TSUDA Koji TSUDA Koji is an Associate Professor at the Department of Cultural Anthropology, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, the University of Tokyo. He obtained a Ph.D. (Anthropology) from the University of Tokyo in 2008. His expertise is in the ethnography of contemporary ethnic Chinese societies in Southeast Asia, especially in Indonesia, and currently his research scope is broadened to include historical experiences of the same societies. His publications include: “The Legal and Cultural Status of Chinese Temples in ‘ Contemporary Java,” Asian Ethnicity 13(4): 389-398 (2012), “Systematizing Chinese ’ ‘ ’ Religion : The Challenges of Three-teaching Organizations in Contemporary Indonesia,” DORISEA Working Paper Series (18): 1-15 (2015), The Ethnography of “Chineseness”: Fieldwork in a Local Town in Indonesia in the Era of Changing Order (Sekaishisosha, 2011) [『「華人性」の民族誌―体制転換期インドネシアの地方 都市のフィールドから』( 世界思想社 , 2011)]. His recent co-edited works include: A Japanese Encyclopedia of the Chinese Overseas (Maruzen Publishing, 2017) [『華 僑華人の事典』( 丸善出版 , 2017)] , Nation and Heroes: The Dynamism of Modern Indonesian Society (Mokuseisha, 2017) [『「国家英雄」が映すインドネシア』( 木犀 - I - 社 , 2017)], Describing “Something Chinese”: Anthropological Analysis based on an Action-Centered Approach (Fukyosha, 2016) [『「華人」という描線―行為実践の 場からの人類学的アプローチ』 ( 風響社 , 2016)]. - II - Contents Abstract..................................................................................................... 1 Introduction............................................................................................... 3 1. The Ethnic Chinese Community and Newspapers in the Dutch East Indies before the War....................................................................................... 6 1.1. The Linguistic Circumstances of the Ethnic Chinese in Java in the Early 20th Century...................................................................................... 6 1.2. The Genealogy of Ethnic Chinese Newspapers in Java............................. 8 1.3. Surveys of the Ethnic Chinese Newspapers by Japan.............................10 1.4. Oey Tiang Tjoei and Hong Po...............................................................15 1.5. Major Pre-war Newspapers from Outside the Chinese Community...........18 2. The Japanese Military Administration in Java and Control over Newspapers: The Origins of Kung Yung Pao............................................19 2.1. The Beginning of the Military Administration.......................................19 2.2. Control over Newspapers and the Launch of the Japanese-language Paper Djawa Shinbun ..................................................................................21 2.3. Dutch-language and Indonesian-language Newspapers after the Start of the Military Administration................................................................23 2.4. Ethnic Chinese Papers (Chinese-language) after the Start of the Military Administration: From Sin Sin Po to the Chinese Edition of Kung Yung Pao ... ........................................................................................................26 2.5. Ethnic Chinese Papers (Malay-language) after the Start of the Military Administration: From Hong Po to the Malay Edition of Kung Yung Pao ....30 - III - 2.6. Control through Djawa Shinbun Association and the In-house Systems of Kung Yung Pao ..................................................................................35 3. Characteristics of the Newspaper Kung Yung Pao....................................41 3.1. Transitions of the Calendar Notation....................................................41 3.2. Transitions in the Description of the Publisher......................................42 3.3. Features of the Chinese Edition of Kung Yung Pao .................................43 3.4. Features of the Malay Edition of Kung Yung Pao ....................................47 ’ 3.5. Japan s Defeat, Indonesian Independence, and the End of Kung Yung Pao ... ........................................................................................................53 Epilogue...................................................................................................55 Acknowledgements...................................................................................58 Bibliography.............................................................................................59 List of the Newspapers' Pages Contained in KUNG YUNG PAO Reprint Edition (1942-1945) ..........................................................................................68 - IV - Abstract Kung Yung Pao, The Only Daily Newspaper for the Ethnic Chinese in Java during Japanese Occupation: An Overview TSUDA Koji (The University of Tokyo) Kung Yung Pao ( ) was the only daily newspaper that was issued for the ethnic Chinese 共栄報 population in Java under the Japanese military administration. It was published in both Chinese and Malay, reflecting the linguistic circumstances of the Chinese community in Java at the time. While the Chinese edition of Kung Yung Pao was published in March 1942 by taking over the facilities and personnel of Sin Po ( )––the most influential China-oriented newspaper in Batavia 新報 (Jakarta)––, its Malay edition was launched in September 1942 by absorbing the pro-Japanese Malay- language newspaper, Hong Po ( ). Both editions were headed by Oey Tiang Tjoei ( ), 洪報 黄長水 the former president of Hong Po , and their management was, as with the case for other local papers in Java during the Japanese period, supervised by the Djawa Shinbun Association ( ). ジャワ新聞会 Although Kung Yung Pao certainly reflected the will of the Japanese military administration and possessed the characteristics of propaganda newspaper to a great extent, it provides extremely useful data for elucidating the little-known aspects of wartime lives of, and circumstances surrounding the ethnic Chinese throughout the island. In this article, so as to gain a broad understanding of the nature of the Chinese community in Java targeted by Kung Yung Pao , Chapter 1 focuses particularly on the linguistic circumstances of the Chinese community in Java in the early 20th century before the beginning of Japanese military administration, and examines the development of their speech activities through newspapers and other media. Chapter 2 provides an overview of information control under the Japanese military administration, then explains the processes of publication and the in-house - 1 - system of Kung Yung Pao . The third and final chapter provides a commentary on some of the features of the content of Kung Yung Pao . A set of back issues of Kung Yung Pao kept in the National Library of Indonesia (Perpustakaan Nasional Republik Indonesia) was reprinted in March 2019 as the Kung Yung Pao Reprint Edition (1942-1945) based on high-definition photographs taken by Transmission Books & Microinfo (Taipei). This article is an English translation of the bibliographical introduction originally written in Japanese at the time of the reprint, and is first published in March 2020 after a major revision with some additional new findings. - 2 - “Kung Yung Pao, The Only Daily Newspaper for the Ethnic Chinese in Java during Japanese Occupation: An Overview” Kung Yung Pao, The Only Daily Newspaper for the Ethnic Chinese in Java during Japanese Occupation: An Overview TSUDA Koji (The University of Tokyo) Introduction Kung Yung Pao ( ) was the only daily newspaper that was issued for the ethnic Chinese 共栄報 population1 in Java under the Japanese military administration. It was published in both Chinese and Malay2, reflecting the linguistic circumstances of the Chinese community in Java at the time. The title of the Chinese-language edition was written , while that of the Malay- “共榮報 ” language edition was written in the Roman alphabet as KUNG YUNG PAO alongside the “ ” Chinese characters for the same3. The National Library of Indonesia (Perpustakaan Nasional Republik Indonesia) has back issues of Kung Yung Pao in seven volumes, all of which have been stored under the reference number Q: 465. Both the Chinese and Malay editions are basically cataloged by their year of “ ” publication. The 1942 Chinese edition is cataloged along with all the editions of its predecessor 1 Not only do the names for Chinese people living outside mainland China differ in terms of categories and terms used depending on the period or region, but they are also largely representative of political aspects (cf. note 13). This article mainly uses the terms overseas Chinese, ethnic “ ” “ Chinese or simply Chinese as appropriate depending on the context. The term Kakyo ( : overseas Chinese) is most commonly used as a ” “ ” “ 華僑 ” generic term in the newspapers and materials published in Japanese during the same period. 2 The front page of the Malay edition published from September 1, 1942 (1st year No. 1) to January 26, 1943 (2nd year No. 21) has bagian bahasa “ Indonesia (Indonesian-language edition) written underneath the title. This was changed to bagian Bahasa Melajoe (Melayu edition) for the ” “ ” issues published from January 27, 1943 onwards. The Japanese sources during the same period use several terms such as Mare-go ( : “ マレー語 Malay), Marai-go ( ) and Kama-go ( : Chinese-Malay) to refer to the language. The commonly used term Malay (language) ”“ マライ語 ” “ 華馬語 ” “ ” is used in this article. However, this may not be the case when citing from other sources. 3 In this article, several terms––including names of persons and organizations as