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Estimation of Genetic Parameters of Cayenne Peppers (Capsicum Annuum L.) from IPB University for Its Resistance Against Begomoviruses in Aceh

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Estimation of Genetic Parameters of Cayenne Peppers (Capsicum Annuum L.) from IPB University for Its Resistance Against Begomoviruses in Aceh Journal of Tropical Horticulture Vol. 3, No. 2, October 2020, pp. 80-85 RESEARCH ARTICLE ISSN 2622-8432 (online) Available online at http://jthort.org DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.33089/jthort.v3i2.55 Estimation of Genetic Parameters of Cayenne Peppers (Capsicum Annuum L.) from IPB University for Its Resistance Against Begomoviruses in Aceh Siti Hafsah*1, Aiyu Ardika1, Erita Hayati1, Firdaus Firdaus2 1 Department of Agrotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Syiah Kuala Jl. Hasan Krueng Kalee, No 3, Kopelma Darussalam, 23111, Banda Aceh, Indonesia 2 Assessment Institute of Agricultural Technology of Aceh Jl. Panglima Nyak Makam, Lampineung 23125, Banda Aceh, Indonesia *Corresponding author: [email protected] ARTICLE HISTORY ABSTRACT The productivity of pepper plants is strongly influenced by climatic and weather conditions as well as pests Received : 25 July 2020 and diseases. One of the major losses in chili farming is the pest attack, such as whiteflies (Bemisia tabaci Revised : 17 August 2020 Genn.), a virus vector. Evaluation of the resistance of pepper plant germplasm against Begomovirus infection Accepted : 11 September 2020 needs to be carried out, evaluate genetic diversity, estimate heritability values, and obtain a selection character for the resistance of chili plants Begomovirus. This research was conducted at Experimental KEYWORDS Garden, Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Syiah Kuala, and the Laboratory of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Resistance; Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Syiah Kuala from January to May 2020. Three varieties Gada, Anies and Selekta with seven test genotypes i.e F6 Gada, Seloka 4-10-2-2, F5136074-1-4-3, F5074136-2-3-2, Genotype; F5074035-2-1-2, F5074035-2-4-2, F5074077-1-1-3 were screened for their resistance against Begomovirus. Disease Intensity; This study was designed using a non-factorial Randomized Block Design (RBD) and scoring parameter Heritability; Begomovirus symptom. Tukey’s HSD, the standard deviation of genetic variance, heritability, and correlation Selection; were performed to analyze the data. The lowest disease intensity occurred in genotype F6 Gada with a percentage of 12.08% disease intensity (slightly resistant), and the highest level of disease intensity occurred in F5074035-2-4-2 with a percentage of 30.94% (susceptible). Variables symptom scoring, disease intensity, and incubation period were the most effective variables for selecting pepper resistance against Begomovirus infection based on broad-sense heritability values. This is an open access article under the CC–BY-SA license. 1. INTRODUCTION Variety IPB C12 was found to be resistant against Pest attack is one of the important causes of a significant Begomovirus. This potential genotype can be used as loss in pepper crop. Insect Silverleaf whitefly is a virus resistant varieties assembly. vector for Begomovirus, a virus causing chilli leaf curl Resistant varieties were obtained through plant disease (Parining & Dewi, 2018; Yadav, et al., 2020). Yellow leaf curl disease has attacked pepper plants in breeding techniques. The study of cayenne pepper Indonesia reached up to 4537.8 ha in 2016 and has resistance against Begomovirus should include the assays increased to 4591.9 ha in 2017 and 4986.4 ha in 2018 of its genetic diversity, determination of heritability value (Kementerian Pertanian, 2019). The research of Koeda, et. and evaluation of its resistance to Begomovirus. The al. (2016) found that 500-3000 pepper plants planted by objective of this research was to determine cayenne farmers, 4 out of 5 plantations have been attacked by this pepper genotypes and varieties which resistant to virus 100%. Begomovirus attack. The application of resistant varieties is still the most effective way to reduce plant diseases caused by 2. MATERIALS AND METHODS Begomovirus. Varieties Anies and Seloka are some resistant varieties produced from hybridization between 2.1 Place and Duration IPB C120 x IPB C5 and IPB C2 x IPB C5. Ganefianti (2010) This research was conducted in Experimental Garden, , has assessed several pepper genotypes against Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Syiah Kuala from Begomovirus. Variety IPB C5 was one of them. This January – May 2020. The observation for cayenne pepper variety was tested and was very susceptible to production was conducted in Genetics and Plant Breeding Begomovirus attack with a disease intensity 40%. Laboratory and also Horticulture Laboratory. The materials used in this research were cayenne pepper from Copyright@ 2020, (Authors) & Journal of Tropical Horticulture 80 Hafsah et al Journal of Tropical Horticulture, 3 (2) 2020, pp. 80-85 IPB University, seven genotypes tested with three other 2.3 Variables Observed varieties as a comparison. Those seven genotypes 2.3.1. Incubation Period tested were F6 Gada, Seloka 4-10-2-2, F5 136074-1-4-3, Begomovirus incubation period in sampled plants was F5 074136-2-3-2, F5 074035-2-1-2, F5 074035-2-4-2, F5 observed daily after the plants were infected, manifested 074077-1-1-3, with 3 varieties as a comparison such as by thickening of midrib and yellowing of leaf lamina. F1 Gada, Anies and Selekta, planting media provided with compost and husk charcoal (ratio 1:1), black and silver 2.3.2 Scoring/Symptom Type plastic mulch film, metal wires used to tighten the plastic This variable was observed using the leaf symptom score mulch film in covering the beds, manure, fertilizer AB mix, explained by Ganefianti (2008) in the table below and insecticide Agrimec (Abamectin 8 g L-1) to control thrips pest. The tools used in this research were hoes, Table 1. Leaf Symptom Score bamboo stakes, water source, raffia rope, transparent Severity Symptom plastics, measuring tape, analytical balance, hand sprayer, score trays, scissors, pinset, ruler, and stationery. 0 Healthy, no lesions 2.2 Research Methods 1 Yellowing lamina, mosaic on leaves This research employed Randomized Block Design (RBD) 2 Curl and yellow leaves Non-Factorial with three replications, where each 3 Yellowing, upward and downward leaf curling replication was consist of seven genotypes assessed and 4 Yellowing, upward and downward leaf curling three comparing varieties. There were 30 experimental 5 Yellowing, upward and downward leaf curling and units with 20 plants for each experiment resulted in 600 dwarf experimental plants in total. The sampled plants are also used for disease attack observation. 2.3.3 Disease Intensity The disease intensity was calculated in the interval 15 2.2.1 Seed Sowing days based on the symptoms described in Table 1. Plant The pepper seeds were sowed in a 50-hole-tray. The resistance was categorized by Ganefianti (2010) in Table media (compost+husk charcoal) were placed evenly. 2. The disease Intensity was recorded. This variable was Insecticide Agrimec was used to control pest and disease recorded using the formula: attack, applied with a concentration of 0.5 ml/L. AB mix Disease Intensity (%) = was applied to fertilize the plants with a concentration 5 ml/L. One month before planting, the field needed to be Where: tilled through plowing to loose the soil. The beds were ni = number of diseased plants on the ith grade made in size 5 m x 1 m. The manure, 10 kg per bed, was zi = numerical value of its category applied two weeks before replanting. The distance N = total number of plants evaluated between the experimental plots was 0.5 m, and the Z = the highest numerical value spacing was 50 cm x 50 cm. The beds then were covered with black and silver mulch plastic films that were Table 2. Resistance categories of plants against Begomovirus applied in the afternoon to be stretched (Wijayanto, Category Symptoms Disease intensity 2018). The mulch films should be stretched and tighten, Resistant Mild 1%<IP≤10% and bamboo stakes were applied at each end of the beds, Moderate Moderate 10%<IP≤20% and each end of mulch was inserted into the stakes to Susceptible Severe 20%<IP≤40% keep the mulch films tightened. Highly susceptible Severe IP>40% 2.2.2 Seed Replanting Seed replanting was done five weeks after sowing, where 2.4 Data Analysis these seeds reached ± 10 cm in height and already have 1. Genotypic variance ( 2g) was calculated using the 5-7 leaves. The replanting activity was done in the formula of Singh & Chaudary (1979): evening (5-6 pm) to avoid sunlight exposure. One seed for one hole, each plot was planted with 20 plants. The 2g = (MSG-MSe)/r stakes and raffia were installed three days after planting. The installation of stakes (1.5 m at each hole) was Where: important to avoid this replanting cayenne from being MSG = mean square of genotype struck with the mulch films due to the gust of wind. MSe = mean square of error Fruit harvesting was done by picking the fruits and its r = replication stalks when it was 75% - 100% ripe. This harvesting activity is done once a week for four weeks. 2. Genotypic coefficient of variability (GCV) was measured using the formula: 81 Hafsah et al Journal of Tropical Horticulture, 3 (2) 2020, pp. 80-85 GCV = ( 2g)/x) x 100% 49.71 < X ≤ 74.71 slightly broad Where: 74.71 < X ≤ 99.65 Broad = grand mean 99.65 < X Highly broad 2g = genetic variance 4. Heritability in a broad sense (H2B). This variable The categorization of GCV by Qosim, at al. (2020) as was recorded using the formula: explained below: 2 2 2 H B = ( g/ f) x 100% Table 3. Categorization of GCV Where: 2g = genotypic variance GCV Category 2f = fenotypic variance 0 < X ≤ 10.94 Narrow 10.94 < X ≤ 21.88 slightly narrow Category of Heritability by Zen & Bahar (1996): 21.88 < X ≤ 32.83 slightly broad 32.83 < X ≤ 43.77 Broad Table 5. Categorization of Heritability 43.77 < X Highly broad Heritability Category 3. Phenotypic coefficient of variability (PCV) 0 < X < 20 Low was Measured using the formula: 20 ≤ X < 50 Moderate 50 ≤ X High 2 PCV = ( f)/x) x 100% Where: = grand mean 3.
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