Characterization of Environmental Conditions Conducive for Spread of Whitefly Population and Epidemic Development of Chilcv by Maryam � Ftikhar, M

Global Journal of Science Frontier Research: C Biological Science Volume 17 Issue 4 Version 1.0 Year 2017 Type : Double Blind Peer Reviewed International Research Journal Publisher: Global Journals Inc. (USA) Online ISSN: 2249-4626 & Print ISSN: 0975-5896

Characterization of Environmental Conditions Conducive for Spread of Whitefly Population and Epidemic Development of ChiLCV By Maryam ftikhar, M. Aslam Khan & Sajjad Haider Abstract- Chilli (C.annum L.) is one of the main solaneaous crop in Pakistan and treated by many viral diseases. This experiment was performed to check the effect of environmental conditions on whitefly population and disease incidence development as well as correlation and regression analysis of environmental factors like maximum, minimum temperature, relative humidity, rainfall and wind speed with whitefly population on Chilli plants. For the determination of effect of environmental factors on the incidence of virus and whitefly Population, five environmental factors were kept in consideration which were maximum temperature, minimum temperature, relative humidity, rainfall and wind pace. The data recorded on disease incidence and whitefly population was subjected to correlation and regression analysis for determining the relationship between environmental variables and incidence of disease and whitefly population. All environmental parameters including (maximum temperature, minimum temperature, and relative humidity) showed positively significant correlation and wind speed and rainfall showed negatively significant correlation. Keywords: chiLCV, regression, correlation, epidemiology, conducive. GJSFR-C Classification: FOR Code: 060704

CharacterizationofEnvironmentalConditionsConduciveforSpreadofWhiteflyPopulationandEpidemicDevelopmentofChiLCV

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© 2017. Maryam Iftikhar, M. Aslam Khan & Sajjad Haider. This is a research/review paper, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial 3.0 Unported License http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/), permitting all non commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Characterization of Environmental Conditions Conducive for Spread of Whitefly Population and Epidemic Development of ChiLCV

α σ ρ Maryam Iftikhar , M. Aslam Khan & Sajjad Haider

Abstract- Chilli (C.annum L.) is one of the main solaneaous ChiLCV is more susceptible to all Chilli varieties. 201 crop in Pakistan and treated by many viral diseases. This Begomoviruses are the main cause of this disease. It is r experiment was performed to check the effect of one of the largest group of Gemini viruses with more ea environmental conditions on whitefly population and disease than 50 members described so far by different workers Y incidence development as well as correlation and regression (Markham et al., 1996). In worldwide review more than analysis of environmental factors like maximum, minimum 231 temperature, relative humidity, rainfall and wind speed with 65 viruses have reported to infect different crops. whitefly population on Chilli plants. For the determination of Viruses are most disturbing agents of chili crop, causing effect of environmental factors on the incidence of virus and serious losses in reduction of both fruit quality and whitefly Population, five environmental factors were kept in quantity (Green and Kim., 1999). Approximately 40 to 60 V consideration which were maximum temperature, minimum % losses in Pakistan and some other parts of world has temperature, relative humidity, rainfall and wind pace. The data been recorded due to ChiLCV because it is major virus IV recorded on disease incidence and whitefly population was ue ersion I most common in Chilli producing areas and decreasing s s subjected to correlation and regression analysis for yield badly (Shah and Khalid, 1999). determining the relationship between environmental variables I and incidence of disease and whitefly population. All II. Historical Background of Chilcv XVII environmental parameters including (maximum temperature, minimum temperature, and relative humidity) showed Disease positively significant correlation and wind speed and rainfall Chilli leaf curl virus for first time was reported by showed negatively significant correlation. Verma (1962). The virus has been found to be

Keywords: chiLCV, regression, correlation, epidemiology, transmitted though vector whitefly Bemisia tabaci Gen. ) C

( conducive. (Moghe, 1977). Later on it was reported by venkatesh et al., (1998) that Chilli leaf curl complex caused by Chilli I. Introduction leaf curl geminivirus (ChiLCV) is transmitted by Bemisia

hilli (Capsicum annum L.) originate from south tabaci and also by thrips (S.dorsalis and Research Volume and central America and are members of polyphagotarsonemus latus). In Pakistan Hussian et al., Solaneaous family. Viral diseases annually C (1992) reported chilli leaf curl complex in 1992. Severe reduce the quality and yield of all kind of pepper. yield losses in Chilli crop along with other Chilli varieties Symptoms of virus infection widely vary in expression has been found. Tomato mosaic virus, Potato virus Y, Frontier and severity including mild mottle, mosaic, vein Chilli leaf curl virus, Pepper veinal mottle virus, Tomato banding, ring spots, necrosis, leaf discoloration, yellow leaf curl virus and Tomato spotted wilt virus has deformation and blistering and severe stunting of the considered as economically most important viral Science whole plant. Viruses could not just identified based on diseases in Africa and Asia among the economically of symptoms, because symptoms could vary with respect important vegetables (Nono-Womdim, 2001). to the strain of the virus, the host cultivar, the age of the host, environmental conditions and co-infection with III. Symptomology Of Chilcv Dise ase Journal other viruses. Different viruses may cause similar symptoms, Chilli pepper (C.annum L.) use as a spice and it is an important vegetable. For the cultivation of Chillies as well as insect damage, particularly by thrips and Global mites, may mimic virus symptoms. Chilli leaf curl virus in Pakistan Diverse ecological, environmental and soil (ChiLCV), Chilli vein mottle virus (ChiVMV) and conditions are very suitable (Briddon et al., 2003; Shih et cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) are the main viruses in all al., 2003). Leaf curling, wrinkling, vein clearing and vein

Chilli growing areas of Pakistan and also in some other swelling and yellowing are major symptoms of ChiLCV. parts of the world. ChiLCV is the most important In severely affected plants the size of leaves and pathogen related to Chilli crops (Shah et al., 2001). branches reduced resulting in a bushy appearance of plant. Such plants have very few flowers and very few fruits (Peiris, 1953; Joshi and Dubey, 1976). Author α σ ρ: lant pathology. e-mail: [email protected] Begomoviruses are the major cause of Chilli leaf curl

disease (CLC), which is most important viral disease of 30cm. The disease on every variety was assessed by chilies. Typical symptoms of ChiLCV include stunting, a coefficient of infection according to available disease reduction in leaf size, leaf curling as well as a reduction rating scale. in fruit size and number (Hussian, 2009). c) Collection of environmental and whitefly population

IV. Influence Of Environmental Factors data

On Whitefly Population And Disease The data of different environmental factors (maximum, minimum temperature, relative humidity and Incidence rainfall) during the growth period of chili crop (April-July) An experiment was performed to check the was obtained from the Department of Crop Physiology,

effect of environmental conditions on whitefly population University of Agriculture Faisalabad. The data regarding and correlation of environmental conditions like whitefly population was recorded on weekly basis for 201 maximum, minimum temperature, relative humidity, each variety. Ten plants from each plot were selected at random and population of whitefly was recorded from

ear rainfall and wind speed with whitefly population on

Y tomato plants by (Zeeshan et al., 2015). Maximum upper middle and lower leaves/plant and averaged for 5 241 temperature has positive correlation with whitefly leaves. population. Whitefly population increase with increase in temperature and decrease with decrease in relative d) Correlation of environmental factors with ChiLCV incidence humidity Correlation of ChiLCV incidence with maximum

V V. Materials And Methods temperature, minimum temperature, relative humidity,

IV rainfall and wind speed were determined on weekly a) Establishment of disease screening nursery against basis at variety level. The variety used for this purpose ue ersion I

s ChiLCV disease incidence s were 9-Patyala, Hot Shot, 5-Glory, Maha and Hot A disease screening nursery of eight I Queen. A significant correlation was observed between varieties/Lines i.e.V1 (Maha), V2 (Hot Queen), V3 (7-Ph), maximum temperature and disease incidence. Similarly, XVII V4 (9-Patayla), V5 (Tatapuri), V6 (Biaddy), V7 (Hot Shot), minimum temperature showed significant correlation V8 (5-Glory) were established against ChiLCV disease. with disease incidence on all the varieties.

b) Epidemiological studies of ChiLCV disease Relative humidity had a significant relationship

Five varieties viz. 9-patayla, Hot-Shot, Five- with disease incidence on all the varieties. Rainfall

) Glory, 7-ph, Tatapuri were used in the experiment. The showed a significant but negative correlation with

C ( experiment was conducted in a randomized complete disease incidence as increase in rainfall suppresses the block design (RCBD) with three replications. Each rate of increase of disease on all varieties while wind variety was planted in a sub-plot with row length 3m, row velocity also showed the significant positive correlation to row spacing 60cm and plant to plant spacing of on all varieties used. Research Volume Table 1: Correlation of environmental factors with ChiLCV

Frontier Varieties Max Temp Min Temp RH Rainfall Wind Speed

0.5419* 0.8960* 0.7092* -0.3593* -0.6037* 9-Patyala 0.0267 0.0157 0.0146 0.0483 0.0244 Science

of 0.6528* 0.9044* 0.6258* -0.3187* -0.3478* Hot Shot 0.0159 0.0133 0.0183 0.0351 0.0493

Journal 0.5169* 0.8935* 0.7576* -0.3218* -0.5452* 5-Glory 0.0239 0.0164 0.0180 0.0354 0.0263

Global 0.5607* 0.9151* 0.7374* -0.3434* -0.5313* Maha 0.0247 0.0105 0.0494 0.0155 0.0287

0.5812* 0.9289* 0.7272* -0.3766* -0.5532* Hot Queen 0.0264 0.0074 0.0114 0.0146 0.0254

Upper values indicate Pearson’s correlation coefficient while lower values indicate significance at 5% level of probability .

©2017 Global Journals Inc. (US) Characterization of Environmental Conditions Conducive for Spread of Whitefly Population and Epidemic Development of ChiLCV e) Correlation of environmental factors with whitefly minimum temperature showed significant correlation population with whitefly population on all the varieties. Correlation of whitefly population with maximum Relative humidity had a significant relationship temperature, minimum temperature, relative humidity, with whitefly population on all the varieties. Rainfall rainfall and wind speed were also determined on weekly showed a significant but negative correlation with basis at variety level. Same varieties were used for this whitefly population as increase in rainfall suppresses the purpose i.e. 9-Patyala, Hot Shot, 5-Glory, Maha and Hot rate of increase of disease on all varieties while wind Queen. A significant correlation was observed between speed also showed significant but negative correlation maximum temperature and whitefly population. Similarly, with all varieties used.

Table 2: Correlation of environmental factors with whitefly population

Varieties Max Temp Min Temp RH Rainfall Wind Speed 201

0.6204* 0.9098* 0.6762* -0.2720* -0.4227* r 9-Patyala 0.0188 0.0118 0.0143 0.0126 0.0437 ea Y 0.5988* 0.8809* 0.6850* -0.1964* -0.3129* Hot Shot 0.0291 0.0204 0.0132 0.0792 0.0456 251 0.5020* 0.8480* 0.7767* -0.1083* -0.2783* 5-Glory 0.0132 0.0329 0.0296 0.0382 0.0359 0.4557* 0.8006* 0.7600* -0.9576* -0.2554* Maha 0.0367 0.0557 0.0579 0.0283 0.0252 V

0.4900* 0.8732* 0.7969* -0.1836* -0.4246* IV Hot Queen 0.0328 0.0231 0.0577 0.0277 0.0144 ue ersion I s

Upper values indicate Pearson’s correlation I coefficient while lower values indicate significance at 5%

XVII level of probability f) Correlation of ChiLCV disease incidence with whitefly population

Correlation of ChiLCV disease incidence with its ) vector population was also determined at variety level. C ( The results indicated that a significant correlation was observed between disease incidence and whitefly population on all varieties.

Research Volume Table 4.6: Correlation of ChiLCV disease incidence with

whitefly population on all chili varieties

Disease Incidence and Frontier Varieties Whitefly Population 0.9152* 9-Patyala 0.0105 Science

0.9025* Hot Shot of 0.0138 0.8923* 5-Glory 0.0168

0.9083* Journal Maha 0.0122

Hot 0.9741*

Queen 0.0010 Global

Upper values indicate Pearson’s correlation coefficient while lower values indicate significance at 5% level of probability.

g) Relationship between environmental factors with ChiLCV disease incidence 201 ear Y

261 V IV ue ersion I s s I XVII

Figure 1: Effect of Maximum temperature on ChiLCV incidence

) C ( Research Volume Frontier Science of Journal Global

Figure 2: Effect of Minimum temperature on ChiLCV incidence

271 V IV ue ersion I s s

Figure 3: Effect of Maximum temperature on Whitefly Population I

XVII

) C (

Research Volume Frontier Science of Journal Global

Figure 4: Effect of Minimum temperature on Whitefly Population

VI. Result and Discussion correlation between environmental factors, time and ChiLCV disease on chili varieties. A significant Correlation of weekly maximum and minimum correlation was found between maximum temperature air temperature, relative humidity, rainfall, wind speed and disease incidence on five varieties/lines and non- and aphid population with ChiLCV disease incidence significant on the three varieties/lines. Minimum was determined at variety level. There was significant

temperature had significant correlation with disease (Hemiptera:Aleryodidae) trap catches in a cassava incidence on five varieties while three varieties and non- field in cote d, Ivoire in relation to environmental significant on the three varieties. There was a significant factors and the distribution. correlation of relative humidity with disease incidence on 5. Dethier, V.G. 1982. Mechanism of host plant five varieties/lines while a non-significant correlation on recognition. Entomological exp. Appl. 31:49-56. three varieties. There was a significant correlation of 6. Devi, P.S. and R.H. Reddy. 1995. Effect of rainfall on four lines/varieties and remaining insecticides on aphid transmission of pepper vein lines/varieties showed non-significant correlation. Wind banding virus and cucumber mosaic virus on chilli speed had significant correlation with disease incidence (Capsicum annum L.) Mysore J. Agric. Sci .29(2): on five varieties while others showed non-significant 141-148. correlation. A significant correlation was found between 7. Dhanraj, K.S., M. L.Seth and R.C. Basal. 1968. maximum temperature and disease incidence on five Reactions of certain chilli mutants and varieties to 201 varieties and non-significant on three varieties/lines. leaf curl virus. Indian Phytopathol. 21: 342-343. Minimum temperature had also significant correlation 8. Hameed, s., H. shah, H.Ali and S. Khalid. 1995. ear Y with disease incidence. The relative humidity and rainfall Prevelance of chilli viruses in Pakistan. Fifth National 281 had negative correlation with whitefly population. congress of Plant Sciences. 28-30 March, The results indicated that there was negative NARC.Islamabad. impact of rainfall on whitefly population more rainfall 9. Holt, J., J. Copnlviv and V. Munijappa. 1999. resulted in decrease in whitefly population but it had Identifying control strategies for tomato leaf curl positive effect on disease intensity. Similarly Singh virus disease using an epidemiological model. J. V (1990) reported that cooler weather with high relative Appl. Eco. 36(5): 625-633.

IV humidity and rainfall negative impact on whitefly 10. Hull, R. and J.W Davies. 1992. Approaches to non-

ue ersion I population and spread. Morales and jones (2004) also conventional control of plant viruses diseases Ctri.

s s reported that the disease caused by various Gemini Rew. Pl. Sci. 11:17-33. I viruses were more intense in wet and humid climatic 11. Steel, R. G. D., J. H. Torrie, and D. A. Dickey. 1997. conditions than in dry conditions. Khan et al., (1998) Principles and procedures of statistics: a XVII explained the relationship of weekly air temperature, biometrical approach: McGraw-Hill College. New relative humidity, wind velocity and wind speed to York, USA. ChiLCV disease development by linear regression in 12. Stout, M. J., K. V. Workman, R. M. Bostock and S.

eight varieties. Plant infection by ChiLCV increased on S. Duffey. 1998. Specificity of in-duced resistance in

)

C all varieties at maximum and minimum air temperature the tomato, Lycopersicon esculentum. Oecologia

( of 33-45 celercious and 25-30 degree celicus 113: 74- 81. respectively. 13. Womdim, R., 2001. An overview of major virus However negative correlation between the diseases of vegetable corps in Africa and some

Research Volume minimum temperature sunshine hours and pest aspect of their control. Plant Viro.Sub. Africa. abundance and a positive correlation between 5: 213-230. maximum temperature and pest abundance of B.tabaci 14. Zeeshan, M.A., M.A. Khan, S. Ali and M. Arshad. was found by Men et al., (1997). 2015. Correlation of conducive environmental

Frontier conditions for the development of whitefly, Bemisia References Réf érences Referencias tabaci population in different tomato genotypes. Pak. J. Zool. 47: 1511-1515. Science 1. Bock, K.R.1982. The identification and partial

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