DOCSLIB.ORG

Factors Related to the Distribution and Prevalence

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Factors Related to the Distribution and Prevalence Biological Conservation 144 (2011) 2913–2921 Contents lists available at SciVerse ScienceDirect Biological Conservation journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/biocon Factors related to the distribution and prevalence of the fungal pathogen Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis in Rana cascadae and other amphibians in the Klamath Mountains ⇑ Jonah Piovia-Scott a,b, , Karen L. Pope c, Sharon P. Lawler a,d, Esther M. Cole e, Janet E. Foley b a Center for Population Biology, University of California – Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA b Department of Veterinary Medicine and Epidemiology, University of California – Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA c United States Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station, 1700 Bayview Drive, Arcata, CA 95521, USA d Department of Entomology, University of California – Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA e Department of Environmental Science and Policy, University of California – Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA article info abstract Article history: The fungal pathogen Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd), which causes the disease chytridiomycosis, has Received 5 May 2011 been associated with declines and extinctions of montane amphibians worldwide. To gain insight into Received in revised form 29 July 2011 factors affecting its distribution and prevalence we focus on the amphibian community of the Klamath Accepted 22 August 2011 Mountains in northwest California. The Cascades frog (Rana cascadae), one of the most common amphib- Available online 5 October 2011 ians in these mountains, experienced increased mortality as a result of Bd exposure in laboratory trials and has experienced recent, dramatic declines in other parts of California. We surveyed 112 sites in Keywords: the Klamaths, all of which supported R. cascadae between 1999 and 2002, for amphibians and Bd to Chytridiomycosis (1) determine the distribution of Bd, (2) evaluate changes in the distribution of R. cascadae, and (3) assess Taricha granulosa Anaxyrus boreas associations between potential biotic and abiotic drivers and Bd infection. Bd was widely distributed in Pseudacris regilla the Klamath Mountains – we detected the pathogen at 64% of sites. R. cascadae was found at 79% of sites, Generalized linear mixed model and was often infected with Bd. These results suggest that Bd has not caused dramatic declines in R. cascadae in the Klamaths in recent years. Subadult R. cascadae had a higher Bd prevalence than other R. cascadae life stages (subadults: 36%, adults: 25%, metamorphs: 4%, larvae: 1%), and while the probabil- ity of infection decreased over the season for adults, it did not for subadults, suggesting that subadults may be more vulnerable to chytridiomycosis than other R. cascadae life stages. Bd prevalence in R. cascadae was highest early in the season at high-elevation sites, which may indicate that populations inhabiting high elevation sites may have a greater risk of being affected by chytridiomycosis. Three other common amphibian species also tested positive for Bd: Pacific chorus frog (Pseudacris regilla), western toad (Anaxyrus boreas), and rough-skinned newt (Taricha granulosa). Ó 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. 1. Introduction northern California (Fellers et al., 2008). Laboratory experiments have shown that exposure to Bd increases mortality in juvenile Chytridiomycosis, the disease caused by the fungal pathogen R. cascadae (Garcia et al., 2006), and Bd was discovered in multiple Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd), has been associated with R. cascadae populations in California in 2006 (Pope et al., unpub- extinctions and declines in amphibians worldwide (Skerratt et al., lished data), suggesting that chytridiomycosis may be a causal agent 2007; Fisher et al., 2009; Kilpatrick et al., 2010). For example, in the observed declines. The purpose of this study was to examine outbreaks of chytridiomycosis have caused the extinction of the distribution of Bd and R. cascadae in California’s Klamath Moun- hundreds of populations of mountain yellow-legged frog tains and identify biotic and abiotic factors associated with Bd (Rana sierrae/muscosa) in California’s Sierra Nevada Mountains infection. (Briggs et al., 2005; Rachowicz et al., 2006; Vredenburg et al., Bd infects the keratinized tissue of amphibians, including the 2010). A closely-related species, the Cascades frog (Rana cascadae), mouthparts of larvae and the skin of post-metamorphic animals has experienced severe declines in nearby mountain ranges in (Berger et al., 1998, 2005). The effects of Bd on larvae tend to be min- or, although sublethal and lethal effects have been described (Parris ⇑ and Cornelius, 2004; Blaustein et al., 2005; Garner et al., 2009). For Corresponding author at: Center for Population Biology, University of post-metamorphic amphibians, there is a great deal of variation California – Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA. Tel.: +1 530 754 9740; fax: +1 530 754 4837. among species in the effects of Bd, with some species experiencing E-mail address: [email protected] (J. Piovia-Scott). 100% mortality within weeks of exposure and others experiencing 0006-3207/$ - see front matter Ó 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2011.08.008 2914 J. Piovia-Scott et al. / Biological Conservation 144 (2011) 2913–2921 few negative effects of infection (Skerratt et al., 2007; Fisher et al., vere declines have occurred in the southern Cascades, and the 2009; Kilpatrick et al., 2010). Environmental variables can also play few remaining populations consist of relatively small numbers an important role in the outcome of Bd infection. For example, labo- of frogs (Fellers et al., 2008). In contrast, there were still hundreds ratory experiments have demonstrated that elevated temperatures of R. cascadae populations found in the Klamath Mountains in can ameliorate the effects of Bd on infected individuals and help surveys conducted 1999–2002 (Welsh et al., 2006; Welsh and them clear infections (Retallick and Miera, 2007; Andre et al., Pope, unpublished data). The Klamath Mountains comprise a ser- 2008), and animals that behaviorally warm themselves can clear ies of ranges in northwestern California (Fig. 1). Elevations range infections (Richards-Zawacki, 2010). In addition, field studies have from 730 m to 2750 m, the dominant habitat types are mixed found lower prevalence of Bd at warmer sites (Woodhams and conifer and subalpine forests, and the climate is characterized Alford, 2005; Drew et al., 2006; Kriger et al., 2007; Walker et al., by moderately cold winters with heavy snowfall, and warm sum- 2010). Elevation has also been linked to outbreaks of chytridiomyco- mers with limited rainfall. The amphibian fauna of the Klamath sis. Many of the most dramatic amphibian die-offs have been Mountains includes five lentic-breeders (Cascades frog: R. casca- observed in montane areas (Fisher et al., 2009), and elevation is cor- dae, Pacific chorus frog: P. regilla [the boundary between P. regilla related with Bd prevalence in field studies (Woodhams and Alford, and its congener, Pseudacris sierra, is in the vicinity of our study 2005; Muths et al., 2008; Pearl et al., 2009b; Adams et al., 2010, region but its location has not been precisely determined but see Knapp et al., in press). As elevational changes are associated (Recuero et al., 2006b,a), so there is some taxonomic uncertainty with variation in temperature regimes, it is likely that these patterns associated with this species designation], western toad: A. boreas, are at least in part explained by differences in temperature. Seasonal long-toed salamander: Ambystoma macrodactylum, rough-skinned patterns in Bd prevalence are also likely to be influenced by temper- newt: Taricha granulosa) and two lotic-breeders (coastal tailed ature changes, although seasonal changes in the abundance of sus- frog: Ascaphus truei, Pacific giant salamander: Dicamptodon tene- ceptible amphibian life stages may also be important (Pearl et al., brosus). While we sampled all amphibians encountered, surveys 2009b; Adams et al., 2010; Russell et al., 2010; Kinney et al., 2011). focused primarily on lentic waters, so few lotic-breeding amphib- In addition to environmental drivers, the impact of Bd on host ians were sampled. populations may be linked to the density of amphibian hosts and We sampled sites in the Klamath Mountains that were found to the diversity of the host community. Host-pathogen dynamics are support R. cascadae in previous, comprehensive surveys of 915 len- often strongly dependent on host density, with increases in density tic waters in the Klamath Mountains (Welsh et al., 2006; Welsh expected to lead to higher transmission rates and faster spread of and Pope, unpublished data) using a geographically-stratified ran- pathogens through populations (Anderson and May, 1981). Host dom design . We first divided the 436 sites in the Klamath Moun- diversity can influence the prevalence of a pathogen by changing tains found to support R. cascadae in the 1999–2002 surveys the density of host species, altering host behavior, and allowing (Welsh et al., 2006; Welsh and Pope, unpublished data) into six poorly reservoir-competent host species to dilute the force of infec- geographic units (Marble Mountains Wilderness, Russian Wilder- tion or strongly reservoir-competent hosts to increase it (Keesing ness, Trinity Alps Wilderness, Shasta-Trinity National Forest [out- et al., 2006, 2010). However, while amphibian populations often ex- side
Load more

Recommended publications
  • State of Sierra Frogs
    State of Sierra Frogs A report on the status of frogs & toads in the Sierra Nevada & California Cascade Mountains State of Sierra Frogs A report on the status of frogs & toads in the Sierra Nevada & California Cascade Mountains By Marion Gee, Sara Stansfield, & Joan Clayburgh July 2008 www.sierranevadaalliance.org State of Sierra Frogs 1 Acknowledgements The impetus for this report was the invaluable research on pesticides by Carlos Davidson, professor at San Francisco State University. Davidson, along with Amy Lind (US Forest Service), Curtis Milliron (California Department of Fish and Game), David Bradford (United States Environmental Protection Agency) and Kim Vincent (Graduate Student, San Francisco State University), generously donated their time and expertise to speak at two public workshops on the topics of Sierra frogs and toads as well as to provide comments for this document. Our thanks to the other reviewers of this manuscripts including Bob Stack (Jumping Frog Research Institute), Katie Buelterman, Dan Keenan, and Genevieve Jessop Marsh. This project was fortunate to receive contributions of photography and artwork from John Muir Laws, Elena DeLacy, Bob Stack, Ralph & Lisa Cutter and Vance Vredenburg. Photo credits are found with each caption. This work was made possible by generous grants from the Rose Foundation for Communities and the Environment and the State Water Resources Control Board. Funding for this project has been provided in part through an Agreement with the State Water Resources Control Board (SWRCB) pursuant to the Costa-Machado Water Act of 2000 (Proposition 13) and any amendments thereto for the implementation of California’s Non-point Source Pollution Control Program.
    [Show full text]
  • Northern Red-Legged Frog,Rana Aurora
    COSEWIC Assessment and Status Report on the Northern Red-legged Frog Rana aurora in Canada SPECIAL CONCERN 2015 COSEWIC status reports are working documents used in assigning the status of wildlife species suspected of being at risk. This report may be cited as follows: COSEWIC. 2015. COSEWIC assessment and status report on the Northern Red-legged Frog Rana aurora in Canada. Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada. Ottawa. xii + 69 pp. (www.registrelep-sararegistry.gc.ca/default_e.cfm). Previous report(s): COSEWIC. 2004. COSEWIC assessment and update status report on the Red-legged Frog Rana aurora in Canada. Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada. Ottawa. vi + 46 pp. (www.sararegistry.gc.ca/status/status_e.cfm). Waye, H. 1999. COSEWIC status report on the red-legged frog Rana aurora in Canada in COSEWIC assessment and status report on the red-legged frog Rana aurora in Canada. Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada. Ottawa. 1-31 pp. Production note: COSEWIC would like to acknowledge Barbara Beasley for writing the status report on the Northern Red- legged Frog (Rana aurora) in Canada. This report was prepared under contract with Environment Canada and was overseen by Kristiina Ovaska, Co-chair of the COSEWIC Amphibian and Reptile Species Specialist Subcommittee. For additional copies contact: COSEWIC Secretariat c/o Canadian Wildlife Service Environment Canada Ottawa, ON K1A 0H3 Tel.: 819-938-4125 Fax: 819-938-3984 E-mail: COSEWIC/[email protected] http://www.cosewic.gc.ca Également disponible en français sous le titre Ếvaluation et Rapport de situation du COSEPAC sur la Grenouille à pattes rouges du Nord (Rana aurora ) au Canada.
    [Show full text]
  • Amphibian Cascades Frog SOC X X Mountain Meadows, Bogs, Ponds Or
    Taxa Species Species SMU/ESU/D Federal State BM CP CR EC KM NR WC WV NS Special needs Limiting factors Data gaps Conservation actions Key reference or plan, if available Common Scientific PS/Group Listing listing Name Name Status status Amphibian Cascades SOC X X Mountain meadows, bogs, ponds or potholes Montane species vulnerable to genetic Habitat requirements and how they may vary by Maintain connectivity of habitat. Monitor effects of fish http://www.fs.fed.us/psw/publications/documents/ frog above 2,400 feet elevation. Requires access isolation. Experiencing substantial elevation within the species' range. Habitat stocking and water quality on populations. Carefully manage psw_gtr244/psw_gtr244.pdf to permanent water. Lays eggs in shallow reductions in southern parts of range characteristics that could enhance migration livestock grazing in occupied wet meadows. Use prescribed sunny edges of ponds, or on low vegetation (e.g., CA). Potentially sensitive to and gene flow. Feeding habits. Effects of burning or hand-felling of trees periodically to set plant near ponds where warm sunlight speeds egg waterborne pathogens. pathogens airborne environmental pollution. succession. If reintroductions are warranted, use individuals development. Larvae may “school” in large Feasibility studies on reintroduction at historic from nearby populations and consult results of feasibility masses. sites. studies. Conservation actions in Oregon are particularly valuable given reductions in other parts of range. Amphibian Cascade X X Cold, fast-flowing, clear, permanent headwater Larvae take several years to reach sexual Basic inventory, abundance and population Maintain stream buffers to maintain cool water Howell, B.L. and N. M. Maggiulli. 2011.
    [Show full text]
  • Conservation Genomics of Cascades Frogs (Rana Cascadae) at the Southern Edge of Their Range Bennett Ah Rdy University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee
    University of Wisconsin Milwaukee UWM Digital Commons Theses and Dissertations August 2018 Conservation Genomics of Cascades Frogs (Rana cascadae) at the Southern Edge of Their Range Bennett aH rdy University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee Follow this and additional works at: https://dc.uwm.edu/etd Part of the Genetics Commons, Natural Resources and Conservation Commons, and the Other Environmental Sciences Commons Recommended Citation Hardy, Bennett, "Conservation Genomics of Cascades Frogs (Rana cascadae) at the Southern Edge of Their Range" (2018). Theses and Dissertations. 1817. https://dc.uwm.edu/etd/1817 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by UWM Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of UWM Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. CONSERVATION GENOMICS OF CASCADES FROGS (RANA CASCADAE) AT THE SOUTHERN EDGE OF THEIR RANGE by Bennett M Hardy A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science in Biological Sciences at The University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee August 2018 ABSTRACT CONSERVATION GENOMICS OF CASCADES FROGS (RANA CASCADAE) AT THE SOUTHERN EDGE OF THEIR RANGE by Bennett M Hardy University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, 2018 Under the Supervision of Dr. Emily K. Latch Cascades frogs (Rana cascadae) in the southern Cascades Range of California have been declining over the last 30 years, primarily due to the fungal pathogen, Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd). In the Lassen Region of the southern Cascades, at least six of the eleven remaining localities face extirpation within 50 years. These small and isolated populations are prone to negative genetic effects including reduced diversity and increased inbreeding which could potentially exacerbate declines.
    [Show full text]
  • Ecology of the Cascades Frog (Rana Cascadae)
    Ecology of the Cascades Frog ( Rana cascadae) and Interactions with Garter Snakes and Nonnative Trout in the Trinity Alps Wilderness, California By: Justin M. Garwood and Hartwell H. Welsh Jr. December 2007 Final Report To: California Department of Fish and Game National Fish and Wildlife Foundation Habitat Conservation Planning Branch Bring Back The Natives Grant Program 1416 Ninth Street, Suite 1280 and 1120 Connecticut Avenue NW, Suite 900 Sacramento, CA 95814 Washington, DC 20036 Amphibian Specialist Group i Cascades Frog Ecology in California Cover Photos: Adult female Cascades frog ( Rana cascadae ), aquatic garter snake ( Thamnophis atratus ) captured in Echo Lake basin regurgitating an Eastern brook trout ( Salvelinus fontinalis ), surveying Atlantis meadows west of Red Mountain summit, Trinity Alps Wilderness, California. ( Photos: J. Garwood ) ii Cascades Frog Ecology in California ECOLOGY OF THE CASCADES FROG ( RANA CASCADAE ) AND INTERACTIONS WITH GARTER SNAKES AND NONNATIVE TROUT IN THE TRINITY ALPS WILDERNESS, CALIFORNIA December 2007 FINAL REPORT TO THE CALIFORNIA DEPARTMENT OF FISH AND GAME AND NATIONAL FISH AND WILDLIFE FOUNDATION DFG CONTRACT NO. P0385107 NFWF CONTRACT NO. 2004-0075-000, Bring Back The Natives Grant Administered By: Humboldt State University Sponsored Programs Foundation P.O. Box 1185 Arcata, CA 95518-1185 PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATORS: Justin M. Garwood and Hartwell H. Welsh, Jr. USDA Forest Service Pacific Southwest Research Station Redwood Sciences Laboratory 1700 Bayview Dr. Arcata, CA 95521 STATE OF CALIFORNIA CONTRACT MANAGER Betsy Bolster Staff Environmental Scientist Department of Fish and Game Wildlife Branch 1416 Ninth Street, Suite 1280 Sacramento, CA 95814 iii Cascades Frog Ecology in California ECOLOGY OF THE CASCADES FROG ( RANA CASCADAE ) AND INTERACTIONS WITH GARTER SNAKES AND NONNATIVE TROUT IN THE TRINITY ALPS 1/ WILDERNESS, CALIFORNIA December, 2007 By Justin M.
    [Show full text]
  • Microsoft Outlook
    Joey Steil From: Leslie Jordan <[email protected]> Sent: Tuesday, September 25, 2018 1:13 PM To: Angela Ruberto Subject: Potential Environmental Beneficial Users of Surface Water in Your GSA Attachments: Paso Basin - County of San Luis Obispo Groundwater Sustainabilit_detail.xls; Field_Descriptions.xlsx; Freshwater_Species_Data_Sources.xls; FW_Paper_PLOSONE.pdf; FW_Paper_PLOSONE_S1.pdf; FW_Paper_PLOSONE_S2.pdf; FW_Paper_PLOSONE_S3.pdf; FW_Paper_PLOSONE_S4.pdf CALIFORNIA WATER | GROUNDWATER To: GSAs We write to provide a starting point for addressing environmental beneficial users of surface water, as required under the Sustainable Groundwater Management Act (SGMA). SGMA seeks to achieve sustainability, which is defined as the absence of several undesirable results, including “depletions of interconnected surface water that have significant and unreasonable adverse impacts on beneficial users of surface water” (Water Code §10721). The Nature Conservancy (TNC) is a science-based, nonprofit organization with a mission to conserve the lands and waters on which all life depends. Like humans, plants and animals often rely on groundwater for survival, which is why TNC helped develop, and is now helping to implement, SGMA. Earlier this year, we launched the Groundwater Resource Hub, which is an online resource intended to help make it easier and cheaper to address environmental requirements under SGMA. As a first step in addressing when depletions might have an adverse impact, The Nature Conservancy recommends identifying the beneficial users of surface water, which include environmental users. This is a critical step, as it is impossible to define “significant and unreasonable adverse impacts” without knowing what is being impacted. To make this easy, we are providing this letter and the accompanying documents as the best available science on the freshwater species within the boundary of your groundwater sustainability agency (GSA).
    [Show full text]
  • Foothill Yellow-Legged Frog Comments
    The Center for Biological Diversity submits the following information for the status review of the foothill yellow-legged frog (Rana boylii) (Docket #FWS-R8-ES-2015-0050), including substantial new information regarding the species' biology, population structure (including potential Distinct Population Segments of the species), historical and recent distribution and status, population trends, documented range contraction, habitat requirements, threats to the species and its habitat, disease, and the potential effects of climate change on the species and its habitat. The foothill yellow-legged frog has experienced extensive population declines throughout its range and a significant range contraction. Multiple threats continue unabated throughout much of the species’ remaining range, including impacts from dams, water development, water diversions, timber harvest, mining, marijuana cultivation, livestock grazing, roads and urbanization, recreation, climate change and UV-radiation, pollution, invasive species and disease. The species warrants listing as threatened under the Endangered Species Act. Contact: Jeff Miller, [email protected] Contents: NATURAL HISTORY, BIOLOGY AND STATUS . .. 2 Biology. .2 Habitat . .. .4 Range and Documented Range Contraction . 4 Taxonomy . 9 Population Structure . 9 Historical and Recent Distribution and Status . 15 Central Oregon . .15 Southern Oregon . 18 Coastal Oregon . .20 Northern Coastal California . 25 Upper Sacramento River . 40 Marin/Sonoma . 45 Northern/Central Sierra Nevada . .47 Southern Sierra Nevada . .67 Central Coast/Bay Area . 77 South Coast. 91 Southern California . .. 94 Baja California, Mexico . .98 Unknown Population Affiliation. .99 Population Trends . .. .103 THREATS. .108 Habitat Alteration and Destruction . .. 108 Dams, Water Development and Diversions . .. .109 Logging . .. .111 Marijuana Cultivation . .. .112 Livestock Grazing . .. .112 Mining . .. .. .113 Roads and Urbanization .
    [Show full text]
  • Biological Resources
    Chapter 6—Biological Resources 6.1 Introduction This chapter describes the existing conditions (environmental and regulatory) and assesses the potential biological resources impacts that may result from implementation of the 2020 Metropolitan Transportation Plan/Sustainable Communities Strategy (proposed MTP/SCS). Where necessary and feasible, mitigation measures are identified to reduce these impacts. The information presented in this chapter is based on a review of existing and available information and is regional in scope. Data, analysis and findings provided in this chapter were considered and prepared at a programmatic level. In response to the Notice of Preparation (NOP), SACOG received one comment letter regarding biological resources from the Environmental Council of Sacramento. The commenter requested that the EIR should consider the following: . map anticipated impacts to inform potential adverse effects on habitat connectivity, and . identify wildlife species in the Delta and local rivers as areas of concern. The CEQA Guidelines note that comments received during the NOP scoping process can be helpful in “identifying the range of actions, alternatives, mitigation measures, and significant effects to be analyzed in depth in an EIR and in eliminating from detailed study issues found not to be important.” (CEQA Guidelines Section 15083.) Neither the CEQA Guidelines nor Statutes require a lead agency to respond directly to comments received in response to the NOP, but they do require they be considered. Consistent with these requirements, this comment has been carefully reviewed and considered by SACOG and is reflected in the analysis of impacts in this chapter. Appendix PD- 1 includes all NOP comments received. 6.2 Environmental Setting This environmental setting section contains information on the following existing biological resources: .
    [Show full text]
  • Abiotic Differences and Anthropogenic Interference Affect Foothill Yellow-Legged Frog Breeding
    Abiotic differences and anthropogenic interference affect foothill yellow-legged frog breeding Sharon Tamir1, Anna Szymanska2, Amanda Callahan3, Gina Lucas3, Jeniffer Amezquita4 1University of California, Santa Barbara, 2University of California, Los Angeles, 3University of California, Riverside, 4University of California, Merced ABSTRACT As human presence rapidly introduces novel environmental pressures to native ecosystems, many species experience population declines. Sensitive taxa such as amphibians may be particularly vulnerable to such environmental disturbances. Rana boylii, the foothill yellow-legged frog and a California State Species of Special Concern, serves as a model for understanding the effect of anthropogenic interference, such as changing climate and disturbed habitats, on reproductive success. In this study, we measured egg mass abundance, abiotic characteristics of oviposition microhabitats, and developmental conditions of egg masses at two locations with different levels of human interference along the South Fork Eel River in the pacific northwest of California. We found that abiotic conditions affected egg mass proximity to nearest neighbor, hatching, and predation, whereas the level of human interference affected egg mass size and desiccation. These findings further confirm the need to identify and protect R. boylii oviposition habitats and be cautious about drastically modifying the climate to which they are adapted. Keywords: anthropogenic, Gosner Staging System, oviposition, Rana boylii, riparian INTRODUCTION
    [Show full text]
  • Lessons from Temporins B and L
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Elsevier - Publisher Connector Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 1788 (2009) 1600–1609 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Biochimica et Biophysica Acta journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/bbamem Review Binding of amphipathic α-helical antimicrobial peptides to lipid membranes: Lessons from temporins B and L Ajay K. Mahalka, Paavo K.J. Kinnunen ⁎ Helsinki Biophysics and Biomembrane Group, Medical Biochemistry, Institute of Biomedicine, P.O. Box 63 (Haartmaninkatu 8), FIN-00014, University of Helsinki, Finland article info abstract Article history: Temporins constitute a family of amphipathic α-helical antimicrobial peptides (AMP) and contain some of Received 17 December 2008 the shortest cytotoxic peptides, comprised of only 10–14 residues. General characteristics of temporins Received in revised form 8 April 2009 parallel those of other AMP, both in terms of structural features and biophysical properties relating to their Accepted 17 April 2009 interactions with membrane lipids, with selective lipid-binding properties believed to underlie the Available online 24 April 2009 discrimination between target vs host cells. Lipid-binding properties also contribute to the cytotoxicity AMP, causing permeabilization of their target cell membranes. The latter functional property of AMP involves Keywords: Temporin highly interdependent acidic phospholipid-induced conformational changes, aggregation, and formation of Antimicrobial peptide toxic oligomers in the membrane. These oligomers are subsequently converted to amyloid-type fibers, as Lipid–protein interaction demonstrated for e.g. temporins B and L in our laboratory, and more recently for dermaseptins by Auvynet et Amyloid al. Amyloid state represents the generic minimum in the folding/aggregation free energy landscape, and for Mode of action AMP its formation most likely serves to detoxify the peptides, in keeping with the current consensus on mature amyloid being inert and non-toxic.
    [Show full text]
  • Sierra Nevada Yellow-Legged Frog Surveys Along Milk Ranch Conduit Tributaries TM-42
    Bucks Creek Project, FERC Project No. 619 Technical Memorandum: Sierra Nevada Yellow-legged Frog Surveys along Milk Ranch Conduit Tributaries TM-42 TECHNICAL MEMORANDUM (TM-42) Sierra Nevada Yellow-Legged Frog Surveys along Milk Ranch Conduit Tributaries DATE: May 8, 2018 TO: Bucks Creek Project Relicensing Participants FROM: PG&E,1 City of Santa Clara,2 and Stillwater Sciences3 SUBJECT: Bucks Creek Hydroelectric Project – 2017 Sierra Nevada Yellow-legged Frog Surveys and Environmental DNA sampling in Milk Ranch Conduit Diverted Tributaries: Bear Ravine (Diversion No. 8), South Fork Grouse Hollow Creek (Diversion No. 3), and Milk Ranch Creek (Diversion No. 1) This updated Technical Memorandum provides additional information since the document was last provided on July 5, 2017. This update presents 2017 survey results and discussion; the July 2017 version included the Introduction, Methods, and Schedule sections only. This technical memorandum describes the methods and results for Sierra Nevada yellow-legged frog (Rana sierrae4) surveys and environmental DNA (eDNA) sampling along tributaries to the Milk Ranch Conduit in 2017. The objectives of the surveys and eDNA sampling were to supplement 2015 and 2016 amphibian surveys to determine whether any life stages of Sierra Nevada yellow-legged frogs are present and using habitats within the Project-affected reaches of the Milk Ranch Conduit tributaries, Bear Ravine (Diversion No. 8), South Fork Grouse Hollow Creek (Diversion No. 3), and Milk Ranch Creek (Diversion No. 1). This technical memorandum also includes an evaluation of habitat suitability for various life stages of Sierra Nevada yellow- legged frog (e.g., egg masses, tadpoles, overwintering adults, dispersing adults, etc.) in the study area.
    [Show full text]
  • Organic Contaminants in Yosemite National Park, California
    1 Running Head: Organic Contaminants in Yosemite National Park, California 2 3 Corresponding Author: 4 David F. Bradford 5 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 6 National Exposure Research Laboratory 7 Landscape Ecology Branch 8 944 E. Harmon Ave. 9 Las Vegas, NV 89119 10 Voice: 702-798-2681 11 FAX: 702-798-2208 12 Email: [email protected] 13 14 Word count: 7599 (Introduction through Figure Legends) 1 15 16 TEMPORAL AND SPATIAL VARIATION OF ATMOSPHERICALLY DEPOSITED ORGANIC 17 CONTAMINANTS AT HIGH ELEVATION IN YOSEMITE NATIONAL PARK, CALIFORNIA, USA 18 19 David F. Bradford,*† Kerri A. Stanley,‡§ Nita G. Tallent,†║ Donald W. Sparling,# 20 Maliha S. Nash, † Roland A. Knapp,†† Laura L. McConnell, ‡‡ and Staci L. Massey 21 Simonich‡§§ 22 23 † U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, National Exposure Research Laboratory, 944 E. 24 Harmon Ave., Las Vegas, NV 89119, USA. 25 ‡ Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, 1007 ALS, 26 Corvallis, OR 97331, USA 27 § Present address: Toxikon Corporation, 15 Wiggins Avenue, Bedford, MA 01730, USA 28 ║ Present address: Mojave Desert Inventory and Monitoring Network, National Park Service, 29 601 Nevada Way, Boulder City, NV 89005, USA 30 # Cooperative Wildlife Research Laboratory, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL 31 62901, USA 32 †† Sierra Nevada Aquatic Research Laboratory, University of California, 1016 Mt. Morrison 33 Road, Mammoth Lakes, CA 93546, USA 34 ‡‡ United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, 10300 Baltimore 35 Avenue, Beltsville, MD 20705 36 §§ Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, 1007 ALS, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA 2 37 38 * To whom correspondence may be addressed ([email protected]).
    [Show full text]