Curriculum Vitae
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The Impact of Environmental Noise on Song Amplitude in a Territorial Bird
Journal of Animal Blackwell Publishing, Ltd. Ecology 2004 The impact of environmental noise on song amplitude 73, 434–440 in a territorial bird HENRIK BRUMM Institute of Biology, Behavioural Biology, Free University, Berlin Summary 1. The impact of environmental background noise on the performance of territorial songs was examined in free-ranging nightingales (Luscinia megarhynchos Brehm). An analysis of sound pressure levels revealed that males at noisier locations sang with higher sound levels than birds in territories less affected by background sounds. 2. This is the first evidence of a noise-dependent vocal amplitude regulation in the natural environment of an animal. 3. The results yielded demonstrate that the birds tried to mitigate the impairments on their communication caused by masking noise. This behaviour may help to maintain a given transmission distance of songs, which are used in territory defence and mate attraction. At the same time, birds forced to sing with higher amplitudes have to bear the increased costs of singing. 4. This suggests that in songbirds the level of environmental noise in a territory will contribute to its quality and thus considerably affect the behavioural ecology of singing males. Key-words: acoustical masking, birdsong, Lombard effect, Luscinia megarhynchos, vocal amplitude. Journal of Animal Ecology (2004) 73, 434–440 is the noise produced by torrents and waterfalls. An Introduction evolutionary response of frogs and birds living in such Acoustic communication is constrained considerably habitats is to evade masking by producing high-pitched by environmental factors, such as habitat-dependent vocalizations in narrow frequency bands (Dubois & sound transmission properties related to microclimate Martens 1984). -
Conservation Biology and Global Change
honeyeater (Melipotes carolae), a species that had never been described before (Figure 56.1). In 2005, a team of American, Indonesian, and Australian biologists experienced many mo- 56 ments like this as they spent a month cataloging the living riches hidden in a remote mountain range in Indonesia. In addition to the honeyeater, they discovered dozens of new frog, butterfly, and plant species, including five new palms. Conservation To date, scientists have described and formally named about 1.8 million species of organisms. Some biologists think Biology and that about 10 million more species currently exist; others es- timate the number to be as high as 100 million. Some of the Global Change greatest concentrations of species are found in the tropics. Unfortunately, tropical forests are being cleared at an alarm- ing rate to make room for and support a burgeoning human population. Rates of deforestation in Indonesia are among the highest in the world (Figure 56.2). What will become of the smoky honeyeater and other newly discovered species in Indonesia if such deforestation continues unchecked? Throughout the biosphere, human activities are altering trophic structures, energy flow, chemical cycling, and natural disturbance—ecosystem processes on which we and all other species depend (see Chapter 55). We have physically altered nearly half of Earth’s land surface, and we use over half of all accessible surface fresh water. In the oceans, stocks of most major fisheries are shrinking because of overharvesting. By some estimates, we may be pushing more species toward ex- tinction than the large asteroid that triggered the mass ex- tinctions at the close of the Cretaceous period 65.5 million years ago (see Figure 25.16). -
A Comprehensive Multilocus Phylogeny of the Neotropical Cotingas
Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 81 (2014) 120–136 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/ympev A comprehensive multilocus phylogeny of the Neotropical cotingas (Cotingidae, Aves) with a comparative evolutionary analysis of breeding system and plumage dimorphism and a revised phylogenetic classification ⇑ Jacob S. Berv 1, Richard O. Prum Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology and Peabody Museum of Natural History, Yale University, P.O. Box 208105, New Haven, CT 06520, USA article info abstract Article history: The Neotropical cotingas (Cotingidae: Aves) are a group of passerine birds that are characterized by Received 18 April 2014 extreme diversity in morphology, ecology, breeding system, and behavior. Here, we present a compre- Revised 24 July 2014 hensive phylogeny of the Neotropical cotingas based on six nuclear and mitochondrial loci (7500 bp) Accepted 6 September 2014 for a sample of 61 cotinga species in all 25 genera, and 22 species of suboscine outgroups. Our taxon sam- Available online 16 September 2014 ple more than doubles the number of cotinga species studied in previous analyses, and allows us to test the monophyly of the cotingas as well as their intrageneric relationships with high resolution. We ana- Keywords: lyze our genetic data using a Bayesian species tree method, and concatenated Bayesian and maximum Phylogenetics likelihood methods, and present a highly supported phylogenetic hypothesis. We confirm the monophyly Bayesian inference Species-tree of the cotingas, and present the first phylogenetic evidence for the relationships of Phibalura flavirostris as Sexual selection the sister group to Ampelion and Doliornis, and the paraphyly of Lipaugus with respect to Tijuca. -
Hovering Sunbirds in the Old World: Occasional Behaviour Or Evolutionary Trend?
Oikos 120: 178–183, 2011 doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0706.2010.18612.x © 2011 Th e Authors. Oikos © 2011 Nordic Society Oikos Subject Editor: Jan van Gils. Accepted 28 May 2010 Hovering sunbirds in the Old World: occasional behaviour or evolutionary trend? Š t eˇ p á n Jane cˇ ek , Eli š ka Pat á cˇ ov á , Michael Barto š , Eli š ka Pady š á kov á, Luk á š Spitzer and Robert Tropek Š . Jane č ek ([email protected]) , E. Pat á č ov á , M. Barto š and E. Pady š á kov á , Inst. of Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Dukelsk á 135, CZ – 379 82 T ř ebo ň , Czech Republic. – EPat, MB, EPad, L. Spitzer and R. Tropek, Faculty of Science, Univ. of South Bohemia, Brani š ovsk á 31, CZ – 370 05 Č esk é Bud ě jovice, Czech Republic. – LP and RT also at: Inst. of Entomology, Biology Centre, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Brani š ovsk á 31, CZ – 370 05 Č esk é Bud ě jovice, Czech Republic. Th e nectarivory of sunbirds in the Old World and hummingbirds in the New World evolved independently. While both groups are specialised in their feeding apparatuses, hummingbirds are moreover famous for their adaptations to sustained hovering fl ight. Recently, an example of a pollination system of the invasive plant Nicotiana glauca has been used to show that less adapted sunbirds also are frequently able to hover. Nevertheless, the question has remained why plants adapted to bird hovering pollination do not occur outside the New World. -
Uganda and Rwanda: Shoebill Experience, Nyungwe’S Albertine Rift and Great Apes
MEGAFARI: Uganda and Rwanda: Shoebill experience, Nyungwe’s Albertine Rift and Great Apes 16 – 27 April 2010 (12 days), Leader: Keith Barnes, Custom trip Photos by Keith Barnes. All photos taken on this trip. The spectacular Shoebill was the star of the show in Uganda, and a much-wanted species by all. Introduction This was the second leg of the Megafari – a true trip of a lifetime for most of the participants. Our Tanzania leg had already been the most successful trip we had ever had, netting an incredible 426 bird species in only 11 days. The main aims of the Uganda and Rwanda leg was to see a Shoebill stalking in deep Papyrus swamps, score a gamut of rainforest birds in both the lowlands of Budongo and then also the impressive montane forests of the incredible Nyungwe NP, and to see primates and of course, the irrepressible great apes, Chimpanzee and Mountain Gorilla. Fortunately, we achieved all these aims, netting 417 bird species on this 12-day leg of the trip, as well as accumulating an incredible 675 bird species and 62 mammals in just over three-weeks of the Megafari. The Megafari was a boon for spectacular birds and we saw 51 species of bird of prey, 11 species of turaco, 11 species of kingfisher, 10 species of bee-eater, 12 species of hornbill, and 25 species of sunbird. We also saw the famous Big-5 mammals and had incredible encounters with Mountain Gorillas and Chimpanzees amongst 11 species of primates. For the extremely successful Tanzania portion of the tour, click here. -
Malawi Trip Report 12Th to 28Th September 2014
Malawi Trip Report 12th to 28th September 2014 Bohm’s Bee-eater by Keith Valentine Trip Report compiled by Tour Leader: Keith Valentine RBT Malawi Trip Report September 2014 2 Top 10 Birds: 1. Scarlet-tufted Sunbird 2. Pel’s Fishing Owl 3. Lesser Seedcracker 4. Thyolo Alethe 5. White-winged Apalis 6. Racket-tailed Roller 7. Blue Swallow 8. Bohm’s Flycatcher 9. Babbling Starling 10. Bohm’s Bee-eater/Yellow-throated Apalis Top 5 Mammals: 1. African Civet 2. Four-toed Elephant Shrew 3. Sable Antelope 4. Bush Pig 5. Side-striped Jackal/Greater Galago/Roan Antelope/Blotched Genet Trip Summary This was our first ever fully comprehensive tour to Malawi and was quite simply a fantastic experience in all respects. For starters, many of the accommodations are of excellent quality and are also situated in prime birding locations with a large number of the area’s major birding targets found in close proximity. The food is generally very good and the stores and lodges are for the most part stocked with decent beer and a fair selection of South African wine. However, it is the habitat diversity that is largely what makes Malawi so good from a birding point of view. Even though it is a small country, this good variety of habitat, and infrastructure that allows access to these key zones, insures that the list of specials is long and attractive. Our tour was extremely successful in locating the vast majority of the region’s most wanted birds and highlights included Red-winged Francolin, White-backed Night Heron, African Cuckoo-Hawk, Western Banded Snake -
Pipridae) and of the Cotingas (Cotingidae) Based on Morphology
OCCASIONAL PAPERS OF THE MUSEUM OF ZOOLOGY THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN A TEST OF THE MONOPHYLY OF THE MANAKINS (PIPRIDAE) AND OF THE COTINGAS (COTINGIDAE) BASED ON MORPHOLOGY ABSTRACT.-Pmm, Richard 0. A test of the monophyly of the manakins (Pipridae) and of the cotingas (Cotingidae) based on morphology. Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool., Uniu. Michigan, 723:I-44,6jigs. A phylogenetic analysis of the Tyr- annoidea is performed as a test of the monophyly of the manakins (Pipri- dae) and of the cotingas (Cotingidae). The 12 morphological characters surveyed include the traditional characters used to define the families and other morphological features taken from observations of tyrannoid syr- inges and hindlimb arteries. Five traditional characters are phylogeneti- cally uninformative. The remaining seven characters support 25 maxi- mally parsimonious phylogenetic hypotheses of length 10 (CI = 0.70). A strict consensus tree based on these trees has few resolved clades, but indicates that neither the Pipridae nor the Cotingidae as traditionally defined is monophyletic. Six currently recognized genera of Pipridae- Schiffornis, Sapayoa, Piprites, Neopipo, Neopelma, and Tyranneutes-share de- rived morphological characters with other, non-piprid tyrannoids. The other eleven piprid genera-4hloropip0, Xenopipo, Antilophia, Heterocercus, Machaeropterus, Manacus, Corapipo, Ilicura, Masiur, Chiroxiphia, and Pipra- form a clade diagnosed by the dorsal fusion of the B1-2 syringeal sup- porting elements. A large clade including most cotingids is supported by a derived syringeal muscle character and provides evidence of the mono- phyly of the cotingids, but this character conflicts with other derived morphological features. Additional data are required to resolve many portions of tyrannoid higher-level phylogeny. -
Seed Dispersal by Ceratogymna Hornbills in the Dja Reserve, Cameroon
Journal of Tropical Ecology (1998) 14:351–371. With 2 figures Copyright 1998 Cambridge University Press Seed dispersal by Ceratogymna hornbills in the Dja Reserve, Cameroon KENNETH D. WHITNEY*†1, MARK K. FOGIEL*, AARON M. LAMPERTI*, KIMBERLY M. HOLBROOK*, DONALD J. STAUFFER*, BRITTA DENISE HARDESTY*, V. THOMAS PARKER* and THOMAS B. SMITH*† *Department of Biology, San Francisco State University, 1600 Holloway Avenue, San Francisco, California 94132 U.S.A. †Center for Population Biology, University of California, Davis, California 95616-8755 U.S.A. (Accepted 13 January 1998) ABSTRACT. Seed dispersal is a process critical to the maintenance of tropical forests, yet little is known about the interactions of most dispersers with their communities. In the Dja Reserve, Cameroon, seed dispersal by the hornbills Cerato- gymna atrata, C. cylindricus and C. fistulator (Aves: Bucerotidae) was evaluated with respect to the taxonomic breadth of plants dispersed, location of seed deposition and effects on seed germination. Collectively, the three hornbill species consumed fruits from 59 tree and liana species, and likely provided dispersal for 56 of them. Hornbill-dispersed tree species composed 22% of the known tree flora of the site. Hornbill visit lengths, visit frequencies, and seed passage times indicated that few seeds were deposited beneath parent trees; in five hornbill/tree species pairings studied, 69–100% of the seeds ingested were deposited away from the parent trees. Germination trials showed that hornbill gut passage is gentle on seeds. Of 24 tree species tested, 23 germinated after passage by hornbills; of 17 planted with con- trols taken directly from trees, only four species showed evidence of inhibition of germination rate, while seven experienced unchanged germination rates and six experienced enhanced germination rates. -
A Global Analysis of Song Frequency in Passerines Provides No Support for the Acoustic
bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.06.30.179812; this version posted June 30, 2020. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license. 1 A global analysis of song frequency in passerines provides no support for the acoustic 2 adaptation hypothesis but suggests a role for sexual selection 3 Running title: Evolutionary ecology of song frequency 4 5 Peter Mikula1,2, Mihai Valcu3, Henrik Brumm4, Martin Bulla3,5, Wolfgang Forstmeier3, 6 Tereza Petrusková6, Bart Kempenaers3*, Tomáš Albrecht1,2* 7 8 1Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 7, 128 44, Praha 2, 9 Czech Republic 10 2Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Květná 8, 603 65, Brno, Czech 11 Republic 12 3Department of Behavioural Ecology and Evolutionary Genetics, Max Planck Institute for 13 Ornithology, Eberhard-Gwinner-Str. 7, 82319 Seewiesen, Germany 14 4Communication and Social Behaviour Group, Max Planck Institute for Ornithology, 15 Eberhard-Gwinner-Str. 11, 82319 Seewiesen, Germany 16 5Department of Ecology, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Czech University of Life 17 Sciences, 16521 Prague, Czech Republic 18 6Department of Ecology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 7, 128 43, Praha 2, 19 Czech Republic 20 *Authors for correspondence: E-mail: [email protected] and [email protected], 21 phone no.: +498 157 932 232 and +420 608 237 158 1 bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.06.30.179812; this version posted June 30, 2020. -
Plant-Frugivore Interactions in a Heterogeneous Forest Landscape of South Africa
Plant-frugivore interactions in a heterogeneous forest landscape of South Africa Dissertation In partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of a Doctorate Degree in Natural Sciences (Dr. rer. nat) The Faculty of Biology, Philipps-University of Marburg Lackson Chama, MSc Sinazongwe (Zambia) June 2012, Marburg From the Faculty of Biology, Philipps-University Marburg als Dissertation am angenommen. Dekan: Prof. Dr. Paul Galland Erstgutachterin: Prof. Dr. N. Farwig Zweitgutachter: Prof. Dr. R. Brandl Tag der Disputation: 25th June 2012 Dedicated to my son, Mishila, who’s first two years on earth I was hardly part of, due to my commitment towards this work. Contents CHAPTER 1: GENERAL INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................................... 3 EFFECTS OF HUMAN ACTIVITIES ON FOREST BIODIVERSITY ........................................................................................................ 4 PLANT-FRUGIVORE INTERACTIONS IN CHANGING LANDSCAPES .................................................................................................. 5 THE ROLE OF FUNCTIONAL DIVERSITY IN FRUGIVORE COMMUNITIES ........................................................................................... 5 EFFECTS OF SEED INGESTION BY FRUGIVOROUS BIRDS ON GERMINATION SUCCESS ........................................................................ 6 AIMS OF THE THESIS ......................................................................................................................................................... -
Sierra Leone
SIERRA LEONE 9 - 24 FEBRUARY 2008 TOUR REPORT LEADER: NIK BORROW Our first exploratory tour to Sierra Leone was pretty tough going at times but certainly pulled a few goodies out of the bag! A respectable total of 305 species were recorded of which all but 12 were seen. The notable major highlights had to be the wonderful views of the amazing Yellow-headed Picathartes preening and posing at their nest site before going to roost, the restricted range Turati’s Boubou and no less than four stunning Gola Malimbes for everyone! Singing Brown Nightjars were discovered, sublime Egyptian Plovers enjoyed, colourful Buff-throated Sunbirds enthralled and secretive Capuchin Babblers were tracked down. Mammals were sparse but we had great looks at the beautiful Diana Monkey and Olive Colobus and we even almost saw a Pygmy Hippo that crashed away from us through the undergrowth! Other specialties included Red-chested Goshawk, Latham’s Forest Francolin, Black-shouldered and Standard-winged Nightjars, Blue-headed Bee-eater, Brown- cheeked and Yellow-casqued Hornbills, Hairy-breasted Barbet, Spotted Honeyguide, Little Green, Melancholy and Fire-bellied Woodpeckers, Fanti Saw-wing, Preuss’s Cliff Swallow, Pied-winged Swallow, Green-tailed and Grey-headed Bristlebills, Western Bearded Greenbul, Yellow-bearded Greenbul, Western Forest Robin, White-tailed Alethe, Finsch’s Flycatcher Thrush, Forest Scrub Robin, Sharpe’s Apalis, Kemp’s Longbill, Olivaceous and Ussher’s Flycatchers, Red-cheeked Wattle-eye, Rufous-winged and Puvel’s Illadopsis, Red-billed Helmet-shrike, Copper-tailed Glossy and Emerald Starlings, Maxwell’s Black Weaver, Red-vented Malimbe, Yellow-winged Pytilia and Dybowski’s Twinspot. -
Africa's Gulf of Guinea Forests: Biodiversity Patterns and Conservation Priorities
Advances in Applied Biodiversity Science, no. 6 AABSAdvances in Applied Biodiversity Science Number 6 Africa’s Gulf of Guinea Forests: Africa’s Gulf of Guinea Forests:Biodiversity Patterns and Conservation Africa’s Biodiversity Patterns and Conservation Priorities John F. Oates, Richard A. Bergl, and Joshua M. Linder Priorities C Conservation International ONSERVATION 1919 M Street, NW, Suite 600 Washington, DC 20036 TEL: 202-912-1000 FAX: 202-912-0772 I NTERNATIONAL ISBN 1-881173-82-8 WEB: www.conservation.org 9 0 0 0 0> www.biodiversityscience.org 9781881173823 About the Authors John F. Oates is a CABS Research Fellow, Professor of Anthropology at Hunter College, City University of New York (CUNY), and a Senior Conservation Advisor to the Africa program of the Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS). He is cur- rently advising WCS on biodiversity conservation projects in eastern Nigeria and western Cameroon. Dr. Oates has conducted research on the ecology of forest primates in Africa and Asia since 1966, and has assisted with the development of rainforest protected areas in South India and West Africa. He has published extensively on primate biology and conservation and, as an active member of the IUCN-SSC Primate Specialist Group, has compiled conservation action plans for African primates. He holds a PhD from the University of London. Richard A. Bergl is a doctoral student in anthropology at the CUNY Graduate Center, in the graduate training program of the New York Consortium in Evolutionary Primatology (NYCEP). He is currently conducting research into the population and habitat viability of the Cross River gorilla (Gorilla gorilla diehli) in Nigeria and Cameroon.