DOCSLIB.ORG

Role of Persians at the Mughal Court: a Historical

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Role of Persians at the Mughal Court: a Historical ROLE OF PERSIANS AT THE MUGHAL COURT: A HISTORICAL STUDY, DURING 1526 A.D. TO 1707 A.D. PH.D THESIS SUBMITTED BY, MUHAMMAD ZIAUDDIN SUPERVISOR: PROF. DR. MUNIR AHMED BALOCH IN THE AREA STUDY CENTRE FOR MIDDLE EAST & ARAB COUNTRIES UNIVERSITY OF BALOCHISTAN QUETTA, PAKISTAN. FOR THE FULFILMENT OF THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN HISTORY 2005 DECLARATION BY THE CANDIDATE I, Muhammad Ziauddin, do solemnly declare that the Research Work Titled “Role of Persians at the Mughal Court: A Historical Study During 1526 A.D to 1707 A.D” is hereby submitted for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy and it has not been submitted elsewhere for any Degree. The said research work was carried out by the undersigned under the guidance of Prof. Dr. Munir Ahmed Baloch, Director, Area Study Centre for Middle East & Arab Countries, University of Balochistan, Quetta, Pakistan. Muhammad Ziauddin CERTIFICATE This is to certify that Mr. Muhammad Ziauddin has worked under my supervision for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy. His research work is original. He fulfills all the requirements to submit the accompanying thesis for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Prof. Dr. Munir Ahmed Research Supervisor & Director Area Study Centre For Middle East & Arab Countries University of Balochistan Quetta, Pakistan. Prof. Dr. Mansur Akbar Kundi Dean Faculty of State Sciences University of Balochistan Quetta, Pakistan. d DEDICATED TO THE UNFORGETABLE MEMORIES OF LATE PROF. MUHAMMAD ASLAM BALOCH OF HISTORY DEPARTMENT UNIVERSITY OF BALOCHISTAN, QUETTA PAKISTAN e ACKNOWLEDGMENT First of all I must thank to Almighty Allah, who is so merciful and beneficent to all of us, and without His will we can not do anything; it is He who guide us to the right path, and give us sufficient knowledge and strength to perform our assigned duties. Since the time of my registration as a Ph.D candidate, I have incurred a considerable number of debts of warm gratitude. Indeed I am grateful to more people that I can recount. I take pride in expressing my deep appreciation and gratitude to my Supervisor Prof. Dr. Munir Ahmed, Director Area Study Centre for Middile East & Arab Countries, University of Balochistan, Quetta for his constant guidance, kind interest, useful suggestions and constructive criticism in the completion of my dissertation. No appropriate words of thanks can express my feelings to him. I owe gratitude to Prof. Dr. Mansur Akbar Kundi, Dean Faculty of State Sciences, Prof. Dr. G.M. Jaffar, Chairman, Department of Islamiat, Prof. Dr. Farooq Ahmed, Chairman, Department of Urdu, University of Balochistan, Quetta, and my senior colleague Prof. S.A Wahab Shah for their valuable advices and admonitions which kept me busy in my research work positively. Moreover, I am also grateful to the other colleagues of my department for their well-wishes which kept me active in carrying out my task. I also extend my thanks to Prof. Sharafat Abbas, Chairman, Department of Persian, Prof. Muhammad Ilyas of the Department of Library & Information Science, Prof. Dr. Syed Zafar Ilyas of the Department of Physics and Prof. Hamid Hasan Khan, Chairman Department of Philosophy, f University of Balochistan, Quetta, for providing me with useful advices and as well as steering my research work properly. I also want to extend my heartiest thanks and gratitude to Prof. Muhammad Arif of the Department of International Relations for his enormous help which he accorded to me throughout my studies. I must acknowledge with thanks to Mrs. Sakina Malik, former Librarian, and specially Md. Nurjahan, Assistant Librarian, of the University of Balochistan, Quetta. I am especially indebted to the Staff of Liaquat Memorial Library Karachi, and the Library of University of Karachi for their cooperation in searching and photocopying of the relevant research material. I also appreciate the scrupulous efforts of Miss Tabinda Zahoor, my wife’s niece and student of General History Department, University of Karachi, for her assistance in searching of some valuable books and research journals that enabled me to accomplish this research work. I must not to forget my wife’s elder brother Muhammad Rehmatullah for his painstaking task of proof reading with great discernment the whole script of this thesis. I am highly beholden to my father S.A Nasir Rizvi, my mother and my brothers and sisters and other connections for their well wishes and benedictions which they have been incessantly accorded to me during the entire study and progression of this dissertation. In the end, I must thank my better-half Mrs. Shagufta Zia and my sons Shahab-ud-Din and Imad-ud-Din who, in spite of the suffering of long hours of solitude remained a constant source of encouragement to me throughout my studies. Muhammad Ziauddin g ABBREVIATIONS A.A. Ain-i-Akbari A.D. Anno Domini A. Dad. Abolghasem Dadvar A.G.M. Ahmad Golchin,Ma’ani A.H. After Hijra A.L.S. A. Lateef Sayed A.S. Alaih-Salam B.C. Before Christ B.P.S. Banarsi Prasad Saksena C.A.M.A. Calligraphic Art in Mughal Architecture C.D.M.A. Colour Decoration in Mughal Architecture E.B.F. Ellison Banks Findly F.R. Francis Richard G.M.A. Glimpses of Mughal Architecture G.M.I. The Gardens of Mughul India H.A.D. Humaira Arif Dasti (Dr.) I.A.K. Iqtidar Alam Khan K.H. Khurshid Hasan M.A.G. M. Abdul Ghani M.H. Mansura Haider M.R.K. Majumdar, Raychaudhuri & Kalikinkar N.A.J. The Nobility under Akbar and Jahangir h R.A. Rehmat-ullah Alaih R.A.T.A. Razi ‘Allah-o-Ta‘ala ‘Anho R.M.S. Roger M. Savory R.S.A. Rama Shankar Avasthy. S.A.R. Saiyid Athar Rizvi S.A.W. Sallallah-o-Alaih Wasallam T.S. Tarikh-i-Sindh S.M.J. S.M Jaffar, S.P.V. Som Prakash Verma T.A. Tarikh-i-Adabiyat T.H.H. Tasweer Husain Hamidi T.U. Tadhkirat-al-Umara i Abstract This dissertation renders the Persians’ role at the Mughal Court that was really their enormous contribution which provided Mughal Empire an additional glory, ecstasy and magnificence in its enterprise. Thus the significance of this historical study stems from a huge and multidimensional role played by the Persians at the Mughal Court and as well in the annals of Mughal India, as a consequence of their continuous migration towards Indian Sub-continent. The research shows a historical background of over-all Indo-Persian relations that has been occurred during ancient and medieval times before the advent of Mughal Empire in India. It purports the causes of migration of Persian emigrants towards Mughal India and their key role in the politics and administration along with its comparison with other fractions of nobility which were prevailing in India. Dissertation also unfolds the religious role of Persians in separate epochs during the Mughal regime, in view of the establishment of Safawid Dynasty in Persia and its Safawid religious propaganda. It underlines the Persians role in the language and literature during the Mughal regime as well as the causes of migration of Persian men-of-pen towards Mughal India. It cogently highlights the impact of Persian language and literature on other spheres of India. In addition, it also discloses Persians’ gigantic role in the Mughal culture, arts and society and deals with the analysis j of some of the Persian cultural customs, traditions in Mughal culture and society that resulted by the firm interactions with the Persians. Self-made analytical data tables support the entire role of Persians at the Mughal Court throughout the research period. Dissertation concludes that Mughal rulers of India kept up the closest of contacts with Persia and there was a stream of talented Persians which comprised administrators, theologians, scholars and artists coming over the Indian frontiers to seek fame and fortune at the brilliant Court of the Great Mughals. They performed a crucial role in trimming and enterprising the multidimensional aspects of entire Mughal period under study. k CONTENTS Page ABBREVIATIONS h ABSTRACT j CHAPTER-I I N T R O D U C T I O N 1-25 Mughals in Historical Perspective 4 Mughal-Persian Boundaries 6 Persia and Persians in Historical Perspective 6 The Legacy of Indo-Persian Culture in Mughal India 9 Definition of the Terms: ‘Persians’ and ‘Mughal Court’ 13 Chronological and Subjective Scope 14 Significance 15 Objectives 16 Research Procedure 17 Chapters’ Description 17 References 22 CHAPTER-II HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF PERSIANS IMPACT ON INDIAN SUB-CONTINENT FROM ANCIENT TIMES UPTO THE ESTABLISHEMENT OF MUGHAL EMPIRE IN 1526 A.D. 26-57 (A) Persians’ impact on Indian Sub-continent during Ancient Times 27 Achaemenids 30 Sassanids 35 (B) Persians’ impact on Indian Sub-continent from the advent of Islam up to the establishment of Mughal Empire in 1526 A.D. 37 Advent of Islam 37 Arabs 38 l Parsees (Zoroastrians) in India 39 Ghaznavids 42 Ghorids 43 Sultanate of Dehli 44 References 52 CHAPTER-III ROLE OF PERSIANS IN THE MUGHAL POLITICS AND ADMINISTRATION 58-112 Causes of the Migration of Persian Emigrants towards Mughal India 61 The Role of Nobility at the Mughal Court 62 Racial and Religious Groups of Nobility at the Mughal Court 63 Persians in the Politics and Administration of Babur and Humayun 63 Table-1.A Persian Emigrants during Babur’s Reign Who were assigned Ranks in Administration/Army 65 Table-1.B Racial Composition of Babur’s Nobility During 1526-1530 A.D. 65 Table-1.C Persian Emigrants during Humayun’s Reign Who were assigned Ranks in Administration/Army 70 The Role of Bairam Khan 70 Persians in the Politics and Administration of Akbar 73 Table - 1.D Persian Emigrants during Akbar’s Reign Who were assigned Ranks in Administration/Army 74 Table-1.E Racial and Religious Composition of Mughal Mansabdars 500-3000 and Above During 1595 A.D.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Art. VII.— the Early Years of Shāh Isma'īl, Founder of the Ṣafavī Dynasty
    JOURNAL THE ROYAL ASIATIC SOCIETY. ART. YII.—The Early Years of Shah Isma'll, Founder of the Safavi Dynasty. By E. DENISON BOSS, PH.D., M.R.A.S. THE most exhaustive, if not the best known, source for the history of Shah Isma'll the Safavi, is undoubtedly the Habib-us-Siyar of Khwandamlr. Though this large and important work has been lithographed, both in Tihran and in Bombay, it is but too little known in Europe, where it has generally been regarded as a mere epitome of the Rauzat-us-Safa; whereas, besides being an original source for much valuable biographical and geographical matter, it contains detailed accounts of many little-known dynasties. Khwandamlr's work is thus in many respects more interesting than the ponderous universal history of his grandfather.1 Now, there is a work, of which the British Museum possesses one copy,2 and the Cambridge University Library a second,8 1 Dr. Rieu (see "Catalogue of the Persian MSS. in the British Museum," vol. i, p. 87) was the first to point out that Mlrkhwand was the grandfather of Khwandamlr, and not his father, as hitherto generally supposed. 8 B.M. Oriental, 3248 (see Dr. Bieu's Supplement). 3 Cambridge University Library, Add. 200 (see Mr. Browne's Catalogue, p. 147). J.E.A.S. 1896. 17 Downloaded from https://www.cambridge.org/core. INSEAD, on 09 Feb 2018 at 08:10:52, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use, available at https://www.cambridge.org/core/terms. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0035869X00023698 250 THE EARLY YEARS OF SHAH ISMA'IL.
    [Show full text]
  • Final-1-August-2021-3Rd-FHRJK-Report-AM.Pdf
    i TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgements Report and Methodology Executive Summary and Recommendations vi List of Rights that Continue to be Violated: 1 1. Civilian Security 10 2. Children, Women and Health 34 3. Land, Demography and Identity Rights 40 4. Industry and Employment 46 5. The Freedom of Media, Speech & Information 51 Conclusion 56 List of abbreviations 57 Appendix: About the Forum 58 ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The Forum for Human Rights in Jammu and Kashmir would like to express deep gratitude to Shivani Sanghavi, who drafted this Report, and to Amjad Majid for the layout. iii THE REPORT AND METHODOLOGY The Forum for Human Rights in Jammu and Kashmir comprises an informal group of concerned citizens who believe that, in the prevailing situation in the former state, an independent initiative is required so that continuing human rights violations do not go unnoticed. This is the third report issued by the Forum. It has largely been compiled from government sources, media accounts (carried in well-established and reputed newspapers or television), NGO fact-finding reports, interviews, and information garnered through legal petitions. The report relies primarily on information collected between 1 February 2021 and 23 July 2021. Though in situ verification has not been possible during the Covid-19 lockdown, the various sources listed above have been fact-checked against each other to ensure the information is as accurate as possible, and only that information has been carried that appears to be well-founded. Where there is any doubt regarding a piece of information, queries have been footnoted. [email protected] iv Members of the Forum Co-Chairs: Justice Madan B.
    [Show full text]
  • Phd 15.04.27 Versie 3
    Promotor Prof. dr. Jan Dumolyn Vakgroep Geschiedenis Decaan Prof. dr. Marc Boone Rector Prof. dr. Anne De Paepe Nederlandse vertaling: Een Spiegel voor de Sultan. Staatsideologie in de Vroeg Osmaanse Kronieken, 1300-1453 Kaftinformatie: Miniature of Sultan Orhan Gazi in conversation with the scholar Molla Alâeddin. In: the Şakayıku’n-Nu’mâniyye, by Taşköprülüzâde. Source: Topkapı Palace Museum, H1263, folio 12b. Faculteit Letteren & Wijsbegeerte Hilmi Kaçar A Mirror for the Sultan State Ideology in the Early Ottoman Chronicles, 1300- 1453 Proefschrift voorgelegd tot het behalen van de graad van Doctor in de Geschiedenis 2015 Acknowledgements This PhD thesis is a dream come true for me. Ottoman history is not only the field of my research. It became a passion. I am indebted to Prof. Dr. Jan Dumolyn, my supervisor, who has given me the opportunity to take on this extremely interesting journey. And not only that. He has also given me moral support and methodological guidance throughout the whole process. The frequent meetings to discuss the thesis were at times somewhat like a wrestling match, but they have always been inspiring and stimulating. I also want to thank Prof. Dr. Suraiya Faroqhi and Prof. Dr. Jo Vansteenbergen, for their expert suggestions. My colleagues of the History Department have also been supportive by letting me share my ideas in development during research meetings at the department, lunches and visits to the pub. I would also like to sincerely thank the scholars who shared their ideas and expertise with me: Dimitris Kastritsis, Feridun Emecen, David Wrisley, Güneş Işıksel, Deborah Boucayannis, Kadir Dede, Kristof d’Hulster, Xavier Baecke and many others.
    [Show full text]
  • Turkomans Between Two Empires
    TURKOMANS BETWEEN TWO EMPIRES: THE ORIGINS OF THE QIZILBASH IDENTITY IN ANATOLIA (1447-1514) A Ph.D. Dissertation by RIZA YILDIRIM Department of History Bilkent University Ankara February 2008 To Sufis of Lāhijan TURKOMANS BETWEEN TWO EMPIRES: THE ORIGINS OF THE QIZILBASH IDENTITY IN ANATOLIA (1447-1514) The Institute of Economics and Social Sciences of Bilkent University by RIZA YILDIRIM In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in THE DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY BILKENT UNIVERSITY ANKARA February 2008 I certify that I have read this thesis and have found that it is fully adequate, in scope and in quality, as a thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in History. …………………….. Assist. Prof. Oktay Özel Supervisor I certify that I have read this thesis and have found that it is fully adequate, in scope and in quality, as a thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in History. …………………….. Prof. Dr. Halil Đnalcık Examining Committee Member I certify that I have read this thesis and have found that it is fully adequate, in scope and in quality, as a thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in History. …………………….. Prof. Dr. Ahmet Yaşar Ocak Examining Committee Member I certify that I have read this thesis and have found that it is fully adequate, in scope and in quality, as a thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in History. …………………….. Assist. Prof. Evgeni Radushev Examining Committee Member I certify that I have read this thesis and have found that it is fully adequate, in scope and in quality, as a thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in History.
    [Show full text]
  • High Court of Jammu and Kashmir Srinagar Bench. 7
    HIGH COURT OF JAMMU AND KASHMIR SRINAGAR BENCH. 7 ADVANCE LIST {05-07-2021 TO 09-07-2021} I N D E X Court HON’BLE THE CHIEF JUSTICE BENCH 05/07/21 06/07/21 07/07/21 08/07/21 09/07/21 No. /HON’BLE JUDGES ID: Court HON’BLE THE CHIEF JUSTICE 1532 1-4 34-38 69-72 102-104 131-134 No. 1 & HON’BLE MR. JUSTICE SANJAY DHAR Court HON’BLE THE CHIEF JUSTICE 1520 - - - - 135 No. 1 Court HON’BLE MR. JUSTICE 1400 5-24 39-57 73-91 105-120 136-154 No. 2 ALI MOHAMMAD MAGREY Court HON’BLE MR. JUSTICE 1405 25-29 58-64 92-96 121-127 155-159 No. 4 TASHI RABSTAN Court HON’BLE MR. JUSTICE 1407 30-33 65-68 97-101 128-130 160-163 No. 5 SANJEEV KUMAR Court HON’BLE MR. JUSTICE 1496 - - - - 164-165 No. 9 SANJAY DHAR NOTICE ON NEXT PAGE (Gowher Majid Dalal) BY ORDER REGISTRAR JUDICIAL www.jkhighcourt.nic.in [email protected] HIGH COURT OF JAMMU AND KASHMIR AT SRINAGAR ******** NOTICE No. I All the fresh matters presented before the Registry at the filling Counter, on a particular working day upto 12:00 pm ,shall be listed for hearing, before the various Benches of the Hon’ble Court on the next working day, if after scrutinization, are found complete in all respects and defect free. Caveat, if any shall be distinctively mentioned. No. II All fresh matter(s) coming by way of Daily Supplementary List shall be listed before all the available single roster benches in equal proportion.
    [Show full text]
  • The Relations of the Mughal Empire with the Ahmadnagar Kingdom (1526-1636)
    THE RELATIONS OF THE MUGHAL EMPIRE WITH THE AHMADNAGAR KINGDOM (1526-1636) Thesis Submited foe tke *Degcee of Doctor (X Philosophy IN fflSTQRY BY MOHO. SIRAJ ANWAR SUPERVISOR Professor Iqtidar Alam Khan CENTRE OF ADVANCED STUDY DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY ALIGARH MUSLIM UNIVERSITY ALIGARH (INDIA) 1994 / f ; : ^ iO.i/1 - 1 3;rf;p ifl«(^ ABSTRACT During the first quarter of the sixteenth century the relations between the power ruling over North India, namely, the Lodi Empire and the Deccan kingdoms were generally at a very low key. But it is, of course, true that the Deccani kingdoms were not indifferent to the situation in the North. The sending of congratulatory letters to Babur by trte rulers of Ahmadnagar, Bijapur and Berar, on his success in 1526, goes to testify their eagerness to win favour with any ruler who appeared to gaining an upper hand in North India. Among them Ahmadnagar seemed to be particularly responsive to the developing political scenario in the North. The short term consideration of the Ahmadnagar Kingdom in cultivating friendly ties with the Mughals from the very beginning of their rule down to the end of Humayun's reign, and also with the Surs during their short lived rule over North India, was possibly that their military pressure on Malwa and Gujarat would render the latter two states less belligerent towards Ahmadnagar. But at the same time it should not be overlooked that from 1535 onwards Humayun appeared to be interested in extending his influence, if not actual rule, over Khandesh and Ahmadnagar which is borne out by his correspondence with Burhan Nizam Shah I as well as his making, while returning to Mandu from Ahmadabad, a detour across Khandesh.
    [Show full text]
  • Jnasci-2015-1195-1202
    Journal of Novel Applied Sciences Available online at www.jnasci.org ©2015 JNAS Journal-2015-4-11/1195-1202 ISSN 2322-5149 ©2015 JNAS Relationships between Timurid Empire and Qara Qoyunlu & Aq Qoyunlu Turkmens Jamshid Norouzi1 and Wirya Azizi2* 1- Assistant Professor of History Department of Payame Noor University 2- M.A of Iran’s Islamic Era History of Payame Noor University Corresponding author: Wirya Azizi ABSTRACT: Following Abu Saeed Ilkhan’s death (from Mongol Empire), for half a century, Iranian lands were reigned by local rules. Finally, lately in the 8th century, Amir Timur thrived from Transoxiana in northeastern Iran, and gradually made obedient Iran and surrounding countries. However, in the Northwest of Iran, Turkmen tribes reigned but during the Timurid raids they had returned to obedience, and just as withdrawal of the Timurid troops, they were quickly back their former power. These clans and tribes sometimes were troublesome to the Ottoman Empires and Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt. Due to the remoteness of these regions of Timurid Capital and, more importantly, lack of permanent government administrations and organizations of the Timurid capital, following Amir Timur’s death, because of dynastic struggles among his Sons and Grandsons, the Turkmens under these conditions were increasing their power and then they had challenged the Timurid princes. The most important goals of this study has focused on investigation of their relationships and struggles. How and why Timurid Empire has begun to combat against Qara Qoyunlu and Aq Qoyunlu Turkmens; what were the reasons for the failure of the Timurid deal with them, these are the questions that we try to find the answers in our study.
    [Show full text]
  • Punjab Ahmed Pur East Ahmed Pur East 0284 22, Dera Nawab Road
    Province City Branch Name Branch Code Branch Address PABX Agri Unit Punjab Ahmed Pur East Ahmed Pur East 0284 22, Dera Nawab Road, Adjacent Civil Hospital, Ahmed Pur East 062-2275213-15 062-2275216 Punjab Arifwala Arifwala 0232 173-D Thana Bazar Arifwala. 045-7835425-26 045-7835424 Punjab Attock Attock 0246 Faysal Bank Limited, Plot No. 169 Shaikh Jaffar Plaza, Saddiqui Road, Attock 057-2602061-62 0572-6020665 Punjab Bahawalnagar Bahawalnagar 0266 2-B Ghalla Mandi ,Bahawalnagar. 063-2279337-9 063 2279340 Punjab Bahawalpur Bahawalpur 0149 2 - Rehman Society, Noor Mahal Road, Bahawalpur. 062-2730691-93 0622-730698 Punjab Bhalwal Bhalwal 0450 131-A, Liaqat Shaheed Road, Bhalwal 048-6642405-08 048-6642408 Punjab Burewala Burewala 0200 95-C, Multan Road, Burewala. 067-3773011, 3773018 067-3773012 Punjab Chakwal Chakwal 0243 Faysal Bank Limited, Talha Gang Road, Opposite Alliace Travel, Chakwal 0543-553932-34 0543-553932 Punjab Cheshtian Cheshtian 0264 143 B - Block Main Bazar Cheshtian. 063- 2507809-10 0632-501411 Punjab Chichawatni Chichawatni 0225 G.T Road Chichawatni 040-5482305-06 040-5482311 Punjab Daska Daska 0238 Plot No.3,4 & 5, Muslim Market , Gujranwala, Daska 052-6614623-4 052-6614097 Punjab Depalpur Depalpur 0226 Shop # 1& 2, Gillani Heights,Madina Chowk,Depalpur. 044-4540768-69 0444-540775 Punjab Dera Ghazi Khan Dera Ghazi Khan 0448 Block 18, Hospital Chowk, Pakistan Plaza, Dera Ghazi Khan 064-2474175-77 064-2474179 Punjab Faisalabad Faisalabad-D Ground 0177 650 A, Samanabad, Industrial Labor Colony, Faisalabad 041-8730443 041-8555762 Punjab Gojra Gojra 0280 Teshil Office Road Gojra 046-3512024 046-3512026 Punjab Gujar Khan Gujar Khan 0136 Faysal Bank Limited, B-111, 215-D, Ward 5, G.T.
    [Show full text]
  • Iranian Researchers Design Tablet for Visually-Impaired
    Art & Culture December 1, 2019 3 This Day in History (December 1) Iranian Researchers Design Today is Sunday; 10th of the Iranian month of Azar 1398 solar hijri; corresponding to 4th of the Islamic month of Rabi as-Sani 1441 lunar hijri; and December 1, 2019, of the Christian Gregorian Calendar. 1268 lunar years ago, on this day in 173 AH, Seyyed Abdul-Azim al-Hasani, a prominent descendant of Prophet Mohammad (SAWA), was born in Medina. A Tablet for Visually-Impaired pious scholar of repute, he was fifth in descent from the Prophet’s elder grandson to read texts in audio and braille keyboard and a monitor and software and 2nd Infallible Heir, Imam Hasan al-Mojtaba (AS). His genealogy reads: Abdul-Azim ibn Abdullah ibn Ali ibn Hassan ibn Zayd ibn Imam Hasan (AS). He without the need for a computer includes Persian text reader. was ten years when the Prophet’s 7th Infallible Heir, Imam Musa al-Kazem (AS), connection. According to the CEO of this was martyred in Baghdad in the dungeon of the Abbasid tyrant Haroun Rasheed, “The blind can type in both Farsi knowledge-based company, the and he had the honour of companionship of the 8th, 9th and 10th Infallible Imams and English, listen to music and system provides audio and braille – Imam Ali ar-Reza (AS), Imam Mohammad at-Taqi (AS), and Imam Ali an- audio files, and connect to their for all visually impaired people in Naqi (AS). He was sent as a missionary to Iran to enlighten the people about the mobile phone.
    [Show full text]
  • Copyright by Mohammad Raisur Rahman 2008
    Copyright by Mohammad Raisur Rahman 2008 The Dissertation Committee for Mohammad Raisur Rahman certifies that this is the approved version of the following dissertation: Islam, Modernity, and Educated Muslims: A History of Qasbahs in Colonial India Committee: _____________________________________ Gail Minault, Supervisor _____________________________________ Cynthia M. Talbot _____________________________________ Denise A. Spellberg _____________________________________ Michael H. Fisher _____________________________________ Syed Akbar Hyder Islam, Modernity, and Educated Muslims: A History of Qasbahs in Colonial India by Mohammad Raisur Rahman, B.A. Honors; M.A.; M.Phil. Dissertation Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School of The University of Texas at Austin in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy The University of Texas at Austin August 2008 Dedication This dissertation is dedicated to the fond memories of my parents, Najma Bano and Azizur Rahman, and to Kulsum Acknowledgements Many people have assisted me in the completion of this project. This work could not have taken its current shape in the absence of their contributions. I thank them all. First and foremost, I owe my greatest debt of gratitude to my advisor Gail Minault for her guidance and assistance. I am grateful for her useful comments, sharp criticisms, and invaluable suggestions on the earlier drafts, and for her constant encouragement, support, and generous time throughout my doctoral work. I must add that it was her path breaking scholarship in South Asian Islam that inspired me to come to Austin, Texas all the way from New Delhi, India. While it brought me an opportunity to work under her supervision, I benefited myself further at the prospect of working with some of the finest scholars and excellent human beings I have ever known.
    [Show full text]
  • Icb Asset Management Company Limited Prime Finance
    ICB ASSET MANAGEMENT COMPANY LIMITED PRIME FINANCE FIRST MUTUAL FUND Rate of Dividend: Taka 2 per Unit FY:2010 Record Date: 08-Feb-2011 BO ID/ Folio/ Name & Number of Units Tax Diduct (tk.) Allote No./DP ID Address of Unit Holders Gross Amount(tk.) Net Amount (tk.) 1201530000003518 ICB UNIT FUND 235000 0.00 BSB BUILDING(12TH-15TH) 8,DIT AVENUE DHAKA 470,000.00 470,000.00 1201530000003526 FIRST ICB MUTUAL FUND 4000 0.00 BSB BUILDING 12TH-15TH FLOOR 8 DIT AVENUEDHAKA 8,000.00 8,000.00 1201530000003534 SECOND ICB MUTUAL FUND 4000 0.00 BSB BUILDING 12TH - 15TH FLOOR 8 DIT AVENUEDHAKA 8,000.00 8,000.00 1201530000003542 THIRD ICB MUTUAL FUND 4000 0.00 BSB BUILDING 12TH - 15TH FLOOR 8 DIT AVENUEDHAKA 8,000.00 8,000.00 1201530000003550 FIFTH ICB MUTUAL FUND 9000 0.00 BSB BUILDING (12TH-15TH FLOOR) 8 DIT AVENUE DHAKA 18,000.00 18,000.00 1201530000003569 SIXTH ICB MUTUAL FUND 9000 0.00 BSB BUILDING (12TH-15TH FLOOR) 8 DIT AVENUE DHAKA 18,000.00 18,000.00 1201530000003577 SEVENTH ICB MUTUAL FUND 7500 0.00 BSB BUILDING (12TH-15TH FLOOR) 8 DIT AVENUE DHAKA 15,000.00 15,000.00 1201530000003585 EIGHTH ICB MUTUAL FUND 7500 0.00 BSB BUILDING (12TH-15TH FLOOR) 8 DIT AVENUE DHAKA 15,000.00 15,000.00 1201530000003593 FOURTH ICB MUTUAL FUND 4000 0.00 BSB BUILDING (12TH-15TH FLOOR) 8 DIT AVENUE DHAKA 8,000.00 8,000.00 1202180000749065 FIRST BSRS MUTUAL FUND 19000 0.00 BDBL BHABAN,(16TH FLOOR), 12,KAWRAN BAZAR DHAKA 38,000.00 38,000.00 1201470000021117 MR.
    [Show full text]
  • Historical Places of Pakistan Minar-E-Pakistan
    Historical places of Pakistan Minar-e-Pakistan: • Minar-e-Pakistan (or Yadgaar-e-Pakistan ) is a tall minaret in Iqbal Park Lahore, built in commemoration of the Lahore Resolution. • The minaret reflects a blend of Mughal and modern architecture, and is constructed on the site where on March 23, 1940, seven years before the formation of Pakistan, the Muslim League passed the Lahore Resolution (Qarardad-e-Lahore ), demanding the creation of Pakistan. • The large public space around the monument is commonly used for political and public meetings, whereas Iqbal Park area is ever so popular among kite- flyers. • The tower rises about 60 meters on the base, thus the total height of minaret is about 62 meters above the ground. • The unfolding petals of the flower-like base are 9 meters high. The diameter of the tower is about 97.5 meters (320 feet). Badshahi Mosque: or the 'Emperor's Mosque', was ,( د ه :The Badshahi Mosque (Urdu • built in 1673 by the Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb in Lahore, Pakistan. • It is one of the city's best known landmarks, and a major tourist attraction epitomising the beauty and grandeur of the Mughal era. • Capable of accommodating over 55,000 worshipers. • It is the second largest mosque in Pakistan, after the Faisal Mosque in Islamabad. • The architecture and design of the Badshahi Masjid is closely related to the Jama Masjid in Delhi, India, which was built in 1648 by Aurangzeb's father and predecessor, Emperor Shah Jahan. • The Imam-e-Kaaba (Sheikh Abdur-Rahman Al-Sudais of Saudi Arabia) has also led prayers in this mosque in 2007.
    [Show full text]