perpustakaan.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW A. Main Concepts 1. Heroism 1.1. The word for Hero To understand the concept of heroism in Indonesia one first needs to understand the meaning of the word itself. This section begins with an explanation of words for heroes in English, Indonesian, and the Javanese language, as the concept of hero can be difficult to understand, and the usage of heroes varies greatly. This will be shown in the next chapters, as a steady foundation for understanding the concepts of hero and heroism requires an understanding of similarities between the terms for hero in languages that are used for this research. There are different sources, with more or less the same meaning of the word hero in the English language. From one source etymology of the word is from the late 14th century . Th man of superhuman strength or physical courage. Greek: heros ( demi-god (a variant singular of which was heroe), but the word comes in English from Latin heros, hero. Originally defender, protector, from Proto Indo- European root word ser- which has a meaning to watch over, protect (can be compared to Latin word servare - to save, deliver, preserve, protect). Second meaning man who exhibits great bravery in any course of action is from 1660s. In the other sense as of chief male character in a play, story, etc it was first recorded in the 1690s. (Skeat, 2005) Oxford Dictionary of English (2010) defines the word in two aspects. Second one is definition of hero sandwich (alternative American name for submarine sandwich). So, here there will be mentioned only the meaning of the first entry: 1) hero, noun (Plural heroes): a person, typically a man, who is admired for their courage, outstanding achievements, or noble qualities, example is: a war hero. 2) chief male character in a book, play, or film, who is typically identified with good qualities, and with whom the reader is expected to commit7 to user perpustakaan.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id 8 sympathize, example: the hero of story. 3) Hero in mythology and folklore is a person of superhuman qualities and often semi-divine origin, in particular one whose exploits were the subject of ancient Greek myths. Words derived from hero are: heroism, the drug heroin (because of its euphoric feeling that the drug provides, but link between hero and heroine is blurry), anti-hero, and here we will examine a more female version and hero-worshiping. Female version of hero is heroine. This form started to be used in the 1650s. It comes from Latin heroine, heroina (plural heroinae) - a female hero, a for example Medea. It is originally from Ancient Greek heroine, female version of heros. In context as principal female character in drama or poem the word exist from 1715. Lately, because of frequent miss- spelling and confusion with the word heroin, in usage is female hero or interesting blend form from and shero which is used more in urban dictionary (vernacular). Hero worshiping is first recorded around the year of 1774 and it is defined as: excessive admiration for someone. In ancient Greece there was a practise of the worshiping of superhuman heroes. (Oxford Dictionary of English, 2010) Indonesian word Pahlawan also has interesting connotations. The most important Indonesian dictionary Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia (Great Indonesian Dictionary) defines the word in its 2005 edition: Pahlawan (Sanskerta: phala-wan yang berarti orang yang dari dirinya menghasilkan buah (phala) yang berkualitas bagi bangsa, negara, dan agama) adalah orang yang menonjol karena keberaniannya dan pengorbanannya dalam membela kebenaran, atau pejuang yang gagah beran. [Which can be translated into English: Pahlawan (Indonesian word for hero comes from Sanskrit phala- phala) which has quality for his nation, country, and religion) is person who stands out because of his bravery and sacrifice for the right cause or who achieved glorious victory.] (KBBI, 20081) For the main character in artwork in Indonesian language tokoh utama is used. Female version of pahlawan is pahlawan wanita and hero-worshiping would be pahlawan terpuji. Kepahlawanan is word for heroism and patriotism. Other words used for hero in 1 KBBI stands for Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia Pusat Bahasa, Great Dictionary of the Indonesian th Language of the Language Center, 4 edition with 90,000 entries was accessed online from http://bahasa.kemdiknas.go.id/kbbi/ retrieved in December 2013 commit to user perpustakaan.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id 9 Indonesian language are: wira, wirawan, (from Javanese mentioned below), tokoh utama yang berani dan hormat (for character in art work who has attributes of bravery and respect mentioned above) also pelaku utama, pemeran utama, bahadur (knight) and hero itself. Words unrelated to heroism, derived from pahlawan are pahlawan bakiak a term for a husband who is very afraid of his wife and pahlawan kesiangan people who want to work hard after the hard times are over and often want credits for their work.2 In Javanese language there are several words for expressing the concept of hero. Wira, wirawan (and its slightly nobler form wirya) is more an alus (refined) word for manly, brave, and courageous. It is frequently used as an element in compound names: there are Javanese (Indonesian) male names such are Wira or Wirapandya. The word sura has a similar meaning and is likewise more commonly found in the five-syllable names of males, not just in literature, but in general name giving as well. Example of given male names with this root are Sura and Surapati. Satria does not mean hero exactly, but more a warrior or a member of the refined, aristocratic classes. These words derive mostly from Sanskrit which has greatly enriched the Javanese lexicon for well over a thousand years. Pahlawan of Persian origins is the most common word for hero in Indonesian and is also used in Javanese (Mangusuwito, 2002). 1.2. Heroes and National Heroes in Indonesia Indonesian language does not use the same expression for the main character in artwork (thus in culture) and to address great men in history and national heroes, thus researches of heroism within this common point are scarce in Indonesia. Nevertheless, Lombard, D. and Pelras, C. (1993) in Asian Mythologies defines cultural heroes in Insular South-East Asia (which corresponds to Indonesia and The Philippines) in four distinctive categories: 1) Heroes of Oral Myth, 2) Heroes of Written Accounts, 3) Heroes Linked to Successive Acculturation (India, China, Islam) and 4) Modern Heroes3 Cultural heroes represent ideal figures that humans follow and respect. Examples given to in encyclopaedia are legends of creation of world in oral traditions. How the world 2 Ibid 3 Lombard, D. and Pelras C. 1993. Cultural Heroes of Insular Southeast Asia, Page 167-173 in Yves Bonnefoy (edt.) Asian Mythologies, The University of Chicago Press, Chicago commit to user perpustakaan.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id 10 was created in different cultures around Archipelago. Legendary prince Panji and his adventures is an example of a hero of the written legends. Cultural heroes can be re-born and re-shaped with acculturation, adapt to new circumstances. There are numerous examples; one is a traditional Javanese story of Wali Sanggo - they were nine saint men 4 who brought Islam to Java. The last type of a cultural hero, which is mentioned in this book, is perhaps not as far removed from the preceding heroes as one may think: these are national heroes that the independent states of insular Southeast Asia have chosen to symbolize the birth of the new society Rizal and Aguinaldo for the Philippines, and Hasanuddin, Kartini, and Imam Bonjol for Indonesia. Although they are historical, each of these figures has myth- simplified official biographies, widely disseminated, particularly through schools his commemorative ritual, his stereotyped iconography, etc. The frequency with which they are mentioned shows how much modern societies, from that point of view, have trails in common with so-called primitive societies.5 The cult of national heroes in Indonesia was introduced by its first president Sukarno. Principal initiative was to remake Indonesian memory around a revolutionary theme. In a set of decrees between 1957 and 1963 he laid down the procedure for declaring as national heroes people who had resisted colonialism or served the cause of the independence. Remuneration was arranged for the descendents of those, so the names (creating a small industry of lobbyists) and the manner of commemorating them through monuments, anniversaries, school texts and street names was prescribed (Reid, 2005). The second Indonesian president, Suharto, was not all that interested in celebrating revolution, but he did take the theme of anti-Dutch struggle. The fact that many of those already declared heroes had died fighting the Dutch made it a small step to portray armed struggle as the leitmotif of national history, and the national army as its natural contemporary upholder. By 1992, twenty-three military officers had been added to the pantheon of national heroes, more than a third of the total declared under Suharto. (Reid, 2005) 4 Ibid 5 Ibid commit to user perpustakaan.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id 11 The National Hero of Indonesia (Indonesian: Gelar Pahlawan Nasional Indonesia) is the highest-level title awarded in Indonesia. It is posthumously given by the Government of Indonesia for actions which are deemed to be heroic defined as actual deeds which can be remembered and exemplified for all time by other citizens or extraordinary service furthering the interests of the state and people. The Ministry of Social Affairs6 gives seven criteria which an individual must fulfil, as follows: 1.