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22] Mughal Empire Winmeen Tnpsc Group 1 & 2 Self Preparation Course 2018 History Part – 22 22] Mughal Empire Notes Mughal Empire Mughals belonged to a branch of the Turks called Chaghtai, which is named after the second son of Chengiz Khan, the famous Mongol Leader. The Foundation of the Mughal Empire in India was laid by Babur, who was a Chagthai Turk. Babur (1526 -1530) Babur is the founder of the Mughal Empire in India. He is a descendant of Timur (from his father’s side) and Chingez Khan (from his Mother’s side). His original name was Zahiruddin Muhammad. In 1494 at the age of 11, Babur succeeded his father Umar Shaikh Mirza as the ruler of Farghana (now a province of ChineseTurkistan). Daulat Khan, the most powerful noble of Punjab, who was discontented with Ibrahim Lodi, invited Babur to invade India. Took interest in conquering India and launched four expeditions between 1519 and 1523. 1 www.winmeen.com | Learning Leads to Ruling Winmeen Tnpsc Group 1 & 2 Self Preparation Course 2018 First battle of Panipat (21st April 1526) B/w Babur & Ibrahim Lodi Lodi was Killed Babur occupied Delhi Babar sent his son Humayun to seize Agra; & Claimed himself “ Emperor of Hindustan” cannons were used in india Battle of Khanua (Near Agra → 1527) Babur V/S Rana Sanga of Mewar Babur won the battle & assumed the title of Ghazi Babur’s Military Conquests In 1504, Babur occupied Kabul. In 1524, Babur occupied Lahore buthad to retreat to Kabul after Daulat Khan turned against him. In November1525, Babur attacked and occupied Punjab again. On 21st April 1526, Babur defeated Ibrahim Lodi in the first Battle of Panipat and quickly occupiedDelhi and Despite of vast and superior troop Ibrahim Lodi lost in the battle due to Babur’s superior strategy and use of artillery. 2 www.winmeen.com | Learning Leads to Ruling Winmeen Tnpsc Group 1 & 2 Self Preparation Course 2018 The First Battle of Panipat marked the foundation of Mughal dominion in India. Babur occupied Delhi and sent his son Humayun to seize Agra. Babur proclaimed himself as “Emperor of Hindustan”. Rana Sangha Rana Sangha of Mewar was a great Rajput warrior. Hegave the toughest resistance to Babur’s expansion plans. OnMarch 16, 1527, Rana Sangha, along with rulers of Marwar, Amber, Gwalior, Ajmer and Chanderi and Sultan Mahmood Lodi (whom Rana Sangha had acknowledged as ruler of Delhi) met Babur in a decisive contest at Kanhwa, a village near Agra. The aim was to prevent the imposition of another foreign repression on Babur succeeded over them by using similar tactics as in the Battle of Panipat and assumed the title Ghazi. In 1528, Babur captured Chanderi from another Rajput ruler Medini Rai. On May 6, 1529, Babur met the allied Afghans of Bihar and Bengal on the banks of Gogra,near Patna and defeated them. With this battle, Babur occupied a considerable portion of northern India. Babur met the allied Afghans ofBihar and Bengal on the banks of Gogra, near Patna, and inflicted a crushing defeat on them. In the next year, Babur defeated the Afghans in the Battle of Gogra in Bihar. 3 www.winmeen.com | Learning Leads to Ruling Winmeen Tnpsc Group 1 & 2 Self Preparation Course 2018 On December 26, 1530, Babur died at Agra, at the age of His body was first laid at Arambagh in Agra, but was later taken to Kabul, where it was buried in one of his favourite gardens. Estimate Of Babur Babur was a great statesman and a man of solid achievements He was also a great scholar in Arabic and Persian languages. Turki was his mother tongue. He wrote his memoirs, Tuzuk-i-Baburiin Turki language. Humayun (1530-1540) and (1555 - 1556) Humayun was the eldest son of Babur. He was lacking wisdom, discretion, and strongdetermination and diligence of his Thus, as a king he was a failure. Humayun means “fortune” but he remained the most unfortunate ruler of the Mughal Empire. Humayun work as governor Badakshan Six months after his succession,Humayun besieged the fortress of Kalinjar in Bundelkhand, gained a decisive victory over Afghans at Douhrua and drove out Sultan Mahmood Lodhi from Jaunpur, and even defeated Bahadur Shah of Gujarat. His victories, however, were short-lived due to weakness of his character. 4 www.winmeen.com | Learning Leads to Ruling Winmeen Tnpsc Group 1 & 2 Self Preparation Course 2018 Humayun had three brothers, Kamran, Askari and Hindal Humayun divided the empire among his brothers but this proved to be a great blunder on his part. Kamran was given Kabul and Kandahar. Sambhal and Alwar were given to Askari and Hindal respectively. Humayun captured Gujarat from Bahadur Shah and appointed Askari as its governor But soon Bahadur Shah recovered Gujarat from Askari who fled from there. In the east, Sher Khan became powerful. Humayun marched against him and in the Battle of Chausa, held in 1539, Sher Khan destroyed the Mughal army and Humayun escaped from there. Humayun reached Agra to negotiate with his brothers. In 1540, in the Battle of Bilgram or Ganges also known as Battle of Kanauj, Humayun was forced to fight with Sher Khan alone and after losing his kingdom, Humayun became an exile for the next fifteen years. In 1952, during his wanderings in deserts Sindh, Humayun married Hamida Banu Begum, daughter of Sheikh Ali Amber Jaini, who had been a preceptor of Humayun’s brother Hindal. On November 23, 1542, Humayun’s wife gave birth toAkbar at Amarkot 5 www.winmeen.com | Learning Leads to Ruling Winmeen Tnpsc Group 1 & 2 Self Preparation Course 2018 Amarkot’s Hindu chief RanaPrasad promised Humayun to help him to conquer Thatta However, Humayun could notconquer Bhakker or secure Thus, he left India and lived under the generosity of ShahTahmashp of Persia. Shah of Persia agreed to help Humayun by lend him a force of 14,000 men on a condidtion to confirm to Shia creed, to have the Shah’s name proclaimed in his Khutba and to give away Kandhar to him on his success. In 1545, with Persian help Humayun captured Kandhar and Kabul and recapture delhi and agra Humayun sought help from the Iran ruler. Later, he defeated his brothers Kamran and Askari. In 1555, Humayun defeated the Afghans and recovered the Mughal throne. After six months, he died in 1556 due to his fall from the staircase of his library. Humayun was kind and generous, though he was not a good General and warrior. He also loved painting and wrote poetry in Persian language. The line “ If there was an possibility of falling , He was not a man to miss it ” refers to humayun. Battle of Chausa (1539) 6 www.winmeen.com | Learning Leads to Ruling Winmeen Tnpsc Group 1 & 2 Self Preparation Course 2018 Between Humayu & Sher Shah Sher Shah destroyed Mughal army Humayu fled from there Battle of Kannauj or Bilgram (1540) Between Humayu & Sher Shah Brothers’ dint supported Humayu, hence he fought alone Humayu was thoroughly defeated by Sher shah Result → Humayu became exile for next 15 years Sur Interregnum (1540-1555) The founder of the Sur dynasty was Sher Shah, whose original name was Farid. He was the son of Hasan Khan, a jagirdar of Sasaram in Bihar. Later, Farid served under the Afghan ruler of Bihar, who gave him the title Sher Khan for his bravery. He defeated Humayun at the Battle of Chausa and became the ruler of Delhi in 1540. Sher Shah Sur (1540-1545) Sher Shah waged extensive wars with the Rajputs and expanded his empire. His conquests include Punjab, Malwa, Sind, Multan and Bundelkhand (last expedition which was invaded in 1545). 7 www.winmeen.com | Learning Leads to Ruling Winmeen Tnpsc Group 1 & 2 Self Preparation Course 2018 His empire consisted of the whole of North India except Assam, Nepal, Kashmir and Gujarat. The title of “Sher Khan” to Sher shah sur was given by Kamran who ruled Jaunpur Sher Shah’s Administration Although his rule lasted for five years, he organized a brilliantadministrative system. The central government consisted of several departments. The king was assisted by four important ministers: Diwan –i- Wizarat – also called as Wazir - in charge of Revenue and Finance. Diwan-i-Ariz – in charge of Army. Diwan-i-Rasalat- Foreign Minister. Diwan-i-Insha- Minister for Communications. Shershah has the concept that all of them were equal infront of the law. Sher Shah's Justice Administration was assisted by the chief Qazi. Sher Shah’s empire was divided into forty seven sarkars. Chief Shiqdar (law and order) and Chief Munsif (judge) were the two officers in charge of the administration ineach sarkar. 8 www.winmeen.com | Learning Leads to Ruling Winmeen Tnpsc Group 1 & 2 Self Preparation Course 2018 Each sarkar was divided into several parganas. Shiqdar (military officer),Amin (land revenue), Fotedar (treasurer) Karkuns (accountants) were in charge of the administration of each pargana. There were also many administrative units callediqtas. The land revenue administration was well organized under Sher Shah. Landsurvey was carefully done. All cultivable lands were classified into three classes –good, middle and bad. The state’s share was one third of the average produce and itwas paid in cash or crop. His revenue reforms increased the revenue of the state. Sher Shah introduced new silver coins called “Dam” and they were in circulation till 1835. In devanagri language shershahs name is scripted in the gold and silver coins Shershah was called "the father of modern currency". His currency adjustment has improved the economic situation of the nation. Sher Shah had also improved the communications by laying four importanthighways.
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