyrpapyrii ooff ththee secondsecond andand thirdthird centuriescenturies ooff ththee HigraHigra,, bubutt areare sometimessometimes eveneven addeaddedd iinn privatprivatee letterletterss anandd documents.,,261documents."

PunctuationPunctuation includesincludes O0 witwithh a downwardownwardd radiaradiall lineline whicwhichh separateseparatess sections.sections.

ThThee earliesearliestt cascasee forfor thithiss devicdevicee iinn ththee shapeshape ooff anan inverteinvertedd heartheart,, witwithh oror withouwithoutt a verticaverticall linlinee intersectinintersectingg ththee middlemiddle,, iinn lielieuu ooff ththee circlecircle witwithh oorr withouwithoutt a dot,dot, isis datedatedd toto ththee firsfirstt halhalff oofthef the third/nintthird/ninthh century?62century.262

CertaiCertainn featurefeaturess ofof ththee ductuductuss ofMsof Ms Or.P51Or.P5188 anandd MsMs Or.P173Or.P173 paralleparallell thosthosee ofof thethe famoufamouss anandd mosmostt completcompletee (10(1066 plupluss folios)folios) extanextantt ArabiArabicc papyrpapyrii ooff ththee hadithnadfth codexcodex ofof

'Abd'Abd AllaAllahh bb.. WahWahbb (cf(cf.. MMss Or.P365),Or.P365), entitleentitledd ththee JiimiJami ,.263'.263

252588 Ibid.Ibid. 252599 Ibid.Ibid. 262600 Ibid.Ibid. 262611 Grohmann,Grohmann, World, 87.87. 262622 Op0pcit cit.. 262633 cfcf.. IbIbnn Wahb.Wahb. 7S75

David-WeilDavid-Weilll statesstates thatthat threthreee distinctdistinct handhandss werweree aatt worworkk iinn ththee codexcodex ooff ththee

Jami'.Jami '. TheThe IbIbnn WahWahbb papyrpapyrii alsoalso evidenceevidence miniatureminiature lettersletters undeunderr £C,, t, andand ,-""".u^>. WhereasWhereas

MMss Or.P518Or.P518 utilizeutilizess allall threthreee ooff thesthesee miniaturesminiatures,, MMss Or.P17Or.PI733 doedoess nonott emploemployy ththee miniaturesminiatures (except(except perhapperhapss inin oneone case)case).. So,So, ththee IbnIbn WahWahbb papyrpapyrii areare closecloserr ttoo MMss

Or.P51Or.P5I88 thathann MMss Or.PI73.O.P173. TwoTwo differencesdifferences betweebetweenn MMss Or.P5I8O.P518 andand MMss Or.P173Or.P173

includeinclude:: first,first, MMss Or.P5I8Or.P518 useusess vowelvowel markingmarkingss aass opposedopposed ttoo MMss Or.POr.P17 1733 whicwhichh hahass butbut

oneone uncertaiuncertainn casecase;; second,second, ththee letterletterss dottedottedd inin MMss Or.P5I8Or.P518 anandd MMss Or.P17Or.PI733 araree aatt

variancvariancee witwithh oneone anotheranother anandd ddoo nonott correspond.correspond. NonethelessNonetheless,, ththee lirhr combinationcombination

indicateindicatess thathatt MsMs Or.P51Or.P5I88 anandd MsMs Or.P17Or.PI733 araree somehowsomehow related.related.

Text:Text: RectoRecto

[[...... ] ] ^~ Jj>f fi,t.[[ ... ] 1I [[...] ... ] [-] yillJ o^Q)~(I) [...[ ... ] 2 [[-•• ... ] [--][--] <^> ~ ~.ul4J| u[... ] ] 33 [[•••] ... ] (-*(~~ ))_!..)I?*)J^JJ ~(J)~Y f^(j)<^J [> ... [...] ]4 4 [[...... ]] > JjJi [---][-] ).:..J±J J [--][--] [[...... ] ] S5 [[...]... ][ ------] ] cuk> M>-y Ji.J1» ~(...... a:i) ull cL(+}J.(-+ p i (^)<^0>[.„(~)<...... :i>[ ...] ] 6

[ ... ]JI lie~ (jl>!j (j^-ui~Il l? uI...>=-tjljAC. l>! 4.Lo ~. <~h> JjJta 0O <..)<-ij?-uJI ~I>> 77 [...... ] ] (.l.~ ~ ti.)<&>\*J (r}-A(f-)-* <(.»1..»0-1l viaI1I CjaW:...:i o 88 [ ... ] <~ (.,?!1l>!1> (~.i1) l? Ulj-!:u...~ Jj 0 <~J ,*+>Jc.&1 <~>.&I 9 [ ... ]..! 0-> ~ ';lJ ~1.Sj c:::~ ';lJ ~d>L.:::. ..)[---] 10 [...[ ...] ] ('(I)) Jj9(Jâ t^l~a oâ.O~Jj ,-"""WI(j-aUSI LH£j J~ tîuk~..)c (Ja^ IjlIJI jlulS.£ 111 j [[...... ] ((J)J) Jy:.:. L?~^ ^rl3 4>*~.)A4W iJJ^yl..kJlI LH ~ (J(~I1 ^w,us VIj';lIJ)) 1122 [[...... ] ] tihjc~~. (jA0-> (I..,."..(Ij^-î. y...)) Ijtilila UJ-**UJ~^ ^Lc.S. oWti .l.[•*-[--] --] I' ~ 1133

[[...... ]] <.&>1<<&>! jk:.. JlaJWa (j~yJl.J:l-'>l..h'...)~.u> SaJa jLual Al c.r~ 1414 [[...... ] <.ill>ji Ciui~ l..L» JIjt Jt!Jll ~

Text:Text: VersoVerso

[... J (~~) ~ [... ] I [... ] [-]1 (~h) J [-J~>[-] [... ] 2

[•••][-[ ... ][--]] ~';ll Ko(~}-A1)*'[-- 1[--]] [•••[ ...] ] 3 [...](-e-)vi[ .•• ] (....<> ~)';ll(L »-*jS)ijj[...(l>! 4) IJJ [ ...] ] 4 7676

[[».] ... ] [-]["] <~~> JIj& O0 LtiWip~1.i.(JI)) [. ... ] 5 [[...... ] ] [-][-] (((0-'>> ^^L^-^0-pl(~Jj t>li^)~ti...,)Jj ^<-*^->lLM-~.1:.\j>la O~^jIC jjL~a [[. ... ] 6 [[••• ...] ] [----][ ] (^)<^(~)<.l.:JI>> 14-<-1>^<^> (c^-(~)JIP cLP> [-]jJ[-] jj U-(4()(J)1:)(-*)J < >U>0":k.^ c*011 CRLP Ll[[- ... ] 7 All ~~.J (r-)JC <~lb ~I 01 ~>(..c) ul ul.>= 01 Ua..?- <~.b.> [ ... ] 8 (jfuia. !>L>J (f-y^- <4JLLL ^gjl (_&) .> [. uljl J^Ji~Il jl~j al~ Li~} J~ \..oJLaj ul(..s)(jL(-£) <&Alll t..:;,Li L\..0a 1":l.>(...s..I)1^Jj_(.£l)l [. ... ] 9 (.1:.1)<.»(-,-,,»(-y)(_^) j~& tsU uji l i^-^L4-<4>-'"='~u hi Y. J cr['='[ .... ] 10 [[...... ] ] <-:$.>"1l5J^I ~ <&All! J_*">JY-".JJ JJAJ~J ^»LykI J01J (~)..c <^ 11 ~ (4..#) 2;:i....:.:i..<-:l ':{I> {' J:l A JF; J ':{ ...>:PJI ..,.:1 Ul JU ~.il> [ ... ] 12 [...[ ...] ] (JitoJ(J;hj)) ~..A)~I ^~ l(-l-}£L(_L)^ J1jJla (»)(o)~^ TLP> ~I LPT> ,=,(-:)-0-11cr(-:Hl 01 [[. .... ] 13 ~UI J1j(J15 ~JUXA .01 (j j A<...... >JAIL<-ju)> LP (JC u jljl.>=-AC 01 (J JUa..?-~.b. Alaj^K. JIjJ\i (0)(O) [ ...[. .] 14 rl.oi.ll^Laiil QA0-'> Jll;.Jiii ~ t~^JLAJ <4...>..lJI«c>_LJI Ji!1Jja l ..;UlIJillJj (~)[([. .... ] 15 [[••• ...] ] [-][-]'[- 1[-]] ul.;11djffl [[• ...• ] 16 [ ... ][---] (...:J)I (~)<..!> [ ... ] 17

TranslationTranslation:: RectoRecto

1 [[...... ] J dayday andand nightnight [ [...... ]] 2 [[...... ] ] thethe sunsun andand thethe moomoonn [[...... J] 3 [[...... ] J 'Umar'Umar hear heardd [[...... ] 4 [[...... ]J theitheirr andand (their)(their) backbackss [[...... J] 5 [[...... ] J theythey werewere scaredscared [[...... ] ] saidsaid [[...... J] 6 [[...]prostrations> (before)(before) youyou praypray thethe sunsetsunset prayerprayer [[...... J] 7 prostrations> 0O ItIt waswas relatedrelated toto meme thatthat HarmalaHarmala b.b. 'Imran'Imran saidsaid fromfrom IshaqIshaq bb.. 'Abd'Abdal-[... al-[ ... ] 8 underunder thethe (between)(between) thethe stonestone andand thethe grave> (they(they are)are) dead> iinn [[...... ] J Messenger> 9 ofof GodGod of> GodGod onon himhim andand peacepeace 0O HarmalaHarmala b.b. 'Imran'Imran saidsaid fromfrom (Yazld)(Yazid) > 1010 > anandd heherr ZakaZakatt doedoess nonott neeneedd ttoo bebe paipaidd andand preventprevent heherr fromfrom [[...... ]J 1111 WheWhenn hhee useusedd ttoo enteenterr wherwhere'e 'Arm Amr* b.b. al-'al-'A A~s was,was, hehe usedused toto findfind himhim reclining,reclining, thethenn hhee toltoldd hihimm [[...... ] 1212 anandd otherwisotherwisee I wilwilll writwritee ttoo 'Uma'Umarr bb.. KhattaKhatiabb aboutabout youyourr issues,issues, ssoo ''Amr Amr dididd notnot carcaree [[...... ] 1313 [[...... ] ] SitSit jusjustt aass thetheyy sit,sit, soso ifif thetheyy leavleavee from youyourr placplacee [[...... ]J 1414 ssoo iitt wawass appealedappealed ttoo himhim,, soso hhee becambecamee > CommandeCommanderr oofthef the FaithfuFaithfull andand saidsaid:: "Go"Godd forbid!"forbid!" 1515 soso iinn thithiss casecase (read(read bacbackk ttoo himhim)) whawhatt wawass writtenwritten,, hehe saidsaid:: "Did"Did I notnot makemake > clearclear"" [[...... ]J 7777

Translation:Translation: VersoVerso

1 [[...... ] ] everythingeverything inin [[...... ] 2 [[...... ] ] andand itit waswas relatedrelated toto meme [[...... ] 3 [[...... ] ] thisthis versversee [[...... ] 4 andand[...](Ibn)al-Asqa [ ... ] (Ibn) al-Asqa'' [[...... ] 5 [[...... ] ] thethe twotwo partitionspartitions 0 me> [[...... ] ] saidsaid [[...... ] 6 [[...... ] ] hehe hahadd treatetreatedd themthem welwelll andand > andand (quenched(quenched theirtheir thirstthirst andand clothedclothed thethemm from)from) [[...... ] 7 [[...... ] ] from IbnIbn 'Adas'Adas (al)-[(al)-[...... ] from thethe (Prophet)(Prophet) thisthis [[...] ... ] 8 [[...... ] ] me> fIarmalaHarmala b.b. 'Imran'Imran thatthat <'All<'A1T b.b. AbIAbT Talibralib>> (taught(taught a mamann toto saysay "God"God thethe GenerousGenerous iiss enoughenough forfor me"me" 9 [[...... ] ] whatevewhateverr GodGod willswills,, wilwilll bbee andand whatevewhateverr hehe doesdoes nonott will,will, wilwilll neveneverr be.be. I beabearr witnesswitness thatthat 1010 [[...... ] ] andand whowho from ththee evilevil ofof everyevery creaturecreature thathatt controls> thatthat GodGod onon path> 1111 [[...... ] ] (I(I hearheardd 'Uqba)b.'Uqba) b. 'Amir'Amir saysay thethe MessengerMessenger ofof GodGod everyevery persopersonn [[...... ] 1212 [[...... ] ] saidsaid thathatt nnoo dayday passedpassed AbuAbu al-Khayral-Khayr charity,> (i(iff only)only) a biscuitbiscuit 1313 [[...... ] ] bb.. aI-[al-[...... ] ] from hishis fatherfather from (his)(his) grandfathergrandfather saidsaid (we(we usedused toto)) inin (the(the DaysDays ofof Ignorance)Ignorance) (preserve)(preserve) [[...... ] 1414 [[...... ] ] (0)(O) SaidSaid itit wawass relatedrelated toto meme fIarmalaHarmala b.b. 'Imran'Imran fromfrom SulaymanSulaymanb b.. fIumaydIt=IamIdHumayd/Hamld saidsaid I heardheard 1515 [[...... ] ] heavenheaven andand ththee fire,fire, GodGod camecame walkingwalking underunder a shadeshade ofof cloudsclouds 1616 [[...]th ... ] thee QuranQuran [[...... ] 1717 [[...... ] ] (he(he prayedprayed)) [[...... ] ] (Figure(Figure 9 andand FigurFiguree 10)10)

CommentCommentss

Recto, Line 3. "'Umar'"Umar ":": Cf.Cf. Comments,Comments, Recto,Recto, LinLinee 1212 (below).(below).

Recto, Lines 7 and 9, and Verso, Lines 8 and 14. "fIarmaia"Harmala b.b. 'Imran":'Imran": AbuAbu

'Abd'Abd AllahAllah fIarmaiaHarmala b.b. YahyaYahya b.b. 'Abd'Abd AllahAllah b.b. fIarmaiaHarmala bb.. 'Imran'Imran bb.. KuradKurad aI-TujIbIal-Tujibi aI-al-

ZumayllZumayll (782/3-858(782/3-858 c.E.l166-243C.E./166-243 A.H.A.H.)) waswas anan adherentadherent ofof aI-Shafi'Ial-Shafi'I andand a traditionisttraditionist ofof

greatgreat merit. 264264 HeHe wrotwrotee ththee Mabsiit (Extensive) andand ththee Mukhtasir (Abridgment)(Abridgment)

264 IbnIbn Khallikan,Khallikan, volvol.. 1,369-370.1, 369-370. 78

FigurFiguree 99.. MsOr.P518Ms Or.P518RR RarRaree BookBookss DivisioDivisionn SpeciaSpeciall CollectionCollectionss JJ. .Willar Willardd MarriotMarriottt LibrarLibraryy UniversitUniversityy ooff Uta Utahh 7979

FigurFiguree 10.. MsMsOr.P518 Or.P518VV RarRaree Bookss DivisioDivisionn SpeciaSpeciall CollectionCo\1ectionss JJ.. WillarWillardd MarriotMarriottt LibrarLibraryy UniversitUniversityy ooff UtaUtahh 8080

265 addressingaddressing ththee subjectsubject ooff traditionstraditions.. fIarmalaHarmala iiss citecitedd aass anan authorityauthority iinn ththee §ahih$alrili ofof

MusliMuslimm bb.. aI-fIajjajal-Hajjaj (c.821-87(c.821-8755 c.E.lc.202-261C.E./C.202-261 A.H.).A.H.).266266 HarmalfIarmalaa transmittetransmittedd onon thethe authorityauthority ooff IbIbnn WahbWahb (cf(cf.. MMss Or.P365)Or.P365),, et alia.261 267 CfCf.. CommentCommentss SectionSection forfor MsMs

O.P443ROr.P443R,, LineLine 13.13.

Recto, Line 7.

Recto, Lines 8 and 9. <~-' A^>J~>.bC .ilil&\ <<~>csl*-a> .ililM

Recto, Line 9 and Verso, Line 12. "(Yazld)"(Yazld) "fIabTh>":: CfCf.. CommentsComments

SectionSection forfor MsMs Or.P173ROr.PI73R,, LineLine 18,18, anandd CommentCommentss SectionSection forfor MsMs Or.P365ROr.P365R,, LineLine 1.1.

Recto, Lines 11 and 12. '"Amrb'''Amrb.. al-'As"aI-'A~":: 'Amrb'Amrb.. al'Aal'A~s (al-'Asi(al-'A~l)) (d.(d. 666644 c.E.l43C.E./43

A.H.A.H.)) waswas thethe famoufamouss conqueroconquerorr ooff EgypEgyptt (cf(cf.. MMss Or.P365).O.P365).

Recto, Line 12. "'Umar'"Umar bb.. Khattab"KhaUab":: Cf.Cf. CommentCommentss SectionSection foforr MMss Or.PI73R,Or.P173R,

LinLinee 18.5.18.5.

Recto, Line 13. "Sit""Sit" - imperativimperativee mood.mood.

Verso, Lines 5 and 6. ThiThiss hadithnadfth (the(the incipiincipitt ooff whicwhichh readsreads:: wU:":")Ci.uA! jlulS£ <()A> f~+Ac ~) iiss tracetracedd ttoo 'Uqb'Uqbaa bb.. 'Ami'Amirr bbyy YusuYusuff bb.. al-ZakaI-Zakil 'Ab'Abdd al-RahmaaI-Rahmann al-Mizzal-MizzlT

(1256-1341(1256-1341 c.E./654-742C.E./654-742 A.H.A.H.)) iinn hihiss TunfatTuhfat al-ashrafal-ashriif bi-ma'rifatbi-rna 'rifat al-atraf.al-atriif26826s 'Uqba'Uqba b.b.

'Amir'Amir isis ththee samesame authorityauthority laterlater citedcited iinn VersoVerso,, LinLinee 1111 (cf.(cf. MsMs Or.P365RrSOr.P365RrS,, LinLinee 2).2).

FurthermoreFurthermore,, thithiss nadfthhadith isis preservepreservedd inin ththee Musnad ooff AhmaAhmadd bb.. fIanbaIHanbal (780-855(780-855

262655 Ibid.Ibid , 369. 262666 Ibid:'Ibid. . 267 267 DhahabIDhahabI,, volvol.. 1,428.1,428. 268 268 YusuYusUfb.f b. al-ZakIal-Zakl 'Abd'Abd al-RahmaaI-Rahmann al-MizzI,al-Mizzi, FaharisFahiiris tuhfattunfat al-ashraf bi-mabi-rna 'rifat al-atrdfal-atraf, volvol.. 2 (Beirut:(Beirut: Mu'assasaMu'assasatt al-Kutubal-Kutub at-Thaqafiyaat-Thaqafiya,, 1990),502.1990), 502. 8181

270 C.E.l164-241C.E./l64-241 A.H.).A.H.).269269 IbnIbn ftanbalHanbal alsalsoo citecitess 'Uqba'Uqba bb.. 'Amir'Amir aass a transmittertransmitter.. 70 ThThee

Musnad reads:reads:

Verso,Ferso, IwLinee 6. "Them"/"Their""Them'VTheir" - femininefeminine plural.plural.

Verso, Line 7. < >>:: PostulatedPostulated spacing.spacing.

Verso, Line 7.7. "<'All"<'A1I bb.. AbIAbl 'falib>":Talib>": Cf.Cf. CommentsComments SectionSection forfor MMss Or.PI73R,O.P173R,

LineLine 8.8.

Verso, Lines 10 and 11. <^&uu><~>> (l>1)<>>(-u-a)(..bl)<»(...... :»:: ReconstructeReconstructedd standarstandardd phrasephrase

thatthat continuecontinuess fromfrom ththee endend ooff LinLinee 1010 ttoo ththee beginninbeginningg ooff LinLinee 1111..

Verso, Line 11. "('Uqba)"('Uqba) bb.. 'Amir"'Amir":: Cf.Cf. CommentCommentss SectioSectionn foforr MMss Or.P365RrS,Or.P365RrS,

LinLinee 2.2.

Verso, Line 11. LtSyl:--5J*\: Read:Read: tt/J*\.ftSY!. TheThe hamza tendtendss ttoo bbee excludeexcludedd iinn ththee

languaglanguagee ofof ththee papyripapyri,, andand onlyonly onon occasionoccasion iiss iitt substitutesubstitutedd witwithh a non-emphatinon-emphaticc hahii ,?n\272

Verso, Line 12. u0 1: Peculiar,Peculiar, perhapperhapss archaicarchaic constructioconstructionn witwithh an. ThThee anan

shouldshould followfollow AbAbuu al-Khayal-Khayrr oorr itit shouldshould bbee precedeprecededd bbyy anotheanotherr qiilaqala oorr hadathna.nadathnii. ThThee

normalizenormalizedd readinreadingg woulwouldd bebe:: qiilaqala Abu al-Khayr qala/hadathnaqiilalnadathnii an lala...... Cf.Cf.

MsMs Or.P205V,Or.P205V, LinesLines 5,7,5, 7, anandd 1010..

Verso, Line 14. 04<"""">:(y^-<^>: DefectiveDefective alifalif.

Verso, Line 14. A~:w ReadRead:: Afe~^ oor~.r 4*^.

Verso, Line 15. <4..>...l.JI:AJI-. TheThe reconstructioreconstructionn ofof ha'hii' iinn AllaAllahh iiss basebasedd upouponn a

comparisoncomparison ofof ththee worwordd AllaAllahh iinn VersoVerso,, LinesLines 8,8, 99,, 10,10, anandd 11.11. ThThee readinreadingg ofof <^->-i-i<4..>...l.J1l asas

269 269 IbIbnn HanbalHanbal,, Musnad, volvol.. 44,, 154154.. 272700 Ibid.Ibid. 272711 Ibid.Ibid. 272 272 GrohmannGrohmann,, World,95.World, 95. 8282

opposeopposedd ttoo ththee alternativealternative readingreading ooff ^<\..il iiss supportesupportedd bbyy ththee facfactt thathatt althoughalthough ththee papyruspapyrus isis damageddamaged wherwheree ththee ha' woulwouldd stand,stand, ththee papyrupapyruss neverthelesneverthelesss evidenceevidencess residuaresiduall inkink markingmarkingss ooff anotheanotherr letter.letter. ForFor a comparisoncomparison ooff ththee usagusagee ofof finafinall nun-ha'niin-ha' combinationcombination ooff <\..iI, cfcf.. ththee rasm ofof ^(^~I(~)) (Verso,(Verso, LineLine 10).10). · AbovAbovee thisthis lineline iiss anan examplexamplee ofof &~I\ (Verso,(Verso,

LineLine 10)10) foforr directdirect comparison.comparison.

Verso, Line 16. uly.ll:U'J^: NormalizeNormalizedd spelling.. CfCf.. MMss Or.P365RrS,Or.P365RrS, LinLinee 33,, forfor anotheanotherr cascasee ofof thithiss normalizednormalized spelling.spelling. Cf.. MsMs Or.P205V,Or.P205V, LinLinee 99,, forfor irregular,irregular, archaicarchaic spellingspelling witwithh wawwaw.. DOCUMENDOCUMENTT 6:6: MMSS OR.P52IOR.P521

IdentificationIdentification

DateDate:: LateLate second/eightsecond/eighthh oorr earlyearly third/nintthird/ninthh century.273century.273

MMss Or.P52IOr.P521 isis representativerepresentative ooff a fullfullyy developeddeveloped traditiotraditionn ooff prophetipropheticc logialogia

(liadlth){hadith) thathatt addressesaddresses ththee themethemess ofof divorce,divorce, temporartemporaryy marriagemarriage,, anandd pietpietyy iinn general.general.

PhysicaPhysicall DescriptionDescription

GoodGood qualitqualityy browbrownn papyrupapyruss 10.910.9 x 1414 cmcm.. BlacBlackk ink.ink.

RectoRecto:: RectoRecto yieldyieldss 1212 lineslines.. InIn tolerablytolerably googoodd condition.condition.

VersoVerso:: VersVersoo yieldyieldss 1010 lineslines.. InIn tolerablytolerably goodgood condition.condition.

Script

ThThee angularangular naskhTnaskhl script 274274 seemsseems mormoree archaicarchaic thathann MsMs Or.P5I8Or.P518 anandd MsMs

Or.PI73.Or.P173. PetrPetraa SijpesteijnSijpesteijn maintainmaintainss thathatt ththee palaeographpalreographyy indicatesindicates a mixturmixturee ooff stylesstyles

275275 andand letteletterr formsforms thathatt rangrangee fromfrom liijiizlhijazT ttoo a mucmuchh mormoree cursivcursivee style. SijpesteijSijpesteijnn furtherfurther

276276 notenotess thathatt ththee handhandss onon ththee RectRectoo anandd VersVersoo seemseem ttoo differ. A numbenumberr ooff diacriticaldiacritical

markmarkss areare employed,employed, i.e.,i.e., dotteddotted Y, ^w,, jj,, U,u, anandd ,-?L$. ThThee yd'yii' iiss pointepointedd witwithh twtwoo dots,dots, oneone

verticallverticallyy belobeloww ththee otherother (cf.,(cf., VersoVerso,, LineLiness 2 anandd 3)3).. AccordinAccordingg ttoo Grohmann,Grohmann, iinn thethe

273273 Malczycki,Malczycki, 168168.. 272744 Ibid.,Ibid., 164164.. 275 275 PetrPetraa SijpesteijnSijpesteijn (Persona(Personall e-maile-mail correspondencecorrespondence (1(122 FebruarFebruaryy 2008))2008)).. 272766 Ibid.Ibid. 8484

first/seventfirst/seventhh centurycentury,, ththee twtwoo dotsdots werweree placeplacedd ononee belobeloww ththee otheotherr eithereither verticallverticallyy oorr diagonallydiagonally.277. LateLaterr ththee dotsdots werweree placeplacedd sideside bbyy side,side, andand bbyy ththee second/eighthsecond/eighth century,century,

278278 ththee twtwoo dotdotss werweree fusefusedd togethetogetherr intintoo a line. IInn ththee third/nintthird/ninthh century,century, allall threethree 279 variationvariationss werweree utilizedutilized.. ThiThiss particulaparticularr featurfeaturee ofMsof Ms Or.P52Or.P5211 woulwouldd substantiatesubstantiate oonn palaeographipalreographicc groundsgrounds a datdatee ranginrangingg frofromm ththee first/seventfirst/seventhh centurcenturyy toto ththee third/ninththird/ninth centurycentury..

ThThee vowevowell ooff prolongatioprolongationn iiss ofteoftenn omitteomittedd inin favorfavor ofof ththee defectivdefectivee alif (cf(cf..

RectoRecto,, LinLinee 99:: J^).Y:l~). RectoRecto,, LinLinee 44,, employsemploys letteletterr extensionsextensions.. TheThe extendeextendedd letteletterr iiss thethe finafinall kafkiif(~) (^) ooff dhiilikdhalik (cf(cf.. ththee DescriptionDescription SectionSection foforr MsMs Or.P205Or.P205 (for(for thethe functionfunction ofof thethe dilatabile)).dilatabile)) .

TextText:: RectoRecto

[[...... ] J C5",,<-,U.>JI-<-fL>-N Aj~.Jb^ u l (Jjfc*ulfi~ iX~ ~IucCP oyJlJ=^ (,?IIyr^ Oi~ LJ.=o.)1 .l?Ap ucdF" yH^~.b.JJ 1 [ .... 1J (f4^»(~)) jj^llJ-i~I.Jj ^JJ^LJAALJ:lSL.....J1H L_l=k~J ^L-OJI~L...:..JI.JJ ~~ j~A lY> ^~I\ jiaj)<..ill V 22 [[...... ]J .JJ ~'i;;"")'&I.)^ M yr* yP~ht.:i^ W'il yr^j'~L...:.JIJj lj1->"* u1£ ul.J(j'j i3=~I^ cJj^J~Il u 1l 3

[[...]^e>( C.?-!)JH)v *(,?IIl JI[..~I [ ...J J 4 [[...... ]J ^~ L>~? u-Uluc(J-Jl 6& O^U"4c-p yr(,?II^ O~f ju~lucM ^Wc~4c-- L>~? .¥)IucAW yr^-^~.b..JJ 5 [[••• ...] J [—[--J] LJ.5: (J.=!)(u-*2^) > C>tY>.JJ 8

t [ ... ].J J^-Y:l~1 L>~.&I? ^ .l?~^C' CA'^'^~.b.JJ ^AF~* Yol Jj lJ:!.<>1QA-al ~[---——] J.&I^ 99 I UI (JJ _ J A (j~.J~j jj-AC- (j~j .&1><&l> (~Hc(jlAuc- luaji> uc(jo ~Xaa ^ ~(jj ~ • m ~ j~jU^ (,?II^jl OJJJ~Y-JJ ~.J.JJJ JJ1.AU J.J U~II ~IJl '&1ill J..,....,(.J)J_^(j ) <4> 1111 [[...... ] J 1122

277 277 GrohmannGrohmann,, World,fFbrW, 8383.. 272788 IbidIbid.. 272799 IbidIbid.. 8585

Text:Text: VersoVerso [ ... ] 1 ~[ ... ] 2 [...][ ... ] <^J><-.}> UIJ (j^UaltJ)UJIi tlJA> ~ ULa jj~U [----][ ] lj)lhIS!!!* ^~AU. ulj£ti [ ... ] 3 |\ .J I g jl& (tllA-uu] J _-cuuj La ^ > >i £ J (jJjLiiaJ LaA [... # ] '+.!k (w. H J t~s La ~ [---] ~ ~ [ ..• ] 4 [[...... ] ] cj'UIJj <4J*12*.]> l?~1c5^t 1[I ... ] 5 [... ][--] 4..lu~ [... ] 'iJ ~ji,l.Jl [ ... ] 6 [[...][—... ][----]] u[-]l.6u[-MW-i- 4k1i [ ... ] 7 [[...... ] ] cill.cl\~i JSJ£ JUJ.99S V'i > 4~*1* lJAc> ~6^ JA.C> Wj~Jjj IgJjL~.J'-+.!u 0(1)u(!) [ ... ] 8 ufo:WI..,b (0)[(U) ... ] 9 [ ... ] 10

TranslationTranslation:: RectoRecto

1 andand itit waswas relatedrelated toto meme fromfrom 'Abd'Abd aI-Rahmanal-Rahman b.b. AbIAbl aI-Harthal-Harth fromfrom aI-Hasanal-Hasan b.b. DhukwaDhukwann thathatt ththee PropheProphett DaviDavidd [[...... ] 2 I dodo notnot looklook atat thosethose aboveabove meme andand hehe advisedadvised meme toto lovelove thethe poorpoor andand bebe closclosee ttoo thethemm [[...... ] 3 toto saysay thethe truthtruth eveneven ifif itit isis bitter,bitter, hehe advisedadvised meme notnot toto fearfear anyoneanyone inin GodGod whowho reproacreproachh andand [[...... ] 4 [[...... ] ] ttoo AbuAbu (Bam)(Bahr) [[...... ] 5 andand itit waswas relatedrelated toto meme fromfrom al-Walldal-Walld b.b. 'Abad' Abad fromfrom AbanAban b.b. AbIAbl 'Abbas'Abbas fromfrom AnasbAnas b.. MaliMalikk [[...... ] 6 andand therethere werewere threethree stepssteps toto hishis pulpit,pulpit, (so(so hehe carried)carried) wheneverwhenever [[...... ] 7 toto [[...... ] ] thatthat hehe saidsaid [[...... ] 8 andand whowho despisesdespises hishis parentsparents oror theirtheir siblingssiblings (i.e.,(i.e., unclesuncles andand aunts)aunts) [ [...... ]] 9 GodGod [[...... ] ] AmInAmin saidsaid AbuAbu 'Ayna'Ayna andand itit waswas relatedrelated toto meme byby 'Abd'Abd AllahAllah b.b. DInarDinar andand[... [ ...] ] 1010 anandd iitt wawass relatedrelated ttoo meme fromfrom al-Muthnal-Muthnaa bb.. al-Sabahal-$abah fromfrom 'Umar'Umar b.b. Shu'yabShu'yab b.b. MuhammaMuhammadd > fromfrom ('Abd('Abd)) > [[...... ] 1111 > (Messenger(Messenger)) ooff GodGod,, ttoo a fathefatherr andand I havhavee wealtwealthh andand I havehave a sonson anandd mymy fatherfather wantwantss ttoo acquiracquiree > [[...... ] 1212 [...[ ...]

TranslationTranslation:: VersoVerso

1 [... [ ... ] 2 [[...... ] ] witwithh themthem 3 [[...... ] ] ifheif he uttersutters thethe wordswords "divorce""divorce" [[...... ] ] thatthat whichwhich isis notnot calledcalled divorcedivorce andand thatthat [... [ ...] ] 4 [[...... ] ] thethe twotwo pronouncementpronouncementss ofof divorcedivorce [[...... ] ] thatthat whichwhich isis notnot calledcalled andand (there(there isis nothingnothing)) oonn heherr [[...... ] 8866

5 [[...... ] divorced> eveneven ifif sheshe doesdoes notnot returnreturn toto himhim untiluntil sheshe isis permissiblpermissiblee anandd thatthat [[...... ]] 6 [[...... ] andand nono [[...... ] bothboth womenwomen areare permissiblepermissible forfor himhim 7 [[...... ] thethe mostmost toleranttolerant ofof themthem [[...... ] 8 [[...... ] ifif herher husbandhusband absolvesabsolves responsibilityresponsibility forfor themthem fromfrom temporarytemporary marriagemarriage nonott soso itit iiss saidsaid alalll thatthat 9 [[...... ] onon ththee peoplepeople thatthat fearfear GodGod 1010 [[...... ] ] (Figure(Figure 1111 anandd FigurFiguree 1212))

CommentCommentss

Recto, Line 1. <->j=~yJI^ ^~I lY.Ot 6^~)Ijfl ~ dLFF yr"^j~hJ:: MalczyckMa1czyckii readsreads:: Cy^^~)I ~^ ~h

~ ._11\\ . 282800 Y"'"' w:.

Recto, Line 1. '''Abd'"Abd aI-Rahmanal-Rahman bb.. AbAbIl al-Harth"aI-rIarth":: IIff al-Hartal-rIarthh isis reareadd asas employingemploying a defectivedefective alif, thenthen aI-rIarthal-Harth mightmight readread al-rIarith.al-Harith. InIn thisthis case,case, al-rIarthal-Harth isis perhapsperhaps 'Ab'Abdd aI-Rahmanal-Rahman bb.. aI-rIarithal-Harith b.b. Hisham.281281 'Abd'Abd al-RahmaaI-Rahmann bb.. al-HaritaI-rIarithh wawass ththee riiwfrawi

(transmitter)(transmitter) foforr hihiss fathefatherr andand 'Umar'Umar,, 'Uthman'Uthman,, 'AH'AlI,, HafsarIaf~a,, et alia. 282 ThoseThose whwhoo transmittetransmittedd oonn thethe authorityauthority ooff 'Abd'Abd al-RahmaaI-Rahmann bb.. al-Harital-rIarithh includeinclude hihiss sonson,, AbAbuu BakBakrr bb..

'Abd'Abd aI-Rahmanal-Rahman (one(one ooff thethe sevenseven jurists)jurists),, andand al-Sha'blal-Sha'bI,, AbAbuu Qilaba,Qilaba, etet alia.alia. 283 'Abd'Abd al-al-

RahmanRahman bb.. al-Harital-rIarithh dieddied beforbeforee Mu'awiyMu'awiyaa (d.(d. 680680 c.E.l60C.E./60 A.H.).284A.H.).284

Recto, Line 2. [...] (f$^) j^j <-»=H yH^jtj: Malczycki reads: (s^) LS^JI

(^) A\j oA^il.285

Recto, Line 3. y^ yr3^2 VI ^L^J\J Malczycki reads: c>) VI (^L-ajl {jl} <>

i·286 286 ~.

282800 MalczyckiMalczycki,, 165165.. 281DhahabI DhahabI,, volvol.. 1,117.1, 117. 282282 Ibid.Ibid. 283283 Ibid.Ibid. 282844 Ibid.Ibid. 282855 MalczyckiMalczycki,, 165165.. 282866 Ibid.Ibid. 87

FigurFiguree 111l.. MsMsOr.P521 Or.P521RR RarRaree BookBookss DivisioDivisionn SpeciaSpeciall CollectionCollectionss J1.. WillarWillardd MarriotMarriottt LibrarLibraryy UniversitUniversityy ooff Uta Utahh 8888 T

FigureFigure 1212.. MsMsOr.P521 Or.P521VV RareRare BooksBooks DivisionDivision SpecialSpecial CollectionsCollections 1.J . WillardWillard MarriottMarriott LibraryLibrary UniversityUniversity ofof UtahUtah 8989

Recto, Line 4. "Abu"Abu (Bahr)"(Bam)":: PerhapPerhapss al-Ahnaal-Ahnafb.f b. QayQayss (d.(d. 686-7686-7 C.E./6c.E./677 A.H.)A.H.),, a contemporarycontemporary ofof thethe ProphetProphet.. 287 al-Ahnafal-Annaf wawass considereconsideredd a SuccessorSuccessor sincesince hhee dididd notnot servservee withwith ththee Prophet.Prophet. 288 al-Ahnafwasal-Ahnaf was givengiven ththee kunya (surname(surname)) ofof AbAbuu BahBamr afteafterr hihiss sonson,, BahrBahr?89. al-Ahnafal-Ahnaf transmittetransmittedd traditiontraditionss frofromm 'Umar,'Umar, 'Uthmiin,'Uthrnan, anandd 'AIT'AlI.290. Hasat1asann al-Basral-Ba~rIi (cf.(cf. CommentsComments SectionSection forfor MMss Or.P173ROr.PI73R,, LineLiness 16,16, 2020,, anandd 2323)) transmittetransmittedd oonn ththee authoritauthorityy ooff al-Ahnaf.291291

Recto, Line 4. cill..c: DefectiveDefective alif.alif Read:Read: -ill\....

Recto, Line 4. "Anas"Anas bb.. Malik"Malik":: AbAbuu Hamzt1amzaa AnaAnass bb.. MaliMiilikk bb.. al-Nadr (d.(d. 711-2711-2

292292 C.E./9c.E./933 A.H.A.B.)) waswas a prominenprominentt CompanionCompanion ofof ththee Prophet. ItIt iiss narratenarratedd thathatt AnaAnass bb..

MaliMiilikk wawass ththee Prophet'Prophet'ss servantservant sincsincee ththee agagee ofof ten.293293 AnaAnass bb.. MaliMiilikk relaterelatedd a largelarge amountamount ofof traditiontraditionss culleculledd from ththee lips ofof ththee PropheProphett himselfhimself,, oorr from ththee Prophet'sProphet's

Companions,Companions, e.g.,e.g., AbAbuu BakrBakr,, 'Umar,'Umar, 'Uthmiin,'Uthrnan, et alia?94alia.294

Recto, Line 5. U"4c..,:I!y'^ oi 04uM1 rjCCP ~4c^ !y.C>i .¥)I: AW Malczycki: Malczyck reads:i reads .J: 41j .JW U"4c1 j o^P- !y. .¥)I oi

1 „- • . 295

2969 6 Recto, Line 6. [[...... ] ] [--][—] tJ USS (J^i(J..=.!)) ^W^~4ic:: MalczyckMalczyckii readsreads:: d...JS J*~^ *0 yt:ic.^^?

Recto, Line 7 and Verso, Line 9. ~: WithouWithoutt context,context, ththee significationsignification ofof thethe prepositioprepositionn isis indeterminate.indeterminate.

Recto, Line 8. C>J: Malczycki reads: "-r4^ t>.297

287287 IbIbnn Khallikan,Khallikan, volvol.. 1,1, 635635.. 288288 Ibid.Ibid. 282899 Ibid.,Ibid., 64164l.. 292900 Ibid.,Ibid., 635.635. 292911 Ibid.Ibid. 292922 Ibid.Ibid.,, volvol.. 22,, 587.587. 292933 Ibid.Ibid.,, 588.588. 292944 Ibid.Ibid. 292955 MalczyckiMalczycki,, 165.165. 292966 IbidIbid.. 292977 Ibid.Ibid. 9090

Recto, Line 9. <..::..!..[---]:—] : MalczyckiMalczycki reads:reads: ~J.298

Recto, Line 9. ~^p Yo':ji\; MalczyckiMalczycki reads:reads: AbuAbu 'Utba.'Utba.299299

Recto, Line 99.. ...A!~:J^: DefectiveDefective alif. Read:Read: .J~~. MalczyckiMalczycki reads:reads: U"'-F.300o^.300

Recto, Line 9. "'Abd'"Abd AllahAllah b.b. DInar":Dinar": 'Abd'Abd AllahAllah b.b. DInarDinar (d.(d. 744744 C.E.l127C.E./127 A.B.)A.H.)

m heardheard IbnIbn 'Umar,'Umar, AnasAnas b.b. Malik,Malik, SulaymanSulayman b.b. Yasar,Yasar, AbuAbu Salih§alih al-Saman,al-Saman, et alia.alia. 301

Sha'ba,Sha'ba, Malik,Malik, SufyanSufyan al-Thurl,al-Thuri, et alia transmittedtransmitted fromfrom 'Abd'Abd AllahAllah b.b. DInar,Dinar, whowho waswas considered a reliablereliable traditionist.traditionist.302302

1 Recto, Line 1010.. .,.)-4C:j^ : TheThe sectionsection onon "J.,.)-4C LHOi ~"w^ " inin ththee monumentalmonumental TahdhlbTahdhTb al-kamiilfial-kamal fi 'asmii''asma' al-rijiilbyYusufb.al-rijal by Yusuf b. al-ZakIal-Zakl 'Abd'Abd aI-Rahmanal-Rahman al-MizzI,al-MizzI, readsreads J..;.oc.303JJ^.303

Cf.Cf. 'Umar/''Umar/'Am Amrr distinctiondistinction withwith properproper namesnames preservedpreserved inin NabataeanNabataean inscriptions.inscriptions.304304

Ma1czyckiMalczycki reads:reads: JJ^Jyar:-.. 305

Recto, Line 10. : ReconstructedReconstructed bbyy inferenceinference frofromm thethe genealogygenealogy provideprovidedd bbyy al-MizzI.306306

Recto, Line 10. "'Umar'"Umar bb.. Shu'yabShu'yab bb.. Muhammad"Muhammad":: 'Umar'Umar b.b. Shu'yaShu'yabb bb..

MuhammadMuhammad (d.(d. 736736 C.E.1118C.E./118 A.B.)A.H. ) transmittetransmittedd from a numbenumberr ooff authorities,authorities, amongamong

307 whowhomm includincludee Sa'ISa'Idd bb.. al-Musayyibal-Musayyib,, SulaymanSulayman bb.. YasarYasar,, et alia. 307 ThoseThose whowho

298 298 IbidIbid.. z299w IbidIbid.,. ,167167.. 303000 Ibid.Ibid.,, 165165.. 303011 DhahabIDhahabl,, volvol.. 11,, 19119l.. 303022 IbidIbid..

3 3 303 YusuYusiiff bb.. al-Zakal-Zaki:i 'Ab'Abdd al-Rahmaal-Ralunann al-MizzTal-Mizzl,, TahdhTbTahdhlb al-kamalal-kamiil fifi 'asma''asmii' al-rijal,al-rijiil, volvol.. 2222 (Beirut(Beirut:: MuassasaMuassasatt al-Risalahal-Risalah,, 1980-1992)1980-1992),64-75., 64-75. 30404 GrohmannGrohmann,, World, 88-8988-89.. 305 305 MalczyckiMalczycki,, 165165.. 303066 al-MizzTa1-Mizzl,, TahdhTb,Tahdhlb, 64-75.64-75. 303077 IbidIbid.. 9911 transmittetransmittedd from 'Vmar'Umar bb.. Shu'yaShu'yabb bb.. MuhammaMuhammadd includincludee IbrahiIbrahimm b. YazlYazldd al-Khurial-Khun,,

'AHii'Atta bb.. AbAbIl RabahRabah,, et alia.alia.30830*

Recto, Line 110.O. : ReconstructeReconstructedd from al-MizzI.309al-MizzI.309

Recto, Line 10. "('Abd)"('Abd) "al-'A~>":: CfCf.. CommentsComments SectioSectionn forfor

MMss Or.P365RrSOr.P365RrS,, LinesLines 2 anandd 33..

Recto, Line 11. [[...... ] ] J^ij~ ^~I ^jij~Y-J ^.llJJJJ JL. :<^> :

MalczyckMa1czyckii readsreads:: j~ cill~ jJ.llJ 4J Jj ULal jJ U~ILSL...:J.\.310 ^L^U.310

Verso, LineLine 2.2. "With"With them"them" -- femininefeminine plural.plural.

Verso, LineLine 3.3. )...:..J*- [----]:[—]: Ma1czyckiMalczycki reads:reads: ..:l~ ..:lic.3l1^&.3H

Verso, LineLine 4.4. Lat-» ~

Verso, Line 5. LK~:>: MalczyckMa1czyckii readsreads:: {I}{>} ~.313j^.313

Verso, Line 6. 'iVJAJJ^IJ ~ji,l.Jl:: MalczyckMa1czyckii readsreads:: ^jUA1I.314

Verso, Line 6. :[:[...][— ... ][ __ ].u:] ^: MalczyckMa1czyckii reads:reads: ]..c .u.^.315315

Verso, Line 7.7. "Ofthem""Of them" - femininfemininee dualdual..

Verso, Line 8. "For"For themthem"" - femininfemininee pluralplural..

Verso, Line 8. ~: Mut'a: "temporary"temporary marriagmarriagee undeunderr strictstrict conditionsconditions,, allowedallowed iinn ththee earlearlyy parpartt ofIslam,of Islam, bubutt latelaterr cancelled.,,316cancelled."316

Verso, Line 9. o£^\~I: MalczyckMalczyckii reads:reads: (~1)(o£*^).. 313177

303088 Ibid.Ibid. 303099 Ibid. 310310 MalczyckiMalczycki,, 165165.. 311311 Ibid.Ibid. 31 2 Ibid.Ibid. 313\33 Ibid. 313144 Ibid. 313155 Ibid.Ibid. 313 166 IbnIbnAnas Anas,, 433. 3170pcit Op cit.. CONCLUSIONCONCLUSION

TheThe skepticismskepticism generategeneratedd witwithh regarregardd ttoo ththee earlearlyy IslamiIslamicc historicahistoricall traditiotraditionn hahass beebeenn saidsaid ttoo derivderivee primarilprimarilyy from ththee ververyy naturnaturee ooff ththee sourcesource materiamateriall itselfitself.. TheThe contemporarycontemporary disciplinediscipline hahass beebeenn bifurcatebifurcatedd intintoo ththee predominanpredominantt epistemic-basedepistemic-based historiographicahistoriographicall schoolsschools ooff descriptivistdescriptivistss andand revisionists.revisionists.

DescriptivDescriptivee historyhistory,, onon ththee oneone handhand,, seeksseeks ttoo accountaccount forfor ththee historicahistoricall narrativenarrative structurestructure bequeathebequeathedd bbyy ththee venerablvenerablee traditiotraditionn ofof IslamicIslamic scholarship?18scholarship.318 OnOn ththee otherother hand,hand, ththee centralcentral tastaskk ooff revisionarrevisionaryy historhistoryy iiss toto generategenerate anan optimaloptimal historicahistoricall narrativenarrative structurestructure.. ThThee resultresultss ofof revisionarrevisionaryy historhistoryy continucontinuee toto bbee ooff imporimportt inin ththee discipline.discipline.

GiveGivenn thethe methodologicamethodologicall rigourigourr andand vigorouvigorouss rhetoricarhetoricall strategystrategy ofof ththee revisionistsrevisionists,, iinn additionaddition ttoo thethe powepowerr ooff theitheirr particulaparticularr conceptuaconceptuall schemas,schemas, ththee groundbreakingroundbreakingg worksworks ooff ththee revisionisrevisionistt schoolschool remairemainn forceforcess ttoo bbee reckonereckonedd witwithh anandd continucontinuee ttoo bbee ooff substantial historicahistoricall utilityutility.. BuButt ththee laslastt qualityquality cacann onlonlyy bbee attributeattributedd ttoo thethemm becausebecause thertheree iiss anotheanotherr branbrandd ooff historhistoryy thathatt requirerequiress nnoo validatiovalidationn atat alalll beyonbeyondd thathatt ofof historicalhistorical inquiryinquiry iinn general.general. RevisionarRevisionaryy historhistoryy isis iinn effeceffectt ththee handmaidehandmaidenn ofof descriptivdescriptivee history.history.

NNoo historiahistoriann hahass eveeverr beenbeen,, forfor alalll intentintentss anandd purposespurposes,, solelysolely a descriptivisdescriptivistt oror a revisionistrevisionist..

318 Strawson'sStrawson's observationobservationss vis-it-visvis-a-vis metaphysicmetaphysicss araree cogencogentt ttoo ththee contemporarycontemporary fieldfield ofof classicalclassical IslamicIslamic historyhistory,, thereforthereforee ththee followinfollowingg expositionexposition followsfollows StrawsStrawso onn (Strawson,(Strawson, 9).9). 9393

InIn lightlight ofof thesethese considerations,considerations, thethe codicologicalcodicological methodmethod whichwhich incorporatesincorporates bothboth theorytheory andand practicepractice hashas beenbeen advanced.advanced. AsAs demonstrated,demonstrated, thethe codicologicalcodicological approachapproach isis notnot theorytheory andand practicepractice inin theorytheory alone.alone. Rather,Rather, thethe codicologicalcodicological approachapproach isis a strictlystrictly documentary-baseddocumentary-based approachapproach thatthat isis notnot concernedconcerned withwith truth-value,truth-value, nornor isis itit restrictedrestricted toto questionsquestions ofof origins.origins. UtilizingUtilizing a diachronicdiachronic framework,framework, thethe codicologicalcodicological methodmethod seeksseeks toto analyzeanalyze textstexts asas artifacts andand processes inin timetime perspective.perspective.

TheThe lacklack ofof consensusconsensus withwith respectrespect toto thethe corroborationcorroboration ofof thethe earlyearly IslamicIslamic historiographicalhistoriographical traditiontradition isis a formidableformidable impedimentimpediment toto thethe furtherancefurtherance ofof thethe historicalhistorical discipline.319319 Nonetheless, this state of affairs need not be detrimental since vast amounts discipline. Nonetheless, this state of affairs need not be detrimental since vast amounts of primary documentary evidence in the form of the Arabic literary papyri have not been of primary documentary evidence in the form of the Arabic literary papyri have not been accessed nor accounted for by the majority of practicing historians.32o accessed nor accounted for by the majority of practicing historians.320 The pUblication of the present group of papyri is directed to this end, as a The publication of the present group of papyri is directed to this end, as a contribution to the understanding of the development of the early Islamic tradition. contribution to the understanding of the development of the early Islamic tradition. Lastly, this study illustrates the fact that the judicious handling of primary source Lastly, this study illustrates the fact that the judicious handling of primary source materials, the cornerstone of textual criticism, is indispensable with regard to historical materials, the cornerstone of textual criticism, is indispensable with regard to historical reconstruction. reconstruction.

313199 HoylandHoyland,, 410-411.410-411. 323200 Ibid.Ibid. BIBLIOGRAPHYBIBLIOGRAPHY

Abbott,Abbott, Nabia.Nabia. Studies in Arabic Literary Papyri. 3 vols.vols. Chicago:Chicago: UniversityUniversity ofof Chicago,Chicago, 1957-1972.1957-1972.

Atiya,Atiya, AzizAziz S.S. "Aziz"Aziz S.S. Atiya.Atiya. Interview."Interview." Everett L. Cooley Oral History Project. Nos.Nos. 328328 andand 329.329. EditedEdited byby EverettEverett L.L. Cooley.Cooley. SaltSalt LakeLake City:City: MarriottMarriott Library,Library, 1985.1985.

Atiya,Atiya, Lola. "Arabic"Arabic PapyrusPapyrus andand PaperPaper Collection."Collection." Aziz S. AtiyaAtiya MiddleMiddle EastEast Library,Library, n.d.,n.d., http://www.lib.utah.edu/libraryinfo/dept/middleeast/papyrus/http://www.lib.utah.edu/libraryinfo/dept/middleeast/papyrus/ (15(15 MayMay 2007)2007)..

Ayoub,Ayoub, MahmoudMahmoud M.M. The Qur'anQur 'an and ItsLts Interpreters. Interpreters. VolumeVolume 1.1 . Albany:Albany : StateState UniversityUniversity ofof NewNew YorkYork Press,Press, 1984.1984.

Bakhtiar,Bakhtiar, Laleh.Laleh. Encyclopedia of Islamic Law: A Compendium of the Major Schools.Schools. Chicago:Chicago: KazKazii Publications,Publications, Inc.Inc.,, 19961996..

Beiser,Beiser, FredericFrederickk C.C. The Fate of Reason: German Philosophy from from KantKant toto Fichte. CambridgeCambridge:: HarvarHarvardd UniversitUniversityy PressPress,, 19871987..

BergBerg,, HerbertHerbert.. ReviewReview ooff The Origins of the Koran: Classic Essays on Islam's Holy Book editeeditedd bbyy IbIbnn WarraqWarraq.. Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 62:3 (1999)(1999):: 557-558557-558..

BukhariBukharl,, MuhammaMuhammadd bb.. Isma'HIsma'n.. §ahihSalim al-Bukhari.al-Bukhiirz. VolumVolumee 1.1. BeirutBeirut:: DaDarr al-Kotoal-Kotobb alal- IlmiyahIlmiyah,, 19991999..

-. The Translation of the Meanings of Sahih al-Bukhari: Arabic-English. VolumVolumee 22.. TranslateTranslatedd bbyy MuhammaMuhammadd MuhsiMuhsinn KhanKhan.. LahoreLahore:: KazKazii PublicationsPublications,, 19831983..

CroneCrone,, PatriciPatriciaa anandd MichaeMichaell CookCook.. Hagarism: The Making of the Islamic World.World. CambridgeCambridge:: CambridgCambridgee UniversitUniversityy PressPress,, 19771977..

David-WeillDavid-Weill,, JeanJean.. "Ib"Ibnn WahbWahb,, 'Ab'Abdd AllaAllahh bb.. WahWahbb bb.. MusliMuslimm al-Fihral-Fihrli al-Qurashi.al-Qurashl."" Encyclopaedia of Islam.Islam. EditeEditedd bbyy PP.. BearmanBearman,, ThTh.. BianquisBianquis,, C.EC.E.. BosworthBosworth,, EE.. vavann DonzeDonzell anandd W.PW.P.. HeinrichsHeinrichs,, 20082008,, http://www.brillonline.nl/subscriber/entry?entry==islam_SIM-340http://www.brillonline.nllsubscriber/entry?entry=islam_SIM-34033 (2(266 FebruarFebruaryy 2008)2008).. 9595

DhahabI,Dhahabi, MuhammadMuhammad ibnibn Ahmad.Ahmad. TahdhlbTahdhib siyar a 'liimlam al-nubala'. 33 Volumes.Volumes. Beirut:Beirut: Mu'assasatMu'assasat al-Risalah,al-Risalah, 19911991..

Dickinson,Dickinson, Eerik.Eerik. TheThe DevelopmentDevelopment ofof Early Early SunniteSunnite HadzthHadTth Criticism: Criticism: The The Taqdima Taqdima of of Ibn AbzAbTHatim Hatim aI-Razzal-RazT (240/854-327/938). (240/854-327/938). Leiden:Leiden : Brill,Brill, 2001.2001 .

Ess,Ess, JosephJoseph van.van. "TashbTh"Tashblh wa-TanzTh."wa-Tanzih." Encyclopaedia of Islam. EditedEdited byby P.P. Beannan,Bearman, Th.Th. Bianquis,Bianquis, c.E.C.E. Bosworth,Bosworth, E.E. vanvan DonzelDonzel andand W.P.W.P. Heinrichs,Heinrichs, 2008,2008, http://www.brillonline.nllsubscriber/entry?entry=islam_ht1p://wvvw.brillonline.nl/subscriber/entry?entry=^slam_COM-COM-1190 l 190 (26(26 FebruaryFebruary 2008).2008).

Gacek,Gacek, Adam.Adam. The Arabic Manuscript Tradition: A Glossary of Technical Terms andand Bibliography. Leiden:Leiden: Brill,Brill, 20012001..

Goldziher,Goldziher, Ignaz.Ignaz. Muslim Studies. VolumeVolume 2.2. EditedEdited byby S.M.S.M. Stem.Stern. TranslatedTranslated byby C.R.C.R. BarberBarber andand S.M.S.M. Stem.Stern. Chicago:Chicago: AldineAldine PublishingPublishing Company,Company, 1968.1968.

Grohmann,Grohmann, Adolf.Adolf. From the World ofof Arabic Arabic Papyri.Papyri. Cairo:Cairo: AI-MaarefPress,Al-Maaref Press, 1952.1952.

-.-. "The"The ProblemProblem ofof DatingDating Early Qur'ans."Qur'ans." Der Islam 3333 (1958):(1958): 213-231.213-231.

Hopkins,Hopkins, Simon.Simon. Studies in Early Arabic Grammar Based Upon PapyriPapyri DatableDatable toto Before 300 A.H./912 A.D. Oxford:Oxford: OxfordOxford UniversitUniversityy Press,Press, 1984.1984.

Hoyland,Hoyland, RobertRobert.. "New"New DocumentaryDocumentary TextTextss andand ththee EarlyEarly IslamicIslamic State."State." Bulletin of of the School ofa/Oriental Oriental and African Studies 69:369:3 (2006):(2006): 395-416.395-416.

IbnIbn al-Hajjaja1-Rajjaj,, Muslim.Muslim. al-Jami'al-JamV al-$ahm.al-§ahTh. VolumeVolume 1.1. N.p.:N.p.: n.p.n.p.,, 19111911..

-.- §ahih$ahm Muslim. VolumVolumee 1.1. TranslatedTranslated by'Abduby 'Abdull HamlHamIdd SiddIqI.§iddTqI. NeNeww Delhi:Delhi: KitabKitab BhavanBhavan,, 19771977..

IbIbnn AnasAnas,, MalikMalik.. Al-Muwatta'AI-Muwatta' al-Imam Malik: Riwayat Yahya b. Yahya al-Laythf.al-Laythi. EditeEditedd bbyy Ahmad Ratib 'Armush.Armush. BeirutBeirut:: DaDarr al-Nafa'isa1-Nafa'is,, 19771977..

-. Al-MuwattaAI-Muwatta of Imam Malik ibn Anas: The First Formulation of Islamic Law. TranslateTranslatedd bbyy AishAishaa AbdurrahmaAbdurrahmann BewleyBewley.. LondonLondon:: KegaKegann PauPaull International,International, 1989.1989.

IbIbnn HajaRajarr al-'Asqalanlal-'AsqalanI,, AhmaAhmadd ibibnn 'AH'All.. Kitab tahdhibtahdhfb al-tahdhib.al-tahdhfb. VolumVolumee 1.1. Beirut:Beirut: Dar§adrDar Sadr,, 19071907..

IbIbnn HanbalRanbal,, AhmadAhmad.. Musnad al-Imamai-Imam Ahmad b. Hanbal. VolumeVolumess 4 anandd 55.. BeirutBeirut:: alal- MaktaMaktabb al-Islamal-IslamIT lil-Taba'alil-raba'ahh wa-al-Nashrwa-al-Nashr,, 19691969..

IbIbnn KhallikanKhallikan,, AbAbuu al-'Abbaal-'Abbass AhmadAhmad.. Ibn Khallikan's Biographical Dictionary [Wafayat 9696

al-a 'yiinj.'yanj. TranslatedTranslated byby Bn.Bn. MacMac GuckinGuckin dede Slane.Slane. 4 Volumes.Volumes. Beirut:Beirut: LibrairieLibrairie duduLiban Liban,, 1970.1970.

IbnIbn Majah.Majah. $anzli§ahih Sunan Ibn Miijah.Mdjah. VolumeVolume 1.1. Beirut:Beirut: AI-MaktabAl-Maktab al-IslamI,al-IslamT, 1986.1986.

IbnIbn 'Umar'Umar al-al-TamlmlTamImI,, Sayf.Sayf. KitiibKitab al-Riddah wa-al-futuli:wa-al-futuh: wa-Kitiibwa-Kitab ai-Jamalal-Jamal wa-masir 'A'ishahA'ishah wa-wa-'AIT/ta'Iff'All / ta 'lif Sayf b. 'Umar'Umar al-al-TamimiTamimi al-Dabbial-DabbTal-Asidi; al-Asidi; taliqiqtahqiq wawa- taqdimtaqdim QiisimQasim al-Siimarrii'f.al-Samarra 7. 2 Volumes.Volumes. EditedEdited byby QasimQasim al-Samarra'I.al-Samarra'I. Leiden:Leiden: SmitskampSmitskamp OrientalOriental Antiquarium,Antiquarium, 1995.1995.

IbnIbn Wahb,Wahb, 'Abd'Abd Allah.Allah. Le Dj{lmi'DJgmi' d'Ibn Wahb. 2 Volumes.Volumes. EditedEdited byby JeanJean David-Weill.David-Weill. LeLe Caire:Caire: Imprimerie de l'Institutl'lnstitut francjlisfrancais d'archeologied'archeologie orientale,orientale, 1939-1948.1939-1948.

Jones,Jones, lM.B.J.M.B. "Ibn"Ibn Isbaq,Ishaq, MuhammadMuhammad b.b. IsbaqIshaq b.b. YasarYasar b.b. KhiyarKhiyar (according(according toto somesome sources,sources, b.b. Khabbar,Khabbar, oror Kilman,Ktiman, oror Kutan)."Kutan)." Encyclopaedia of Islam. EditedEdited byby P.P. Bearman,Bearman, Th.Th. Bianquis,Bianquis, C.E.C.E. Bosworth,Bosworth, E.E. vanvan DonzelDonzel andand W.P.W.P. Heinrichs,Heinrichs, 2008,2008, http://www.brillonline.nl/subscriber/entry?entry=islam_SIM-3222http://ww.brillonline.nl/subscriber/entry?entry^slam_SIM-3222 (26(26 FebruaryFebruary 2008).2008).

Juynboll,Juynboll, G.H.A.G.H.A. "Abu"Abu Hurayra."Hurayra." Encyclopaedia of Islam. 3rdrd Edition.Edition. EditedEdited byby GudrunGudrun Kramer,Kramer, DenisDenis Matringe,Matringe, Jo1mJohn NawasNawas andand EverettEverett Rowson,Rowson, 20082008,, http://www.brillonline.nllsubscriber/entry?entry=ei3_SIM-0175http ://www.brillonline.nl/subscriber/entry?entry=ei3_SIM-0175 (2(266 FebruarFebruaryy 2008)2008)..

Landau-Landau-TasseronTasseron,, EllaElla.. "Sayf"Sayf IbnIbn 'Uma'Umarr iinn MedievaMedievall anandd ModerModemn Scholarship."Scholarship." Der Islam 6767 (1990):(1990): 1-26.1-26.

Lane,Lane, EdwarEdwardd WilliamWilliam.. Arabic-English Lexicon. VolVol.. 1,1, ParPartt 77.. NeNeww York:York: FrederickFrederick UngaUngarr PublishinPublishingg Co.Co.,, 19561956..

Malczycki,Malczycki, WilliaWilliamm MatthewsMatthews.. "Literary"Literary PapyrPapyrii frofromm ththee UniversityUniversity ofof UtaUtahh ArabicArabic PapyruPapyruss anandd PapePaperr Collection.Collection."" Ph.DPh.D.. diss.diss.,, UniversitUniversityy ooff UtahUtah,, 20062006..

al-Misrial-Misri,, AhmaAhmadd bb.. NaqibNaqib.. Reliance of the Traveller: A Classic Manual of Islamic Sacred Law f'Umdat[,Umdat al-salikj.al-siilikJ. EditeEditedd anandd translatetranslatedd bbyy NuNuhh HHaa MiMimm Keller.Keller. EvanstonEvanston,, IllinoisIllinois:: SunnSunnaa BooksBooks,, 19911991..

al-MizzIal-MizzI,, YusuYusufb.f b. al-Zakal-ZakIi 'Ab'Abdd al-Rahmanal-Rabman.. FahdrisFahiiris tuhfattulifat al-ashrdfal-ashriifbi-ma bi-ma 'rifatrifat al-al atraf.atriif VolumVolumee 22.. BeirutBeirut:: Mu'assasaMu'assasatt al-Kutual-Kutubb at-Thaqafiyaat-Thaqaflya,, 19901990..

-. Tahdhib al-kamalal-kamiilfi ft 'asma''asmii' al-rijal.al-rijiil. 3355 VolumesVolumes.. BeirutBeirut:: MuassasaMuassasatt al-Risalahal-Risalah,, 1980-19921980-1992..

MotzkiMotzki,, HaraldHarald.. "Th"Thee MusannafMu.yannafof of 'Ab'Abdd al-Razzaal-Razzaqq al-§an'anal-$an'anIl aass a SourcSourcee ooff AuthentiAuthenticc ahadithaliiidith ooff ththee FirsFirstt CenturCenturyy A.A.H."H " Journal of Near Eastern Studies 5500 (1991)(1991):: 11-- 2121.. 9797

NothNoth,, AlbrechtAlbrecht.. "Common"Comrnon FeatureFeaturess ooff MusliMuslimm andand WesterWesternn HadTthHadfth Criticism:Criticism : IbnIbn al al- Jawzl'JawzI'ss CategoriesCategories ofof HadTthHadfth Forgers." Forgers." InIn Hadfth. HadTth. EditedEdited by by Harald Harald Motzki. Motzki . BurlingtonBurlington:: Ashgate/VariorumAshgateNariorum,, 20042004:: 309-316309-316..

Pellat,Pellat, ChCh.. "QaHida"Qatada bb.. Di'amDi'amaa bb.. QatadaQatada al-Sadusl,al-SadusT, AbAbuu al-Khattab."al-Khattab." Encyclopaedia of Islam. EditeEditedd bbyy PP.. BearmanBearman,, ThTh.. BianquisBianquis,, C.EC.E.. BosworthBosworth,, EE.. vavann DonzelDonzel anandd W.PW.P.. HeinrichsHeinrichs,, 20082008,, http://www.brillonline.nhttp://www.brillonline.nllsubscriber/y subscriber/^ entry?^ entry=islam_ SIM -401414 (2(266 FebruarFebruaryy 2008)2008)..

PenricePenrice,, JohnJohn.. A Dictionary and Glossary of the Kor-dn,Kor-an, with Copious Grammatical References and Explanations of the Text. Cambridge:Cambridge: Schoenhof,Schoenhof, 19951995..

PickthallPickthall,, MuhammaMuhammadd MM.. The Glorious Qur'an. NeNeww YorkYork:: TahrikTahrikee TarsilTarsilee Qur'anQur'an Inc.Inc.,, 1992.1992.

PlessnerPlessner,, MM.. "Muqatil"Muqatil bb.. SulaymanSulayman bb.. BashlrBashlr al-Azdal-Azdli al-Khurasanal-Khurasanli al-Balkhl."al-Balkhl." Encyclopaedia of Islam. EditedEdited bbyy PP.. Bearman,Bearman, Th.Th. Bianquis,Bianquis, C.EC.E.. BosworthBosworth,, EE.. vavann DonzelDonzel andand W.PW.P.. HeinrichsHeinrichs,, 20082008,, http://www.brillonline.nl/subscriber/entry?entry=islam_SIM-546http://www.brillonline.nllsubscriber/entry?entry=islam_ SIM -54611 (2(266 FebruaryFebruary 2008).2008).

RavenRaven,, W.W. "Sa'ld"Sa'Id bb.. AbAbli Aruba.ArUba."" Encyclopaedia of Islam. EditedEdited bbyP.y P. BearmanBearman,, Th.Th. Bianquis,Bianquis, C.EC.E.. BosworthBosworth,, EE.. vavann DonzelDonzel anandd W.P.W.P. Heinrichs,Heinrichs, 20082008,, http://www.brillonline.nl/subscriber/entryhttp://www.brillonline.nllsubscriber/entry?entry=islam_SIM-6482?entry=islam_SIM-6482 (2(266 FebruaryFebruary 2008)2008)..

al-Razl,al-RazI, FakhFakhrr al-DIaI-DInn MuhammaMuhammadd bb.. 'Umar'Umar.. al-TaJsfral-TafsTr al-Kabfr.al-KabTr. VolumesVolumes 55 andand 6.6 . BeirutBeirut:: DaDarr al-Kotobal-Kotob al-Ilmiyah,al-Ilmiyah, 20002000..

RitterRitter,, HH.. "tiasan"Hasan alal-- BasilBa~rl,, AbAbuu Sa'ldSa'Id bb.. AbAbli al-tiasanal-Hasan YasaYasarr al-Basral-Ba~rll (211642-1101728)."(21/642-110/728)." Encyclopaedia of Islam. EditedEdited bbyy PP.. BearmanBearman,, Th.Th. Bianquis,Bianquis, C.E.C.E. BosworthBosworth,, EE.. vavann DonzeDonzell anandd W.PW.P.. HeinrichsHeinrichs,, 20082008,, htthttp://www.brillonline.nllsubscriber/p ://www.brillonline.nl/subscriber/entry?entry=islam_COM-027 entry? entry=islam_ COM -02733 (26(26 FebruaryFebruary 2008)2008)..

RosenthalRosenthal,, FranzFranz.. "Ibn"Ibn Lahl'aLahl'a,, 'Abd'Abd AllaAllahh bb.. Lahl'abLahl'a b.. 'Uqba.'Uqba."" Encyclopaedia of Islam. Islam. EditeEditedd bbyP.y P. Bearman,Bearman, Th.Th. Bianquis,Bianquis, C.EC.E.. BosworthBosworth,, EE.. vavann DonzeDonzell andand W.PW.P.. HeinrichsHeinrichs,, 20082008,, http://www.brillonline.nllsubscriber/entry?entry=islamhttp://www.brillonline.nl/subscriber/entry?entry=islam_SIM_ SIM-- 32693269 (2(266 FebruaryFebruary 2008)2008)..

Samji,Samji, Karim.Karim. "The"The HistorHistoryy ofof ththee PhilologicaPhilologicall MethoMethodd ofIgnazof Ignaz Goldziher."Goldziher." UnpublisheUnpublishedd GraduatGraduatee SeminarSeminar ResearcResearchh PaperPaper,, UniversitUniversityy ooff UtahUtah,, 20072007..

Schacht,Schacht, JosephJoseph.. "A"A ReevaluatioReevaluationn oofIslamicf Islamic Traditions."Traditions." Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society (1949):(1949): 143-54.143-54. 9988

Sijpesteijn,Sijpesteijn, Petra.Petra. "North"North AmericanAmerican PapyruPapyruss CollectionsCollections Revisited.Revisited."" Bardiyyat 1 (2003):(2003) : 11-19.11-19.

- . "Shaping"Shaping a MusliMuslimm State:State: PapyrPapyrii RelateRelatedd ttoo a Mid-eighth-centurMid-eighth-centuryy EgyptianEgyptian Official."Official." Ph.DPh.D.. diss.diss.,, PrincetoPrincetonn UniversityUniversity,, 20042004..

Spectorsky,Spectorsky, SusanSusan AA.. "Tabi'un"Tabi'un (a.)(a.) (sing(sing., tabtabii oror tabil).tabiI )."" Encyclopaedia of Islam. EditedEdited bbyy PP.. Bearman,Bearman, ThTh.. Bianquis,Bianquis, C.EC.E.. BosworthBosworth,, EE.. vavann DonzeDonzell anandd W.PW.P.. HeinrichsHeinrichs,, 2008,2008, http://www.brillonline.nVhttp://www.brillonline.nl/subscriber/entry?entry==islam_SIM-725 subscriber/entry? entry=islam_ SIM- 72599 (26(26 FebruaryFebruary 2008)2008)..

Strawson,Strawson, P.F.P.F. Individuals: An Essay in Descriptive Metaphysics. LondonLondon:: MethuenMethuen & CCoo Ltd.Ltd.,, 19591959.. al-Tabarlal-rabarI,, AbuAbu Ja'far.Ja'far. Til'rzkhTa 'rikh al-rusulal-rusul wa-al-mulUk.wa-al-muluk. TranslatedTranslated andand annotatedannotated byby FredFred MM.. Donner.Dormer. The Conquest of Arabia. AlbanyAlbany:: StateState UniversitUniversityy ooff NeNeww YorkYork PressPress,, 19931993..

VecciaVeccia VaglieriVaglieri,, LL.. '"AI'''AllT bb.. AbAbIi ralib."Talib." Encyclopaedia of Islam. EditedEdited bbyy PP.. Bearman,Bearman, ThTh.. BianquisBianquis,, C.E.C.E. BosworthBosworth,, E.E. vavann DonzeDonzell anandd W.PW.P.. HeinrichsHeinrichs,, 20082008,, http://www.brillonline.nl/subscriber/entry?entry==islam_COM-004http://www.brillonline.nV subscriber/entry? entry=islam_ COM-0046 6 (26(26 FebruaryFebruary 2008)2008)..

Vida,Vida, GG.. LeviLevi DeliDellaa andand MichaeMichaell BonnerBonner.. "'Uma'''Umarr (I)(I) bb.. al-Khattab.al-Khattab."" Encyclopaedia of Islam. EditeEditedd bbyy PP.. BearmanBearman,, Th.Th. BianquisBianquis,, C.E.C.E. BosworthBosworth,, EE.. vavann DonzelDonzel anandd W.PW.P.. Heinrichs,Heinrichs, 20082008,, http://www.brillonline.nl/subscriber/entry?entry=islam_STM-770http://www.brillonline.nVsubscriber/entry?entry=islam_ SIM-77077 (2(266 FebruaryFebruary 2008)2008)..

Watt,Watt, W.W. MontgomeryMontgomery.. '''A'isha'"A'isha BinBintt AbAbIi Bakr."Bakr." Encyclopaedia of Islam. EditeEditedd bbyy PP.. Bearman,Bearman, ThTh.. BianquisBianquis,, C.EC.E.. BosworthBosworth,, EE.. vavann DonzeDonzell andand W.PW.P.. HeinrichsHeinrichs,, 20082008,, http://www.brillonline.nVsubscriber/http ://www.brillonline.nl/subscriber/entry?entry=islam_SIM-044entry? entry=islam_ SIM -04400 (26(26 FebruaryFebruary 2008).2008).

WehrWehr,, HansHans.. A Dictionary of Modern Written Arabic (Arabic-English).(Arabic-English). EditedEdited byby J.J. MiltoMiltonn Cowan.Cowan. 4th4th ed.ed. UrbanaUrbana,, IllinoisIllinois:: OttOttoo HarrassowitzHarrassowitz KGKG,, 19941994..

Yusuf'AllYusuf 'All,, 'Abdullah.'Abdullah. The Holy Qur-an: Text, Translation and Commentary. 3rdrd ed.ed. VolumVolumee 1.1. BeirutBeirut:: PrintinPrintingg Production,Production, 19651965..

--. The Meaning of the Holy Qur'an. 10thth eded.. MarylandMaryland:: AmanAmanaa PublicationsPublications,, 19991999..

Zeitlin,Zeitlin, IrvinIrvingg MM.. The Historical Muhammad. CambridgeCambridge:: PolitPolityy PressPress,, 20072007..