PROC. ENTOMOL. soc. WASH. 109(4), 2007, pp. 897-908

A NEW SPECIES AND SPECIES DISTRffiUTION RECORDS OF (: : ) FROM COLOMBIA FEEDING ON SOLANUM SP.

ANA ELIZABETH DIAZ AND M. ALMA SOLIS

(AED) Programa de Manejo Integrado de Plagas, CORPOICA, C. 1. Palmira, Colombia (e-mail: [email protected]); (MAS) Systematic Entomology Labo­ ratory, PSI, Agricultural Research Service, U. S. Department of Agriculture, c/o National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, P.O. Box 37012, MRC 168, Washington, DC 20013-7012, U.S.A. (e-mail: [email protected])

Abstract.-Neoleucinodes silvaniae, u. sp., from Colombia, is described. The larvae feed on the fruit of wild Solanum lanceifolium Jacq. Adults and larvae of the new species are figured. The new species is compared to Neoleucinodes elegantalis (Guenee), a major pest of tomatoes throughout South America. Neoleucinodes prophetica (Dyar), N. imperialis (Guenee), and N. torvis Capps are reported from Colombia for the first time. Key Words: Colombia, Solanum, , larvae, morphology

Neoleucinodes elegantalis (Guenee, study on the distribution and biology of 1854), the tomato fruit borer, causes N. elegantalis associated with cultivated economic loss throughout South America and wild solanaceous species in Colombia. in crops of solanaceous vegetables in­ In addition, this is the only comprehensive cluding tomato, Solanum lycopersicum L., re-examination of Neoleucinodes species , Solanum melongena L., pepper, and its description since Capps (1948). Capsicum annuum L., and tropical sola­ In this paper, the presence of N. naceous fruits such as the tomato tree, elegantalis in Colombia was confirmed, Solanum betaceum Cav., and naranjilla, a new species was discovered, and is Solanum quitoense Lam. In Colombia N. named here, and three other species of elegantalis was the only species of this the were discovered. The adults genus reported in the literature to occur in and larvae of the new species are de­ warm and cold climates (Viafara et al. scribed below and compared to and/or 1999) primarily as a pest of solanaceous differentiated from N. elegantalis. crops (Gallego 1960, A.L.A.E. 1968, Sanchez 1973, Posada et al. 1981, Gallego and Velez 1992). Capps (1948) reported MATERIAL AND METHODS N. elegantalis from "San Antonio," de­ Solanaceous fruits infested with larvae partment unknown, in Colombia. were collected from 50 localities and 15 Capps (1948) described and revised departments in Colombia and taken to Neoleucinodes, and described several new the laboratory in Palmira (COPROICA). species and closely related genera. The Fifty percent of the larvae from each first author (AED) conducted the first locality were boiled and placed in vials 898 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON

Figs. 1-2. Male adult dorsal view. I, Neoleucinodes silvaniae. 2, N. elegantalis. with 30% ethanol. The other fifty percent Eighty-eight male and female genitalic of the infested fruits were placed in preparations (50% males, 50% females) separate rearing containers where larvae were made from different species feeding matured and pupated within cocoons in on different host plants. The abdomen of paper towels. After emergence, the the adult was removed, cleared in 10% were frozen, wings were spread, and KOH, transferred to 15% ethanol, and specimens were labelled. The specimens brushed to remove scales. Then they were are deposited at COPROICA in Palmira. stained with chlorazol black and the VOLUME 109, NUMBER 4 899 excess color removed with clove oil. Euleucinodes conifrons Capps, and Leu­ Before slide mounting in Canada Balsam, cinodes orbonalis (Guenee) from Africa, the clove oil was removed with Histoclear. the latter a pest ofsolanaceous crops that Observations were made using a Wild has been intercepted at U.S. ports. Only M5 dissecting microscope and a Leitz the host plants and larvae of N. elegan­ Laborlux-S compound scope. Measure­ talis and L. orbonalis are known, there­ ments made using an external ruler (Wild fore the immatures of the new species Heerbrugg Switzerland - 310345) includ­ were compared only to these two species. ed female genitalic structures, forewing length, and labial palpal length. Specifi­ RESULTS cally, the length of the bursa copulatrix In Colombia, Neoleucinodes is now (from the ostium bursae to the anterior comprised of five species. Their distribu­ end of the corpus bursae) and the length tions and known hosts within Colombia ofA7, length from the ductus seminalis to and in South America have been ex­ the anterior end of the corpus bursae, panded. Neoleucinodes elegantalis, the from the intersegmental part of A8 to the only previously known species in Co­ anterior margin of the A7, and lengths of lombia, was collected in the three cordil­ the anterior and posterior apophyses. A leras of the Andean region and the camera lucida was used to make sketches northern Caribbean region of Colombia. of the third labial palpal segment of the It has been reared on five cultivated and adults, and its length was indirectly seven wild solanaceous species. The new measured from the drawing. The fore­ species described below, from Dept. wing length was measured from the base Cundinamarca, was reared on S. lancei­ to apex, and the width was measured folium; Neoleucinodes prophetica collect­ from the costal margin to posterior ed in Darien, Dept. Valle on January 5, margin along the median line. 2006 at an altitude of 1,539 m was reared The following abbreviations are used: on Solanum umbel/atum Mill; N. imper­ National Museum of Natural History, ialis collected in Algeciras, Dept. Huila Washington, D.C. (USNM); Entomo­ on February 15, 2006 at an altitude of logical Museum, Agronomy Faculty, 2,248 m. was reared on Solanum sub­ National University of Colombia, Bo­ inerme Jacq; and N. torvis collected from gota (UNAB); National Taxonomic Col­ Jardin, Dept. Antioquia on February 9, lection of "Luis Maria Murillo" 2006 at an altitude of 2,282 was reared (CTNI). Morphological terminology is on Solanum rudepannum Dunal. according to Munroe and Solis (1995) and Maes (1995) for the adults and Stehr Neolellcillodes silvalliae Diaz and Solis, (1987) for the larvae. new species The diagnosis of the new species below (Figs. 1, 7, 9, 11-12, 14, 16-19, 24--25) includes only derived characters or sy­ napomorphies. The adults of the new Diagnosis.-Third segment of labial species were compared to closely related palpus in N. silvaniae short, less than species from the Western Hemisphere of 0.4 mm, in both sexes. Female scape red Neoleucinodes (N. elegantalis (Guenee), dorsally, male scape white dorsally. N. dissolvens (Dyar), N. prophetica Abdomen grey and whitish. Forewing (Dyar), N. torvis Capps, and N. imper­ length 2.2 cm in females and 1.7 cm in ialis (Guenee)), and to species in re­ males. lated genera, Proelucinodes melanoleuca Adult.-Head: Frons round, red; ocel­ Hampson, P. xylopastalis (Schaus). In li posteriorly surrounded by white scales; addition, the adults were compared to chaetosema with red and white scales. 900 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON

5 6

Figs. 3-6. 3, Female, Neoleucinodes silvaniae. 4, Female, N. eleganlalis. 5, Male, N. silvaniae. 6, Male, N. eleganlalis [arrow = third labial palpal segment].

Antenna with female scape dorsally red, from each anterolateral side of metascu­ laterally red and white; male scape white tum. Legs: Front coxa with white, red, with some red scales dorsally (Figs. 7,9). and yellow scales. Front femur white Labial palpus red; both sexes with third with red and black-tipped scales; front segment of labial palpus short. Third tibia with black scales on base and white labial palpal segment in female scales on apex; front tarsus white and 0.4 mm (n = 1) (Fig. 3), in male = pretarsus with black empodium; mid­ 0.1 mm (n = 1) (Fig. 5). Maxillary and hindlegs white with some red scales palpus short in both sexes. Patagium on tibial base; last two tarsal segments with red and white scales. Tegula mostly yellow in color. Wings (Fig. 1): Forewing black with red scales, posteriorly with with hyaline scales, white at margins; brown-tipped scales, reaching posterior length = 9.5 mm, width = 3.25 mm (n = margin of metathorax. Prothorax: Red, 4); scales red, black-tipped at base of black- tipped scales, anterolaterally with wing. Hindwing with black discal spot two small black spots. Mesothorax: and postmedian line. Golden yellow at Scales red, black-tipped. Mesoscutellum apex in radial area and at margin with two tufts of red and black-tipped (Fig. 1). Abdomen: First tergite white, scales on anterolateral corners. Meta­ second and third tergites with varying thorax: Dorsally white with two tufts of amount of golden-yellow, red, and black red and black-tipped scales protruding scales, with some white at medial line VOLUME 109, NUMBER 4 901

7 8

9 10

Figs. 7-10. Antennal scape (arrow). 7, Neoleucinodes silvaniae, female. 8, N. elegantalis, female. 9, N. silvaniae, male. 10, N. elegantalis, male. and distal margin, abdominal sternites Body with conspicuously pigmented pi­ white; distally curved dorsally in both nacula, particularly on mesothorax females and males of live adults. Male (Fig. 16). Head yellow with dark reticu­ genitalia (Fig. 11): Tegumen with anteri­ lations. Posterior margin of cephalic or margin completely sclerotized; fibula capsule with black pigmentation. Stem­ simple with base not hollow, closer to rna 2 closer to 1 than to stemma 3. valval base than to apex. Apex of valva Stemma black, arranged in normal arc. truncate, sclerotized costa extending 3/4 Seta Sl on median line connecting center of valva length; cornutus of aedeagus of stemma 2 and 3. Prothoracic shield bladelike, curved slightly apically dark brown with strong dark marking, (Fig. 12). Female genitalia (Fig. 14): Os­ shield sclerotized with reniform spot and tium bursae membranous, bow-shaped, with extended dark brown reticulations with large aperture; anterior and poste­ posterior to XD2 seta. Dorsal anterior, rior apophyses short, approximate same dorsal posterior, and middle central length (0.7 and 0.6 mm, respectively (n = areas of prothoracic shield with dark 1»; bursa copulatrix (ductus + bursae) brown, poorly defined reticulations. Two three times length of A7; signum absent. pores between setae D 1 and XD1, and Larva (Figs. 16-19.).-6--8 mm long between D1 and D2. Prothorax with (last instar) (n = 1), body smooth, beige. prespiracular setae, L1 and L2, and two 902 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON

valva

cornutus 12 13

14

Figs. 11-15. Genitalia. II, Male Neoleucinodes silvaniae. 12, Male aedeagus N. silvaniae. 13. Male N. elegantalis. 14, Female N. silvaniae. 15, Female N. elegantalis. VOLUME 109, NUMBER 4 903 subventral setae SVI and SV2. Meso­ N. elegantalis females (Figs. 7-8). In N. thorax and metathorax with one sub­ silvaniae the ostium bursae is membra­ ventral seta, SVI. A3 to A8 with SDI nous, bow-shaped, and has a large aper­ seta on pinaculum dorsal to each spira­ ture (Fig. 14). Neoleucinodes elegantalis cle. Seta SD2 present and easily visible, also has a large aperture, but it is borne on pigmented pinaculum anterior sclerotized and cup-shaped (Fig. 15). to spiracle (Fig. 19). Seta Ll close to L2 The anterior and posterior apophyses in in same pinaculum below and anterior N. elegantalis are approximately twice the position in relation to spiracle. A9 with length ofapophyses in N. silvaniae. In the D2, Dl, SDI and Ll, on same large, male genitalia (Figs. 11-13), N. silvaniae highly sclerotized pinaculum (Fig. 18); has a tegumen with the anterior margin L3 present, Ll and L2 absent. Crochets completely sclerotized, but it is complete­ on prolegs of A6 triordinal, oriented ly membranous in N. elegantalis. Al­ mesally; an incomplete circle, interrupted though the fibula is closer to base than outwardly on lateral margin. to apex of the valva in both species in Biology.-Neoleucinodes silvaniae was comparison to other species in the genus, reared on a wild solanaceus fruit, Sola­ the fibula ofN. silvaniae is simple with the num lanceifolium Jacq., called "una de base not hollow, and in N. elegantalis it is gato" in Spanish by the local farmers bulky, with a hollow base. The apex of (Figs. 24-25). One fruit supports only the valva is truncate in N. silvaniae, and one larva of N. silvaniae. The infested round in N. elegantalis. The cornutus of fruits have a scar that corresponds to the the aedeagus is bladelike in both species, oviposition site, and the larva makes an but in N. silvaniae the apex is less curved exit hole before pupation. The larvae of that in N. elegantalis. The larva (Figs. 16­ N. silvaniae are parasitized by Copido­ 19) of N. silvaniae has conspicuously soma sp. (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae). raised, sclerotized, pigmented pinacula, Distribution.-Colombia, Department and the pinaculum color is different from Cundinamarca. the adjacent body color, particularly on Type material.-Holotype male, Co­ the mesothorax where the pigmentaton is lombia, Cundinamarca, Vereda San Luis brownish. Neoleucinodes elegantalis pina­ Bajo, Finca Villa Gloria. 4°42' l5.2"N cula are usually concolorous with the 74°37'6.41"W, 1,641 malt., 24.ii.2005, adjacent body area and only slightly Ex. Solanum Solanum lanceifolium Jacq. raised (blisterlike), particularly on the Collected by A.E. Diaz (Ana Elizabeth mesothorax (Figs. 20-23). The protho­ Diaz) [UNAB]. Paratypes: 5 6, 1 S! with racic shield of N. silvaniae is dark brown, same data as holotype [USNM, CTNI]. with strong, dark markings, with a scler­ Etymology.-The species name silva­ otized reniform spot and with extended, niae is the name of the municipality blackish-brown reticulations posterior to Silvania, where it was originally collected. the XD2 seta. In N. elegantalis the Species comparison.-Externally N. prothoracic shield is pale yellow with silvaniae appears identical to N. eleganta­ light brown markings, without a conspic­ lis, but it can be distinguished by the short uous blackish, reniform spot posterior to third labial palpal segment in females and seta XD2. In N. silvaniae seta SD2 is males of N. silvaniae (Figs. 3,5). The present and easily visible with a dissecting labial palpi in N. elegantalis are sexually scope on a pigmented pinaculum in front dimorphic, the females have a long third of the spiracle on A3 to A8. In N. labial palpal segment and in the males it is elegantalis SD2 is present on A3 to A8, shorter (Figs. 4,6). The scape color is red but they are difficult to see with a dissect­ in the females of N. silvaniae, but white in ing microscope and are not associated 904 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON

'e" ~ '0 ()

li1 T2

19

Figs. 16-19. Neoleucinodes silvaniae larva. 16, Entire lateral view. 17, Mesothorax with pinaculum color different from adjacent body color. 18, Pinaculum of A9 with D2, DI, SDI and LI setae. 19, Seta SD2 visible (arrow) on pigmented pinaculum anterior to spiracle on A5. VOLUME 109, NUMBER 4 905

20 T1

A9 22 23

Figs. 20-23. Neoleucinodes elegantalis larva. 20, Entire lateral view. 21, Mesothorax with pinaculum color different from adjacent body color. 22, Pinaculum of A9 with D2, DI, SDI and LI setae. 23, Seta SD2 not visible (arrow) anterior to spiracle on AS. with a pigmented pinaculum. On A9 ofN. D 1 and D2 are separated from SD1 and silvaniae Dl, D2, SDl, and Ll setae are Ll; neither the pinaculum or adjacent on the same large pinaculum that is area are visible, but are slightly raised strongly sclerotized, but in N. elegantalis (blisterlike). 906 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON

25 VOLUME 109, NUMBER 4 907

DISCUSSION moths; and Juan Carlos Granados (Sys­ tematic Institute of Natural Sciences The discovery of more species of Neo­ Bo~ in Colombia is not unexpected. National University of Colombia, The three species, N prophetica, N gota) for the host plant identification. We imperialis, and N torvis, occur in neigh­ thank Michael Gates, SEL, USDA, for boring countries. The only species of the parasitoid identification and Mark Neoleucinodes not yet discovered in Co­ Metz, SEL, USDA for most of the lombia, N dissolvens, is known to occur in photos. The first author thanks Jon A. the neighboring countries of Ecuador and (Buck) Lewis, Museum Specialist, Sys­ Brazil. One major reason for these new tematic Entomology Laboratory (USDA) discoveries is probably due to the paucity for his advice with the genitalic prepara­ ofadult moths collected at lights, the most tion and photography and David Furth common method for collecting moths, (Department of Entomology, Smithso­ from Colombia. Also, because species nian Institution) for help with English in new to Colombia were found feeding on the earlier drafts of this manuscript. wild solanaceous plants and not on economically important plants, they were LITERATURE CITED less likely to be found by rearing. Asociacion Latinoamericana de Entomologia Knowledge of Neoleuciodes species, A: L. A. E. 1968. Catalogo de insectos de importancia economica en Colombia. Publica­ their distribution and biology, is impor­ cion N°1. A"gricultura Tropical. Bogota (Co­ tant for the development of biological lombia). 155 pp. control programs for the tomato fruit Capps, H. W. 1948. Status of the pyraustid moths borer. Colombian farmers use insecticide of genus Leucinodes in the New World, with applications as the only control strategy descriptions of new genera and species. Pro­ for N elegantalis, although there are ceedings of the United States National Muse­ um 98(3223): 69-83. natural enemies of N elegantalis that Da Costa Lima, A. 1949. Insectos do Brasil 6.° could be used for biological control. In Torno Capitulo XXVIII. Lepidopteros 2.a addition, insecticide applications have parte. Escola Nacional de Agronomia Serie been shown to be inefficient due to did:ictica N°.8. 420 pp. differences for each crop in the behavior Gallego, F. 1960. Gusano del tomate de arbol. Revista Facultad de Agronomia Medellin of the larvae (Da Costa Lima 1949), and (Colombia) 20(54): 39. in the manner of oviposition and pupa­ Gallego, F. and R. Velez. 1992. Lista de insectos tion (Viafara et al. 1999). que afectan los principales cultivos, plantas forestales, animales domesticos y al hombre en ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Colombia. Universidad Nacional de Colom­ bia. SOCOLEN Medellin (Colombia). 142 pp. We thank Martha Poveda (UMATA Maes, K. V. N. 1995. A comparative morphological Silvania, Cundinamarca, Colombia) for study of the adult Crambidae (Lepidoptera: her help with the local collecting; Joel ). Annales de la Societe royale Giron (Agronomy Engineering, National entomologique de Belgique 131: 159-168. Posada, L., I. Polania, A. Lopez, N. Ruiz, and D. University of Colombia, Bogota) for his Rodriguez. 1981. Nuevo huesped. En: Notas y invaluable help in the field collecting and Noticias Entomologicas. Bogota (Colombia). spreading, mounting, and labelling of ICA. 11 pp.

Figs. 24--25. Host plant of Neoleucinodes silvaniae. 24, Wild Solanum lanceifolium named by local farmers as "una de gato." 25, Infested fruit with N. silvaniae larva. 908 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON

Sanchez, G. G. 1973. Las plagas del lulo y su Viafara, H. F., F. Garcia, and A. E. Diaz. 1999. control ICA Programa Nacional Entomologia. Parasitismo natural de Neoleucinodes ele­ Boletin Tecnico N°25. 26 pp. gantalis (Guenee) (Lepidoptera:Pyralidae) en Stehr, F. W., ed. 1987. Order Lepidoptera, pp. 288­ algunas zonas productoras de solanaceas 596. In and Stehr, F. W., ed. Immature . del Cauca y Valle del Cauca, Colombia. Volume I. Kendall Hunt Publishing Compa­ Revista Colombiana de Entomologia 25(3-4): ny, Dubuque, Iowa. 754 pp. 151-159.