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Advances in Sexual Selection Theory: Insights from Tropical Avifauna

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Advances in Sexual Selection Theory: Insights from Tropical Avifauna ORNITOLOGIA NEOTROPICAL 19 (Suppl.): 151–163, 2008 © The Neotropical Ornithological Society ADVANCES IN SEXUAL SELECTION THEORY: INSIGHTS FROM TROPICAL AVIFAUNA Wendy P. Tori1, Renata Durães1, Thomas B. Ryder1, Marina Anciães2,8, Jordan Karubian3, Regina H. Macedo4, J. Albert C. Uy5, Patricia G. Parker1, Thomas B. Smith3,6, Adam C. Stein5, Michael S. Webster7, John G. Blake1, & Bette A. Loiselle1 1Department of Biology, University of Missouri-St. Louis and Whitney R. Harris World Ecology Center, 1 University Blvd., St. Louis, Missouri 63121-4400, USA. E-mail: [email protected] 2Natural History Museum and Biodiversity Research Center, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, USA. 3Center for Tropical Research, Institute of the Environment, University of California, Los Angeles, Box 951496, California 90095-1496, USA. 4Departamento de Zoologia, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, DF, 70910-900, Brazil. 5Department of Biology, 108 College Place, Lyman Hall, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York 13244, USA. 6Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California,Los Angeles, Box 951606, California 90095-1606, USA. 7School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, PO Box 644236, Pullman, Washington 99164-4236, USA. Resumen. – Avances en la teoría de la selección sexual: contribuciones de la avifauna tropical. – En los últimos 30 años, la selección sexual se ha convertido en una de las áreas de mayor crecimiento e influencia de la biología evolutiva y la ecología de comportamiento. La teoría de la selección sexual tiene efectos importantes en la evolución de las características de historia de vida, sistemas de cortejo y morfolo- gía, y ha sido sugerida como un factor que promueve la especiación. Las aves han jugado un rol esencial en su desarrollo. Sin embargo, la mayoría de estudios se han enfocado en especies de zonas templadas, a pesar que ellas comprenden menos de un cuarto de las especies de aves del mundo. Por lo tanto, antes de aplicar universalmente las teorías existentes, se recomienda cautela, especialmente considerando las tendencias latitudinales en las características de historia de vida y las estrategias evolutivas. Aquí, hemos seleccionado cinco estudios con aves tropicales que cubren diferentes aspectos de la teoría de la selección sexual. Dos estudios detallan los procesos evolutivos involucrados con signos de plumaje; uno de ellos estudia la influencia del “sensory drive” de las hembras en la evolución del plumaje de los machos, y el segundo investiga como la selección no azarosa de apareamiento puede promover la introgreción genética a lo largo de una zona de hibridación. Un tercer estudio examina como la diferencia de dieta entre sexos puede llevar a la asincronía temporal entre el periodo pico de actividad de despliegue de machos y el anidamiento de hembras. Un cuarto estudio detalla como diferencias en la estructura espacial de las asambleas ______________ 8Current address: Bird Collection, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia – INPA, Av. André Araújo 2936, Petrópolis, Manaus-AM 69060-001, Brazil. 151 TORI ET AL. de cortejo y la organización social influencian el grado de sesgo reproductivo de machos saltarines. El quinto estudio examina las diferencias en la intensidad de selección sexual en taxones de zonas templadas y tropicales, y evalúa, entre regiones, nuestro conocimiento actual sobre la frecuencia de la paternidad extra- pareja. Se discuten las contribuciones de estos estudios a nuestro entendimiento actual de la selección sexual. Abstract. – Over the last 30 years, sexual selection has become one of the most influential and rapidly growing areas within evolutionary biology and behavioral ecology. Sexual selection has important effects on the evolution of life history traits, mating systems and morphology, and also has been suggested as a factor that promotes speciation. Avian systems have played an essential role as models in the development of sexual selection theory. However, most studies have focused on temperate species, although they account for less than one quarter of avian species worldwide. Therefore, before applying existing theories universally, caution is advised, especially considering latitudinal trends in life history traits and evolutionary strategies. Here, we brought together five tropical bird studies covering different aspects of sexual selec- tion theory. Two studies detail the evolutionary processes involved with plumage signals; one of these deals with the influence of female sensory drive on the evolution of male plumage, and the second investigates how non-random female mate choice can promote genetic introgression along a hybrid zone. A third study examines how sex differences in diet can lead to temporal asynchrony between periods of peak male display activity and female nesting. A fourth study details how differences in lek spatial structure and social organization influence the degree of male reproductive skew among manakins. The fifth study examines differences in the intensity of sexual selection in temperate and tropical taxa and assesses current knowl- edge regarding the frequency of extra-pair paternity among regions. The contributions of these studies to our current understanding of sexual selection are discussed. Accepted 14 October 2007. Key words: Extra-pair paternity, hybridization, lekking, mate choice, reproductive skew, sexual selection, tropical birds, tropical-temperate comparisons, visual signals. INTRODUCTION of one sex (usually females) drive evolution of traits in the opposite sex through non-ran- Since initially proposed by Charles Darwin dom mate choice. Establishing the relative (1859, 1871), the theory of sexual selection importance of such intra- and inter-sexual has generated considerable interest and con- components in empirical studies is often diffi- troversy among evolutionary biologists. cult and complicated by the interaction Broadly speaking, sexual selection theory between these two processes. concerns the evolution and selection of traits Over the last 30 years, sexual selection that affect mating success (Andersson 1994). theory has become one of the fastest develop- Elaborate and often costly phenotypic traits ing areas in evolutionary and behavioral ecol- are hypothesized to arise through differences ogy (Gross 1994). Sexual selection is now in reproductive success as a function of com- recognized as an essential evolutionary factor petition for mates. This variance in reproduc- shaping behavior, morphology, life history, tive success is promoted by two distinct and mating systems, both in animals and selective processes. The first is the intra-sex- plants (Searcy 1982, Andersson 1994), and ual component of sexual selection, which can also be an important force driving specia- results from direct competition among indi- tion (Lande 1981, Ptacek 2000, McDonald et viduals of the same sex (usually males) for al. 2001, Stein & Uy 2006). Birds have played mates. The second is the inter-sexual compo- a central role as subjects for the study of sex- nent of sexual selection, in which individuals ual selection. However, the vast majority of 152 SEXUAL SELECTION THEORY: INSIGHT FROM TROPICAL BIRDS birds that have been studied are from the tem- examines how variation in spatial structure perate zone. Temperate species comprise less and social organization in the family Pipridae than 25% of all bird species worldwide (Mar- influence the intensity of sexual selection as tin 2004), and among passerines, 80% measured by male reproductive skew. The (~4000) of species are in the tropics (Stutch- fifth study reviews our current knowledge bury & Morton 2001). This begs the question about differences in the frequency of extra- of whether the important findings we are rap- pair copulation among tropical and temperate idly accumulating in the field of sexual selec- avian species and possible explanations for tion are universally applicable or not. such differences. Although the current lack of data on tropical species makes comparisons difficult, there are PLUMAGE CONSPICUOUSNESS IN reasons to be wary before directly applying DISPLAYING MANAKINS (PIPRIDAE) concepts developed from studies of temper- FROM THE ILICURA–CORAPIPO ate species to tropical systems. For example, CLADE: A COMPARATIVE TEST OF several life history components are known to THE SENSORY DRIVE HYPOTHESIS show latitudinal variation (e.g., Martin 1996, Martin et al. 2000, Ghalambor & Martin Sexual selection by female choice has pro- 2001), and we can expect that differences in moted the evolution of exaggerated male phe- characteristics such as survival, investment in notypes among lekking birds (Kirkpatrick & reproduction, territoriality, breeding syn- Ryan 1991, Anderson 1994). However, com- chrony, and frequency of extra-pair paternity peting hypotheses suggest different roles for will lead to variation in the opportunity for how ecological specializations act on mate sexual selection. choice, and ultimately shape the evolution The diversity of mating systems and com- of male phenotypes, both morphological plex social behaviors observed among tropical and behavioral (Prum 1997). Among them, species presents excellent opportunities to sensory drive (Endler & McLelland 1988) develop model systems for both empirical and predicts the evolution of conspicuous pheno- theoretical sexual selection research. Here, we types because of reduced costs associated outline five examples of current research on with mate search. In order to evolve by sen- tropical
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