FIELD REPORT – ’s Canopy Tower and El Valle’s Canopy Lodge

January 4-16, 2019

Orange-bellied © Ruthie Stearns Blue © Dave Taliaferro

Geoffroy’s © Don Pendleton Ocellated © Carlos Bethancourt White-tipped Sicklebill © Jeri Langham

Prepared by Jeri M. Langham

VICTOR EMANUEL NATURE TOURS, INC. 2525 WALLINGWOOD DR., AUSTIN, TX 78746 Phone: 512-328-5221 or 800-328-8368 / Fax: 512-328-2919 [email protected] / www.ventbird.com

Myriads of magazine articles have touted Panama’s incredible Canopy Tower, a former U.S. military radar tower transformed by Raúl Arias de Para when the U.S. relinquished control of the Panama Canal Zone. It sits atop 900-foot Semaphore Hill overlooking Soberania National Park. While its rooms are rather spartan, the food is

Panama’s Canopy Tower © Ruthie Stearns excellent and the opportunity to view at dawn from the 360º rooftop Observation Deck above the treetops is outstanding. Twenty minutes away is the start of the famous Pipeline Road, possibly one of the best birding roads in Central and . From our base, daily birding outings are made to various locations in Central Panama, which vary from the primary forest around the tower, to huge mudflats near Panama City and, finally, to cool Cerro Azul and Cerro Jefe forest.

An enticing example of what awaits visitors to this marvelous birding paradise can be found in excerpts taken from the Journal I write during every tour and later e- mail to participants. These are taken from my 17-page, January 2019 Journal.

On our first day at Canopy Tower, with 5 of the 8 participants having arrived, we were touring the Observation Deck on top of Canopy Tower when Ruthie looked up and called my attention to a flying in our direction...it was a Black -! I called down to others on the floor below and we watched it disappear into the distant clouds. About that time, the group being led by Alexis came up to see it, and he spotted an adult King Vulture flying in our direction! What a great start for those already here today.

At the feeders at the bottom of Canopy Tower we saw White-necked Jacobin, White-vented Plumeleteer, Blue-chested and Violet-bellied and Long- billed . Our walk down Semaphore Hill was very productive, bringing us a cooperative pair of Fasciated Antshrikes, Black-crowned Antshrike, Dot-winged and Dusky , a dazzling male Blue-crowned , diminutive Black-headed Tody- Flycatcher, Blue-black , and many more. After the snacks, we ran into an army swarm with its attendant signaled by the Bicolored Antbirds chattering away. In attendance were Plain-brown and Cocoa ; Northern Barred- ; two Slaty-tailed ; a very cooperative pair of Broad-billed

Bicolored Antbird © Don Pendleton White-whiskered © Don Pendleton

Motmots; Gray-headed and White-shouldered ; Checker-throated Antwren; White-whiskered Puffbird; and, best for me, the Ocellated and Spotted antbirds. This flock kept us racing back and forth until Tatiana arrived at noon to drive us back up to the Canopy Tower for lunch and a siesta.

Upon arrival at Metropolitan National Park, we soon had a female Brown- throated Three-toed Sloth in view and I gave a mini lecture on the life cycle of the moths in the fur on its back. We picked up Yellow-backed Oriole and a juvenile Double-toothed before heading up the hill and seeing another Great . A Black-throated Trogon pair was seen by the first curve. As we reached the resting area, Carlos put us

Great Tinamou © Dave Taliaferro © Dave Taliaferro

on a Common Potoo that allowed photos. Further up the hill we found a male Gartered Trogon and as we watched it, a Crane Hawk flew in and chased it off. As we entered the flat stretch we had a nice flock that included Blue Dacnis, Green Shrike-, Tropical Gnatcatchers, White-winged , Streaked Flycatcher, and more. A nice male Red-throated Ant- let most of us see it.

Our visit to the Discovery Center and Pipeline Road began with a Rufous-crested Coquette above the entrance fee building and Purple-throated Fruitcrows that were called in as we approached the locked gate. Usually, the Streak-chested takes a long time to call close enough to try to see, but today Carlos spotted one on the forest floor as we were walking. On a subsequent visit to Pipeline Road a few days later

Streak-chested Antpitta © Carlos Bethancourt Pheasant © Carlos Bethancourt

Carlos found the that we only heard two days ago. We were all able to see it and get photographs, too. I have only seen this species once and only heard it once in the previous 22 tours, so this was an incredible treat for all. Pipeline Road is one of the best places to locate a number of difficult-to-see Neotropical specialties. The next rare one was a Great Potoo as we crossed the first bridge. We saw the Common Potoo yesterday, so this lucky group has now seen both. This was our day to see two new trogons: Black-tailed and White-tailed, but we would also see Black-throated and hear Gartered again. Having seen Slaty-tailed a few days ago we now have seen all possible trogons in this area of Panama.

Common Potoo © Don Pendleton Black-throated Trogon © Carlos Bethancourt

All chugged up the 175 steps of the Panama Rainforest Discovery Center’s Observation Tower where we spent about 2 hours seeing such species as Blue-headed and Red-lored ; Keel-billed Toucan; Scaled Pigeon; White-necked and Black- breasted ; Crane Hawk; an immature Yellow-headed ; Moustached Antwren; Yellow-backed Oriole; and a flyby Capped Heron.

At 9:00 a.m. we made our way down and then began our walk to Lake Calamito, and shortly we were looking at the smallest bird in the world, Black-capped Pygmy-Tyrant. This species is usually seen up in the top of the highest trees, so we were very lucky to call it down for closer looks. We had not expected to run into another army ant swarm with its attendant birds but what a show they put on for us over the next hour with Red-throated Ant-Tanagers, Bicolored, Spotted, and Ocellated antbirds, Gray- headed Tanager, and from the observation deck at Lake Calamito Greater , Lesser Kiskadee, Muscovy Duck and Wattled Jaçana.

Gray-headed Tanager © Don Pendleton Wattled Jaçana © Don Pendleton

We rode in the open vehicle to Summit Ponds finding single Rufous and Broad- billed motmots together on the way down the hill along with a Panamanian Night Monkey looking out of its home in a tree cavity. Then the wonderful day became better as Carlos spotted an Agami Heron. I have only seen one other in my 22 previous tours. It has the longest bill of all herons in the world. We saw four species of , with the tiny American Pygmy being my favorite. Further down the trail we saw Slate-colored Seedeater (3rd seen in 23 years), , Purple-crowned Fairy, and Cinnamon Woodpecker, and we heard White-bellied Antbird. What an incredible afternoon outing.

Panamanian Night Monkey © C. Bethancourt American Pygmy Kingfisher © Don Pendleton

The wonderful home of Jerry and Linda Harrison, along with its fantastic setting and the nectar, rice and banana feeders by the back porch, provides a show that defies description. Dozens of hummingbirds were fighting for space at the 10 nectar feeders during our visit. Diversity was excellent as we saw 7 hummingbird species: Crowned Woodnymph, Bronze-tailed and White-vented plumeleteers, White- necked Jacobin and Rufous-tailed, Blue-chested, and Snowy-bellied hummingbirds. The dazzling colors of several Red-legged, Shining, and Green were stunning. Thick-billed , Bananaquits, and Hepatic Tanager added to the

Red-legged © Dave Taliaferro Green Honeycreeper © Carlos Bethancourt

spectacle. Black-cheeked Woodpeckers and several Yellow-faced Grassquits, as well as Blue-gray, Palm and Crimson-backed tanagers, made it difficult to leave this little paradise.

Black-cheeked Woodpecker © Carlos Bethancourt Crimson-backed Tanager © Ruthie Stearns Today we did our checklist before dinner because it was our night to do the spotlighting adventure. It was super productive as we started with a sleeping Great Tinamou, and before returning we saw Common (2), Olingo (2), (1), Central American Wooly Opossum (1), Hoffman’s Two-toed Sloth (2), Brown-throated Three-toed Sloth (1), sleeping Mealy Parrots (2) and heard one Common Pauraque.

Brown-throated Three-toed Sloth © J. Langham Mantled Howler Monkeys © Dave Taliaferro

I was up on the Observation Deck by 6:00 a.m. since it was our last morning at the Canopy Tower. A number of Mantled Howler Monkeys were howling to proclaim their family group had survived the night and two were very close to the tower. Several Collared Forest- and one Slaty-backed Forest- called in the distance. As always the “can’t see me” Green Shrike- were calling and indeed we saw none. A close Scaled Pigeon was photographed and then all Hell broke loose as I spotted a huge raptor in a tree below the ridgeline across from us. I immediately thought it would be a young since they have been seen from the Observation Deck. But the field marks of the perched bird and the underwings when it flew away confirmed it was a Crested Eagle, a bird never reported from the Canopy Tower!

Crested Eagle © Don Pendleton Crested Eagle © Jeri Langham Our first stop today in the Altos del María area near Canopy Lodge was incredible. We did not move more than 30 yards for over an hour. Specialty birds were Dull-mantled Antbird, Tawny-crowned Tanager, White-tipped Sicklebill (a very rare and difficult bird to see), Red-faced Spinetail, White-throated Spadebill, Silver-throated Tanager, Tawny-capped , and Common . Later we would see a male Snowcap, Tufted Flycatcher, Northern Emerald-Toucanets, and five species of tanagers with the rarest being Rufous-winged Tanager.

Tufted Flycatcher © Ruthie Stearns Rufous-winged Tanager © Dave Taliaferro

Instead of taking the usual road from El Valle to the Pan American Highway, we took a different highland route that Danilo said might produce my tour’s first Wedge- tailed Grass-. It was quite windy, but with lots of work we all managed to see at least one of the 3 skulking birds. Further along, we added Groove-billed Ani, thus completing a sweep of all possible anis. Brown-throated and Rufous-browed Peppershrike cooperated, too, for some of my best looks. From here we continued west and eventually reached the Santa Clara beach where a few swam before lunch.

Cheryl, Jeri, Dave, Don, Mike and Ruthie © Jane Wilson

Other birds seen today before returning to Canopy Lodge were Yellow-crowned Euphonia, , Crested Caracara, Lesser Yellow-headed Vulture, White- eyed Pygmy-Tyrant, Sapphire-throated Hummingbird, , Lance-tailed Manakin, Straight-billed Woodcreeper, and Ferruginous Pygmy-. We slept in on our last morning at Canopy Lodge, having breakfast at 6:30 a.m. so it would be light enough to see the fruit feeders when we finished eating. Who could ever get tired of seeing huge Rufous Motmots, tiny Thick-billed Euphonias, Orange- billed Sparrows, hordes of bickering Clay-colored Thrushes, Gray-cowled Wood-Rails,

Rufous Motmot © Ruthie Stearns Gray-cowled Wood- © Ruthie Stearns

Blue-gray, Dusky-faced, Flame-colored, Crimson-backed and Palm tanagers, Red-tailed Squirrels (preferring the banana slices), Gray-headed Chachalacas, and, on the ground, the Central American Agoutis? Then Danilo had one more surprise for us today. We went up the road to La Mesa and parked at the Zipline entrance area. We walked down to the creek and were told to look for Sunbittern. YIKES…one immediately dropped into the stream from the left hill above it.

Sunbittern © Don Pendleton Sunbittern © Ruthie Stearns

We were celebrating our wonderful luck, but then we saw it fly across and back up the hill with vegetation in its bill…it was building a nest! For the next 30 minutes, we watched one or two drop into the stream, walk across where we could not see them and fly back to the hill. We then crossed the bridge to the orange orchard and the vegetable and fruit garden and got a look at Collared Araçaris and photographed a Blue-headed before heading back to the lodge.

As we were headed to the comfortable coaster for our drive back to Panama City, we stopped on the Canopy Lodge walking bridge over the creek for a last group photo.

Mike Mattson, Ruthie Stearns, Dave Taliaferro, co-leader Danilo Rodriguez, Jeri Langham, Cheryl Cobbs, Don Pendleton, Jane and Larry Wilson, Nancy Holmes, and Raúl and Denise Arias de Para who are owners of Canopy Tower, Canopy Lodge and Canopy Camp Darién © Adan Gaughran

After every VENT tour I lead, I ask the participants who take photographs to send me their best photos. From those I receive, I select representative photos of birds, other , and plants and create a page using those photos. The following pages are from five of my most recent tours and will give you an excellent preview of the incredible diversity possible during your tour. Blue-crowned Motmot Purple-throated Fruitcrow Brown-billed Scythebill Orange nectar Snowcap

Pheasant Cuckoo Brown vine Long-billed Starthroat Leafcutter

Bay-headed Tanager Agouti Long-billed Hermit Amazon Kingfisher

Tufted Flycatcher Boat-billed Heron Tody Motmot Black-cheeked Woodpecker Spectacled Owl Geoffroy’s Tamarin

Buff-throated Saltator Slaty-tailed Trogon Black-striped Woodcreeper Orange-billed Sparrow Sara longwing Photoshop & Design by Jeri Langham with photos by Bill Fraser (13), Linette Mansberger (6), John Miers (4), Barbara Skelly (2) and Marjie Pierce (1) . C. American woolly opossum Crimson-crested Woodpecker Bay-headed Tanager Brown Crowned Woodnymph

Green Honeycreeper Dull-mantled Antbird Slate-colored Seedeater Gray-headed Tanager Orange-billed Sparrow

Doris longwing Mating flies Spot-crowned Antvireo Checker-throated Antwren Golden-hooded Tanager

Slaty-backed Forest-Falcon Great Tinamou Crane Hawk Black-cheeked Woodpecker Rufous Mourner Tiny Hawk

Brown-capped Tyrannulet Orange-bellied Trogon Keel-billed Toucan Night monkeys Stripe-cheeked Wd. Collared Araçari Photoshop & Design by Jeri Langham with photos by Amy Neel (10), Craig Swolgaard (9) and Ethan Simler (8). Gray-necked Wood-Rail Scarlet-rumped Cacique Black-crowned Antpitta Brown-billed Scythebill Groove-billed Ani

Blue-crowned Manakin Crimson-backed Tanager Yellow-eared Toucanet Rufous-crested Coquette White-necked Puffbird

Cinnamon Woodpecker Green Shrike-Vireo Spectacled Owl White-faced Capuchin American Pygmy Kingfisher

Black-mandibled Toucan Tody Motmot Black-striped Woodcreeper Slaty-tailed Trogon Common Potoo Great Jacamar

Emerald Tanager Mottled Owl Black-chested Jay Masked Duck Photoshop & Design by Jeri Langham with photos by Laurie Dann (20), Jimmy Stanley (3), Cathy Rogier (1) & Carlos Bethancourt (1). Geoffroy’s Tamarin Green Honeycreeper Ocellated Antbird Vine snake Ferruginous Pygmy-Owl

Bicolored Antbird Orange-bellied Trogon Tufted Flycatcher Black-headed Tody-Flycatcher Crowned Woodnymph

Crimson-backed Tanager White-tipped Sicklebill Shinning Honeycreeper Prim. Bananas Black-cheeked Woodpecker

Black-and-yellow Tanager Rufous-vented Ground-Cuckoo Variable Seedeater Buff-rumped Warbler

Blue Cotinga Brownish Twistwing Lance-tailed Manakin Long-tailed Tyrant Rufous-capped Warbler

Photoshop & Design by Jeri Langham with photos by Cliff Hawley (15), Sue Taylor (6), Jennifer Green (3), & Laurel MacDowell (1). Black-faced Grosbeak Crowned Woodnymph Spot-crowned Barbet Orange-bellied Trogon Brownish Twistwing

White-nosed Coati Black-breasted Puffbird Geoffroy’s Tamarin Red-faced Spinetail Brown-throated Three-toed Sloth

Shining Honeycreeper Bay-headed Tanager Pearl Kite Yellow-eared Toucanet Straight-billed Woodcreeper

Common Potoo Black-headed Saltator Snowy-bellied Hummingbird Bronze-tailed Plumeleteer Gartered Trogon Ferruginous Pygmy-Owl

Roadside Hawk White-necked Jacobin Chestnut-headed Tody Motmot Yellow-faced Grassquit

Photoshop & Design by Jeri Langham with photos by Carlos Bethancourt (12), Tino Sanchez (9), and Patti Coolsen (5). The following CHECKLIST was prepared for potential participants in PANAMA’S CANOPY TOWER & EL VALLE’S CANOPY LODGE TOUR led by Jeri Langham, and co-led by locals Carlos Bethancourt & Danilo Rodriguez. We will use The Birds of Panama: A Field Guide by George R. Angehr and Robert Dean, 2010 to identify our birds. For your convenience, the orders of families and common names in my Checklist are those in the August 2018 eBird / Clements checklist. I have put additional comments of interest such as splits or name changes in parentheses. You may wish to update the common and scientific names in your field guide before our tour.

• COLUMN I is designed to give you a realistic idea of which species we are likely to encounter. The numerals in this column indicate the number of my 22 previous CANOPY TOWER VENT tours that recorded each species. A blank indicates it has not been recorded. When a comma separates two numerals (e.g. 4,1), the first represents the number of tours in which the species was seen, and the second represents the number of times the bird was only heard during the tour. An “h” indicates a species has only been heard and thus never seen on any of these previous tours. However, this is only my FOURTEENTH tour to visit El VALLE’S CANOPY LODGE location, so those figures do not as accurately reflect what is possible there.

• COLUMN II has an “x” for those species seen by at least one of the 2019 tour participants and an “h” for any species only heard by at least one of the 2019 tour participants.

My one or two local co-leaders and I will do our best to show each of you as many species as we can during our short visit to Panama. Just wait until you see the location of the Canopy Tower with its 360° forest canopy top view from the observation deck and the plush accommodations at El Valle with incredible birds coming to the fruit feeder that can be seen on the Cornell Laboratory of Ornithology video cam. http://cams.allaboutbirds.org/channel/57/Panama_Fruit_Feeders/ PANAMA: CANOPY TOWER and EL VALLE -- January 4-16, 2019

COMMON NAME SCIENTIFIC NAME I II 1 Tinamidae 2 Great Tinamou Tinamus major 14,8 x 3 Little Tinamou Crypturellus soui 3,9 x 4 Ducks, Geese & Waterfowl Anatidae 5 Black-bellied Whistling-Duck Dendrocygna autumnalis 8 x 6 Fulvous Whistling-Duck Dendrocygna bicolor 7 Muscovy Duck Cairina moschata 2 x 8 Blue-winged Teal Spatula discors (new ) 6 9 American Wigeon Mareca americana (new genus) 10 Ring-necked Duck Aythya collaris 1 11 Lesser Scaup Aythya affinis 12 Masked Duck Nomonyx dominicus 1 13 Guans, Chachalacas & Curassows 14 Gray-headed Chachalaca Ortalis cinereiceps 20 x 15 Crested purpurascens 16 unicolor 1 17 Great Curassow Crax rubra 18 New World Odontophoridae 19 Tawny-faced Quail Rhynchortyx cinctus 20 Crested Bobwhite cristatus 4 21 Marbled Wood-Quail Odontophorus gujanensis 22 Black-eared Wood-Quail Odontophorus melanotis 2,1 x 23 Grebes Podicipedidae 24 Least Grebe Tachybaptus dominicus 6 25 Pied-billed Grebe Podilymbus podiceps 6 26 Pigeons & Doves 27 Rock Pigeon (I) Columba livia 22 x 28 Pale-vented Pigeon Patagioenas cayennensis 22 x 29 Scaled Pigeon Patagioenas speciosa 21 x 30 Ruddy Pigeon Patagioenas subvinacea 1 31 Short-billed Pigeon Patagioenas nigrirostris 13,4 h 32 Plain-breasted Ground-Dove Columbina minuta 8 33 Ruddy Ground-Dove Columbina talpacoti 21 x 34 Blue Ground-Dove Claravis pretiosa 6,3 35 Ruddy Quail-Dove Geotrygon montana 1 36 Violaceous Quail-Dove Geotrygon violacea 37 Olive-backed Quail-Dove Leptotrygon veraguensis (n. g.) 38 White-tipped Dove verreauxi 20 x 39 40 Page 1 PANAMA: CANOPY TOWER and EL VALLE -- January 4-16, 2019

COMMON NAME SCIENTIFIC NAME I II 1 Gray-chested Dove Leptotila cassinii 16 x 2 Purplish-backed Quail-Dove lawrencii (n.genus) 2 3 Mourning Dove Zenaida macroura 5 4 Cuculidae 5 Greater Ani Crotophaga major 21 x 6 Smooth-billed Ani Crotophaga ani 22 x 7 Groove-billed Ani Crotophaga sulcirostris 11 x 8 Tapera naevia 4,5 h 9 Pheasant Cuckoo Dromococcyx phasianellus 1,1 x 10 Rufous-vented Ground-Cuckoo Neomorphus geoffroyi 2 11 Coccycua minuta 12 Squirrel Cuckoo cayana 22 x 13 Yellow-billed Cuckoo americanus 1 14 Mangrove Cuckoo Coccyzus minor 4 15 Black-billed Cuckoo Coccyzus erythropthalmus 16 Nightjars & Allies Caprimulgidae 17 Lesser Nighthawk Chordeiles acutipennis 2 18 Common Nighthawk Chordeiles minor 2,1 19 Short-tailed Nighthawk Lurocalis semitorquatus 1 20 Common Pauraque Nyctidromus albicollis 11,1 h 21 White-tailed Nightjar Hydropsalis cayennensis (n. g.) 22 Chuck-will's-widow Antrostomus carolinensis (n. g.) 23 Rufous Nightjar Antrostomus rufus (n. genus) 24 Potoos Nyctibiidae 25 Great Potoo Nyctibius grandis 12 x 26 Common Potoo Nyctibius griseus 9,1 x 27 Oilbird Steatornithidae 28 Oilbird Steatornis caripensis 29 Swifts Apodidae 30 Black Swift Cypseloides niger 31 White-chinned Swift Cypseloides cryptus 32 Chestnut-collared Swift Streptoprocne rutila 33 White-collared Swift Streptoprocne zonaris 10 34 Chimney Swift Chaetura pelagica 35 Vaux's Swift Chaetura vauxi 5 x 36 Short-tailed Swift Chaetura brachyura 21 x 37 Band-rumped Swift Chaetura spinicaudus 20 x 38 Lesser Swallow-tailed Swift Panyptila cayennensis 19 x 39 40 Page 2 PANAMA: CANOPY TOWER and EL VALLE -- January 4-16, 2019

COMMON NAME SCIENTIFIC NAME I II 1 Hummingbirds Trochilidae 2 White-necked Jacobin Florisuga mellivora 22 x 3 White-tipped Sicklebill Eutoxeres aquila 5,1 x 4 Rufous-breasted Hermit Glaucis hirsutus 6 5 Band-tailed Barbthroat Threnetes ruckeri 6 6 Green Hermit Phaethornis guy 18 x 7 Long-billed Hermit Phaethornis longirostris 21 x 8 Pale-bellied Hermit Phaethornis anthophilus 2 9 Stripe-throated Hermit Phaethornis striigularis 18 x 10 Brown Violetear Colibri delphinae 5 11 Purple-crowned Fairy Heliothryx barroti 18 x 12 Black-throated Mango Anthracothorax nigricollis 21 x 13 Anthracothorax veraguensis 11 14 Discosura conversii 8 15 Rufous-crested Coquette delattrei 13 x 16 Green-crowned Brilliant Heliodoxa jacula 9 17 Long-billed Starthroat Heliomaster longirostris 7 18 Purple-throated Mountain-gem Lampornis calolaemus 5 19 Magenta-throated Woodstar Calliphlox bryantae 20 Ruby-throated Hummingbird Archilochus colubris 21 Garden Emerald assimilis 10 22 Violet-headed Hummingbird Klais guimeti 15 23 Scaly-breasted Hummingbird Phaeochroa cuvierii 24 Violet Sabrewing Campylopterus hemileucurus 25 White-vented Plumeleteer Chalybura buffonii 22 x 26 Bronze-tailed Plumeleteer Chalybura urochrysia 19 x 27 Crowned Woodnymph (lumped, n. n.) Thalurania colombica 18 x 28 White-tailed Emerald Elvira chionura 3 29 Snowcap Microchera albocoronata 14 x 30 Blue-chested Hummingbird Amazilia amabilis 20 x 31 Snowy-bellied Hummingbird Amazilia edward 22 x 32 Rufous-tailed Hummingbird Amazilia tzacatl 22 x 33 Violet-capped Hummingbird Goldmania violiceps 14 x 34 Sapphire-throated Hummingbird Lepidopyga coeruleogularis 15 x 35 Violet-bellied Hummingbird Juliamyia julie (new genus) 22 x 36 Blue-throated Goldentail Hylocharis eliciae 37 Rails, Gallinules & Coots Rallidae 38 Uniform Crake Amaurolimnas concolor 39 Gray-cowled Wood-Rail (split, new n.) Aramides cajaneus 15,1 x 40 Page 3 PANAMA: CANOPY TOWER and EL VALLE -- January 4-16, 2019

COMMON NAME SCIENTIFIC NAME I II 1 Sora Porzana carolina 1 2 Common Gallinule (new name) Gallinula galeata 21 3 Fulica americana 3 4 Purple Gallinule Porphyrio martinica 19 x 5 Yellow-breasted Crake Hapalocrex flaviventer (new g). 6 White-throated Crake Laterallus albigularis 11,11 x 7 Gray-breasted Crake Laterallus exilis 8 Finfoots Heliornithidae 9 Sungrebe Heliornis fulica 10 Limpkin Aramidae 11 Limpkin Aramus guarauna 4 12 Stilts & Avocets Recurvirostridae 13 Black-necked Stilt Himantopus mexicanus 11 14 American Avocet Recurvirostra americana 15 Oystercatchers Haematopodidae 16 American Oystercatcher Haematopus palliatus 1 17 Plovers & Lapwings Charadriidae 18 Black-bellied Plover Pluvialis squatarola 17 x 19 American Golden-Plover Pluvialis dominica 20 Southern Lapwing Vanellus chilensis 18 x 21 Collared Plover Charadrius collaris 1 22 Wilson's Plover Charadrius wilsonia 2 x 23 Semipalmated Plover Charadrius semipalmatus 6 x 24 Killdeer Charadrius vociferus 1 25 Jaçanas Jacanidae 26 Wattled Jaçana Jacana jacana 22 x 27 Sandpipers & Allies Scolopacidae 28 Upland Sandpiper Bartramia longicauda 29 Whimbrel Numenius phaeopus 18 x 30 Long-billed Curlew Numenius americanus 1 31 Marbled Godwit Limosa fedoa 10 32 Ruddy Turnstone Arenaria interpres 7 x 33 Red Knot Calidris canutus 11 34 Surfbird Calidris virgata 2 35 Stilt Sandpiper Calidris himantopus 2 36 Sanderling Calidris alba 7 x 37 Dunlin Calidris alpina 1 38 Least Sandpiper Calidris minutilla 10 39 40 Page 4 PANAMA: CANOPY TOWER and EL VALLE -- January 4-16, 2019

COMMON NAME SCIENTIFIC NAME I II 1 Pectoral Sandpiper Calidris melanotos 2 Semipalmated Sandpiper Calidris pusilla 2 x 3 Western Sandpiper Calidris mauri 13 x 4 Short-billed Dowitcher Limnodromus griseus 16 x 5 Long-billed Dowitcher Limnodromus scolopaceus 4 6 Wilson's Phalarope Phalaropus tricolor 1 7 Red-necked Phalarope Phalaropus lobatus 8 Spotted Sandpiper Actitis macularius 20 x 9 Solitary Sandpiper Tringa solitaria 15 10 Greater Yellowlegs Tringa melanoleuca 15 x 11 Willet Tringa semipalmata 17 x 12 Lesser Yellowlegs Tringa flavipes 9 13 Gulls, Terns & Skimmers Laridae 14 Laughing Gull Leucophaeus atricilla 22 x 15 Franklin's Gull Leucophaeus pipixcan 17 16 Ring-billed Gull Larus delawarensis 4 17 Herring Gull Larus argentatus 5 18 Brown Noddy Anous stolidus 19 Bridled Tern Onychoprion anaethetus 20 Least Tern Sternula antillarum 21 Gull-billed Tern Gelochelidon nilotica 9 22 Caspian Tern Hydroprogne caspia 2 23 Black Tern Chlidonias niger 2 24 Common Tern Sterna hirundo 2 25 Royal Tern Thalasseus maximus 17 26 Sandwich Tern Thalasseus sandvicensis 15 27 Elegant Tern Thalasseus elegans 8 28 Black Skimmer Rynchops niger 5 29 Sunbittern Eurypygidae 30 Sunbittern Eurypyga helias 1 x 31 Storks Ciconiidae 32 Jabiru Jabiru mycteria 33 Wood Stork Mycteria americana 13 34 Frigatebirds Fregatidae 35 Magnificent Frigatebird Fregata magnificens 22 x 36 Boobies & Gannets Sulidae 37 Masked Booby Sula dactylatra 38 Blue-footed Booby Sula nebouxii 3 x 39 40 Page 5 PANAMA: CANOPY TOWER and EL VALLE -- January 4-16, 2019

COMMON NAME SCIENTIFIC NAME I II 1 Peruvian Booby Sula variegata 2 Brown Booby Sula leucogaster 3 x 3 Anhingas Anhingidae 4 Anhinga Anhinga anhinga 15 x 5 Cormorants & Shags Phalacrocoracidae 6 Neotropic Cormorant Phalacrocorax brasilianus 20 x 7 Pelicans Pelecanidae 8 American White Pelican Pelecanus erythrorhynchos 1 x 9 Brown Pelican Pelecanus occidentalis 22 x 10 Herons, Egrets & Bitterns Ardeidae 11 Least Bittern Ixobrychus exilis 1 12 Rufescent Tiger-Heron Tigrisoma lineatum 18 x 13 Fasciated Tiger-Heron Tigrisoma fasciatum 14 Bare-throated Tiger-Heron Tigrisoma mexicanum 15 Great Blue Heron Ardea herodias 22 x 16 Cocoi Heron Ardea cocoi 11 x 17 Great Egret Ardea alba 22 x 18 Snowy Egret Egretta thula 22 x 19 Little Blue Heron Egretta caerulea 22 x 20 Tricolored Heron Egretta tricolor 20 x 21 Reddish Egret Egretta rufescens 2 22 Bubulcus ibis 22 x 23 Green Heron Butorides virescens 21 x 24 Striated Heron Butorides striata 16 25 Agami Heron Agamia agami 1 x 26 Capped Heron Pilherodius pileatus 3 x 27 Black-crowned Night-Heron Nycticorax nycticorax 13 x 28 Yellow-crowned Night-Heron Nyctanassa violacea 12 x 29 Boat-billed Heron Cochlearius cochlearius 20 x 30 Ibises & Spoonbills Threskiornithidae 31 White Ibis Eudocimus albus 16 x 32 Glossy Ibis Plegadis falcinellus 8 33 Green Ibis Mesembrinibis cayennensis 34 Roseate Spoonbill Platalea ajaja 1 35 New World Vultures Cathartidae 36 King Vulture Sarcoramphus papa 17 x 37 Black Vulture Coragyps atratus 22 x 38 Vulture Cathartes aura 22 x 39 Lesser Yellow-headed Vulture Cathartes burrovianus 11 x 40 Page 6 PANAMA: CANOPY TOWER and EL VALLE -- January 4-16, 2019

COMMON NAME SCIENTIFIC NAME I II 1 Osprey Pandionidae 2 Osprey Pandion haliaetus 22 x 3 Hawks, & Kites 4 Pearl Kite Gampsonyx swainsonii 7 5 White-tailed Kite Elanus leucurus 14 x 6 Hook-billed Kite Chondrohierax uncinatus 5 7 Gray-headed Kite Leptodon cayanensis 15,1 8 Swallow-tailed Kite Elanoides forficatus 7 9 Crested Eagle Morphnus guianensis x 10 Harpy Eagle Harpia harpyja 11 Black Hawk-Eagle Spizaetus tyrannus 12,2 x 12 Ornate Hawk-Eagle Spizaetus ornatus 1 13 Black-and-white Hawk-Eagle Spizaetus melanoleucus 2 14 Snail Kite Rostrhamus sociabilis 21 15 Double-toothed Kite Harpagus bidentatus 18 x 16 Mississippi Kite Ictinia mississippiensis 2 17 Plumbeous Kite Ictinia plumbea 7 18 Long-winged Harrier Circus buffoni 19 Northern Harrier Circus hudsonius (new sp. epi.) 1 20 Tiny Hawk superciliosus 2 21 Sharp-shinned Hawk Accipiter striatus 22 Bicolored Hawk Accipiter bicolor 23 Crane Hawk Geranospiza caerulescens 14,1 x 24 Cryptoleucopteryx plumbea 25 (no hyphen) anthracinus 14 x 26 Mangrove Black Hawk (lumped, n.h.) Buteogallus a. bangsi 2 27 Buteogallus meridionalis 16 x 28 (no hyphen) Buteogallus urubitinga 10 x 29 Barred Hawk Morphnarchus princeps (new g.) 30 Roadside Hawk Rupornis magnirostris 19 x 31 White-tailed Hawk albicaudatus 32 White Hawk albicollis (new g.) 19 33 semiplumbeus 7 34 Gray-lined Hawk (split, new name) nitidus 16 x 35 Broad-winged Hawk Buteo platypterus 21 x 36 Short-tailed Hawk Buteo brachyurus 22 x 37 Swainson's Hawk Buteo swainsoni 3 38 Zone-tailed Hawk Buteo albonotatus 11 39 Red-tailed Hawk Buteo jamaicensis 40 Page 7 PANAMA: CANOPY TOWER and EL VALLE -- January 4-16, 2019

COMMON NAME SCIENTIFIC NAME I II 1 Barn- Tytonidae 2 Barn Owl Tyto alba 3 Owls Strigidae 4 Tropical Screech-Owl Megascops choliba 5,2 h 5 Middle American Screech-Owl (s.,n.n) Megascops guatemalae vermi. 6 Choco Screech-Owl (split, new n.) Megascops centralis (n. sp. e.) 3,5 7 Crested Owl Lophostrix cristata 3 8 Spectacled Owl Pulsatrix perspicillata 18 x 9 Ferruginous Pygmy-Owl Glaucidium brasilianum 11 x 10 Mottled Owl Ciccaba virgata 7,10 x 11 Black-and-white Owl Ciccaba nigrolineata 0,1 12 Striped Owl Asio clamator (new genus) 0,1 13 Trogons Trogonidae 14 Slaty-tailed Trogon Trogon massena 22 x 15 Black-tailed Trogon Trogon melanurus 17,3 x 16 White-tailed Trogon Trogon chionurus 22 x 17 Gartered (Violaceous) Trogon (s.,n.n) Trogon caligatus (n. sp. epithet) 22 x 18 Black-throated Trogon Trogon rufus 21,1 x 19 Orange-bellied Trogon Trogon aurantiiventris 22 x 20 Motmots Momotidae 21 Tody Motmot Hylomanes momotula 20 x 22 Lesson's Motmot (w. Pana.) (split, n.n) Momotus lessonii (n. sp. epithet) 11 23 Whooping Motmot (e. Panama) (s.,nn) Momotus subrufescens (n.sp.e.) 21 x 24 Rufous Motmot Baryphthengus martii 21 x 25 Broad-billed Motmot Electron platyrhynchum 22 x 26 Kingfishers Alcedinidae 27 torquata 21 x 28 Megaceryle alcyon 6 29 Amazon Kingfisher Chloroceryle amazona 17 x 30 American Pygmy Kingfisher Chloroceryle aenea 11 x 31 Chloroceryle americana 22 x 32 Green-and-rufous Kingfisher Chloroceryle inda 1 33 Puffbirds Bucconidae 34 White-necked Puffbird Notharchus hyperrhynchus 18 x 35 Black-breasted Puffbird Notharchus pectoralis 22 x 36 Pied Puffbird Notharchus tectus 16,1 x 37 Barred Puffbird radiatus 38 White-whiskered Puffbird Malacoptila panamensis 21 x 39 40 Page 8 PANAMA: CANOPY TOWER and EL VALLE -- January 4-16, 2019

COMMON NAME SCIENTIFIC NAME I II 1 Jacamars Galbulidae 2 Great Jacamar Jacamerops aureus 9,1 3 New World Barbets (new family) Capitonidae (new) 4 Spot-crowned Barbet Capito maculicoronatus 18 5 Toucan-Barbets (new family) Semnornithidae (new) 6 Prong-billed Barbet Semnornis frantzii 7 Toucans Ramphastidae 8 Northern Emerald-Toucanet (new n.) Aulacorhynchus prasinus (n.s.e.) 22 x 9 Collared Araçari Pteroglossus torquatus 22 x 10 Yellow-eared Toucanet Selenidera spectabilis 11 11 Yellow-throated Toucan (lumped, n.n.) Ramphastos ambiguus (n. s. e.) 22 12 Keel-billed Toucan Ramphastos sulfuratus 22 x 13 Woodpeckers Picidae 14 Olivaceous Piculet Picumnus olivaceus 3 15 Yellow-bellied Sapsucker Sphyrapicus varius 6 16 Black-cheeked Woodpecker Melanerpes pucherani 22 x 17 Red-crowned Woodpecker Melanerpes rubricapillus 22 x 18 Smoky-brown Woodpecker Dryobates fumigatus (new g.) 19 Crimson-bellied Woodpecker Campephilus haematogaster 20 Crimson-crested Woodpecker Campephilus melanoleucos 22 x 21 Lineated Woodpecker Dryocopus lineatus 20,1 h 22 Cinnamon Woodpecker Celeus loricatus 20 x 23 Stripe-cheeked Woodpecker Piculus callopterus 7 x 24 Falcons & Caracaras 25 Barred Forest-Falcon Micrastur ruficollis 3,8 h 26 Slaty-backed Forest-Falcon Micrastur mirandollei 6,10 h 27 Collared Forest-Falcon Micrastur semitorquatus 8,11 h 28 Crested Caracara Caracara cheriway 19 x 29 Yellow-headed Caracara Milvago chimachima 22 x 30 Herpetotheres cachinnans 1 31 American Falco sparverius 14 32 Falco columbarius 1 33 Aplomado Falcon Falco femoralis 4 34 Falco rufigularis 17,2 x 35 Falco peregrinus 15 x 36 New World & African Parrots 37 Red-fronted Parrotlet Touit costaricensis 1 38 Blue-fronted Parrotlet Touit dilectissimus 1,2 39 40 Page 9 PANAMA: CANOPY TOWER and EL VALLE -- January 4-16, 2019

COMMON NAME SCIENTIFIC NAME I II 1 Orange-chinned Brotogeris jugularis 22 x 2 Brown-hooded Parrot Pyrilia haematotis (new s. epi.) 15,2 x 3 Blue-headed Parrot Pionus menstruus 22 x 4 Red-lored Parrot Amazona autumnalis 22 x 5 Yellow-crowned Parrot Amazona ochrocephala 12 x 6 Mealy Parrot Amazona farinosa 20,1 x 7 Brown-throated Parakeet Eupsittula pertinax (new genus) 15,1 x 8 Sapayoa (new family) Sapayoidae (new) 9 Sapayoa Sapayoa aenigma 10 Typical Antbirds Thamnophilidae 11 lineatus 22 x 12 Great Antshrike Taraba major 7,3 13 Barred Antshrike Thamnophilus doliatus 21 x 14 Black-crowned Antshrike (new name) Thamnophilus atrinucha 22 x 15 Russet Antshrike Thamnistes anabatinus 7 x 16 Dysithamnus mentalis 14 x 17 Spot-crowned Antvireo Dysithamnus puncticeps 11 x 18 Checker-throated Antwren Epinecrophylla fulviventris 21 x 19 Moustached Antwren Myrmotherula ignota 5,1 x 20 Pacific Antwren Myrmotherula pacifica 9 21 White-flanked Antwren Myrmotherula axillaris 20 x 22 Slaty Antwren Myrmotherula schisticolor 13 x 23 Dot-winged Antwren Microrhopias quixensis 18 x 24 tyrannina (n.g.) 22 x 25 Jet Antbird nigricans 3,2 x 26 Bare-crowned Antbird Gymnocichla nudiceps 2,4 27 White-bellied Antbird Myrmeciza longipes 21,1 h 28 Chestnut-backed Antbird Poliocrania exsul (new g.) 21,1 x 29 Dull-mantled Antbird Sipia laemosticta (new g.) 6 x 30 Wing-banded Antbird Myrmornis torquata 31 Bicolored Antbird bicolor (new s.e.) 19,1 x 32 Spotted Antbird Hylophylax naevioides 22 x 33 Ocellated Antbird Phaenostictus mcleannani 14,1 x 34 Conopophagidae 35 Black-crowned Antpitta michleri 6,2 x 36 Grallariidae 37 Scaled Antpitta Grallaria guatimalensis 38 Streak-chested Antpitta Hylopezus perspicillatus 13,5 x 39 40 Page 10 PANAMA: CANOPY TOWER and EL VALLE -- January 4-16, 2019

COMMON NAME SCIENTIFIC NAME I II 1 Antthrushes Formicariidae 2 Black-faced Antthrush analis 14,8 x 3 Black-headed Antthrush Formicarius nigricapillus 4 Ovenbirds & Woodcreepers Furnariidae 5 Tawny-throated Leaftosser Sclerurus mexicanus 2 6 Scaly-throated Leaftosser Sclerurus guatemalensis 3 7 Olivaceous Woodcreeper Sittasomus griseicapillus 11,1 x 8 Long-tailed Woodcreeper Deconychura longicauda 9 Dendrocincla homochroa 3 10 Plain-brown Woodcreeper Dendrocincla fuliginosa 19 x 11 Wedge-billed Woodcreeper Glyphorynchus spirurus 8 12 Northern Barred-Woodcreeper Dendrocolaptes sanctithomae 18 x 13 Cocoa Woodcreeper susurrans 22 x 14 Black-striped Woodcreeper Xiphorhynchus lachrymosus 15,2 x 15 Spotted Woodcreeper Xiphorhynchus erythropygius 18 x 16 Straight-billed Woodcreeper Dendroplex picus (new genus) 4 x 17 Red-billed Scythebill Campylorhamphus trochilirostris 18 Brown-billed Scythebill Campylorhamphus pusillus 6 19 Streak-headed Woodcreeper Lepidocolaptes souleyetii 8,1 20 Plain Xenops Xenops minutus 22 x 21 Slaty-winged Foliage-gleaner Philydor fuscipenne 22 Buff-throated Foliage-gleaner Automolus ochrolaemus 1 23 Spotted Barbtail Premnoplex brunnescens 19 x 24 Red-faced Spinetail Cranioleuca erythrops 17 x 25 Slaty Spinetail brachyura 26 Pale-breasted Spinetail Synallaxis albescens 5 27 Tyrant Flycatchers Tyrannidae 28 Brown-capped Tyrannulet Ornithion brunneicapillus 19 x 29 Southern Beardless-Tyrannulet Camptostoma obsoletum 20,2 x 30 Mouse-colored Tyrannulet Phaeomyias murina 6,1 x 31 Yellow Tyrannulet Capsiempis flaveola 11 32 Yellow-crowned Tyrannulet Tyrannulus elatus 20 h 33 Forest Elaenia gaimardii 18,1 x 34 Gray Elaenia Myiopagis caniceps 2 x 35 Greenish Elaenia Myiopagis viridicata 10 36 Yellow-bellied Elaenia Elaenia flavogaster 22 x 37 Elaenia chiriquensis 3,1 38 Olive-striped Flycatcher Mionectes olivaceus 11 39 Ochre-bellied Flycatcher Mionectes oleagineus 13 40 Page 11 PANAMA: CANOPY TOWER and EL VALLE -- January 4-16, 2019

COMMON NAME SCIENTIFIC NAME I II 1 Sepia-capped Flycatcher Leptopogon amaurocephalus 2 2 Slaty-capped Flycatcher Leptopogon superciliaris 3 Yellow-green Tyrannulet (E) Phylloscartes flavovirens 8,1 4 Rufous-browed Tyrannulet Phylloscartes superciliaris 9 x 5 Rough-legged Tyrannulet Phyllomyias burmeisteri 6 Mistletoe Tyrannulet (split, n. name) Zimmerius parvus (n. sp. epi.) 21,1 x 7 Northern Scrub-Flycatcher Sublegatus arenarum 2 x 8 Black-capped Pygmy-Tyrant Myiornis atricapillus 11,1 x 9 Scale-crested Pygmy-Tyrant Lophotriccus pileatus 13,5 x 10 Pale-eyed Pygmy-Tyrant Atalotriccus pilaris (new g.) 8 11 Southern Bentbill Oncostoma olivaceum 21,1 x 12 Slate-headed Tody-Flycatcher Poecilotriccus sylvia 5,1 13 Common Tody-Flycatcher Todirostrum cinereum 18 x 14 Black-headed Tody-Flycatcher Todirostrum nigriceps 14,1 x 15 Brownish Twistwing Cnipodectes subbrunneus 7,5 16 Eye-ringed Flatbill Rhynchocyclus brevirostris 1 17 Olivaceous Flatbill Rhynchocyclus olivaceus 16,1 x 18 Yellow-olive Flycatcher Tolmomyias sulphurescens 10 x 19 Yellow-margined Flycatcher Tolmomyias assimilis 16,1 x 20 White-throated Spadebill Platyrinchus mystaceus 3 x 21 Golden-crowned Spadebill Platyrinchus coronatus 4,2 x 22 Royal Flycatcher Onychorhynchus coronatus 5,1 x 23 Ruddy-tailed Flycatcher Terenotriccus erythrurus 20 x 24 Sulphur-rumped Flycatcher Myiobius sulphureipygius 9 x 25 Black-tailed Flycatcher Myiobius atricaudus 10 x 26 Bran-colored Flycatcher Myiophobus fasciatus 5 27 Tufted Flycatcher Mitrephanes phaeocercus 12 x 28 Olive-sided Flycatcher Contopus cooperi 5 29 Western Wood-Pewee Contopus sordidulus 1 30 Eastern Wood-Pewee Contopus virens 3 31 Tropical Pewee Contopus cinereus 6 32 Yellow-bellied Flycatcher flaviventris 1 33 Acadian Flycatcher Empidonax virescens 8,4 34 Flycatcher Empidonax alnorum 35 Willow Flycatcher Empidonax traillii 1 36 Black Phoebe Sayornis nigricans 13 x 37 Pied Water-Tyrant Fluvicola pica 4 38 Long-tailed Tyrant Colonia colonus 14 39 Cattle Tyrant Machetornis rixosa 40 Page 12 PANAMA: CANOPY TOWER and EL VALLE -- January 4-16, 2019

COMMON NAME SCIENTIFIC NAME I II 1 Bright-rumped Attila Attila spadiceus 15,7 x 2 Chocó Sirystes (new name) Sirystes albogriseus (n.s.e.) 3 Rufous Mourner Rhytipterna holerythra 15 4 Dusky-capped Flycatcher Myiarchus tuberculifer 20,2 x 5 Panama Flycatcher Myiarchus panamensis 20 x 6 Great Crested Flycatcher Myiarchus crinitus 16,5 x 7 Lesser Kiskadee Pitangus lictor 22 x 8 Great Kiskadee Pitangus sulphuratus 22 x 9 Boat-billed Flycatcher Megarynchus pitangua 21 x 10 Rusty-margined Flycatcher Myiozetetes cayanensis 22 x 11 Social Flycatcher Myiozetetes similis 22 x 12 Gray-capped Flycatcher Myiozetetes granadensis 5 x 13 White-ringed Flycatcher Conopias albovittatus 14 Streaked Flycatcher Myiodynastes maculatus 21 x 15 Sulphur-bellied Flycatcher Myiodynastes luteiventris 16 Legatus leucophaius 11,1 17 Crowned Slaty Flycatcher Empidonomus aurantioatrocristatus 18 Tropical Tyrannus melancholicus 22 x 19 Eastern Kingbird Tyrannus tyrannus 1 20 Gray Kingbird Tyrannus dominicensis 9 21 Fork-tailed Flycatcher Tyrannus savana 22 x 22 Cotingidae 23 Purple-throated Fruitcrow Querula purpurata 22 x 24 Bare-necked Umbrellabird Cephalopterus glabricollis 25 Blue Cotinga Cotinga nattererii 21 x 26 Rufous Piha Lipaugus unirufus 1 27 Three-wattled Bellbird Procnias tricarunculatus 28 Pipridae 29 Lance-tailed Manakin Chiroxiphia lanceolata 19,1 x 30 White-ruffed Manakin Corapipo altera 13,2 x 31 Blue-crowned Manakin Lepidothrix coronata (n. genus) 19 x 32 Golden-collared Manakin Manacus vitellinus 22 x 33 Red-capped Manakin Ceratopipra mentalis (n. genus) 21,1 x 34 Tityras & Allies (new) 35 Black-crowned Tityra Tityra inquisitor 7 x 36 Masked Tityra Tityra semifasciata 20 x 37 Northern Schiffornis (split, new name) Schiffornis veraepacis (n.s.e.) ?,2 38 Russet-winged Schiffornis (split, n.n.) Schiffornis stenorhyncha (n.s.e.) 2,? x 39 Speckled Mourner Laniocera rufescens 7 40 Page 13 PANAMA: CANOPY TOWER and EL VALLE -- January 4-16, 2019

COMMON NAME SCIENTIFIC NAME I II 1 Pachyramphus versicolor 2 Pachyramphus cinnamomeus 11 x 3 White-winged Becard Pachyramphus polychopterus 10 x 4 Vireos, Shrike-Babblers & Erpornis Vireonidae 5 Rufous-browed Peppershrike Cyclarhis gujanensis 4,2 x 6 Scrub Greenlet Hylophilus flavipes 14,1 x 7 Green Shrike-Vireo Vireolanius pulchellus 22 x 8 Tawny-crowned Greenlet Tunchiornis ochraceiceps (n.g.) 9 Lesser Greenlet Pachysylvia decurtata (n. g.) 22 x 10 Golden-fronted Greenlet Pachysylvia aurantiifrons (n. g.) 20 11 White-eyed Vireo Vireo griseus 12 Yellow-throated Vireo Vireo flavifrons 15 x 13 Philadelphia Vireo Vireo philadelphicus 8 14 Brown-capped Vireo Vireo leucophrys 1 15 Red-eyed Vireo Vireo olivaceus 2 16 Yellow-green Vireo Vireo flavoviridis 10,2 17 Black-whiskered Vireo Vireo altiloquus 18 Crows, Jays & Magpies Corvidae 19 Black-chested Jay Cyanocorax affinis 20 x 20 Swallows Hirundinidae 21 Blue-and-white Swallow Pygochelidon cyanoleuca 4 22 White-thighed Swallow Atticora tibialis (n.g.) 2 23 Northern Rough-winged Swallow Stelgidopteryx serripennis 7 24 Southern Rough-winged Swallow Stelgidopteryx ruficollis 22 x 25 Purple Martin Progne subis 1 26 Gray-breasted Martin Progne chalybea 22 x 27 Brown-chested Martin Progne tapera 28 Tree Swallow Tachycineta bicolor 4 29 Mangrove Swallow Tachycineta albilinea 22 x 30 Bank Swallow Riparia riparia 3 31 Barn Swallow Hirundo rustica 15 x 32 Cliff Swallow Petrochelidon pyrrhonota 2 33 Troglodytidae 34 Scaly-breasted (new name) Microcerculus marginatus 5,6 h 35 House Wren Troglodytes aedon 22 x 36 Ochraceous Wren Troglodytes ochraceus 18,4 x 37 White-headed Wren Campylorhynchus albobrunneus 9 38 Black-bellied Wren Pheugopedius fasciatoventris 19,2 x 39 40 Page 14 PANAMA: CANOPY TOWER and EL VALLE -- January 4-16, 2019

COMMON NAME SCIENTIFIC NAME I II 1 Rufous-breasted Wren Pheugopedius rutilus (n. g.) 20 x 2 Rufous-and-white Wren Thryophilus rufalbus (n. genus) 17,4 x 3 Isthmian (Plain) Wren (new name) elutus (n. binomial) 20,1 x 4 Cantorchilus nigricapillus (n. g.) 20,1 x 5 Buff-breasted Wren Cantorchilus leucotis (n. g.) 17,2 6 White-breasted Wood-Wren Henicorhina leucosticta 19,1 x 7 Gray-breasted Wood-Wren Henicorhina leucophrys 17,2 x 8 Cyphorhinus phaeocephalus 22 x 9 Gnatcatchers (new family) Polioptilidae (new) 10 Tawny-faced Gnatwren Microbates cinereiventris 6,1 x 11 Long-billed Gnatwren Ramphocaenus melanurus 22 x 12 Tropical Gnatcatcher Polioptila plumbea 21 x 13 Thrushes & Allies Turdidae 14 Orange-billed Nightingale- Catharus aurantiirostris 2,1 x 15 Veery Catharus fuscescens 16 Gray-cheeked Thrush Catharus minimus 2 x 17 Swainson's Thrush Catharus ustulatus 3 18 Wood Thrush Hylocichla mustelina 19 Pale-vented Thrush Turdus obsoletus 9 x 20 White-throated Thrush Turdus assimilis 2 21 Clay-colored Thrush Turdus grayi 22 x 22 Mockingbirds & Thrashers Mimidae 23 Gray Catbird Dumetella carolinensis 2 24 Tropical Mockingbird Mimus gilvus 22 x 25 Wagtails & Pipits Motacillidae 26 Yellowish Pipit Anthus lutescens 27 Waxwings Bombycillidae 28 Cedar Waxwing Bombycilla cedrorum 1 29 , Euphonias & Allies Fringillidae 30 Yellow-crowned Euphonia Euphonia luteicapilla 21 x 31 Thick-billed Euphonia Euphonia laniirostris 22 x 32 Elegant Euphonia Euphonia elegantissima 2 33 Fulvous-vented Euphonia Euphonia fulvicrissa 20 x 34 White-vented Euphonia Euphonia minuta 6 35 Tawny-capped Euphonia Euphonia anneae 18 x 36 Lesser Goldfinch Spinus psaltria 13 x 37 Thrush-Tanager (new family) Rhodinocichlidae (new) 38 Rosy Thrush-Tanager Rhodinocichla rosea 18,4 x 39 40 Page 15 PANAMA: CANOPY TOWER and EL VALLE -- January 4-16, 2019

COMMON NAME SCIENTIFIC NAME I II 1 New World Sparrows (new name) Passerellidae (new) 2 Common Chlorospingus (new name) Chlorospingus flavopectus (n.s.e.) 22 x 3 Black-striped Sparrow conirostris 22 x 4 Orange-billed Sparrow Arremon aurantiirostris 20,1 x 5 Chestnut-capped Brushfinch (1 word) Arremon brunneinucha 17 6 Sooty-faced Finch Arremon crassirostris 7 Troupials & Allies Icteridae 8 Bobolink Dolichonyx oryzivorus 9 Eastern Meadowlark Sturnella magna 11 x 10 Red-breasted Meadowlark (new n.) Leistes militaris (new genus) 10 11 Yellow-billed Cacique Amblycercus holosericeus 7,1 12 Crested Oropendola Psarocolius decumanus 16 x 13 Chestnut-headed Oropendola Psarocolius wagleri 22 x 14 Psarocolius montezuma 1,1 15 Scarlet-rumped Cacique Cacicus uropygialis 22 x 16 Yellow-rumped Cacique Cacicus cela 22 x 17 Black-cowled Oriole Icterus prosthemelas 18 Orchard Oriole Icterus spurius 19 19 Yellow-backed Oriole Icterus chrysater 22 x 20 Orange-crowned Oriole Icterus auricapillus 21 Yellow-tailed Oriole Icterus mesomelas 16 x 22 Baltimore Oriole Icterus galbula 22 x 23 Shiny Cowbird Molothrus bonariensis 9 x 24 Bronzed Cowbird Molothrus aeneus 2 25 Giant Cowbird Molothrus oryzivorus 15 x 26 Great-tailed Grackle Quiscalus mexicanus 22 x 27 New World Warblers Parulidae 28 Seiurus aurocapilla 2 29 Worm-eating Warbler Helmitheros vermivorum 1 30 Louisiana Waterthrush Parkesia motacilla (n. genus) 9 x 31 Northern Waterthrush Parkesia noveboracensis (n. g.) 19,1 x 32 Golden-winged Warbler Vermivora chrysoptera 19 x 33 Blue-winged Warbler Vermivora cyanoptera (n. s. epi.) 3 34 Black-and-white Warbler Mniotilta varia 22 x 35 Prothonotary Warbler Protonotaria citrea 21 x 36 Tennessee Warbler Oreothlypis peregrina (n. genus) 22 x 37 Mourning Warbler Geothlypis philadelphia (n. g.) 13 x 38 Kentucky Warbler Geothlypis formosa (n. binomial) 7 39 Common Yellowthroat Geothlypis trichas 4 40 Page 16 PANAMA: CANOPY TOWER and EL VALLE -- January 4-16, 2019

COMMON NAME SCIENTIFIC NAME I II 1 Hooded Warbler citrina (new genus) 2 2 American Redstart Setophaga ruticilla (new genus) 9 3 Cape May Warbler Setophaga tigrina (new genus) 4 Cerulean Warbler Setophaga cerulea (new genus) 1 5 Northern Parula Setophaga americana (n. genus) 1 6 Tropical Parula Setophaga pitiayumi (n. g.) 1 7 Magnolia Warbler Setophaga magnolia (n.g.) 10 8 Bay-breasted Warbler Setophaga castanea (n.g.) 22 x 9 Blackburnian Warbler Setophaga fusca (new genus) 11 x 10 Yellow Warbler Setophaga petechia (n. genus) 22 x 11 Chestnut-sided Warbler Setophaga pensylvanica (n.g.) 22 x 12 Blackpoll Warbler Setophaga striata (new genus) 9 13 Palm Warbler Setophaga palmarum (n. genus) 4 14 Yellow-rumped Warbler Setophaga coronata (n. genus) 4 15 Prairie Warbler Setophaga discolor (n. genus) 1 16 Black-throated Green Warbler Setophaga virens (new genus) 12 17 Rufous-capped Warbler Basileuterus rufifrons 17 x 18 Buff-rumped Warbler Myiothlypis fulvicauda (n. g.) 7 x 19 Canada Warbler Cardellina canadensis (n. g.) 9 x 20 Wilson's Warbler Cardellina pusilla (n. genus) 1 21 Mitrospingid Tanagers (new family) Mitrospingidae (new) 22 Dusky-faced Tanager Mitrospingus cassinii 20,1 x 23 Cardinals & Allies Cardinalidae 24 Hepatic Tanager Piranga flava 17 x 25 Summer Tanager Piranga rubra 22 x 26 Scarlet Tanager Piranga olivacea 2 27 Western Tanager Piranga ludoviciana 28 Red-crowned Ant-Tanager rubica 17 x 29 Red-throated Ant-Tanager Habia fuscicauda 22 x 30 Carmiol's Tanager Chlorothraupis carmioli 9 x 31 Black-faced Grosbeak Caryothraustes poliogaster 2 x 32 Rose-breasted Grosbeak Pheucticus ludovicianus 13 33 Blue Seedeater Amaurospiza concolor 1 34 Blue-black Grosbeak Cyanoloxia cyanoides (n.genus) 15,2 x 35 Blue Grosbeak caerulea 4 36 Indigo Passerina cyanea 1 37 Spiza americana 1 38 Tanagers & Allies Thraupidae 39 Gray-headed Tanager Eucometis penicillata 18 x 40 Page 17 PANAMA: CANOPY TOWER and EL VALLE -- January 4-16, 2019

COMMON NAME SCIENTIFIC NAME I II 1 White-shouldered Tanager Tachyphonus luctuosus 22 x 2 Tawny-crested Tanager Tachyphonus delatrii 21 x 3 White-lined Tanager Tachyphonus rufus 15 x 4 Flame-rumped Tanager Ramphocelus flammigerus 22 x 5 Crimson-backed Tanager Ramphocelus dimidiatus 22 x 6 Blue-gray Tanager Thraupis episcopus 22 x 7 Palm Tanager Thraupis palmarum 22 x 8 Speckled Tanager Ixothraupis guttata (new genus) 6 x 9 Golden-hooded Tanager larvata 22 x 10 Plain-colored Tanager Tangara inornata 22 x 11 Rufous-winged Tanager Tangara lavinia 8 x 12 Bay-headed Tanager Tangara gyrola 18 x 13 Emerald Tanager Tangara 9 x 14 Silver-throated Tanager Tangara icterocephala 22 x 15 Scarlet-thighed Dacnis Dacnis venusta 8 16 Blue Dacnis Dacnis cayana 22 x 17 Cyanerpes lucidus 14 x 18 Red-legged Honeycreeper Cyanerpes cyaneus 22 x 19 Green Honeycreeper Chlorophanes spiza 21 x 20 Sulphur-rumped Tanager Heterospingus rubrifrons 4 21 Black-and-yellow Tanager Chrysothlypis chrysomelas 14 x 22 Saffron Finch Sicalis flaveola 10 x 23 Yellow-Finch Sicalis luteola 24 Wedge-tailed Grass-Finch Emberizoides herbicola x 25 Blue-black Grassquit Volatinia jacarina 18 x 26 Ruddy-breasted Seedeater Sporophila minuta 10 27 Thick-billed Seed-Finch Sporophila funerea (n. binomial) 11 x 28 Variable Seedeater Sporophila corvina (new sp.e.) 22 x 29 Morelet's (W-c) Seedeater (split, n.n.) Sporophila morelleti (n. sp. epi.) 1 30 Yellow-bellied Seedeater Sporophila nigricollis 16 x 31 Slate-colored Seedeater Sporophila schistacea 2,1 x 32 Bananaquit Coereba flaveola 22 x 33 Yellow-faced Grassquit Tiaris olivaceus 18 x 34 Buff-throated Saltator Saltator maximus 22 x 35 Black-headed Saltator Saltator atriceps 17,1 x 36 Streaked Saltator Saltator striatipectus 18 x 37 Slate-colored Grosbeak Saltator grossus 16,3 x 38 Old World Sparrows Passeridae 39 House Sparrow Passer domesticus 11 x 40 Page 18 PANAMA: CANOPY TOWER and EL VALLE -- January 4-16, 2019

COMMON NAME SCIENTIFIC NAME I II 1 -- Reid's 1997 and nomenclature 2 7 OPOSSUM species Family Didelphida 3 COMMON OPOSSUM Didelphis marsupialis 15 x 4 VIRGINIA OPOSSUM Didelphis virginiana 2 5 CENTRAL AMER. WOOLLY OPOSSUM Caluromys derbianus 6 x 6 GRAY FOUR-EYED OPOSSUM Philander opossum 1 7 NORTHERN TAMANDUA Tamandua mexicana 12 8 HOFFMANN'S TWO-TOED SLOTH Choloepus hoffmanni 21 x 9 BROWN-THROATED 3-TOED SLOTH Bradypus variegatus 22 x 10 NOR. NAKED-TAILED ARMADILLO Cabassous centralis 11 NINE-BANDED ARMADILLO Dasypus novemcinctus 6 12 78 BAT species Order Chiroptera 22 x 13 PROBOSCIS or LONG-NOSED BAT Rhynchonycteris naso 14 GREATER FISHING BAT Noctilio leporinus 1 15 LESSER FISHING BAT Noctilio albiventris 1 16 COMMON TENT-MAKING BAT Uroderma bilobatum 2 17 BROWN TENT-MAKING BAT Uroderma magnirostrum 1 18 ORANGE NECTAR BAR Lonchophylla robusta 1 19 CHESTNUT SAC-WINGED BAT Cormura brevirostris 1 20 FALSE VAMPIRE BAT Vampyrum spectrum 2 21 3 VAMPIRE BAT species Family Phyllostomidae 22 GEOFFROY'S TAMARIN Saguinus geoffroyi 21 x 23 PANAMANIAN NIGHT MONKEY Aotus lemurinus 6 x 24 WHITE-FACED Cebus capuchinus 17 x 25 MANTLED HOWLER MONKEY Alouatta palliata 22 x 26 CENTRAL AMER. MONKEY Ateles geoffroyi 1 27 VARIEGATED SQUIRREL Sciurus variegatoides 18 x 28 RED-TAILED SQUIRREL Sciurus granatensis 22 x 29 ALFARO'S PYGMY SQUIRREL Microsciurus alfari 6 30 WESTERN PYGMY SQUIRREL Microsciurus mimulus 31 14 MOUSE or RAT species Order Rodentia 2 32 ROTHCHILD'S PORCUPINE Coendou rothschildi 4 33 LESSER CAPYBARA Hydrochaeris isthmius 11 x 34 CENTRAL AMERICAN AGOUTI Dasyprocta punctata 22 x 35 PACA Agouti paca 36 3 SPINY or TREE RAT species Family Echimyidae 1 37 TAPITI or FOREST RABBIT [to 1500 m] Sylvilagus brasiliensis 11 38 COYOTE Canis latrans 7 39 GREATER GRISON Galictis vittata 1 40 Page 19 PANAMA: CANOPY TOWER and EL VALLE -- January 4-16, 2019

COMMON NAME SCIENTIFIC NAME I II 1 GRAY FOX Urocyon cinereoargenteus 2 NORTHERN RACCOON Procyon lotor 3 CRAB-EATING RACCOON Procyon cancrivorous 1 4 WHITE-NOSED COATI Nasua nasua 22 x 5 KINKAJOU Potos flavus 15 x 6 ALLEN'S OLINGO (split) Bassaricyon alleni 5 x 7 LONG-TAILED WEASEL Mustela frenata 8 TAYRA Eira barbara 3 9 NEOTROPICAL RIVER OTTER Lutra longicaudis 1 10 OCELOT Felis pardalis 11 MARGAY Leopardus wiedii 12 JAGUARUNDI Felis yagouaroundi 13 PUMA Puma concolor 14 JAGUAR Panthera onca 15 WEST INDIAN MANATEE Trichechus manatus 16 BAIRD'S TAPIR Tapirus bairdii 17 COLLARED PECCARY Tayassu tajacu 4 18 WHITE-LIPPED PECCARY Tayassu pecari 19 WHITE-TAILED DEER Olocoileus virginianus 2 20 RED BROCKET Mazama americana 21 22 23 REPRESENTATIVE FISHES 24 Unidentified CATFISH species Order Siluriformes 22 x 25 Unidentified FISH species Phylum Chordata 22 x 26 Unidentified TILAPIA species Tribe Tilapiini 1 27 28 REPRESENTATIVE and 29 From 1983 Costa Rican Natural History, D. Janzen, ed. 30 BRILLIANT FOREST Lithobates warszewitschii 6 31 RED-EYED TREEFROG Agalychnis callidryas 32 GIANT or MARINE TOAD Bufo marinus 5,3 x 33 TINK FROG Eleutherodactylus bransfordii 1,14 h 34 TREE FROG Hyla sp. 1 35 POISON DART FROG Dendrobates auratus 4 36 Unidentified LEAF FROG species Subfamily Phyllomedusinae 2 37 Unidentified FROG species Order Anura 14,8 x 38 Unidentified TOAD species Family Bufonidae 1 39 GALLIWASP Diploglossus monotropis 40 JESUS CHRIST LIZARD Basiliscus basiliscus 16 x Page 20 PANAMA: CANOPY TOWER and EL VALLE -- January 4-16, 2019

COMMON NAME SCIENTIFIC NAME I II 1 MACROTEIID Ameiva spp. 15 2 CENTRAL AMER. WHIPTAIL LIZARD Ameiva festiva 12 x 3 COMMON or GREEN IGUANA Iguana iguana 19 x 4 CTENOSAUR or BLACK IGUANA Ctenosaura similis 2 x 5 YELLOW-HEADED GECKO Gonatodes albogularis 8 x 6 "INTRODUCED" GECKO AT TOWER Hemidactylus frenatus 22 x 7 GIANT GECKO Infraorder Gekkota 0,2 8 Unidentified GECKO species Infraorder Gekkota 1 9 ANOLIS LIZARD or ANOLE Anolis spp. 11 x 10 SKINK Sphenomorphus cherriei 3 11 RED or PAINTED WOOD TURTLE Rhinoclemmys pulcherrima 3 12 COMMON SLIDER Trachemys scripta 20 x 13 SOFT-SHELLED TURTLE Apalone spp. 1 14 AMERICAN CROCODILE Crocodylus acutus 9 15 SPECTACLED CAIMAN or BABA Caiman crocodilus 15 x 16 EYELASH VIPER or BOCARACA Bothrops schlegelii 17 FER-DE-LANCE or TERCIOPELO 1 18 BOA CONSTRICTOR Boa constrictor 3 19 BROWN VINE S. or BEJUQUILLA CAFÉ Oxybelis aeneus 2 20 GREEN V. SN. or BEJUQUILLA VERDE Oxybelis fulgidus 1 21 BUSHMASTER Lachesis muta 1 22 TIGER RAT SNAKE Spilotes pullatus 2 23 Unidentified SNAKE species Suborder Serpentes 8 x 24 GREEN PARROT SNAKE Leptophis ahaetulla 2 25 SIPO Chironius grandisquamis 1 26 No common name yet (split) Erythrolamprus epinephelus 1 27 28 29 REPRESENTATIVE 30 Unidentified TARANTULA species Family Theraphosidae 4 31 Unid. ORB-WEAVER SPIDER species Family Araneidae 7 x 32 Unidentified SPIDER species Class Arachnida 22 x 33 CHIGGERS or COLORADI. [larval stage] Eutrombicula spp. 21 x 34 Unidentified TICK species Superfamily Ixodoidea 5 35 LEAF-CUTTER ANT Atta cephalotes 22 x 36 ARMY ANT Eciton burchelli 20 x 37 ACACIA ANT Pseudomyrmex ferruginea 12 x 38 BULLET ANT or BALA Paraponera clavata 11 39 FIRE ANT Solenopsis spp. 7 40 Page 21 PANAMA: CANOPY TOWER and EL VALLE -- January 4-16, 2019

COMMON NAME SCIENTIFIC NAME I II 1 CECROPIA or AZTECA ANT Azteca spp. 22 x 2 Unidentified ANT species Family Formicidae 22 x 3 SUNDOWN CICADAS or CHICHARRAS Fidicina mannifera 11,9 x 4 ARBOREAL Nasutitermes spp. 22 x 5 MOUND TERMITE Macrotermes spp. 5 6 Unidentified WATER STRIDER species Family Gerridae 11 x 7 Unidentified BUMBLEBEE species Bombus spp. 18 x 8 Unidentified WASP species Suborder Apocrita 22 x 9 Unidentified PARASITIC WASP species Suborder Apocrita 3 10 TARANTULA WASP Pepsis spp. 4 11 Unidentified STINGLESS WASP species Suborder Apocrita 2 12 Unidentified ORCHID BEE species Tribe Euglossini 1 13 Unidentified PEGA PEGA BEE species Order Hymenoptera 15 x 14 HONEYBEE Apis spp. 3 15 FIDDLER CRAB Uca spp. 1 x 16 Unidentified MANGROVE CRAB sp. Infraorder Brachyura 10 17 Unidentified LAND CRAB species Infraorder Brachyura 3 18 Unidentified SCORPION species Order Scorpiones 1 x 19 ANT LION [larval stage] Mermeleon spp. 13 x 20 LARGE FOREST FLOOR MILLIPEDE Nyssodesmus python 5 x 21 Unidentified MILLIPEDE species Class Diplopoda 2 22 Unidentified STICK species Order Phasmatodea 11 23 YELLOW-BANDED METALLIC BUG Class Insecta 1 x 24 Unidentified species Order Coleoptera 22 x 25 Unidentified COCKROACH species Order Blattodea 15 x 26 ORNATE HELICOPTER DAMSELFLY Mecistogaster ornata 18 x 27 Unidentified DAMSELFLY species Suborder Zygoptera 21 x 28 AMBERWING DRAGONFLY Perithemis spp. 1 29 Unidentified DRAGONFLY species Suborder Epiprocta 22 x 30 Unidentified CRICKET species Suborder Ensifera 4 x 31 Large purple GRASSHOPPER Tropidacris spp. 4 32 Unidentified GRASSHOPPER species Suborder Caelifera 22 x 33 Unidentified KATYDID species Family Tettigoniidae 14 x 34 Unidentified PRAYING species Order Mantodea 12 35 Unidentified CATERPILLAR species Order 15 x 36 Unidentified FIREFLY species Family Lampyridae 11 x 37 Unidentified FLY species Order Diptera 21 x 38 Unidentified MOSQUITO species Family Culicidae 22 x 39 Unidentified STINKBUG species Family Pentatomidae 2 40 Unidentified WHIRLIGIG BEETLE species Family Gyrinidae 2 x Page 22 PANAMA: CANOPY TOWER and EL VALLE -- January 4-16, 2019

COMMON NAME SCIENTIFIC NAME I II 1 Unidentified MOTH species Order Lepidoptera 20 x 2 Unidentified LAND snail Class Gastropoda 1 3 Unidentified WORM species Phylum Annelida 1 x 4 Unidentified LEAFHOPPER species Family Cicadellidae 1 5 CALIGO or CREAM OWL BUTTERFLY Caligo memnon 22 x 6 MORPHO Morpho peleides 22 x 7 GLASS-WINGED BUTTERFLY Greta spp. 11 8 THOAS SWALLOWTAIL Heraclides thoas 1 9 KITE SWALLOWTAIL Eurytides spp. 1 10 DORIS LONGWING Heliconius doris 2 11 MALACHITE BUTTERFLY Siproeta stelenes 1 12 MONARCH BUTTERFLY Danaus plexippus 1 13 Unidentified CLEARWING species Family 2 x 14 TUTIA CLEARWING tutia dorilla 1 15 GLASSY-WINGED SKIPPER Xenophanes tryxus 1 16 HECALE LONGWING Heliconius hecale 1 17 TIGER-STRIPED LONGWING Heliconius ismenius 2 18 BANDED PEACOCK Anartia fatima 3 19 CONFUSA TIGERWING Methona confusa 1 20 INCA METALMARK Aricoris incana x 21 SULPHUR BUTTERFLY Subfamily Coliadinae x 22 Unidentified BUTTERFLY species Order Lepidoptera 22 x 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 Page 23