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Medieval India 2020

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Medieval India 2020 M e d i e v a l I n d i a 2 0 2 0 Architecture in Pallava Chola Empire It was a great age of temple Caste system was widely building. The Pallavas prevalent during the Chola introduced the art of excavating period . Brahmins and temples from the rock. In fact, Kshatriyas enjoyed special the Dravidian style of temple privileges. The i nscriptions of architecture began with the the later period of the Chola Pallava rule. rule mention about two major Mahendravarman I introduced divisions among the castes – the rock - cut temples. This style Valangai and Idangai castes. of Pallava temples are seen at However, there was cooperation places like Mandagappattu, among various cas tes and sub - ahendravadi, Mamandur, castes in social and Dalavanur, Tiruchirappalli, religious life. The position of Vallam, Siyamangalam and women did not improve. The Tirukalukkunram. practice of ‘sati’ was prevalent The second stage of Pallava among the royal families. The architecture is represented by devadasi system or dancing the monolithic r athas and girls attached to temples Mandapas found at emerged during this period. Mamallapuram. Both Saivism and Narasimhavarman I took the V aishnavism continued to credit for these wonderful flourish during the Chola architectural monuments. The period. A number of temples five rathas , popularly called as were built with the patronage of the Panchapanadava rathas , Chola kings and queen signifies five different styles of temple architecture. Foreign Travellers Vijayanagara Kingdom However, among these travellers, only The most striking feature about Duarte Barbosa and Dominigo the location of Vijayanagara is Paes visited Vijayanagar during the natural basin formed by the the reign of Krishna Deva Raya . river Tungabhadra which Try to know about other foreign flows in a north - easterly travelers visiting different direction. emperors/kings. The surrounding landscape is characterised by stunning Bhakti Movement granite hills that seem to form a Sankara girdle around the city. A 11 th century – started a Hindu number of streams flow down to revivalist movement giving a the river from these rocky new orientation to Hinduism. outcrops. In almost all cases Born – Kaladi in Kerala. embankments were built along Gave doctr ine of Advaita or these streams to create Monism. reservoirs of varying sizes. He taught that Brahma, the only or Ultimate Reality, was formless and without any 1 M e d i e v a l I n d i a 2 0 2 0 attributes i.e. NirgunaBrahma Krishna Deva Raya was the (god without attributes) ruler of Vijayanagar during the He considered the world around period of 1st battle of Panipat. us to be an illusion or maya. Krishna Deva Raya reign lasts According to him to understand up to 1530 and the 1st battle of t he true nature of Brahman and Panipat happened in 1526. attain salvation – renunciate the This battle was fought between world and adopt the path of Babur and Ibrahim Lodi knowledge. resulting in establishing of Mughal Empire in India. Ramanuja 12 th century – gave doctrine of Important Battles Visishtadvaita or qualified Battle of Panipat oneness in that the souleven There have been three Battles of when united with the Supreme Panipat : God remained distinct. 1. The 1 st Battle of Panipat (1526), Bo rn – Sriperumbudur near between Babur and the Delhi modern Chennai. Sultan Ibrahim Lodi , According to him God is resulting in a Victory of Sagunabrahman . Mughals. Creative process and all the 2. The 2 nd Battle of Panipat (1556), objects in creation are real but betweenthe Mughal Ruler not illusory . Therefore, God, Akbar and Hemu , theHindu soul, matter are real. r uler of North India from Delhi, He also advocated resulting in a Mughal victory. prabattimarga or path of self - 3. The 3 rd Battle of Panipat (1761), surrender to God. betweenthe Durrani Empire To attain salvation - through of Ahmad ShahAbdali of intense devotion to Vishnu. Afghanistan and the MarathaEmpire of Balaji Madhava Baji Rao , resulting indecisiveAfghan victory. 13 th century - propagated Dvaita or dualism of Jivatma and Paramatma. Battle of Khanua Born - Pajaka near Udupi, a Fought between - Rana Sangha coastal Malabar region of south - of Mewar,a great Rajput west India in the state of warrior, and Babur in 1527. Karnataka . Result - Babur won a decisive God is Sagunabrahma. victory over ana . According to his philosophy, the Babur assumed the title Ghazi. world is not an illusion but Ghazi mean a Muslim fighter a reality . God, soul, matter are against non – Muslims. unique in nature. Nimbarka and Vallabhacha rya are other Battle of Chanderi preachers of Vaishnavite Bhakti Fought between – Babur and in the Telungana region. Rajput rulerMedini Rai at Chanderi in 1528. Result – Babur won. 2 M e d i e v a l I n d i a 2 0 2 0 Sadasiva Raya was t he last ruler Battle of Ghagra of Tuluva Dyansty. Fought between - Babur and Afghans(Mahmud Lodhi) near the confluence ofGangaand Ghagra in Bihar in 1529. Firoz Shah Tughlaq Result - Babur won. We know of Firoz Shah Tughlaq in According to Ain - i - Akbari land partthrough his 32 - page was classified as – autobiography , titledFutuhat - efirozshahi. 1. Polaj – It was land which is annually He was 45 when he became cultivated for each crop in successio n Sultan of Delhi in 1351. He ruled and is never allowed to lie fallow. until 1388. At his succession, 2. Parauti – land left out of cultivation after the death of Muhammad fora time that it may recover its Tughlaq, he faced many strength. rebellions, including in Bengal, 3. Chachar – land that has lain fallow Gujarat and Warangal. forthree or four years. Nonetheless he worked to 4. Banjar - land uncult ivated for five improve the infrastructure of years and more. the empire building canals, resthouses and hospitals, Of the first two kinds of land, there are creating and refurbishing three classes, good, middling, and bad. reservoirs and digging wells. He Third of this represents the medium founded several cities around produce, one - third part of which is Delhi, including Jaunpur, exacted as the Royal dues. Ferozpur, Hissar, Firuzabad, Fatehabad. Harihara Most of Firozabad was Harihara was the founder of the destroyed as subsequent rulers Vijaynagar Empire and dismantled its buildings and Sangama D ynasty. reusedthe spolia as building The first thing Sri Krishnadeva materials and the rest was Raya, did on ascending the subsumed as New Delhi grew. throne was to put a stoptothe He built Firoz Shah Palace regular loot and raid, affairs by Complex at Hisar in 1354 CE, the Bahmanis. over 300 villages and dug five The raiding Bahmani army of majorcanals, including the Bijapur was decisively routed at renovation of Prithviraj the Battle of Diwaniand Krishna Chauhan era Western Yamuna Deva Raya, went in hotpursuit Canal, for irrigation bringing of the Bahmani Sultan,Yusuf more land under cultivation for AdilShah. growing g rain and fruit. The retreating Bijapur sultan, Firoz was 1 st sultan of Delhi to Yusuf AdilShah, was defeated impose Jaziya. and killed at Kovilkonda,it was In the beginning Jaziya was a crushing blow for the Bijapur collected as art of land tax. forces. Durin g Firoz Tughlaq’s period it Narasa Nayaka was the founder was c ollected as a separate tax. of TuluvaDynasty. 3 M e d i e v a l I n d i a 2 0 2 0 Muhammad Bin Tughlaq crown. That was his greatest He shifted his capital from Delhi to contribution towards the Devagiri (which he renamed stability of the Sultanate. Daulatabad To keep himself well - informed Balban appointed spies. He created a strong centralised Sikander Lodhi army to deal with internal ODZhNWEyNWYxMWVi He moved the capital from Delhi to disturbances and to cheek new city because he thought he would Mongols who were posing a have better control over kingdom. This serious danger to Delhi city later became famous as Agra . Sultante. He established the military Ahmad Wali Shah department Diwani - i - Arz Ahmad Wali Shah sh ifted the capital from Gulbarga to Bidar. The Persian court model influenced balban's conception of Al Biruni is the author of the Kingship. He took up thetitle of book Kitab - ul - Hind. Zil - i - Ilahi (Shadow of God) Mahmud of Ghazni was He destroyed Mewati Rajputa interested in finding out more brigandagein the doab, where about the people he Raskhan forests were cut and forts built. conquered, and entrusted a In his last days he overlooked scholar named Al - Baruni to Sultanate affairs due to death of write an account of Indian his eldest and most loving son, subcontinent. Muhammad and rebellion by And so Al - Baruni wrote Kitab - his closed and most loved slave, ul Hind Tughril. Muhammad died He consulted Sanskrit scholars fighting Mongolians in 1285 and to prepare this account. Tughril was captured and Raskhan is widely beheaded. acknowledged as a great poet, having dedicated most of his Deccan Sultanates creations to Lord Krishna. By the year 1526, the Bahmani Sujan Raskhan and Prem kingdomhad disintegrated into five Vatika are someo f his available independent sultanates – creations. Ahmadnagar , Bijapur, Berar,Golkonda Raskhan Rachnavali is the and Bidar. These 5 states areknown as collection of Raskhan's poetry. Deccan Sultanates. His creations describe the Fawazil in Sulatanate Period means beauty of not only Lord Krishna Excessamount paid to the exchequer but also his relations with his by the iqtadars. beloved Radha. His poetry is in the form of Ibn Batuta Doha, Padawali and Savayya. He was a Moroccan traveler, born in Tangier. Balban He set off for India in 133 2 - 33. Balban ascended the throne in He had already travelled 1266. extensively in Syria, Iraq, He broke the power of Chalisa Persia, Yemen, Oman and a few and resorted the prestige of the 4 M e d i e v a l I n d i a 2 0 2 0 trading ports on the coast of The most important work is East Africa.
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