Kehidupan Sosial-Budaya Masyarakat Tionghoa Di Batavia 1900An-1930An

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Kehidupan Sosial-Budaya Masyarakat Tionghoa Di Batavia 1900An-1930An Kehidupan Sosial-Budaya Masyarakat Tionghoa di Batavia 1900an-1930an Wildan Sena Utama Alumnus Jurusanq Ilmu Sejarah UGM angkatan 2007 Abstract This paper discusses the everyday life of the Tionghoa society in Batavia in the first forty years of the twentieth century. The everyday life of the Tionghoa society in Batavia has so far been left unexplored. Existing studies on this particular group of people have mostly focused on the economic and political dimensions, for example the business activities of the Tionghoa society and the policy of discrimination for and against them made by successive governments in Indonesia. This paper shows that the social dimension can be an effective approach to study the many issues of the topic. Key words: Tionghoa society, socio-cultural, daily life Abstrak Kecenderungan selama ini penulisan sejarah masyarakat Tionghoa terlalu terjebak pada aspek perdagangan dan diskriminasi. Artikel ini berusaha keluar dari dua paradigma itu. Pembahasan artikel ini tentang kehidupan masyarakat Tionghoa yang berhubungan dengan aspek keseharian dalam hal sosial-budaya. Masyarakat Tionghoa di Batavia mempunyai kehidupan biasa yang menarik dan selama ini masyarakat jarang mengetahui keanekaragaman kehidupan masyarakat Tionghoa. Dalam sejarah kehidupan masyarakat Tionghoa secara biasa di Batavia sebenarnya kita bisa melihat bahwa masih banyak topik penulisan yang bisa ditulis. Kata kunci: Masyarakat Tionghoa, sosial-budaya, kehidupan sehari-hari Pengantar etnis Tionghoa terlalu menyempit ke dalam dua hal. Pertama, penggambaran mereka Sebuah kenyataan yang tidak dapat disangkal sebagai etnis pedagang. Kedua, penggambaran bila menyatakan bahwa penggambaran etnis mereka sebagai etnis yang terdiskriminasi. Tionghoa dalam historiografi Indonesia belum Dua penggambaran inilah yang begitu banyak proporsional. Penyebabnya adalah dalam mendominasi penulisan sejarah mengenai historiografi Indonesia penggambaran tentang etnis Tionghoa. Tentu hal ini bukan sebuah 20 Lembaran Sejarah kesalahan tetapi perlu ada perspektif baru Gungwu ada dua pola migrasi bangsa Tionghoa untuk menghadirkan sejarah masyarakat (1) huashang (2) huagong (Mona Lohanda, Tionghoa secara lebih komprehensif. Bila 2009: 42-43). Huashang adalah pola migrasi tidak maka sama saja kita mengecilkan mengikuti perdagangan maritim. Sedangkan kehidupan masyarakat Tionghoa dan lebih huagong adalah migrasi yang digerakkan jauh lagi, mengecilkan keluasan aspek sejarah oleh kebijakan pemerintah kolonial yang masyarakat. memerlukan banyak tenaga untuk membangun Dalam kajian mengenai sejarah etnis emporium di wilayah Timur. Tionghoa di Indonesia, masih sedikit studi Motivasi orang-orang Tionghoa melakukan yang membahas mengenai kehidupan etnis migrasi, mulai dari mencari penghidupan Tionghoa secara “biasa-biasa”. Maksud dari di tanah baru yang lebih layak sampai kata “biasa-biasa” adalah menampilkan sejarah faktor: politik, budaya, pendidikan, moral kehidupan keseharian masyarakat secara dan sentimental (Gungwu, 1985: 71). Pola manusiawi. Sejarah, menurut Bambang kedatangan mereka bervariasi. Biasanya kalau Purwanto, “tidak selalu menampilkan masa lalu yang datang ke Jawa, migrasinya perorangan yang luar biasa melainkan juga kajian tentang atau dalam jumlah kecil. Berbeda dengan kehidupan keseharian yang manusiawi” Jawa, di Sumatera Utara mereka datang dalam (Bambang Purwanto, 2006: xviii). Oleh sebab komunitas seperti bedol desa (Onghokham, itu, artikel ini berusaha ingin keluar dari dua 2008: 2). Pada awal abad ke-20, sekitar 14-15 pembahasan yang mendominasi historiografi juta orang Tionghoa berada di luar China, etnis Tionghoa di Indonesia. Studi ini akan lebih sekitar 6 juta orang berada di Asia Tenggara difokuskan ke dalam aspek sosial budaya dari (Unger, 1944: 204). Di Jawa, paling banyak masyarakat Tionghoa dengan lingkup spasial di orang Tionghoa terkonsentrasi di Batavia. Jakarta. Pertanyaannya adalah mengapa perlu Sisanya paling banyak di Semarang dan daerah mengkaji sejarah kehidupan sosial dan budaya pesisir utara Jawa. masyarakat Tionghoa di Jakarta ? Saat kedatangan Belanda pertama kali ke Batavia pada tahun 1596, pabrik arak milik Masyarakat Tionghoa di Batavia Sebelum orang Tionghoa telah berdiri di luar dinding Abad Keduapuluh kota sebelah utara (Taylor, 2009: 1). Pemukiman Tionghoa telah berdiri walaupun dalam wilayah Kedatangan orang Tionghoa di Nusantara yang tidak terlalu besar. Masyarakat Tionghoa, telah sejak lama mendahului kedatangan orang- terutama kaum laki-laki memilih menetap orang Belanda. Dari penjelasan Groeneveldt, dan menikah dengan wanita lokal yang ada sudah sejak tahun 400an orang Tionghoa telah di Batavia. Pernikahan dengan wanita lokal menginjak bumi Nusantara (Groeneveldt, disebabkan oleh tidak adanya wanita Tionghoa 2009). totok yang melakukan migrasi. Pilihan banyak Orang-orang Tionghoa yang melakukan jatuh kepada para wanita Bali karena mereka migrasi ke Asia Tenggara biasanya berasal dari tidak pantang makan babi (Onghokham, 2009: provinsi Kwangtung dan Fukien (Vandenbosch, 3). Faktor utamanya sebenarnya wanita Bali 1947: 90). Orang yang berasal dari Fukien memiliki paras rupawan dan pintar mengurus berlogat Hokkien. Sedangkan yang dari rumah tangga. Kwangtung, disebut Hakka, biasanya berasal Saat Batavia mulai didirikan, orang-orang dari Kanton, Hoklo dari Swatow, Haifoeng Belanda menarik orang-orang Tionghoa untuk dari Pulau Hainan (Mona Lohanda, 2009: tinggal lebih banyak di Batavia. Pelaut Belanda 10). Umur rata-rata orang Tionghoa saat tidak segan-segan menculik sebagian awak- bermigrasi antara umur 20-45. Menurut Wang Kehidupan Sosial-Budaya Masyarakat Tionghoa di Batavia 1900an-1930an 21 awak Tionghoa yang sedang berlabuh supaya miskin”. Pembangunannya selesai empat tahun bekerja dalam kota (Heuken, 1997: 173). kemudian, dengan bangunan sederhana terdiri Banyak pula kapal-kapal Belanda menculik dari struktur bambu dan tembok batu (Salmon pria, wanita dan anak-anak di Tiongkok dan Myra Sidartha, 2007). Selatan. Namun, beberapa tahun ke depan, Domisili warga Tionghoa di dalam kota mulai banyak orang Tionghoa dari sekitar berada di sekitar Kali Besar, tepatnya di sisi Batavia, terutama dari Banten, datang ke timur Kali Besar. Orang-orang Tionghoa telah Batavia. banyak membantu pembangunan di dalam kota. Pada tahun 1619 sekitar 300-400 orang Pekerjaan-pekerjaan bangunan penting, seperti Tionghoa tinggal di Batavia. Tahun 1620 penggalian saluran dan pembangunan tembok jumlahnya bertambah menjadi 800 orang. kota dan gedung-gedung, semua dilaksanakan Tahun 1621 jumlahnya bertambah lagi menjadi oleh kontraktor-kontraktor Tionghoa terkenal, 2.100 orang dan tahun 1627 menjadi 3.500 seperti Jan Con dan Bingham (Blusse, 2004: orang (Mona Lohanda, 2001: 9). Populasi 48). Di luar benteng, Orang Tionghoa sejak orang Tionghoa pada abad ke-17 lebih banyak tahun 1620 telah membuka lahan di wilayah daripada orang-orang Eropa. Populasi orang pedalaman mengikuti aliran Ciliwung ke arah mestizo dan mardijker hanya sekitar seribu selatan (Mona Lohanda, 2007: 63). Di sekitar orang. Begitu pula dengan orang pribumi dari wilayah ini kemudian dibuka lahan-lahan berbagai latar belakang etnis yang tidak menjadi untuk usaha pertanian. budak. Menariknya, populasi mayoritas justru Pada abad ke-17 orang Tionghoa di ditempati oleh para budak-budak. Populasi Batavia telah berkecimpung di petanian. Pada mereka pada tahun 1679 sekitar 16.695, dimana abad ke-17 orang Tionghoa di Batavia telah 5.654 hidup di daerah timur dan 5709 di daerah berkecimpung di petanian. Tahun 1662, dalam barat serta 5.332 berada di pinggiran kota surat yang dituliskan pengganti van Riebeeck, (Niemeijer, 2000: 76) dituliskan bahwa ada sekitar 25-30 orang Pada akhir abad ke-17, Batavia telah Tionghoa yang mempunyai pengetahuan dalam menyulap dirinya menjadi kota multi etnis. bertani (Pan, 1994: 26). Van Imhoff mengakui Orang-orang dari berbagai etnis ini dibagi bahwa pemerintah Belanda bergantung menjadi dua kategori: kategori elit yang tinggal kepada orang Tionghoa dalam hal pertanian. di dalam benteng dan kategori biasa, miskin Dia mengatakan “Orang Tionghoalah yang dan budak yang tinggal di luar benteng. Orang mulai mengolah tanah, kini tiba saatnya bagi Eropa umumnya tinggal di dalam benteng kota kita untuk menyempurnakan dan meluaskan sedangkan di luar benteng adalah para budak pertanian” (Lombard, 2008: 248). Bidang dari berbagai wilayah Nusantara. Berlainan pertanian yang dibudidayakan orang Tionghoa dengan pemukiman warga lokal, awalnya orang di Batavia mencakup padi, nila, kacang tanah Tionghoa bertempat tinggal bebas di manapun dan tebu. di wilayah Batavia. Tidak hanya di benteng Budidaya paling penting dari semua kota tapi juga termasuk di wilayah-wilayah komoditas pertanian Tionghoa adalah pedalaman. Mereka mendirikan beberapa budidaya tebu. Perkebunan tebu menjadi institusi orang Eropa seperti: rumah sakit, tulang punggung ekonomi Batavia ketika panti asuhan dan panti jompo (Abeyasekere, pembukaan wilayah baru semakin diperluas 1987: 24). Pada tahun 1640 orang-orang sampai daerah di luar benteng. Daerah ini Tionghoa di Batavia telah meminta izin merupakan wilayah Ommelanden. Awalnya, membuka rumah sakit Tionghoa yang disebut pada tahun 1620an, orang-orang Belanda dan Yangji yuan atau “rumah sakit untuk orang Tionghoa membersihkan lahan di daerah luar 22 Lembaran Sejarah tembok kota kemudian menanam kebun kelapa mengolahnya menjadi tambak ikan (Lombard, (Raben, 2000: 94). Akhirnya, orang-orang 2005: 272). Masyarakat Tionghoa telah tertarik Tionghoa Batavia kebanyakan
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