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Tomato, Capsicum, Chilli and Eggplant a Field Guide for the Identification of Insect Pests, Beneficials, Diseases and Disorders in Australia and Cambodia

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Tomato, Capsicum, Chilli and Eggplant a Field Guide for the Identification of Insect Pests, Beneficials, Diseases and Disorders in Australia and Cambodia Tomato, capsicum, chilli and eggplant A field guide for the identification of insect pests, beneficials, diseases and disorders in Australia and Cambodia i Tomato, capsicum, chilli and eggplant A field guide for the identification of insect pests, beneficials, diseases and disorders in Australia and Cambodia Sandra McDougall, Andrew Watson, Ben Stodart, Tony Napier, Gerard Kelly, David Troldahl and Len Tesoriero 2013 The Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research (ACIAR) was established in June 1982 by an Act of the Australian Parliament. ACIAR operates as part of Australia’s international development cooperation program, with a mission to achieve more productive and sustainable agricultural systems, for the benefit of developing countries andAustralia. It commissions collaborative research between Australian and developing-country researchers in areas where Australia has special research competence. It also administers Australia’s contribution to the International Agricultural Research Centres. Where trade names are used, this constitutes neither endorsement of nor discrimination against any product by the Centre. ACIAR MONOGRAPH SERIES This series contains the results of original research supported by ACIAR, or material deemed relevant to ACIAR’s research and development objectives. The series is distributed internationally, with an emphasis on developing countries. © Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research (ACIAR) 2013 This work is copyright. Apart from any use as permitted under the Copyright Act 1968, no part may be reproduced by any process without prior written permission from ACIAR, GPO Box 1571, Canberra ACT 2601, Australia, [email protected]. McDougall S., Watson A., Stodart B., Napier T., Kelly G., Troldahl D. and Tesoriero L. 2013. Tomato, capsicum, chilli and eggplant: a field guide for the identification of insect pests, beneficials, diseases and disorders in Australia and Cambodia. ACIAR Monograph No. 157, Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research: Canberra. 233 pp. ACIAR Monograph No. 157 ACIAR Monographs – ISSN 1031-8194 (print), ISSN 1447-090X (PDF) ISBN 978 1 922137 53 1 (print) ISBN 978 1 922137 54 8 (PDF) ISBN 978 1 922137 70 8 (EPUB) Technical editing and design by Biotext Pty Ltd, Canberra Cover images: (Left to right) Helicoverpa larva on tomato (M. Hill), capsicum with blossom end split (I. Walker), chilli with anthracnose fruit rot (AVRDC), Paracoccus marginatus colony on eggplant (S. Ramasamy), (in background) illustration of green lacewing (B. Cowper) Foreword Vegetable consumption in Cambodia is currently one of the lowest in Asia. The Cambodian Government has a long-term plan to increase both vegetable production and consumption to improve the nutritional and health status of its people. In line with this plan, an Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research (ACIAR) program in Cambodia supports applied research and development that underpins agricultural diversification, particularly into non-rice field and horticultural crops. ACIAR has funded research into developing new vegetable varieties; improved production practices such as fertiliser recommendations, raised beds, mulching and irrigation; improved supply-chain handling, storage and packaging; and increased capacity to identify and manage vegetable diseases. Further work was funded to take these research outcomes to a wider audience in Cambodia and Australia. In Australia, most of the Khmer-speaking vegetable growers grow tomato, capsicum, chilli and eggplant crops. In both Australia and Cambodia there was an absence of a suitable grower-friendly field guide to help growers identify key pest insects, likely natural enemies of these pest insects (‘beneficials’), crop diseases or nutritional disorders. This field guide will assist farmers, advisers to farmers and extension officers to manage their tomato, capsicum, chilli and eggplant crops through better recognition of the causes of crop damage. Key steps in an integrated pest management system are knowing what pest organisms are present in a crop, and understanding the basic biology of those pests, how they are spread and what factors may limit or control the populations. This guide provides information on key pests and diseases that are likely to be found in Cambodia and Australia, as well as basic information on minimising pest incursions and damage. Dr Nick Austin Chief Executive Officer, ACIAR Foreword 3 Contents Foreword ................................................................................................................3 Index to pests, beneficials, diseases and disorders ..........................................6 Acknowledgments ...............................................................................................13 How to use this guide .........................................................................................14 Integrated pest management ..............................................................................15 Growing guide .....................................................................................................16 About insects and mites .....................................................................................20 About plant diseases and disorders ..................................................................22 Signs of plant damage ........................................................................................24 Seedlings ...............................................................................................................26 Plants .....................................................................................................................26 Roots ......................................................................................................................27 Stems .....................................................................................................................27 Leaves....................................................................................................................28 Flowers...................................................................................................................29 Fruit ........................................................................................................................29 Insect and mite pests ..........................................................................................31 Beneficial organisms ..........................................................................................89 Bacterial diseases .............................................................................................131 Fungal and fungal-like diseases ......................................................................145 Viral diseases .....................................................................................................183 Other diseases ...................................................................................................199 Disorders ............................................................................................................205 Glossary .............................................................................................................228 Resources and further reading ........................................................................230 Insect and mite management practices ..........................................................232 Disease management practices .............................................. inside back cover Contents 5 Index to pests, beneficials, diseases and disorders Insect and mite pests .......................................................31 Mites—Order Acari .................................................................................................32 Family Eriophyidae Aculops lycopersici (tomato russet mite) Family Tetranychidae Tetranychus ludeni (bean spider mite) Tetranychus urticae (two-spotted [spider] mite) Family Tarsonemidae Polyphagotarsonemus latus (broad mite) Thrips—Order Thysanoptera .................................................................................34 Family Thripidae Frankliniella occidentalis (western flower thrips) Franklinella schultzei (tomato thrips) Scirtothrips dorsalis (chilli thrips) Thrips imaginis (plague thrips) Thrips palmi (melon thrips) Thrips tabaci (onion thrips) Bugs—Order Hemiptera Family Aphididae.. .....................................................................................36 Aphis gossypii (cotton aphid) Aulacorthum solani (foxglove aphid) Macrosiphum euphorbiae (tomato/potato aphid) Myzus persicae (green peach aphid) Family Cicadellidae....................................................................................38 Amrasca devastans (cotton leafhopper) Austroasca viridigrisea (vegetable leafhopper) Orosius orientalis (common brown leafhopper) Family Aleyrodidae ....................................................................................40 Aleurodicus dispersus (spiraling whitefly) Bemisia tabaci (silverleaf whitefly) Trialeurodes vaporariorum (greenhouse whitefly) Family Pseudococcidae .............................................................................42 Paracoccus marginatus (papaya mealybug) Phenacoccus solenopsis (cotton mealybug) Family Pentatomidae .................................................................................44 Nezara viridula (green vegetable bug) Family Lygaeidae .......................................................................................46
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