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Threat of Climate Change on a Songbird Population Through Its Impacts on Breeding

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Threat of Climate Change on a Songbird Population Through Its Impacts on Breeding LETTERS https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-018-0232-8 Threat of climate change on a songbird population through its impacts on breeding Thomas W. Bonnot 1*, W. Andrew Cox2, Frank R. Thompson3 and Joshua J. Millspaugh4 Understanding global change processes that threaten spe- directly (and indirectly) affects the demographic parameters that cies viability is critical for assessing vulnerability and decid- drive population growth. For example, vulnerability in key species ing on appropriate conservation actions1. Here we combine traits such as physiological tolerances and diets and habitat can lead individual-based2 and metapopulation models to estimate to altered demographics11. For many birds, population persistence is the effects of climate change on annual breeding productivity sensitive to the rates at which young are produced, which can change and population viability up to 2100 of a common forest song- as a function of temperature3,12. In the Midwestern USA, greater bird, the Acadian flycatcher (Empidonax virescens), across the daily temperatures can reduce nest survival and overall productiv- Central Hardwoods ecoregion, a 39.5-million-hectare area of ity for forest-dwelling songbirds3, probably because of increased temperate and broadleaf forests in the USA. Our approach predation from snakes and potentially other predators13–15. Studies integrates local-scale, individual breeding productivity, esti- such as these provide a better mechanistic understanding of how mated from empirically derived demographic parameters climate change may alter the key demographic rates that contribute that vary with landscape and climatic factors (such as forest to population growth, but scaling up to estimate population-level cover, daily temperature)3, into a dynamic-landscape meta- responses requires a quantitative approach that integrates climate population model4 that projects growth of the regional popu- and habitat on a broader scale. lation over time. We show that warming temperatures under Translating individual-level climate effects into population a worst-case scenario with unabated climate change could impacts can be difficult when relationships between climatic vari- reduce breeding productivity to an extent that this currently ables and demographic parameters occur in the form of empirical abundant species will suffer population declines substantial findings or statistical models and relate to local temporal and spa- enough to pose a significant risk of quasi-extinction from the tial scales16. For example, survival of individuals and nests is mod- region in the twenty-first century. However, we also show that elled on daily timescales, often as a function of local habitat and this risk is greatly reduced for scenarios where emissions and daily temperature and precipitation, thus complicating predictions warming are curtailed. These results highlight the impor- of their fates for an entire region, season or year. Many processes tance of considering both direct and indirect effects of climate are also subject to variation in the individual traits, behaviours or change when assessing the vulnerability of species. adaptations that can mitigate impacts17,18. For example, breeding As evidence of climate change impacts on plant and wildlife birds often renest following successful or failed nests, which might populations grows, understanding global change processes that offset the negative impact of increased temperatures on productiv- threaten species viability may be a necessary precursor to deciding ity, but the stochastic nature of individual behaviour in these con- on the most appropriate actions for conservation1,5. texts prevents generalizations. Therefore, accurately predicting the Efforts to identify how climate change will affect species occur impacts of climate change on productivity and population growth across a range of ecological and empirical scales. At the broadest will require methods that can model local processes, such as nest scales, researchers assess range-wide vulnerability for a species or survival, under future climates, in a manner that accounts for local suite of species, often through the use of species distribution (or factors and individual behaviour and then can be integrated with niche models) and population models. These approaches predict metapopulation models at broader scales. shifts in distribution or changes in population dynamics across Here, we use a two-step process to overcome the challenges of large scales based on changes in climate and vegetation6,7, but have scaling up from individual to population-level impacts of climate been criticized for the lack of relevant processes they consider8. For change on Acadian flycatchers (Empidonax virescens; hereafter ‘fly- example, distribution models that focus only on climate assume catcher’), a common North American passerine, through the year (perhaps erroneously) that species and their habitat/niche necessar- 2100 across a 39.5 million hectare region of temperate and broadleaf ily closely track changes in climate9,10. Other recent advances such forests in the USA known as the Central Hardwoods (Fig. 1). First, as dynamic-landscape metapopulation models (DLMPs)4 provide a we used empirically derived estimates of nest survival and produc- comprehensive and mechanistic approach to modelling both pop- tivity within an individual-based model (IBM) to estimate repro- ulation dynamics and distribution from changes in habitat under duction of individual birds throughout the region under various climate change, but fail to consider potentially significant and more scenarios of climate change in this century. We account for individ- direct impacts of climate on demographic processes. ual behaviours, such as renesting, that might inadvertently mitigate The weakness of these approaches is made apparent by the the impacts on overall productivity. We then integrate those produc- increasing body of evidence that indicates that climate change tivity estimates into a DLMP that enables us to project population 1School of Natural Resources, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA. 2Fish and Wildlife Research Institute, Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission, Gainesville, FL, USA. 3Northern Research Station, United States Forest Service, Columbia, MO, USA. 4Wildlife Biology Program, Department of Ecosystem and Conservation Sciences, W. A. Franke College of Forestry and Conservation, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, USA. *e-mail: [email protected] 718 NatURE CLImatE CHANGE | VOL 8 | AUGUST 2018 | 718–722 | www.nature.com/natureclimatechange NATURE CLIMATE CHANGE LETTERS a b 05250 00 05250 00 km km Ecological subsection boundary N Forest cover Temperature change (°C) 9 6 Fig. 1 | Location of the Central Hardwoods region in the USA. a,b, Forest cover (a) was integrated with daily downscaled projections of maximum temperature (b) during the breeding season from 2010 to 2100 under various climate warming scenarios (GFDL-CM3-8.5, business-as-usual climate, shown) to estimate the annual productivity of Acadian flycatchers across the Central Hardwoods. Ecological subsections were used to stratify the population in the DLMP. growth while accounting for uncertainty in adult and juvenile sur- resulted in increased population declines and elevated risk of local vival by considering a range of rates. From these outputs, we predict extinction over the next century. We project that flycatchers in the risk climate change poses to the flycatcher population. the Central Hardwoods under the business-as-usual scenario face We found that climate warming reduced flycatcher nest success a 34% risk of declining to quasi-extinction levels by 2100. That (defined as the compound probability of a nest surviving the entire is more than a threefold increase in risk compared to the MRI- 32-day period to fledge young) and annual productivity, posing a CGCM3-2.6 scenario (Table 1 and Supplementary Figs. 1, 2 and 3). significant risk to population viability on a large spatial scale. By Many songbird species are affected by the same communities of the end of the century (2090–2100), breeding season temperatures predators and, to varying extents, are susceptible to similar tem- were projected to increase under all scenarios. A business-as-usual perature effects3. Therefore, not only do our projections highlight path for emissions (the GFDL-CM3-8.5 scenario) showed a severe the risk of local extinction facing flycatchers, they imply concern 7.55 °C warming in the mean daily maximum breeding season tem- for other birds in the community affected by similar processes. Our perature across the region by the end of the century, a 25% increase study is another example of increasingly comprehensive case stud- over the recent past (1981–2010) (Fig. 2a). By contrast, emissions ies that have identified climate change as an existential threat to in the MRI-CGCM3-2.6 and CanESM2-4.5 scenarios stabilize and entire populations20,21. then slowly decrease after the middle of the twenty-first century, in Although predictive modelling includes multiple assumptions line with the mild (1.5 °C) and moderate (2 °C) increases in daily and uncertainties, a number of points underscore the credibility maximum temperatures targeted under the Intergovernmental of this risk. First, reproductive estimates produced by the IBM fol- Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) 21st session of the Conference low a pattern of warming temperatures and declining nest survival of the Parties (COP21) agreement19. Under these scenarios,
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