DOCSLIB.ORG

Creating New Category for Malayan Chinese

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Creating New Category for Malayan Chinese “Hometown is Fatherland”: Nanyang Chinese Searching for New Identity in Malaya and Indonesia, 1945-1949 Tsung-Rong Edwin Yang Division of Pacific and Asian History, RSPAS The Australian National University Panel: Huaqiao and Huaren In/Between China, Australia and Southeast Asia Centre for the Study of the Chinese Southern Diaspora Australian National University for The Fourth International Chinese Overseas Conference Taipei April 26-28, 2001 This article has been accepted for publication by the conference 1 摘要：本論文將記錄與呈現一九四○年代在印尼與馬來亞的華人努力尋求新認同的過程 中所發出的聲音，這個過程直接產生了一種新的華人論述，使得「華人」成為言談中具 有語義學實在意義的範疇以及攸關華人政策的法律詞彙，顯現出族裔政治中由邊緣影響 中心決策的範例。1955 年亞非不結盟國際的萬隆會議中，由周恩來與印尼領導人所達 致的中國海外公民單一國籍的協議，不應被視為是東南亞華人認同轉向的原因，反而應 該視為東南亞華人尋求新國家中的新認同而產生論述之發展的結果。本論文將檢討兩地 華人在所處國家之建國過程中局勢未明之前有關於華人新認同論述的發展，在這個脈絡 中，將在中國境內的中國人與在中國以外的華人做出區別的論述已在 1945 年到 1949 年之間產生。透過對於不同領域的討論，如文學、權利、公民、政局等議題，兩地華裔 人士在其所在地的現代國家之國家建構過程的早期重要階段即開始與新國族展開協 商，由此一種保持華裔而無須在政治上認同中國的意識在南洋華人之中展開，這種意識 的發展對日後兩地華人與當地族裔的關係，以及對於戰後在東南亞廣泛流傳之取代華僑 論述的華人論述，還有中華人民共和國對於東南亞華人的整體政策，都是在理解上必要 的關鍵點。這樣的認同發展關係應可視為在東南亞現代史中南洋華人的自主歷史。 Abstract: This paper will record and display Chinese voice on their effort to search new identity in Indonesia and Malaya in the 1940s. It shows how the periphery influenced policy-formation in the centre, directly contributing to the crystallization of “Huaren” as a semantic and legal category in discourse and policies about ethnic Chinese. The paper will first argue that the agreement on single citizenship forged between Zhou Enlai and Indonesian leaders, which began at the Bandung Conference of Non-Aligned Peoples in 1955 was not the reason for, but the result of the search by Southeast Asian Chinese for a new identity within the new nations. It will examine the development of a discourse of new identity for ethnic Chinese in Malaya and Indonesia before those countries were formed or gained their sovereignty. At the time from 1945 to 1949 the discourse to make distinctions between Chinese within and outside China had been formed in this context. Through the debates appeared in areas of literature, rights, citizenship and politics, ethnic Chinese were negotiating new identities with the new nations during this critical early phase of nation-formation. Since then the sense of being ethnic Chinese without identify China had been socialized and spread among Nanyang Chinese. It is essential for better understanding the later development of ethnic relations between ethnic Chinese and the indigenous population in those countries as well as the widespread discourse of Huaren instead of Huaqiao among Chinese overseas and the PRC’s policy toward the whole of Southeast Asia since then. It can be seen as ‘autonomous history’ of Nanyang Chinese in Modern Southeast Asia. 2 “Hometown is Fatherland”: Nanyang Chinese Searching for New Identity in Malaya and Indonesia, 1945-1949 Tsung-Rong Edwin Yang Lee Jion-Cai, a former Singaporean politican, revealed his views on the shifting identity of Nanyang Chinese in the postwar era in his memoir. He visited Mr. Hong Sisi, who was the editor of the Sinchew Daily in Singapore from 1946 to 1948 and was later exiled to China by the British authorities, in Beijing, and they exchanged their views on the postwar situation in Malaya. Lee Jion-Cai complained that “Tan Kah Chee made a big mistake in 1948 (for the Nanyang Chinese). He did not identify himself with Malaya. He did not look after the interests of the Chinese in Malaya.” Lee meant that the fact that Tan Kah Chee, the formal leader of the Nanyang Chinese, had left Singapore and resettled in China in 1948 set a bad example for the Nanyang Chinese. Hong agreed, and said “a Singaporean delegation came to China in 1956, and Zhou Enlai told them they should change their loyalty from China to Singapore. From then on Chinese residents in Nanyang started to change their national identity.” Lee Jion-Cai recorded this conversation in his memoir without any objection to what Hong had said. 1 In this way, both of them gave credit to Zhou Enlai in the matter of convincing Nanyang Chinese to identify as citizens of the Southeast Asian nations. The Bandung Conference of Non-Aligned Peoples in 1955 has often been seen as the watershed of identity shift for the Southeast Asian Chinese. Zhou Enlai is seen as the key figure contributing to this shift. At this conference, Zhou Enlai, on behalf of China’s government, announced that the new policy toward overseas Chinese was to abolish dual nationality and to encourage overseas Chinese to become citizens of their country of residence. Indonesian nationalists view this move as the triumph of the Indonesian diplomatic effort to solve ‘the Chinese problem’ in the new nations. I would like to argue that the policy announced at the Bandung Conference was not the 1 Li Jion Cai, Zhuixun ziji di guojia: yige nanyang huaren di xinlulicheng. (Taipei: Yuanliu Publisher, 1994), pp. 60. The main theme of this memoir is to describe the process of his identity from a Nanyang Chinese to a Singaporean citizen. 3 reason for but the result of the efforts of the Southeast Asian Chinese to resolve the issue of their identity. The debate among ethnic Chinese just after the Pacific War indicates that this new direction in national identification had already emerged in this period, even though differing opinions remained. It is fair to say that the Chinese community went through a process of searching for new identities for new situations in both Malaya and Indonesia after the end of the Pacific war. For better understanding of these new approaches to identity, we should subject the discussion of the topic among Chinese communities in this period to close examination. I will examine the debates about Chinese identity in Malaya and Indonesia respectively during the 1945-1949 period. This was a time in which external political factors did not indicate clearly what the immediate future would be. Malaya did not have a clear agenda to pursue its independence. Indonesia had not gained independence from the Netherlands. The Chinese Communist Party had not yet won the Civil War in China. In this time of uncertainty, the ethnic Chinese of Southeast Asia sensed the need to consider their identity. In this paper I would like to present Chinese voice toward their effort to search new identity in the immediate postwar period. It is attempt towards ‘autonomous history’ of Nanyang Chinese in Modern Southeast Asia. The debates in Malaya and Indonesia are treated separately, although they are relevant to each other and interacted. The debates often crossed today’s national boundaries, due to the nature of Chinese social networking at that time. They were concerned with many different issues, but here will only be examined in the context of the search for identity. For example, the debate on the nature of Chinese literature in Malaya cannot only be seen as a literary issue. The strong will to promote “Malayan Chinese literature” sprang from the issue of identity. Another problem is who was to be considered representative of the opinion of ethnic Chinese. Opinions within Chinese communities were always divided, no matter how, where and when. Living as they did beyond the control of the Chinese government, it would have been unlikely if they had founded a single organization to represent Chinese community opinion. It is difficult to identify representative opinion. I will only consider a few ideas which led in different directions at critical times. In this paper, I mainly use Chinese material to represent Nanyang Chinese, which were not include Baba or peranakan who might present themselves in other languages. The Malayan Chinese debate on the New Nation In Malaya, the debate on identity among the Chinese community took place just after the end of the Pacific War. The debate was mainly publicised in the local Chinese media. This 4 was not an ordinary period for the Chinese press in Malaya. It has been described as the ‘golden age’ of Chinese newspapers in Malaya. At the close of the Pacific war, people who had worked for Chinese newspapers in pre-war times tried their best to reissue their newspapers as soon as possible. Two weeks after the Japanese surrendered, the first Chinese newspaper recommenced publication. Two former leading Chinese newspapers, Nanyang Shang Pao and Sinchew Daily, started to be issued on the same day, 8 September 1945, three weeks after the Japanese surrendered.2 At that time, necessary goods were still in short supply, and these newspapers began with one page only. A few days later other papers started to be issued. Not only were previously existing newspapers brought back, but many new Chinese newspapers were created in this period. Similar things happened in other areas of Southeast Asia in this period. Why was this period so important? It has been described as a period of ‘power vacuum’.3 Malayan Chinese people became eager to concern themselves with politics. Li Run Hu described the situation in this way: “War changed Malaya. Malaya was not dead water anymore. It became a boundless surging ocean. Everyone shouted out for liberation of the people, equal political rights and resurrection of the economy”.4 The Chinese people in Malaya, who had been seen as apolitical, suddenly turned into a community very much concerned with politics. Obviously the reason that identity suddenly became a problem was the experience of the war. A former reporter for Chinese newspapers in Malaya remembers the situation in this period, “Reporting of political news in the immediate postwar period, I realized that the loyalty oath affair was of great importance in the historical development of events in Malaya”5 The Nanyang Shang Pao, one of the mainstream Chinese newspapers in Singapore, on 8 January 1946 urged Chinese readers to take Malayan citizenship and to join the local political 2 Chinese Newspapres Division, Our 70 Years: History of Leading Chinese Newspapers in Singapore, 1923-1993. (Singapore: Singapore Press Holdings, 1993), pp. 28.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • An Annotated List of Chinese-Malay Publications Compiled by Tom
    THE “KWEE COLLECTION” AT THE FISHER LIBRARY (UNIVERSITY OF SYDNEY) An annotated list of Chinese-Malay publications Compiled by Tom Hoogervorst on the basis of library research carried out in October 2019, with financial support from a Sydney Southeast Asia Centre mobility grant CONTENTS Introduction .............................................................................................................................. 3 Abbreviations ............................................................................................................................ 6 1. Poetry ................................................................................................................................. 7 1.1. Han Bing Hwie ................................................................................................................ 7 1.2. “J.S.H.” ............................................................................................................................ 7 1.3. Jap King Hong ................................................................................................................. 7 1.4. Kwee Tek Hoay ............................................................................................................... 8 1.5. “Merk Tek Liong & Co” ................................................................................................. 8 2. Original Fiction ................................................................................................................. 9 2.1. Kwee Seng Tjoan ............................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Liem Thian Joe's Unpublished History of Kian Gwan
    Southeast Asian Studies, Vol. 27, No.2, September 1989 Liem Thian Joe's Unpublished History of Kian Gwan Charles A. COPPEL* Studies on the role of the overseas Chinese sue the talent for writing which was already in the economies of Southeast Asia are rare evident in his schoolwork. A short ex­ enough, despite their generally acknowledged perience as a trader in Ngadiredjo soon con­ importance. This has been particularly true vinced him, however, that he should seek his of Indonesia, and consequently it is a matter livelihood as a writer. of some interest to discover an unpublished His career in journalism seems to have history of Kian Gwan (Oei Tiong Ham Con­ begun in the 1920's when he joined the staff of cern), the biggest and longest-lasting Chinese the Semarang peranakan Chinese daily, Warna business of all in Indonesia. Further interest Warla (although there is some suggestion that is aroused by the fact that the manuscript was he also contributed to the Jakarta daily, Per­ written by the late Liem Thian Joe, the well­ niagaan, at this time). In the early 1930's, he known Semarang journalist and historian. moved from Warna Warta to edit the Semarang This combination gives us promise of insights daily, Djawa Tengah (and its sister monthly into the firm itself, the Oei family which Djawa Tengah Review). In later years he established it and built it up, and the history of was also a regular contributor to the weekly the Chinese of Semarang where its original edition of the Jakarta newspaper, Sin PO.2) office was founded.
    [Show full text]
  • Denys Lombard and Claudine Salmon
    Is l a m a n d C h in e s e n e s s Denys Lombard and Claudine Salmon It is worth pausing for a moment to consider the relationships that were able to exist between the expansion of Islam in the East Indies and the simultaneous formation of "Chinese" communities. These two phenomena are usually presented in opposition to one another and it is pointless here to insist on the numerous conflicting accounts, past and present.* 1 Nevertheless, properly considered, it quickly becomes apparent that this is a question of two parallel developments which had their origins in the urban environment, and which contributed to a large extent to the creation of "middle class" merchants, all driven by the same spirit of enterprise even though they were in lively competition with one another. Rather than insisting once more on the divergences which some would maintain are fundamental—going as far as to assert, against all the evidence, that the Chinese "could not imagine marrying outside their own nation," and that they remain unassimilable—we would like here to draw the reader's attention to a certain number of long-standing facts which allow a reversal of perspective. Chinese Muslims and the Local Urban Mutation of the 14th-15th Centuries No doubt the problem arose along with the first signs of the great urban transformation of the 15th century. The fundamental text is that of the Chinese (Muslim) Ma Huan, who accompanied the famous Admiral Zheng He on his fourth expedition in the South Seas (1413-1415), and reported at the time of their passage through East Java that the population was made up of natives, Muslims (Huihui), as well as Chinese (Tangren) many of whom were Muslims.
    [Show full text]
  • M. Cohen on the Origin of the Komedie Stamboelpopular Culture, Colonial Society, and the Parsi Theatre Movement
    M. Cohen On the origin of the Komedie StamboelPopular culture, colonial society, and the Parsi theatre movement In: Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde 157 (2001), no: 2, Leiden, 313-357 This PDF-file was downloaded from http://www.kitlv-journals.nl Downloaded from Brill.com10/10/2021 12:19:15AM via free access MATTHEW ISAAC COHEN On the Origin of the Komedie Stamboel Popular Culture, Colonial Society, and the Parsi Theatre Movement Introduction . The Komedie Stamboel, also known as the Malay Opera, occupies a prom- inent place in Indonesia's cultural history.1 lts emergence in 1891 has been characterized as a 'landmark' in the development of modern popular theatre (Teeuw 1979:207). The theatre later contributed greatly to the birth of Indo- nesian contemporary theatre and film2 and played a formative role in mod- ern political discourse and representation (see Anderson 1996:36-7). The Komedie Stamboel has been celebrated as one of the most significant 'artistic achievements' of the Eurasian population of colonial Java (see Van der Veur 1968a), but also damned for its deleterious influence on Java's classical and 1 This article was written while a postdoctoral research fellow at the International Institute for Asian Studies (DAS). It was presented in part as lectures at KAS and the Fifth International Humanities Symposium, Gadjah Mada University, in 1998.1 would like to thank all the particip- ants in the research seminar, 'Popular theatres of Indonesia', Department of Southeast Asian and Oceanic Languages and Cultures, Leiden University, where I developed some of the ideas pre- sented here, as well as Kathryn Hansen, Rakesh Solomon, Catherine Diamond, Surapone Virulrak, Hanne de Bruin, and two anonymous BKI reviewers for their comments.
    [Show full text]
  • The Asian and Eurasian Woman in the Dutch East Indies, in Dutch and Malay Literature
    TINEKE HELLWIG, UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA The Asian and Eurasian woman in the Dutch East Indies, in Dutch and Malay literature Introduction of my life. In the compartmentalization of Dutch academic tradition, Malay texts have been considered At some point in my life I chose to study part of a literary tradition distinct from that of Dutch Indonesian literature because I thought it would give texts. Therefore, Malay and Dutch literature have me the best opportunity to learn about the way been studied separateJy in different departments, by Indonesians think, behave, interact and express different people. Hj:>wever, it is a fruitful exercise to themselves. Throughout my student years, when the connect the two, to juxtapose and compare them and second feminist wave affected society and academia, to read them intertextually, seeking for answers to I developed a special interest in gender issues. I questions which are typically post-colonial. strove to understand the role and position of women and to acquire a gender ideology, and I found some Post-modernism and deconstruction have questioned answers in novels and short stories. Feminist theory and subverted the notion of one central and correct has helped me to formulate and conceptualize my reading of a text. Instead, texts are considered to be ideas. To quote from The Feminist Reader by Belsey multi-interpretable, and meanings are cultural and and Moore: learned, plural, unftxed and constantly changing. Deconstruction offers readers, especially The feminist reader is enlisted in the process female/feminist readers, the freedom to look for new of changing the gender relations which interpretations.
    [Show full text]
  • The Chinese Community of Surabaya, from Its Origins to the 1930S Crisis
    Chinese Southern Diaspora Studies , Volume 3, 2009 南方华裔研究杂志, 第第第三第三三三卷卷卷卷, 2009 The Chinese Community of Surabaya, from its Origins to the 1930s Crisis 1 Claudine SALMON Abstract: This article traces the history of the Chinese community in Surabaya, a major port-city on the East Coast of Java, over several centuries. It uses evidence gathered from numerous sources, including Chinese epigraphy and genealogical records collected locally by the author, early European travel accounts, Dutch colonial records and memoirs, and Chinese and Malay language newspapers. The essay unravels, for the first time, the history of a handful of influential entrepreneurial of families who pioneered local cash-crop production, the sugar industry especially, during the Dutch colonial era. It concludes by tracing the waves of resinicisation that swept the community in the later nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, the new associations that arose as a result and the gradually fracturing of communal life that followed. Introduction Anyone who has studied the history of the Chinese community in Jakarta is aware that this city has a remarkable number of ancient temples. Five date back to the seventeenth century and seven to the second half of the eighteenth, including two ancestral and two guild temples.2 What is most striking in regard to the Chinese community of Surabaya is how rare these temples are and, moreover, how generally unimportant they are in community life there. According to oral tradition the oldest one (situated in Jl. Coklat) is the Hok An Kiong 福安宫, or “Temple of Happiness and Peace”. It is dedicated to Tianhou 天后, the protective goddess of sailors and travelling merchants, and dates from the second half of the eighteenth century.
    [Show full text]
  • Indo 92 0 1319755155 157
    W omen an d M odernity: Reading the Femme Fatale in Early Twentieth-Century Indies Novels Elizabeth Chandra1 In colonial Indonesia, literary works written in Malay by Chinese authors were commonly denigrated as pulp fiction, and therefore deemed "un-literary," due to their affinity with stories of secrecy, scandal, sex, and crime.2 The sinister sensibilities of these novels supposedly ran counter to the ideal notion of literature as "beautiful writings," which the colonial government had attempted to introduce in the Netherlands Indies beginning in the second decade of the twentieth century.3 This article offers a close examination of one such novel, Si Riboet atawa Boenga Mengandoeng Ratjoen: Soeatoe Tjerita jang Betoel Terdjadi di Soerabaja Koetika di Pertengahan Taon 1916, jaitoe Politie Opziener Coenraad Boenoe Actrice Constantinopel jang Mendjadi Katjinta'annja (Riboet, or the Venomous Flower: A True Story which Occurred in Soerabaja in Mid- 11 thank those who read and commented on this essay at different stages: Tamara Loos, John Wolff, Sylvia Tiwon, Benedict Anderson, and Indonesia's editors and anonymous reviewer. Any remaining errors are, of course, my own. 2 Claudine Salmon, Literature in Malay by the Chinese of Indonesia: A Provisional Annotated Bibliography (Paris: Editions de la Maison des Sciences de l'Homme, 1981). See also Elizabeth Chandra, "National Fictions: Chinese-Malay Literature and the Politics of Forgetting" (PhD dissertation, University of California- Berkeley, 2006). 3 Balai Pustaka, Balai Pustaka Sewadjarnja, 1908-1942 (Djakarta: Balai Pustaka, 1948); Bureau voor de Volkslectuur, The Bureau of Popular Literature of Netherlands India: What It is and What It Does (Batavia: Bureau voor de Volkslectuur, 1930); D.
    [Show full text]
  • Eksistensi Kaum Tionghoa Dalam Dunia Pers Di Hindia Belanda
    Bihari: Jurnal Pendidikan Sejarah dan Ilmu Sejarah, Vol. 4 No. 1 Tahun 2021 URL: http://jurnal.unsil.ac.id/index.php/bihari P-ISSN : 2655-3600, E-ISSN: 2714-7908 Eksistensi Kaum Tionghoa dalam Dunia Pers di Hindia Belanda Tahun 1869-1942 Iyus Jayusmana, 1 Miftahul Habib Fachrurozib, 2 * a bProgram Studi Pendidikan Sejarah, Universitas Siliwangi, Tasikmalaya, Indonesia 1 [email protected]; 2 [email protected] * Corresponding author Abstrak Artikel ini bertujuan untuk: (1) mengetahui peranan orang Tionghoa dalam dunia pers di Hindia Belanda sebelum abad kedua puluh, (2) mengetahui perkembangan industri pers Tionghoa di Hindia Belanda pada masa pergerakan nasional. Artikel ini disusun dengan berdasarkan metode penelitian sejarah menurut Kuntowijoyo melalui tahapan pemulihan topik, heuristik, kritik sumber, interpretasi dan historiografi. Eksistensi kaum Tionghoa dalam dunia pers di Hindia Belanda dimulai dengan kemunculan Lo Tun Tay sebagai editor surat kabar Mataharie pada tahun 1869. Krisis ekonomi yang terjadi menjelang akhir abad kesembilan belas mendorong munculnya embrio industri pers Tionghoa yang ditandai dengan akuisisi sejumlah pers Eropa oleh pengusaha Tionghoa. Pers Tionghoa semakin berkembang memasuki masa pergerakan nasional. Pers Tionghoa memiliki perbedaan orientasi politik yakni mendukung Nasionalisme Indonesia, mendukung Nasionalisme Tionghoa, dan mendukung pemerintah kolonial. Adapun sikap tersebut tidak dapat dilepaskan dari kepentingan politik maupun ekonomi. Dengan demikian, eksistensi pers Tionghoa pada masa pergerakan nasional tidak hanya dapat ditinjau dari aspek politik saja, melainkan pula aspek ekonomi. Industri pers Tionghoa di Hindia Belanda berakhir seiring dengan pendudukan Jepang pada tahun 1942. Kata Kunci: : Pers, Kaum Tionghoa, Hindia Belanda Abstract This article aims to: (1) find out the role of the Chinese in the press in the Dutch East Indies before the twentieth century, (2) find out the development of the Chinese press industry in the Dutch East Indies during the national movement era.
    [Show full text]
  • Charles Coppel Boxes for Monash Library 2017
    Charles Coppel boxes for Monash Library 2017 Box A1 Tri Budaja; Madjalah bulanan dari Gabungan Sam Kauw Indonesia Djakarta Maret 1954-Djanuari 1955 (issues 2-12) bound into volume 1. Lacks first issue. Issue 12 is incorrectly bound in before issue 2. It was incorrectly printed as issue 1 on the cover. This has been corrected to issue 12. Februari 1955 - Februari 1956 (issues 13-25) bound into volume 2.Coppel Maret 1956 – Mei 1957 (issues 26-40) bound into volume 3. Lacks issues 36-37, Jan-Feb 1957 but these are bound into volume 11, see below. Djuni 1957-Djuli 1958 (issues 41-54) bound into volume 4. Augustus 1958 - Djuli 1959 (issues 55 - 66) bound into volume 5. Augustus 1959 - Augustus 1960; (issues 67 - 79) bound into volume 6. Box A2 September 1960 - September 1961 (issues 80 - 90) bound into volume 7. [marked 80-92] Nopember 1960 - Oktober 1962 (issues 93 – 105) bound into volume 8. Nopember 1962 - Nopember 1963 (issues 106 - 118) bound into volume 9. Desember 1963 - Maret 1965; (issues 119 - 134) bound into volume 10. [marked 119-135] Mei 1965-Pebruari 1966 (issues 136-145) bound into volume 11. Also contains Djanuari/Pebruari 1957 (issues 36/37) (see volume 3 above). * * * * * Box A3 Tan, G[ing] T[iong] [translator]. Kitab Soe Sie (Four Holy Books) This bound volume contains • Kitab Tay Hak (Ilmoe Kebatinan dan Pemerentahan Negri) Soerabaia: Verg. Khong Kauw Hwee; 1935. Translation of the "Daxue" or "The Great Learning". • Kitab Tiong-Yong Soerabaia: Verg. Khong Kauw Hwee; 1935 Translation of the "Zhongyong" or "The Doctrine of the Mean".
    [Show full text]
  • Does Multicultural Indonesia Include Its Ethnic Chinese? 257
    256 WacanaWacana Vol. 13Vol. No. 13 2 No. (October 2 (October 2011): 2011) 256—278 DEWI ANGGRAENI, Does multicultural Indonesia include its ethnic Chinese? 257 Does multicultural Indonesia include its ethnic Chinese? DEWI ANGGRAENI Abstract Multiculturalism in Indonesia is predominantly concerned with various regional cultures in the country, which continue to exist, and in some cases, to develop and progress. These cultures meet and interact in the context of a unitary national, Indonesian culture. There are however people who or whose ancestors originate from outside Indonesia, the major ones being Chinese and Arabs. They brought with them the cultures and mores of their lands of origin and to varying degrees integrated them into those of the places they adopted as homes. This article discusses how the Chinese who opted for Indonesian citizenship and nationality, fared and fare in Indonesia’s multicultural society, what problems slowed them in their path, and what lies behind these problems. Keywords Multicultural, cultural plurality, ethnic Chinese, peranakan, indigenous, migration, nationalism, VOC, New Order, Muslim, Confucianism, ancestry, Cheng Ho, pecinan, Chinese captaincy. What is multiculturalism? In Australia, the United States, and Canada, the media started to use the term multiculturalism from the late 1960s to the early 1970s to describe the nature of the society in their respective countries. It is worth noting that Australia, the United States and Canada have been immigrant-receiving nations where immigrants have had a very significant role in nation building and in economic growth. WorldQ.com explains the concept well and defines multiculturalism or DEWI ANGGRAENI is a writer of fiction and non-fiction.
    [Show full text]
  • Kata Pengantar
    KATA PENGANTAR Undang-Undang No. 43 Tahun 2009 tentang Kearsipan mengamanatkan Arsip Nasional Republik Indonesia (ANRI) untuk melaksanakan pengelolaan arsip statis berskala nasional yang diterima dari lembaga negara, perusahaan, organisasi politik, kemasyarakatan dan perseorangan. Pengelolaan arsip statis bertujuan menjamin keselamatan dan keamanan arsip sebagai bukti pertanggungjawaban nasional dalam kehidupan bermasyarakat, berbangsa dan bernegara. Arsip statis yang dikelola oleh ANRI merupakan memori kolektif, identitas bangsa, bahan pengembangan ilmu pengetahuan, dan sumber informasi publik. Oleh karena itu, untuk meningkatkan mutu pengolahan arsip statis, maka khazanah arsip statis yang tersimpan di ANRI harus diolah dengan benar berdasarkan kaidah-kaidah kearsipan sehingga arsip statis dapat ditemukan dengan cepat, tepat dan lengkap. Pada tahun anggaran 2016 ini, salah satu program kerja Sub Bidang Pengolahan Arsip Pengolahan I yang berada di bawah Direktorat Pengolahan adalah menyusun Guide Arsip Presiden RI: Sukarno 1945-1967. Guide arsip ini merupakan sarana bantu penemuan kembali arsip statis bertema Sukarno sebagai Presiden dengan kurun waktu 1945-1967 yang arsipnya tersimpan dan dapat diakses di ANRI. Seperti kata pepatah, “tiada gading yang tak retak”, maka guide arsip ini tentunya belum sempurna dan masih ada kekurangan. Namun demikian guide arsip ini sudah dapat digunakan sebagai finding aid untuk mengakses dan menemukan arsip statis mengenai Presiden Sukarno yang tersimpan di ANRI dalam rangka pelayanan arsip statis kepada pengguna arsip (user). Akhirnya, kami mengucapkan banyak terima kasih kepada pimpinan ANRI, anggota tim, Museum Kepresidenan, Yayasan Bung Karno dan semua pihak yang telah membantu penyusunan guide arsip ini hingga selesai. Semoga Allah SWT, Tuhan Yang Maha Esa membalas amal baik yang telah Bapak/Ibu/Saudara berikan.
    [Show full text]
  • Indonesia – the Presence of the Past
    lndonesia - The Presence of the Past A festschrift in honour of Ingrid Wessel Edited by Eva Streifeneder and Antje Missbach Adnan Buyung Nasution Antje Missbach Asvi Warman Adam Bernhard Dahm Bob Sugeng Hadiwinata Daniel S. Lev Doris Jedamski Eva Streifeneder Franz Magnis-Suseno SJ Frederik Holst Ingo wandelt Kees van Dijk Mary Somers Heidhues Nadja Jacubowski Robert Cribb Sri Kuhnt-Saptodewo Tilman Schiel Uta Gärtner Vedi R. Hadiz Vincent J. H. Houben Watch lndonesia! (Alex Flor, Marianne Klute, ....--.... Petra Stockmann) regioSPECTRA.___.... Indonesia — The Presence of the Past A festschrift in honour of Ingrid Wessel Edited by Eva Streifeneder and Antje Missbach Die Deutsche Bibliothek – CIP-Einheitsaufnahme Indonesia – The Presence of the Past. A festschrift in honour of Ingrid Wessel Eva Streifeneder and Antje Missbach (eds.) Berlin: regiospectra Verlag 2008 (2nd edition) ISBN 978-3-940-13202-4 Layout by regiospectra Cover design by Salomon Kronthaler Cover photograph by Florian Weiß Printed in Germany © regiospectra Verlag Berlin 2007 All rights reserved. No part of the contents of this book may be reproduced in any form or by any means without the prior written permission of the publisher. For further information: http://www.regiospectra.com. Contents In Appreciation of Ingrid Wessel 9 Adnan Buyung Nasution Traces 11 Uta Gärtner Introduction 13 Antje Missbach and Eva Streifeneder Acknowledgements 17 Part I: Indonesia’s Exposure to its Past Representations of Indonesian History 21 A Critical Reassessment Vincent J. H. Houben In Search of a Complex Past 33 On the Collapse of the Parliamentary Order and the Rise of Guided Democracy in Indonesia Daniel S.
    [Show full text]