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Chapter 7 Overview of the Transportation Sector

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Chapter 7 Overview of the Transportation Sector The Survey Program for the National Transport Development Plan in the Republic of the Union of Myanmar Final Report Chapter 7 Overview of the Transportation Sector 7.1 Road Infrastructure Sector 7.1.1 Road Network (1) Network of Corridors The Department of Public Works (PW) in the Ministry of Construction (MOC) is the main implementation body for trunk road and bridge construction in Myanmar. PW has developed a 30-year highway development plan that includes six 5-year plans and explains the strategy and implementation activities for the future development of the highway network. PW places a high priority on certain segments of the highway network that link into the regional network, namely, the Asian Highway, ASEAN Highway, GMS Economic Corridor, GMS Highway and Thai-Myanmar-India Tripartite highways. PW expects that further development of these network segments will accelerate the country’s economic growth by encouraging international trade with neighboring counties. Within Myanmar, the expressway connecting three major growth centers (Yangon, Nay Pyi Taw, and Mandalay) is not integrated into the regional road network, though it will play an important role in strengthening the Central North – South corridor. As of 2013, the total road length in Myanmar reaches approximately 150,000 km, as shown in Figure 7.1. 7-1 The Survey Program for the National Transport Development Plan in the Republic of the Union of Myanmar Final Report Source: JICA Study Team Figure 7.1 Road Networks 7-2 The Survey Program for the National Transport Development Plan in the Republic of the Union of Myanmar Final Report Table 7.1 Length of Regional Highway Networks Asian Highway Network No. Section Length (km) AH1 Myawaddy - Payagyi - Yangon - Meiktila - Mandalay – Tamu 1,665 AH2 Tachileik - Kengtung - Meiktila - Mandalay – Tamu 807 AH3 Mongla – Kengtung 93 AH14 Muse - Lashio – Mandalay 453 Total 3,018 ASEAN Highway Network No. Section Length (km) AH1 Myawaddy - Payagyi - Yangon - Meiktila - Mandalay – Tamu 1,665 AH2 Tachileik - Kengtung - Meiktila - Mandalay – Tamu 807 AH3 Mongla – Kengtung 93 AH14 Muse - Lashio – Mandalay 453 AH 111 Thibaw – Loilem 239 Thaton – Mawlamyine - Thanbyuzayat – Ye – Dawei – Lehnya - Khamaukgyi, AH 112 1,145 Lehnya - Khong Loy AH 123 Dawei - Maesamee Pass 141 Total 4,543 GMS Highway No. Section Length (km) R3 Tachilek – Kengtung- Mailar (overlap with AH2 and AH3) 257 R4 Lashio – Muse (overlap with AH14) 176 R5 Kengtung – Loinlin –Thibaw- Lashio (overlap with AH2, AH14 and AH111) 666 Total 1,099 Tri-Partite Highway Route No. Section Length (km) Tamu - Kalaywa - Chaungma - Lingadaw - Pakokku - Theegone - Naypyitaw - 1,285 Payagyi - Thaton - Hpaan – Myawaddy Source: Department of Public Works, Ministry of Construction (MOC) Table 7.2 GMS Economic Corridor GMS Economic Corridor Corridor Name Section Myanmar North-South Corridor Kunming – Bangkok Yes East-West Corridor Mawlamyine – Danang Yes Southern Corridor Dawei – Quy Nhan/Vung Tau Yes Northern Corridor Gangheng – Tamu Yes Western Corridor Tamu – Mawlamyine Yes Central Corridor Kunming- Sihanoukville / Sattahip No Eastern Corridor Kunming – Ho Chi Minh City No Southern Coastal Corridor Bangkok – Nam Can No Northeastern Corridor Nanning – Bangkok – Laem Chabang No Source: Asian Development Bank 7.1.2 Bridges There are about 500 bridges in Myanmar that have lengths longer than 54m and a great many more shorter span bridges, according to information available as of July 2012. The exact number of bridges is unknown as there is currently no accurate government inventory of bridges or roads. Myanmar’s bridges are designed, constructed and maintained by PW directly, while private 7-3 The Survey Program for the National Transport Development Plan in the Republic of the Union of Myanmar Final Report companies under BOT schemes operate some trunk roads. Regional technical and financial support for Myanmar’s bridge infrastructure began with JICA’s Bridge Engineering Training Center Project (BETC), implemented from 1969 to 1975. This support contributed to the technical capacity of PW staff and increased the number of bridge engineers in Myanmar. During the period of economic sanctions on Myanmar, several bridges, including the portable Bailey bridges, were constructed with Chinese and Indian technical and financial support. Table 7.3 Bridges on Major River No. Name Span (feet) Type of Bridge River Ayeyarwady 1 Innwa Bridge (Sagaing) 3,960 Steel Truss 2 Nawaday Bridge 4,183 Steel Truss 3 Maubin Bridge 2,362 Steel Truss+ RCC 4 Bala Min Htin Bridge 2,688 Steel Truss 5 Bo Myat Htun Bridge 8,544 Steel Truss 6 Anawrahtar Bridge 5,192 Steel Truss 7 Ayeyarwady Bridge (Magway) 8,989 Steel Truss+ PC+RCC 8 Dadaye Bridge 4,088 Steel Truss+ RC 9 Ayeyarwady Bridge (Yadanarpon) 5,641 Steel Truss 10 Ayeyarwady Bridge (Nyaungdone) 7,402 Steel Truss 11 Ayeyarwady Bridge (Pakokku) 11,431 Steel Truss 12 Ayeyarwady Bridge (Sinkhan) 3,215 Steel Truss+ PC+RCC River Sittaung 13 Sittaung Bridge (Theinzayat) 2,320 Steel Truss 14 Sittaung Bridge (Taungngu-Mawchi-Loikaw) 680 CH Steel Girder 15 Sittaung Bridge (Shwe Kyin-Madauk) 1,500 PC+RCC 16 Sittaung Bridge (Mokepalin) 2,393 Steel Truss+ Plate Girder + RC 17 Sittaung Bridge (Natthankwin) 720 Steel Truss River Thanlwin 18 Kwan Lon Bridge 789 Steel Suspension 19 Tar Kaw Bridge 780 Steel Truss 20 Thanlwin Bridge (Hpa An) 2,252 Steel Truss 21 Thanlwin Bridge (Tarsan) 900 Suspension 22 Thanlwin Bridge (Mawlamyine) 11,575 Steel Truss+ PC+RCC 23 Thanlwin Bridge (Tarpar) 600 Steel Suspension 24 Thanlwin Bridge (Tarkaw At) 600 Bailey River Chindwin 25 Shinphyushin Bridge 4,957 Steel Truss 26 Chindwin Bridge (Monywa) 4,730 Steel Truss Source: Department of Public Works, Ministry of Construction (MOC) 7-4 The Survey Program for the National Transport Development Plan in the Republic of the Union of Myanmar Final Report 7.1.3 Sector Funding (1) Road and Bridge Budgeting Construction of the main roads and bridges in Myanmar is budgeted by the central government, based on the national annual budgetary plan, with funds generated from tax levies on fuel, vehicles, etc. Other countries, including Japan, allocate funding specifically for road and bridge construction. The planned and actual expenditure for road and bridge construction and maintenance between 2005 and 2013 is shown in Table 7.4 and Table 7.5. Between 2005 and 2009, the level of infrastructure expenditure was approximately 100 billion Kyat, though after 2010 it increased sharply, reaching about 600 billion Kyat in 2012/2013 (Figure 7.2). Since then, it has decreased and the planned budget for 2013/14 is approximately 355 billion Kyat. The planned road and bridge budget of 355 billion Kyat for 2013/14 is comprised of road construction (40%), bridge construction (25%), and infrastructure maintenance (35%). Table 7.4 Planned Budget for Road and Bridge Development (billion Kyat) Plan 2005-2006 2006-2007 2007-2008 2008-2009 2009-2010 Road construction 35.216 49.187 49.167 52.233 101.398 Bridge construction 52.625 32.772 35.446 27.248 54.154 Maintenance 21.359 34.813 24.413 35.115 56.139 Total 109.201 116.772 109.026 114.596 211.692 Plan 2010-2011 2011-2012 2012-2013 2013-2014 Road construction 173.872 305.111 238.819 143.931 Bridge construction 113.188 204.482 181.787 92.396 Maintenance 42.296 87.154 103.292 118.243 Total 329.355 596.748 523.899 354.570 Source: Department of Public Works, Ministry of Construction (MOC) Table 7.5 Actual Budget for Road and Bridge Development (billion Kyat) Actual 2005-2006 2006-2007 2007-2008 2008-2009 2009-2010 Road construction 35.164 48.430 47.030 51.546 101.615 Bridge construction 52.300 33.297 33.780 27.549 53.703 Maintenance 14.787 23.984 15.712 27.597 26.597 Total 102.252 105.712 96.521 106.692 181.915 Actual 2010-2011 2011-2012 2012-2013 2013-2014 Road construction 173.872 179.175 303.907 238.701 Bridge construction 113.188 107.802 205.110 168.077 Maintenance 42.296 27.740 87.154 103.292 Total 329.355 314.717 596.171 510.070 Source: Department of Public Works, Ministry of Construction (MOC) 7-5 The Survey Program for the National Transport Development Plan in the Republic of the Union of Myanmar Final Report (Billion Kyat) (Year) Source: Department of Public Works, Ministry of Construction (MOC) Figure 7.2 Actual Budget for Road and Bridge (2) Private Sector Involvement The private sector has been an active player in Myanmar’s road and bridge sector and is an important source of financing. These businesses collect fees and conduct occasional maintenance work on nearly 400 tollgates on major roads and bridges. These toll fees are obtained through “auctions” (called laylan in the Myanmar language) or Build, Operation and Transfer (BOT) activities and are the main sources of financing for bridge and road operations. Under the “auction” scheme, PW outsources toll fee collection to a company, but maintains responsibility for the maintenance work, which is financed by PW’s budget. In the case of BOT, private companies are responsible for construction (or rehabilitation) of road and/or bridge sections with their own resources, and later recover this investment and generate profit from toll fees. Table 7.6 Type and Responsible Body for Operations and Maintenance Responsible body Type of O&M Toll collection Maintenance Operation PW PW PW PW Auction Private PW PW BOT Private Private Private Source: Department of Public Works, Ministry of Construction (MOC) 7.1.4 Ongoing Projects and Actions Myanmar’s priority road, bridge and rehabilitation projects were presented by PW at the International Development Cooperation Forum in January 2013 and are summarized below. (1) Priority Road Projects Priority road projects include seven rehabilitation or new construction projects that share design features, such as a narrower cross section (12 feet) and bituminous treated surfaces.
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