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Dua Suara Nasionalisme Dalam Surat Kabar Sin Po: Tiongkok Dan Indonesia (1917 – 1942)

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Dua Suara Nasionalisme Dalam Surat Kabar Sin Po: Tiongkok Dan Indonesia (1917 – 1942) Dua Suara Nasionalisme dalam Surat Kabar Sin Po: Tiongkok dan Indonesia (1917 – 1942) Tiya Destiyani, Didik Pradjoko Program Studi Ilmu Sejarah Fakultas Ilmu Pengetahuan Budaya E-mail: [email protected] Abstrak Studi ini membahas isu-isu dilematik dalam pemberitaan surat kabar Sin Po, salah satu surat kabar milik Tionghoa peranakan yang berorientasi nasionalisme Tiongkok. Studi ini mengambil periodisasi tahun 1917 – 1942. Tahun 1917 adalah tahun ketika pertama kali Sin Po memainkan peran dalam bidang politik dengan menyelenggarakan Konferensi Semarang untuk membahas masalah keikutsertaan orang Tionghoa di Hinda Belanda dalam Volksraad. Sedangkan tahun 1942 merupakan tahun runtuhnya pemerintahan kolonial Belanda di Indonesia dan digantikan oleh pemerintahan Jepang yang kemudian menutup semua surat kabar Tionghoa peranakan, termasuk surat kabar Sin Po. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa surat kabar Sin Po memiliki sikap mendua dalam menyikapi pergerakan kebangsaan di Indonesia. Di satu sisi, surat kabar Sin Po berorientasi nasionalisme Tiongkok, namun di sisi lain Sin Po turut mendukung dan menyokong kemerdekaan Indonesia melalui gagasan-gagasan dalam pemberitaannya. Menurut Sin Po, bangsa Indonesia memiliki nasib yang sama dengan negeri leluhur mereka yakni Tiongkok. Kedua bangsa tersebut merupakan bangsa yang pernah mengalami penjajahan bangsa asing. Selain itu, nasionalisme Tiongkok memiliki hubungan dengan nasionalisme Indonesia karena keduanya merupakan bagian dari nasionalisme Asia ajaran Sun Yat Sen yang menganggap kolonialisme dan imperialisme sebagai musuh bersama, maka wajarlah jika surat kabar Sin Po bersimpati terhadap pergerakan nasional Indonesia. Penelitian ini juga memperlihatkan adanya tiga orientasi dalam suratkabar-suratkabar Tionghoa peranakan dalam menyikapi pergerakan-pergerakan kebangsaan di Indonesia. Two Sounds of Nationalism on Sin Po: China and Indonesia (1917 – 1942) Abstract This study discusses dilematic issues on one of newspaper that oriented to Peranakan Chinese nationalism, Sin Po. This study took periodization from 1917 to 1942. 1917 is the year when Sin Po for the first time played role in politics by organizing Semarang Conference which aimed to discuss the participation of the Indonesian Chinese on Volksraad. While 1942 is the year of the collapse of the Dutch colonial rule in Indonesia and was replaced by the Japanese government which banned all the Peranakan Chinese’s newspaper, including Sin Po. The results of this study indicate that Sin Po had an ambiguous attitude in dealing with Indonesian nationalist movement. On the one hand, Sin Po was oriented to Chinese nationalism, but on the other hand Sin Po also supported the independence of Indonesia through the news on it. According to Sin Po, Indonesia had the same fate with their ancestral land, China. Both nation was a nation that had experiences on being a colony of other nations. In addition, Chinese nationalism was similar to Indonesia’s which both of them inspired by the nationalism by Sun Yat Sen who considered colonialism and imperialism as enemies, so it was clear why Sin Po gave sympathy to Indonesian national movement. The study also shows there are three kinds of orientation of Peranakan’s newspaper in addressing national movement in Indonesia. 1 Dua Suara ..., Tiya Destiyani, FIB UI, 2016 Keywords: Press; newspapers; Sin Po; Chinese; movement; nationalism. Pendahuluan Dalam sejarah perjuangan Indonesia, pers memberikan peranan yang sangat besar, mulai dari masa pergerakan hingga upaya mempertahankan kemerdekaan. Dunia pers Indonesia dalam sejarahnya senantiasa berdampingan dengan gerakan kebangkitan nasional atau bahkan merupakan sebagian dari gerakan kebangsaan itu sendiri. Untuk dapat memahami fungsi surat kabar di Indonesia dewasa ini, kesejajaran sejarah pers dengan pergerakan- pergerakan nasionalis dan harapan masyarakat luas bahwa pers harus tetap memainkan peranan dalam pembangunan nasional, harus dapat dihayati lebih dulu.1 Sejak akhir abad ke- 19, semakin banyak pers tumbuh yang kehadirannya mewakili semangat zamannya, bahwa pers menjadi alat untuk memberikan penerangan lalu menjadi corong suara dan pergerakan. Pers-pers ini makin berkembang terutama setelah dekade pertama abad ke-20, dan mencapai puncaknya bahkan menyurut pada dekade 1930-an, ketika pemerintah kolonial memadamkan pemberontakan komunis tahun 1926.2 Surat kabar Sin Po merupakan salah satu pers milik Tionghoa peranakan yang lahir pada masa pergerakan kebangsaan di Indonesia, serta merupakan surat kabar yang akan dibahas dalam penelitian ini. Sin Po adalah surat kabar yang unik, yakni memiliki orientasi nasionalisme Tiongkok namun mendukung kemerdekaan Indonesia. Penelitian ini tidak akan banyak berkutat pada suatu peristiwa tetapi lebih menitikberatkan pada pemberitaan surat kabar Sin Po, karena tema sejarah pers penting untuk ditulis agar kita bisa mendapati suatu gambaran utuh tentang masa lalu. Pers yang lahir pada masa revolusi tentu amat kental menyuarakan perjuangan untuk mewujudkan cita-cita proklamasi yang telah dikumandangkan.3 Namun, dibandingkan dengan pers Indonesia, pers Tionghoa telah muncul terlebih dahulu. Orang-orang Tionghoa4 telah 1 Don Michael Flournoy, Analisa Isi Suratkabar Suratkabar Indonesia (Yogyakarta: Gadjah Mada University Press, 1989), hlm. 5. 2 Ahmat Adam, Sejarah Awal Pers dan Kebangkitan Kesadaran Keindonesiaan (Yogyakarta: PT Pustaka Pelajar, 2003), hlm. xvi. 3Samuel Pandjaitan, Kesaksian Perdjoengan Pena Jilid I (Jakarta: Yayasan Sumber Agung, 2005), hlm. 8. 4 Dalam tulisan ini menggunakan istilah Tionghoa untuk merujuk kepada warga negara Indonesia keturunan Tiongkok. Tionghoa atau Tionghwa, adalah istilah yang dibuat sendiri oleh orang keturunan Tiongkok di Indonesia, yang berasal dari kata zhonghua dalam Bahasa Mandarin. Zhonghua dalam dialek Hokkian dilafalkan sebagai Tionghoa. Penggunaan kata Tionghoa pertama kali digunakan setelah terbentuknya organisasi etnis Tionghoa yakni Tiong Hoa Hwe Koan (THHK) pada tahun 1900. Tionghoa ini pun menjadi kata yang baku 2 Dua Suara ..., Tiya Destiyani, FIB UI, 2016 menerbitkan dan memanfaatkan pers sebagai media yang efektif untuk membela kepentingan politik dan sosial mereka. Keberadaan orang Tionghoa di Indonesia menimbulkan polemik tersendiri dalam usaha konsolidasi sebagai satu bangsa Indonesia. Para penguasa dari zaman pemerintahan kolonial hingga Orde Baru sering kali memanfaatkan mereka demi mempertahankan kekuasaan. Hal ini disebabkan karena orang Tionghoa memiliki karakter yang khas seperti begitu kuat dalam persaudaraan dan budaya, juga kecakapan dalam bidang ekonomi. Selain itu, minimnya informasi tentang keterlibatan dan sumbangan masyarakat Tionghoa yang berhubungan dengan berdirinya negara Indonesia merupakan hal yang sampai saat ini membuat mereka mendapatkan perlakuan diskriminasi dari masyarakat pribumi karena tidak dianggap sebagai bagian dari bangsa Indonesia. Bahkan gambaran umum mengenai golongan Tionghoa di Indonesia yang ada selama ini adalah stigma bahwa golongan Tionghoa merupakan “binatang ekonomi” yang bersifat opurtunis, tidak memiliki loyalitas politik, tidak nasionalis, dan hanya memikirkan kepentingan diri sendiri. Namun bila ditinjau lebih dalam, selain masyarakat pribumi, orang-orang Tionghoa juga turut andil dalam pergerakan melawan penjajahan Belanda pada masa pergerakan nasional. Berkaitan dengan masalah nasionalisme khususnya dalam usaha mencapai kemerdekaan, benarkah bahwa orang Tionghoa tidak memiliki rasa nasionalisme? Penelitian ini akan mencoba menempatkan orang Tionghoa berkaitan dengan kontribusinya dalam perjuangan mencapai kemerdekaan negara Republik Indonesia. Untuk menjawab persoalan tersebut, maka gagasan dan pemberitaan yang diterbitkan oleh surat kabar Sin Po dalam berita hariannya perlu diangkat dan diketahui karena dari situlah akan diperoleh gambaran yang lebih lengkap mengenai bagaimana sebenarnya bentuk kontribusi orang Tionghoa dalam usaha mencapai kemerdekaan Indonesia, serta faktor-faktor apa saja yang mempengaruhinya. Sebelum membahas mengenai gagasan dan pemberitaan dari surat kabar Sin Po tersebut, terlebih dahulu akan dijelaskan sejarah masyarakat Tionghoa di Indonesia hingga berdirinya organisasi-organisasi Tionghoa yang disertai dengan lahirnya surat kabar Tionghoa pada akhir abad ke-19 hingga awal abad ke-20 untuk menggambarkan suasana zaman yang melatarbelakangi gagasan dan pemberitaan yang diterbitkan oleh Sin Po. pada masa pergerakan nasional. Lihat Yusuf Liem, Prasangka terhadap Etnis Cina: Sebuah Intisari Evaluasi 33 Tahun di Bawah Rezim Soeharto (Jakarta: Djambatan, 2000), hlm. xxix – xxx. 3 Dua Suara ..., Tiya Destiyani, FIB UI, 2016 Metode Penelitian Untuk dapat menjelaskan keikutsertaan orang Tionghoa dalam pergerakan kebangsaan di Indonesia yang ditinjau berdasarkan pemberitaan surat kabar Sin Po, maka penulis menggunakan metode sejarah untuk merekonstruksi sebuah kisah sejarah tentang berlangsungnya pemberitaan Sin Po mengenai pergerakan kebangsaan di Indonesia tersebut. Metode sejarah yaitu proses menganalisa sumber-sumber sejarah secara kritis melalui empat tahapan. Tahapan yang pertama adalah heuristik atau pengumpulan data. Upaya ini dilakukan untuk menemukan sumber-sumber tertulis melalui studi kepustakaan yang meliputi dokumentasi maupun hasil-hasil penelitian yang telah dilakukan. Sasaran utama dalam penelitian ini adalah sumber primer seperti arsip, surat kabar, dan naskah-naskah. Sumber primer yang penulis temukan untuk penelitian ini adalah surat kabar Sin Po tahun 1917
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