Legal Authority Over the Use of Native Amphibians and Reptiles in the United States State of the Union

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State of the Union:

Legal Authority Over the Use of Native Amphibians and Reptiles in the United States State of the Union:

Legal Authority Over the Use of Native Amphibians and Reptiles in the United States

Coordinating Editors Priya Nanjappa1 and Paulette M. Conrad2

Editorial Assistants

Randi Logsdon3, Cara Allen3, Brian Todd4, and Betsy Bolster3

1Association of Fish & Wildlife Agencies Washington, DC

2Nevada Department of Wildlife Las Vegas, NV

3California Department of Fish and Game Sacramento, CA

4University of California-Davis Davis, CA ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

We thank the following partners for funding and in-kind contributions related to the development, editing, and production of this document:

US Fish & Wildlife Service Competitive State Wildlife Grant Program funding for “Amphibian & Reptile Conservation Need” proposal, with its five primary partner states:

l Missouri Department of Conservation

l Nevada Department of Wildlife

l California Department of Fish and Game

l Georgia Department of Natural Resources

l Michigan Department of Natural Resources

Association of Fish & Wildlife Agencies

Missouri Conservation Heritage Foundation

Arizona Game and Fish Department

US Fish & Wildlife Service, International Affairs, International Wildlife Trade Program

DJ Case & Associates

Special thanks to Victor Young for his skill and assistance in graphic design for this document.

2009 Amphibian & Reptile Regulatory Summit Planning Team: Polly Conrad (Nevada Department of Wildlife), Gene Elms (Arizona Game and Fish Department), Mike Harris (Georgia Department of Natural Resources), Captain Linda Harrison (Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission), Priya Nanjappa (Association of Fish & Wildlife Agencies), Matt Wagner (Texas Parks and Wildlife Department), and Captain John West (since retired, Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission)

Nanjappa, P. and Conrad, P.M. (Eds.) 2011. State of the Union: Legal Authority Over the Use of Native Amphibians and Reptiles in the United States. Version 1.03. Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies, Washington, DC.

Version 1.03, last updated December 2011

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State of the Union Association of Fish & Wildlife Agencies Table of Contents

TABLE OF CONTENTS i Missouri 87 PURPOSE ii Montana 91 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY iii Nebraska 93 Nevada 97 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS iv New Hampshire 102 INTRODUCTION 1 New Jersey 106 STATE ACCOUNTS: New Mexico 108 Alabama 9 New York 111 Alaska 11 North Carolina 114 Arizona 14 North Dakota 117 Arkansas 18 Ohio 119 California 24 Oklahoma 122 Colorado 28 Oregon 126 Connecticut 31 Pennsylvania 128 Delaware 33 Rhode Island 133 District of Columbia 36 South Carolina 135 Florida 38 South Dakota 137 Georgia 42 Tennessee 141 Hawaii N/A Texas 144 Idaho 44 Utah 147 Illinois 47 Vermont 150 Indiana 50 Virginia 153 Iowa 54 Washington 157 Kansas 57 West Virginia 160 Kentucky 61 Wisconsin 163 Louisiana 64 Wyoming 167 Maine 67 Maryland 70 APPENDICES Massachusetts 73 Appendix A: Commercial Collection Limits 169 Michigan 77 Appendix B: Personal Collection Limits 178 Minnesota 80 Appendix C: Legal Status Mississippi 84 and Permissions by Species 189

Association of Fish & Wildlife Agencies i State of the Union Purpose

ative amphibians and reptiles (i.e., herpetofauna) provide a resource that can be used in a unique Nway relative to other vertebrates in the public trust. Herpetofauna are harvested for human food consumption, for their skins, as pets, for bait, and for hobbyist collection as well as for traditional wildlife uses such as for research or educational purposes. Each state has adopted laws and regulations pertaining to these various uses of amphibians and reptiles, and we summarize them here. While the herpetofauna user community largely supports the protection, persistence, and sustainable use of amphibians and reptiles, there is also growing evidence of increased use and commercialization of some native animals, which may become unsustainable and thus may warrant closer examination and/or additional regulation. This document can assist states should they consider any modifications to their existing legal and regulatory frameworks. The Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies’ (Association) Amphibian and Reptile Subcommittee, in partnership with the Association Law Enforcement Committee, initiated a Herpetofauna Regulatory Summit on November 4th, 2009, among the State Fish and Wildlife Agencies, to begin to assess the current status of statutes, regulations, and policies in the states, to discuss needs and challenges of this unique resource, and to formulate recommendations to ensure sustainable use of native herpetofauna. We initially summarized the existing legal authority within the states in an early draft of this report, which served as a framework for our discussions and recommendations at the Summit. This report has been updated with additional information as a result of requests received at the Summit, and will guide the development of Association committee-reviewed companion recommendations for model regulatory approaches for the use of amphibians and reptiles. The purpose and intended use of this report is to:

D Determine the current “State of the Union” with respect to:

l laws and regulations in place for native amphibians and reptiles, l legal and regulatory approaches for specific uses, and l other special protections or policies

D Identify commonalities among states, and unique or particular approaches that could inform the development of recommendations for model approaches

D Provide a quick-reference and resource for state agency biological, law enforcement, or management personnel as part of their own state’s regulatory processes

D Facilitate communication and collaboration among states to address challenges in regulating amphibian and reptile use and in enforcing existing laws

For questions regarding this report, please contact Priya Nanjappa ([email protected]; 202.624.3643).

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State of the Union ii Association of Fish & Wildlife Agencies Executive Summary

he Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies (Association) Methods: In order to assess the current status of amphibian Trepresents the fish and wildlife agencies from all of the and reptile statutes and regulations, we created and distributed 50 United States and the District of Columbia regarding the a questionnaire to all states (to Law Enforcement and Biologist conservation and management of fish and wildlife resources. staff), requesting information on general as well as on specific For the purposes of this report, the term “states” or “state fish laws and regulations pertaining to herpetofauna and their use. A and wildlife agencies” refers to State and District fish and wild- draft document was assembled in advance of the Summit, con- life agencies. All of the state fish and wildlife agencies have taining responses and summaries of information provided by 37 statutory responsibilities to regulate the uses of native wildlife, states. As of this version of document, all 49 continental states as including collection, importation, exportation, intrastate move- well as the District of Columbia responded to this questionnaire ment, and possession of fish and wildlife. and a final review has been completed (Hawaii was not included The Association’s Amphibian and Reptile Subcommittee and as the state has no native herpetofauna other than marine turtles Law Enforcement Committee joined together to examine the which are federally protected, and one sea snake). use of native amphibians and reptiles (herpetofauna) within the Accuracy and Updates: We are considering this to be a context of statutes and regulations in place and law enforcement living document, with periodic updates to be incorporated in thereof, as well as challenges in modifying existing or creating new order to maintain a useful resource. Information in this docu- statutes and regulations where necessary to ensure sustainable use ment was received directly from each state and was reviewed of this unique natural resource. To do so, the two groups co-spon- by each state. However, we recommend that readers seeking the sored an amphibian and reptile regulatory summit, “Applying the most current information should check directly with each state North American Model to Amphibians and Reptiles: Ensuring to ensure complete accuracy. Following the finalization of this Sustainable Use” on November 4th, 2009. The Association document in December 2011, companion recommendations for understands that amphibians and reptiles are the focus of a user model regulatory approaches will also be developed and pro- community that, in general, supports the protection, persistence, vided for review among Association committees, with a final and sustainable use of amphibians and reptiles. However, the set to be submitted for acceptance in March 2012. Association is also increasingly aware of large-scale uses, both NOTE: This document is not intended to be a definitive char- legal and illegal, that could threaten native wild populations. Thus, acterization of wildlife laws or regulations pertaining to herpe- as a result of the Summit, the Association and its relevant com- tofauna; it is a compendium of information in which both the mittees have examined the issues surrounding herpetofauna use, narrative accounts and Appendices were standardized, and thus compiled current legal and regulatory approaches, and discussed were subject to some interpretation by the Editors as well as the potential opportunities for the development of model legal and contributors from each state’s fish and wildlife agency. We did regulatory approaches, and will develop recommendations with not make the assumption that every state differentiates among the North American Model for Wildlife Management in mind. collection types or has separate statutes or regulations solely Purpose and Potential Uses: The purpose of this report is to to address herpetofauna (although some states do). However, determine the current “State of the Union” with respect to laws because our effort is specific to native herpetofauna and their and regulations in place for native amphibians and reptiles, legal uses, and primarily the removal of native animals from the wild, and regulatory approaches to specific uses, and other special we requested statutes and regulations that pertain to these uses. protections or policies; to identify commonalities among states, The questionnaire given to states was designed to distinguish including those that could inform the development of model among various categories of use of native wild herpetofauna regulatory approaches or to identify other states’ approaches to simply to assist in the standardization of the responses. In some regulation, which may be useful when modifications to existing state accounts, therefore, there is redundancy among categories. regulatory frameworks are being considered; to provide a quick- Due to the variations in level of detail provided by each state, reference and resource for state agency personnel (biologists, we have attempted to standardize the information into a format law enforcement and managers alike) when they are consider- that will facilitate use, clarity, and comparative analysis. ing legal and regulatory issues related to herpetofauna in their Further, the State of the Union report is not intended to own state; and to facilitate communication and collaboration single out or draw criticisms toward any one agency’s efforts, among states to address challenges in regulating amphibian and and should be used only as a reference resource. It should not reptile resource use and in enforcing existing laws. be used as a primary reference in regulatory or legal proceed- ii Association of Fish & Wildlife Agencies iii State of the Union ings; please refer to the applicable state’s code for detailed and All states allow native amphibians and reptiles to be used for updated regulatory information as necessary. educational or scientific use, and this use is restricted to species, numbers, limits and seasons as determined via permits. All but Comparative Analysis: In an analysis of the data provided, we one state (98%) require a permit and 92% require reporting. can determine that 82% of states allow some form of commercial Based on this information, scientific collection is the most use of native amphibians or reptiles, however, 71% of the allow- consistently regulated use of herpetofauna across the continen- ing states have multiple restrictions or regulations on this type of tal U.S., including permit and reporting requirements. Laws use. All of the allowing states provide some restrictions on what and regulations pertaining to other uses vary widely, with broad species can be taken for commercial purposes, with 42% only ranges in limits and reporting requirements. However, while allowing commercial collection of fewer than 5% of their native most states allow some commercialization of native amphib- herpetofauna. Further, 83% provide some additional limitations ians and reptiles, the majority of these states also have several (bag, size or other limits). Reporting is required from 80% of the additional limits and restrictions (e.g., seasons, take limits, or allowing states. There are nine (9) states that do not allow any species provisions). In addition, over half of the states require a form of commercialization of wild, native herpetofauna. permit for hobby or personal use of some native herpetofauna. Some form of farming and/or aquaculture of wild, native spe- Permit requirements and subsequent permit reporting can cies is allowed in 76% states, with restrictions; of these states, greatly assist with tracking and establishing appropriate regula- 58% allow some augmentation from the wild for brood stocks, tions for sustainable commercial and personal uses, which in though the amounts allowed are subject to limits and conditions, turn can provide a scientific basis for regulations. and vary considerably. Regulatory authority is shared with the With respect to penalties or fines, in seven (7) states, fines state department of agriculture in eight (8) states, while the possible for scientific collection violations are greater than any departments of agriculture are the primary leads in regulating other possible fines imposed for other forms of use. There are 27 farming or aquaculture in four (4) of these states. states where fines possible are greater than or equal to $500 for Personal collection or hobby collection of native herpeto- any given violation; 14 of these states have penalties that could fauna is allowed in 96% of states, with limits, while 58% of the be greater than or equal to $2,000. Jail time is possible for viola- allowing states require a permit for this type of use. Three (3) tions in 22 states, with eight (8) states where the violation could of these states allow unrestricted personal collection of unpro- result in greater than or equal to one year in jail (county or state tected species. Just ten (10) of the allowing states have report- penitentiary). Fines and penalties are an important consideration, ing requirements for personal collection. particularly with respect to discouraging repeat offenders. Acknowledgements This effort would not have been possible without the support, time, and cooperation of state fish and wildlife agency law enforcement officers, herpetologists, and non-game biologists, and management staff. Due to their assistance, we have been able to compile information from all 49 of the continental United States and the District of Columbia. We greatly appreciate the time and effort donated by each state’s conservation professionals. In particular, we would like to thank: Alabama: Allan Andress, Michael Bloxom, Jackie Casey, Mark Sasser; Alaska: Robert Piorkowski, Kevin Saxby, Thomas Schumaker, David Tessler; Arizona: Gene Elms, Eric Gardner, Tom Jones, John Romero,; Arkansas: Kelly Irwin, Michael Knoedl, Capt. Stephanie Weatherington; California: Cara Allen, Scott Barrow, Betsy Bolster, Kyle Chang, Nancy Foley, Randi Logsdon, Phil Nelms; Colorado : Tina Jackson, Jay Saranson, Bob Thompson; Connecticut: Eric Nelson, Julie Victoria; Delaware: Holly Niederritter, Timothy Pritchett; District of Columbia: Bryan King, Lindsay Rohrbaugh; Florida: Maj. Curtis Brown, Capt. Charles Boyd, Cindy Brown, Kevin Enge, Bill Turner, Capt. John West (retired); Georgia: Mike Harris, John Jensen, Terry West; Idaho: Bill Bosworth, John Heggen, Charlie Justus; Illinois : Scott Ballard, Sharon Bell, Rafael Gutierrez, Chuck Redpath, Jason Sherman; Indiana: Sarabeth Klueh, Mitch Marcus, Linnea Petercheff, Katie Smith; Iowa: Steve Dermand, Scott Gritters, Joe Larscheid, Jason Sandholdt; Kansas: Ken Brunson, Col. Kevin Jones; Kentucky : Danna Baxley, Mark Cramer, Col. Robert Milligan, Karen Waldrop; Louisiana: Jeff Boundy; Maine : Phillip deMaynadier, George Matula (retired), Jonathan Mays, Beth Swartz; Maryland: Alphonso Hawkins, George Johnson, Scott Smith, Glenn Therres; Massachusetts: Lori Erb, Tom French, Aaron Gross, Jonathan Regosin; Michigan: Lt. Sherry Chandler, Tom Goniea, Gary Hagler, Yu Man Lee, Dean Molnar, Lori Sargent; Minnesota: Richard Baker, Carol Hall, Krista Larson; Mississippi: Robert Jones, Missouri: Jeff Briggler, Norman Murray, Larry Yamnitz; Montana: Lauri Hanauska- Brown, Bryce Maxell; Nebraska : Mike Fritz; Nevada : Polly Conrad, Victor Gamboa, Larry Neel, Laura Richards, Cameron Waithman, Jon Sjoberg; New Hampshire: Lt. Robert Bryant, Kevin Jordan, Mike Marchand; New Jersey: Dave Golden, Brian Zarate; New Mexico: Patrick Baca, Dan Brooks, Eliza Gilbert, Charlie Painter; New York: Gordon Batcheller, Al Breisch, Patti Riexinger, Daniel Rosenblatt, Angelena Ross, Lt. Richard Thomas; North Carolina: Daron Barnes, Jeff Hall, Chris McGrath; North Dakota: Patrick Isakson, Robert Timian; Ohio: Carolyn Caldwell, Jim Lehman, Ron Ollis, Dave Scott; Oklahoma: Mark Howery; William ‘Buck’ Ray; Oregon: Rick Boatner; Pennsylvania: Robert Croll, Thomas Kamerzel, Laurie Shepler, Chris Urban; Rhode Island: Kurt Blanchard, Christopher Raithel; South Carolina: Steve Bennett, Mike Sabaka; South Dakota: Andy Alban, Emmett Keyser; Tennessee: Ed Carter, Richard Kirk, William Morris, Pete Wyatt; Texas: Andy Gluesenkamp, Scott Vaca, Matt Wagner; Utah: Mike Fowlks, Jason Jones, Krissy Wilson; Vermont: Mark Ferguson, Col. David Le Cours, Steve Parren; Virginia: John ‘JD’ Kleopfer; Washington: Harriet Allen, Lisa Hallock, Marc Hayes, Lori Preuss; West Virginia: Kieran O’Malley, Barbara Sargent; Wisconsin: Tara Bergeson, Rori Paloski, Thomas Van Haren; Wyoming: Zack Walker.

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State of the Union iv Association of Fish & Wildlife Agencies Introduction: State of the Union

he Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies T(Association) represents the fish and wildlife agencies from all of the 50 United States and the District of Columbia regarding the conservation and management of fish and wildlife resources. For the purposes of this report, the term “states” or “state fish and wildlife agencies” refers to State and District fish and wildlife agencies. All of the state fish and wildlife agencies have statutory responsibilities to regulate the uses of native fish and wildlife, including collection, importation, exportation, intrastate movement, and possession thereof. The Association’s Amphibian and Reptile Subcommittee and Law Enforcement Committee joined together to examine the use of native amphibians and reptiles (herpetofauna) within the context of statutes and regulations in place and law enforcement thereof, as well as challenges in modifying existing or creating new statutes and regulations where necessary to ensure sustainable use of this unique natural resource. To do so, the two groups co-sponsored an amphibian and reptile regulatory summit, “Applying the North American Model to Amphibians and Reptiles: Ensuring Sustainable Use” on November 4th, 2009. The Association understands that amphibians and reptiles are the focus of a user community that, in general, supports the protection, persistence, and sustainable use of amphibians and reptiles. However, the Association is also increasingly aware of large-scale uses, both legal and illegal, that could threaten native wild populations. Thus, as a result of the Summit, the Association and its relevant committees have examined the issues surrounding herpetofauna use, compiled current legal and regulatory approaches, and discussed potential opportunities for the development of model legal and regulatory approaches, and will develop recommendations with the North American Model for Wildlife Management in mind. First, we recognized a need to assess the current “State of the Union” with respect to legal and regulatory authority over the use of native amphibians and reptiles among all states. In order to do so, we distributed a questionnaire to all states (to Law Enforcement and Biologist staff), requesting information on general as well as on specific laws and regulations pertaining to native herpetofauna and their various uses. For the purposes of this report, we looked only at the 49 continental U.S. states, as Hawaii has no native herpetofauna other than marine turtles and one sea snake, and also included the District of Columbia. The questionnaire was designed to distinguish among the various uses of native wild herpetofauna and to allow the standardization of state

Responses received from 37 state fish and wildlife agencies gories: General, Commercial Collection (including Farming/ during this first round of inquiry were compiled into a draft Aquaculture), Personal Collection, Scientific Collection, report presented at the Summit, which served to stimulate and Confiscation and Unusual Circumstances. Descriptions and facilitate discussions at the Summit. of each of these categories follow below. We included some Following the November 2009 Summit, we included additional detail in Appendices A (Commercial Limits), B additional pieces of information as requested by the Summit (Personal Limits), and C (Species x Conservation Status) to participants. We updated our questionnaire and re-sent it to further assist states in comparative analyses and to provide a all state fish and wildlife agencies in order to obtain this quick-reference tool, particularly for law enforcement. new information, as well as to provide those states that were General: This category summarizes general notes on unable to provide responses in the first round with another the classification of amphibians and/or reptiles (e.g., as opportunity to do so. After compiling the new responses and “fish,” “game,” etc.) and provides some additional notes on updated information, we conducted one final review period the conservation status and protections generally afforded. to ensure the states were in agreement with the information We also summarize the process for changing regulations, presented for their states. e.g., whether this is strictly a legislative process or in As of the printing of this version of the report 49 states what instances the State Fish and Wildlife Agency or its and the District of Columbia responded to this questionnaire Commission can change regulations. We also provide a table and all accounts have been reviewed and compiled. We plan summarizing the permits and/or licenses required for each to update this document periodically to ensure its contents of the different types of uses, categorical average (e.g., <50, remain current and useful so that the report can serve as an 50<200, or >200) numbers of permits issued (if known) as important resource to the state fish and wildlife agencies. well as any penalties for violations. However, we recommend that when seeking the most current Commercial Collection: For the purposes of this report, information, check directly with each state. we define commercial collection to be collection from the Limitations of the Information Provided: It is impor- wild for any trade or use of native amphibians and/or reptiles tant to note this document is not intended to be a definitive (i.e., herpetofauna) for strictly commercial purposes (barter, characterization of wildlife laws or regulations pertaining trade or sale of collected wildlife involved). Within this cat- to herpetofauna. Rather, it is a compendium of information egory, we cover Methods of Take, Limits (species, number, that was standardized, and thus was subject to some inter- and size restrictions), Seasons, Reporting Requirements, pretation by the Editors as well as the contributors from state and links or details on the specific Legal Authority covering fish and wildlife agencies. We did not make the assumption this type of use. In many states, captive propagation might that every state differentiates among collection types or has typically fall under the Farming/Aquaculture category (see separate statutes or regulations to solely address herpeto- below), but we have included information related to col- fauna (although there are some states that do). However, lection for this type of activity within this section. In some because our effort is specific to herpetofauna resource uses, states, commercial use of native species is not allowed except and focuses primarily on the removal of native species from within the context of scientific, educational, or exhibition the wild via collection, we included any legal or regulatory purposes (such as in the case of trade or use pertaining to information that pertained to these uses. In some states, zoos or biological supply institutions). In the latter instances, therefore, there is redundancy among categories. Due to the the information is generally included within the Scientific variations in level of detail provided by each state, we have Collection category (see below). attempted to standardize the information into a format that Farming/Aquaculture: Within Commercial Collection, will facilitate use, clarity, and comparative analysis. Further, we also include information related to the legal authority the State of the Union report is not intended to single out or over captive breeding or rearing of captive native herpeto- draw criticisms toward any one agency’s efforts, and should fauna produced for commercial or non-commercial uses be used primarily as an internal reference resource. (e.g., turtle farming), and also in some cases for commercial sale of progeny of native wild herpetofauna. We address the collection of wild native animals to supplement captive State Accounts: Descriptions and Details populations, as well as animals obtained from other legal In this report, we have given each state its own section sources. There is some overlap between commercial and summarizing the information as provided to us in the ques- personal use due to this inclusion. Within this subcategory, tionnaires completed by state fish and wildlife agencies. We we cover General information (whether it is allowed and organized this information within each account into five cate- what permits/licenses may be required), Wild Native Species

State of the Union Association of Fish & Wildlife Agencies (whether they can supplement farmed/cultured populations), required within the given category. For clarification of these the Agency with Regulatory Authority, and, if regulated types of limits, see the individual state’s account. within the state wildlife agency, links or details on the spe- We chose not to include specific dates regarding tempo- cific Legal Authority covering this type of use. ral seasons within these Appendices, as the variation among Personal Collection: We define personal collection as states in seasonal restrictions typically follows geographic any removal of native herpetofauna from the wild for per- and temporal variations in breeding phenology; however, we sonal or hobby use (including use for personal bait, subsis- do include a basic comparison of states that do or do not use tence food, or skins, but not for commercial sale, trade or seasonal restrictions in the national summary table (Table 1). barter) or for personal wild collection/possession as pets. We have also included a third appendix (Appendix C) Within this category, we cover Methods of Take, Limits which lists all native amphibian and reptile species in the U.S. (species, number, and size restrictions), Seasons, Reporting and provides a summary of states where each species is native, Requirements, and links or details on the specific Legal and where it is known to occur outside of its native range, Authority covering this type of use. whether it is afforded Federal Threatened or Endangered (T/ Scientific Collection: We define scientific collection to E) status, the states in which it is afforded State T/E status, be any removal of native wild herpetofauna for the purposes and which states provide any other type of protection status. of scientific study, education, zoo or museum use, or non- We also note the states in which a given species occurs on the commercial exhibits. In some cases this may include captive State Wildlife Action Plan Species of Greatest Conservation rearing of animals for conservation, research, or education, Need (SGCN), or analogous, list. Finally, this appendix also or the collection of dead animals as salvage for preserved summarizes which species are allowed for either commercial museum specimens or educational tools. Within this cat- or personal collection and in which states. Appendix C, in egory, we cover Methods of Take, Limits (species, numbers, particular, has many applications of relevance for law enforce- and size restrictions), Seasons, Reporting Requirements, and ment, for comparing relative conservation status across states, links or details on the specific Legal Authority covering this and for many other non-regulatory uses. type of use. Confiscation and Unusual Regulations: We include information here on procedures used relative to native amphibians and/or reptiles confiscated as a result of illegal activities. Where possible, we describe various methods of handling confiscated animals with examples. We also provide information on how states address nuisance or “urban wildlife” issues relative to native (and occasionally, potentially dangerous) herpetofauna found within urban areas. We identify whether a state requires disease testing prior to importation, exportation or translocation of herpetofauna. We have also included in this section any information provided about unusual uses of herpetofauna and any associated regulations, such as for religious or tribal uses, frog or turtle races, rattlesnake roundups, or other types of unusual uses. Appendices: We provide additional detail in Appendices A and B, in table format, on the limits specifically with respect to commercial and personal collection of native herpetofauna for each state. Species groupings, as designated or described in the information provided by the states, are used to keep consistent with the states’ terminology (e.g., “all unprotected reptiles” or “all unregulated species,” etc.). However, in cases where states did not provide specific language describing a species grouping with respect to limits, we use the phrase “Open Season” to refer to species that are allowed for take,

whether or not limits apply and whether or not a permit is YOUNG / NHFG © VICTOR

Association of Fish & Wildlife Agencies State of the Union Introduction

Table 1. Comparison of collection types. This table com- follows: Commercial Collection is for trade or use for strictly pares the types of collection of native amphibians and reptiles commercial purposes; Farming/Aquaculture covers captive (i.e., herpetofauna) from the wild allowed in the different states. breeding or rearing of captive native herpetofauna produced Descriptors assigned (Y, P, or N; see below) are based on the for commercial or non-commercial uses (e.g., personal bait); majority of species allowed for a particular type of collection. Personal Collection is for non-commercial personal, pet, or For example, if a state sets limits for the personal collection hobby use; Scientific Collection is for the purposes of scientific of one frog species, but does not set limits for the remaining study, education, zoo or museum use, or exhibits. Hawaii is species allowed for personal use, this cell would indicate an excluded here and elsewhere in the report given that they have overall “N”. For our purposes we define the various types as very few native, unprotected herpetofauna species.

Farming/ State Commercial Collection Personal Collection Scientific Collection Aquaculture Allowed? Required Permits Seasons Limits Required Reports Allowed? Required Permits Supplement Wild Allowed? Required Permits Seasons Limits Required Reports Allowed? Required Permits Seasons Limits Required Reports Alabama Y Y N Y Y Y Y N Y NN Y N Y Y N* N* Y Alaska N NA NA NA NA N NA NA Y Y NNN Y Y N* N* N* Arizona N NA NA NA NA Y Y N Y Y Y Y N Y Y N* N* Y Arkansas P Y Y Y Y Y Y P Y NN Y N Y Y N* N* Y California P Y N Y Y Y Y N Y Y N Y N Y Y N* N* Y Colorado N NA NA NA NA Y Y N Y N Y Y N Y Y N* N* Y Connecticut PNN Y N N NA NA Y N Y Y Y Y Y Y* Y* Y Delaware P Y Y Y Y* N* P P* P P Y Y N Y Y N Y* Y District of Columbia N NA NA NA NA N NA NA N NA NA NA NA Y Y N* Y* Y Florida Y Y Y Y Y Y Y P Y Y Y Y N Y Y Y Y Y Georgia P Y N N N Y P* Y* Y N* N N N Y Y N* N* Y Idaho Y Y N* N* Y Y Y P* Y Y N Y N Y Y Y N* Y Illinois N NA NA NA NA P Y N Y N Y Y N Y Y N* N* Y Indiana P Y Y Y Y P Y Y Y Y Y Y N Y Y N* N* Y Iowa P Y N Y Y Y Y N Y Y N Y N Y Y N* N* Y Kansas P Y Y Y Y P Y N Y N Y Y N Y Y N* N* N* Kentucky N NA NA NA NA P Y P Y NN Y N Y Y N* N* Y Louisiana P Y Y Y Y Y Y P* Y Y Y Y N Y Y N* N* N* Maine P NA P P P P* Y N Y Y N N* N Y Y N* N* Y Maryland P Y Y* Y Y Y* Y Y* Y Y N Y* Y Y Y* Y* Y* Y Massachusetts P Y N Y Y N* N NA Y N Y Y N Y Y Y* Y* Y Michigan N NA NA NA NA P N N Y N Y Y N Y Y N* N* Y Minnesota P Y Y Y Y Y Y P Y Y Y Y N Y Y Y* Y* Y* Mississippi P Y N* Y Y Y Y P Y Y Y Y N Y Y N* N* Y Missouri P Y NN Y Y Y N Y Y Y Y N Y Y N* N* Y Y = the given practice is legally allowed * = the given practice and its permissions are specific to the individual permit P = the given practice is legally allowed, but restrictions apply and may not be specified in statute or regulation N = the given practice is not legally allowed NA = not applicable NS = none specified in state’s response

State of the Union Association of Fish & Wildlife Agencies Table 1 (continued) Farming/ State Commercial Collection Personal Collection Scientific Collection Aquaculture Allowed? Required Permits Seasons Limits Required Reports Allowed? Required Permits Supplement Wild Allowed? Required Permits Seasons Limits Required Reports Allowed? Required Permits Seasons Limits Required Reports Montana N* N* N N N N N N Y NNNN Y Y Y* Y* Y Nebraska P Y Y Y Y PNNP Y Y Y N Y Y Y* Y* Y Nevada Y Y NN Y Y Y N* Y NN Y N Y Y N* N* Y New Hampshire N NA NA NA NA N NA NA Y N Y Y N Y Y N* N* Y New Jersey P Y Y Y Y* N NA NA P Y Y Y Y* Y Y Y* Y* Y New Mexico Y Y Y Y Y Y Y*P Y Y NNN Y Y N* N* Y New York P Y Y Y Y* N NA NA Y Y NS Y NS Y Y N* N* Y North Carolina P Y N Y Y P Y NP Y N Y Y P Y N Y Y North Dakota P Y N* N* Y P Y P* Y Y N* N* Y Y Y N* N* Y Ohio P Y Y Y Y* Y Y PP Y Y Y Y*P Y N Y* Y Oklahoma P Y NN Y Y Y P Y Y N Y Y* Y Y N* N* Y Oregon N NA NA NA NA P Y N Y NNNN Y Y Y* Y* Y Pennsylvania P Y Y Y Y Y* Y N Y Y Y Y Y Y Y N N* Y Rhode Island P Y N* N* N Y N Y PNNNN Y Y Y* Y* Y South Carolina P Y N Y Y Y* Y Y Y Y N N* Y Y Y N N* Y South Dakota P Y NN Y P Y P Y Y N Y N Y Y N N* Y Tennessee P Y NN Y Y Y P* Y Y N Y N Y Y N* N* Y Texas Y Y NN Y Y Y Y Y Y N Y N Y Y N* N* Y Utah P Y Y* Y* Y N* Y Y* Y Y Y* Y* Y Y Y Y* Y* Y Vermont P Y N* Y* Y*P Y N Y Y N* Y* Y* Y Y N* Y* Y* Virginia P Y Y Y Y P Y N Y NN Y N Y Y N* N* Y Washington N NA NA NA NA N* N* N* N NA NA NA NA Y Y N* N* Y West Virginia P Y Y Y NP Y Y Y N Y Y N Y Y N Y* Y Wisconsin P Y Y Y NP Y Y* Y N Y Y N Y N Y Y N Wyoming P Y N N* N Y* Y P* Y NNNN Y Y N* N* Y Y = the given practice is legally allowed * = the given practice and its permissions are specific to the individual permit P = the given practice is legally allowed, but restrictions apply and may not be specified in statute or regulation N = the given practice is not legally allowed NA = not applicable NS = none specified in state’s response

Association of Fish & Wildlife Agencies State of the Union Introduction

Comparative Analysis: NOTE: For the purposes of standardizing responses in Table 1, we assigned descriptors based on the majority We provide a national overview summary of collection of species allowed for a particular type of collection. For types allowed, whether with or without restrictions, in Table 1. example, with respect to Limits on personal collection: if We used the following descriptors to describe the categories in a given state, there are three species allowed for personal various collection types: collection and no limits are placed on numbers of animals l “Y” indicates that a given practice is legally allowed taken (e.g., unlimited) for two species, but one species has l “P” indicates that a given practice is legally allowed, but additional some limits, the descriptor in the summary table for this state restrictions apply bewould be an overall ‘N’. Similarly, these “majority-based” l “N” indicates that a given practice is not legally allowed decision rules are applied to permits and seasons as well. l “*” indicates that the given practice and its permissions are specific Specific details on these categories within collection types to the individual permit and may not be specified in statute or are provided within both the individual state’s account and regulation the appendices. l NA indicates that the given category was not applicable to the In an analysis of the data provided, we can determine that state’s specific circumstances 82% (41/50) of states allow some form of commercial use l NS indicates that the state’s response did not specify the particular of native amphibians or reptiles, however, 71% (29/41) of piece of information the allowing states have multiple restrictions or regulations © JD WILSON

State of the Union Association of Fish & Wildlife Agencies on this type of use. All of the allowing states provide some restrictions on what species can be taken for commercial purposes, with 42% (17/41) only allowing commercial collection of 5% or fewer of their native herpetofauna. Further, 83% (34/41) provide some additional limitations (bag, size or other limits). Reporting is required from 80% (33/41) of the allowing states. There are nine (9) states that do not allow any form of commercialization of wild, native herpetofauna. Some form of farming and/or aquaculture of wild, native species is allowed in 76% (38/50) of states, with restrictions; of these states, 58% (22/38) allow some augmentation from the wild for brood stocks, though the amounts allowed are subject to limits and conditions, and vary considerably. Regulatory authority is shared with the state department of agriculture in eight (8) states, while the departments of agriculture are the primary leads in regulating farming or © john cleckler aquaculture in four (4) of these states. Personal collection or hobby collection of native herpeto- (8) states where the violation could result in greater than or fauna is allowed in 96% of states, with limits, while 58% of equal to one year in jail (county or state penitentiary). Fines the allowing states require a permit for this type of use. Three and penalties are an important consideration, particularly (3) of these states allow unrestricted personal collection of with respect to discouraging repeat offenders. unprotected species. Just ten (10) of the allowing states have There are surely other ways the information provided can reporting requirements for personal collection. be summarized and analyzed; these were the primary areas All states allow native amphibians and reptiles to be used of our interest for the purposes of this document. Subsequent for educational or scientific use, and this use is restricted versions of this report can offer summaries in additional to species, numbers, limits and seasons as determined via areas, as suggested by the states. permits. All but one state (98%) require a permit and 92% require reporting. Based on this information, scientific collection is the most Potential Uses for This Document consistently regulated use of herpetofauna across the con- Generally speaking, this document can be used to deter- tinental U.S., including permit and reporting requirements. mine any state’s relative status with respect to types and levels Laws and regulations pertaining to other uses vary widely, of regulations over the use of amphibians and reptiles. It can with broad ranges in limits and reporting requirements. also help to identify other states’ approaches to regulation, However, while most states allow some commercialization which may be useful when modifications to existing regula- of native amphibians and reptiles, the majority of these tory frameworks are being considered. It should be particu- states also have several additional limits and restrictions larly helpful in facilitating communication and collaboration (e.g., seasons, take limits, or species provisions). In addition, among states in addressing challenges in regulating the use over half of the states require a permit for hobby or personal of herpetofauna, and in particular during law enforcement use of some native herpetofauna. Permit requirements and cases. subsequent permit reporting can greatly assist with track- The Appendices in particular can serve as quick-references ing and establishing appropriate regulations for sustainable for Law Enforcement, Biologists, Managers, as well as for pol- commercial and personal uses, which in turn can provide a icy-makers. They allow for quick determinations of neighbor- scientific basis for regulations. ing states’ policies and protections of any species, Federal and With respect to penalties or fines, in seven (7) states, State Threatened or Endangered status, or inclusion as Species fines possible for scientific collection violations are greater of Greatest Conservation Need on State Wildlife Action Plans, than any other possible fines imposed for other forms of use. whether a given species is native or non-native in your state or There are 27 states where fines possible are greater than in neighboring states, and quick summaries of permissions for or equal to $500 for any given violation; 14 of these states commercial or personal collection. have penalties that could be greater than or equal to $2,000. We hope that you find this report, and information within, Jail time is possible for violations in 22 states, with eight useful as a resource for your state.

Association of Fish & Wildlife Agencies State of the Union © VICTOR YOUNG / NHFG © VICTOR

State of the Union Association of Fish & Wildlife Agencies ALABAMA

General toise burrows (a method employted to extract other unprotected co-inhabitants, as gopher tortoises themselves are Classification and Conservation (see also Appendix C): protected) is prohibited. There are no other restrictions on Amphibians and/or reptiles are considered nongame the harvest of nongame species, unless they are protected by wildlife. No hunting or fishing license is required to take Regulation 220-2-92. or possess nongame species. A free permit is required to buy, sell, or commercially harvest turtles. Species of con- Limits (See Appendix A): cern are protected by regulation against possession or com- There is a limit of 10 legally harvested turtles per day per mercial activity (Regulation 220-2-92, Nongame Species person from public waters. There is no limit on turtles taken Regulations). It is unlawful to (or attempt to) take, capture, from private waters. Common snapping and softshell turtles kill, possess, sell, trade or offer for anything of monetary with a carapace length between 4 and 12 inches are protected. value, the nongame wildlife species (or any parts or repro- Seasons: ductive products of such species) listed in Regulation There are no closed seasons for allowed species. 220-2-.92. This can only be done with a scientific collection permit or written permit from the Commissioner, Reporting Requirements: Department of Conservation and Natural Resources, stat- Monthly reports are required of all commercial turtle ing what the permittee may do with regard to said species. catchers and dealers. Reports must contain the number of “Protected” means possession or take is prohibited without turtles taken per day, species, person to whom turtles were a permit or other license as may be applicable. sold or purchased from, and the location caught. The data are periodically analyzed by wildlife personnel and enforcement There is no distinction between collection and possession. personnel looking for trends in harvest, market conditions, They are covered under the same regulation. and reporting compliance. Reports are not considered reliable, however, as compliance is estimated to be a problem, Regulatory Process: especially among non-permit holders. Regulations changed in Alabama require approval from the Commissioner only, with approval from the Farming/Aquaculture: Conservation Advisory Board. No legislative approval is General: required for regulation changes. Alligator farming and turtle farming are allowed. A free permit is required for turtle farmers. A $1000 license is Commercial Collection required for resident or non-resident alligator farmers. Methods of Take: Wild Native Species: Hoop nets, as permitted by law and regulation for com- Turtles may be obtained from the wild, except those that mercial fishing, hand, or dip nets are the only legal methods are protected by Regulation 220-2-92. Alligators may not be to harvest turtles for commercial use. Gassing of gopher tor- taken from the wild to supplement captive populations.

Penalties for Avg. # Permits Issued/Yr Collection Type Permit Required Permit Fee Violation (based on last 10 yrs) Commercial Turtle farmer or dealer permit Free Up to $500 or 6 < 50 months in jail Aquaculture Turtle farmer or dealer permit Free Up to $500 or 6 < 50 months in jail Alligator farmer license $1000.00 Revocation and < 50 seizure ALABAMA Personal None required N/A N/A N/A Scientific Scientific collection permit $1.00 $10 to $25 > 200

R=Resident; NR=Nonresident, NRY=Nonresident youth (under 16) A violation of the non-game species regulation may result in a fine of up to $500 and six months in jail.

Association of Fish & Wildlife Agencies State of the Union ALABAMA

Agency with Regulatory Authority: Scientific Collection Wildlife Agency, Alabama Department of Conservation and Natural Resources. Methods of Take: There are no restrictions on method of take unless specifi- Regulations: cally stated in the permit. Any otherwise prohibited method Regulation 229-2-.142, turtle catcher/farmer/dealer may be exempted as a condition of the permit. regulation (updated 2007) Limits: Regulation 220-2-.92, nongame species regulations (updated 2009) There are no limits unless specifically stated in the permit. http://www.outdooralabama.com/licenses/ WFFLicenseApps/ResLic/Turtle%20Farmer%20rev%208- Seasons: 08.pdf There are no closed seasons unless specifically stated in Code Section 9-12-200-214, alligator farmer (updated 1989) the permit. http://www.legislature.state.al.us/CodeofAlabama/1975/ Reporting Requirements: coatoc.htm A report of all collections made, dates of collections, Regulation 220-2-.142, turtle farmer locations where collections occurred, and the disposition of Regulation 220-2-.92, nongame species regulations material collected is due within ten days after expiration of the permit. Scientific collection reports are generally con- http://www.outdooralabama.com/licenses/ sidered accurate and provide data on many species for which WFFLicenseApps/ResLic/Turtle%20Farmer%20rev%208- little information is known. 08.pdf Regulations: Personal Collection Section 9-11-231, permits for collection of wildlife for Methods of Take: scientific purposes (updated 1940) Methods allowed for take of turtles are the same as for Regulation 220-2-.92, nongame species regulations commercial collection above. There are no other noted Regulation 220-2-.96, additional species restrictions method restrictions for other non-game species. (2009)

Limits (See Appendix B): The take or possession of more than 3 turtles would be Confiscation & Unusual Circumstances considered commercial take and would require a permit. One Confiscated Animals: box turtle may be taken or possessed. No other limits apply, Confiscated animals are handled on a case-by-case basis. except for those species that are protected by Regulation Generally, confiscated wildlife is released or held for educa- 220-2-92. Otherwise, no permits or licenses are required to tional use. Wildlife considered unsuitable for release due to take nongame wildlife for personal use. Common snapping disease risks, health issues, or other factors may be eutha- and softshell turtles with a carapace length between 4 and 12 nized. Non-indigenous wildlife is generally euthanized. inches are protected. Disease/Pathogens Testing: Seasons: No testing is required prior to native herpetofauna species There are no closed seasons for allowed species. being (1) exported from or imported into the state, or (2) sold/used for bait in bodies of water other than their collec- Reporting Requirements: tion locations (within the state). There are no reporting requirements. Reports would not be considered reliable, as compliance is estimated to be a Nuisance and Urban Wildlife Issues: problem, especially among non-permit holders. The agency handles nuisance and urban wildlife issues through technical assistance. Regulations: Regulation 220-2-.92, nongame species regulations No unusual regulations were stated.

State of the Union 10 Association of Fish & Wildlife Agencies 11 ALASKA © VICTOR YOUNG / NHFG

General Classification and Conservation (See Appendix C): Reptiles are defined as “game” by Alaska state statute AS 16.05.940(19). Game may be further classified, but reptiles are “unclassified game.” Except for sea turtles, which are rarely in Alaskan waters, Alaska has no resident reptiles and there has never been a need to refine their classification. Because there is no established open season or bag limits for reptiles, there is no legal take. Amphibians are defined as “fish” by AS 16.05.940(12). Because they are classified as “fish” they can be taken for use as food for subsistence purposes. However, there is no de facto subsistence take of amphibians, and neither amphibians nor reptiles are in any particular danger of being over-harvested. Overall, amphibian populations have been greatly understudied in Alaska but their status is generally believed to be good. Western Toad populations are depressed relative to historical reports, but there are no restrictions for special status species.

Regulatory Process: Legal protections for reptiles and amphibians in Alaska are relatively unsophisticated: Reptiles are protected due to their game classification and the lack of open season and bag limits; amphibians are classified as fish but no legal means of take have been established. Collecting or possession of fish or game is prohibited unless authorized by regulation or under a scientific or education permit under AS 16.05.920(a). Regulations are adopted by the commission and the Boards Limits (See Appendix A): of Fisheries and Game. N/A Commercial Collection Seasons: N/A Methods of Take: No commercial collection of amphibians or reptiles is Reporting Requirements:

allowedALASKA in Alaska. N/A

Penalties for Avg. # Permits Issued/Yr Collection Type Permit Required Permit Fee Violation (based on last 10 yrs) Commercial N/A – not allowed N/A N/A N/A

Aquaculture N/A – not allowed N/A N/A N/A

Personal Hunting license* $25 R N/A None $85 NR Scientific Fish Resource Permit or None Up to one year in jail Not tracked for reptiles .Amphibian Scientific-Educational use permit or $10,000 permits average 8/yr. *Would be required for sustenance harvest of reptiles or if reptiles had an open season.

10 Association of Fish & Wildlife Agencies 11 State of the Union ALASKA

Farming/Aquaculture: Limits (See Appendix B): General: There are no defined limits and therefore no specified There is currently no farming or aquaculture of reptiles legal take of reptiles or amphibians. or amphibians in Alaska, and captive native populations are not currently allowed. Should regulations be devel- Seasons: oped in the future to allow farming amphibians for food, There are no defined open seasons and therefore no aquatic farming regulations, 5 AAC 41.200 et seq., could specified legal take of reptiles or amphibians. be applied to amphibians, as well as the Alaska Statutes Reporting Requirements: listed below. There would be no reporting requirements for subsis- Wild Native Species: tence take. Collecting wild native amphibians or reptiles for aquatic farms is not authorized. Regulations: AS 16.05.920(a) (see above) Agency with Regulatory Authority: AS 16.05.330(a) License, tags, and subsistence permits: Aquatic farms do not currently exist for amphibians, but http://touchngo.com/lglcntr/akstats/Statutes/Title16/ the Board of Fisheries would continue to adopt regulations Chapter05/Section330.htm for fish farms if amphibians were to be included. AS 16.05.340(a) Hunting licenses: http://touchngo.com/ lglcntr/akstats/Statutes/Title16/Chapter05/Section340.htm Regulations: Alaska Statutes (updated 12/2007): Scientific Collection AS 16.05.920(a) Prohibited conduct Methods of Take: http://touchngo.com/lglcntr/akstats/Statutes/Title16/ Scientific and educational permits, otherwise known as Chapter05/Section920.htm fish resource permits, are the only legal means available Alaska Statutes (updated 12/2007): for taking or possessing reptiles and amphibians for zoos, AS 16.05.050 Powers and duties of the commissioner museums, and similar educational or scientific uses, in http://touchngo.com/lglcntr/akstats/Statutes/Title16/ accordance with AS 16.05.930(a). For example, in the case Chapter05/Section050.htm of amphibians, if a teacher is interested in displaying them in a classroom for educational purpose, a fish resource permit 6.05.251 Regulations of the Board of Fisheries could be obtained authorizing that activity. The fish resource http://touchngo.com/lglcntr/akstats/Statutes/Title16/ permit stipulates the allowable means and methods on a Chapter05/Section251.htm case-by-case basis. AS 16.05.920(a) Prohibited conduct (see above) Limits: Personal Collection The only amphibian or reptile specific law is AS 16.05.921, which prohibits importing, possessing, transport- Methods of Take: ing and releasing venomous reptiles without a permit from There is currently no authorized legal take of native the Commissioner, which may only be granted for research amphibians or reptiles for recreation or sportfishing or and educational purposes. Any limits on a permitted activity for pets. Because amphibians are classified as “fish” and for native reptiles or amphibians would be specified in the reptiles are classified as “game”, they could be taken permit. for use as food for subsistence purposes. There are no authorized means and methods of take, so these animals Seasons: may theoretically be taken for food without restriction. A Seasonal limits would be specified in a permit. fishing license would be required to take amphibians for subsistence purposes (AS 16.05.330(a)). However, there Reporting Requirements: is no historical or current subsistence harvest and there The annual report requires each individual specimen that is no currently specified legal take of either reptiles or was captured, collected, or salvaged to be listed for each amphibians. Only non-native reptiles may be taken as pets permit year. Detailed information is required for each speci- under 5 AAC 92.029. men, providing useful data regarding collection harvest and

State of the Union 12 Association of Fish & Wildlife Agencies 13 impact to local populations (for example, species, sex, age out interest among university/agency researchers for use of class, disposition, collection location, and specific coordi- the animal as a voucher specimen, or for teachers to use as a nates for animals handled). classroom educational aid.

Regulations: Unusual Regulations and Disease Issues: 5 AAC 85.07, AS 16.05.920(a) (see above) The Department has authorized one frog jumping con- AS 16.05.930(a) Exempted activities: test in the city of Kodiak. Frogs were purchased from a large vendor outside the state, used in the contest, collected http://touchngo.com/lglcntr/akstats/Statutes/Title16/ afterwards, humanely euthanized and disposed of as biologi- Chapter05/Section930.htm cal waste. The contest is permitted under the no-cost Fish AS 16.05.921 Venomous reptiles: Resource Permit Program, which authorizes use of aquatic http://touchngo.com/lglcntr/akstats/Statutes/Title16/ critters outside of Board of Fisheries approved regulations. Chapter05/Section921.htm An application is submitted and reviewed, and a permit is AS 16.05.340(b) Collection for educational purpose (see issued with stipulations that ensure environmental protec- above) tion. Responding to an increased understanding of patho- logical dangers that this import poses, stipulations developed Confiscation & Unusual Circumstances recently require all frogs imported to be certified as free of the Chytrid fungus and Rana virus. Because such certifica- Confiscated Animals: tion is expensive, the contest did not take place in 2010. Confiscation is not dealt with in Alaska State statutes The only amphibian or reptile specific law is AS or regulations, but is handled on a case-by-case basis by 16.05.921, which prohibits importing, possessing, transport- the Department. No current overarching guidelines exist. ing and releasing venomous reptiles without a permit from Generally such animals are destroyed, as the risk of allow- the Commissioner, which may only be granted for research ing a potentially diseased animal back into the environment or educational purposes. is deemed too great. In a few cases on record, rather than confiscate illegally possessed animals, the Department has “Nuisance” or “Urban” Wildlife Issues: given owners some period of time (e.g., 14 or 30 days) by Private wildlife management companies may handle non- which they must euthanize or export the animals. There is indigenous nuisance reptile or amphibian species in populated also the possibility that the Department contact might seek areas, as there were no specific laws described for this.

12 Association of Fish & Wildlife Agencies 13 State of the Union ARIZONA

General is not practiced. Lawfully taken wildlife is frequently held by others who have been gifted the wildlife or their progeny Classification and Conservation (See Appendix C): after lawful take has occurred. Reptiles and amphibians are classified as “wildlife”, as defined by Arizona Revised Statute (ARS) 17-101. Legal Authority: Amphibians and soft-shelled turtles are classified as aquatic Change to a regulation depends on the level of the wildlife. All special status or protected species (both Federal regulation. Statute requires Legislature approval. Rules and State) are listed in Commission Rule R12-4-406 as require review and approval through the Governors restricted live wildlife. Amphibian and reptile species listed Regulatory Review Council. The Commission has the in this rule are prohibited from collection, except as autho- authority to change, establish or abolish Commission rized by the Commission. Orders, which deal with methods of take, season dates Protected means that take and/or possession of the spe- and bag limits. cies is regulated in some way. It may mean that neither can occur for a species or that it can only occur under certain Commercial Collection circumstances, in a certain geographical area or by special license or permit. Methods of Take: Arizona distinguishes between collection and possession. There is currently no Commission provision allowing for Collection (take) requires a hunting, fishing or combination the collection of native live wildlife species for commercial license (depending on the species). The State’s Live Wildlife purposes. regulations require an individual to obtain a wildlife holding Limits (See Appendix A): permit to hold wildlife they did not legally collect them- N/A selves using a valid hunting and fishing license. The latter Seasons: N/A

Reporting Requirements: N/A

Farming/Aquaculture: General: Pursuant to ARS 17-306 and Rule R12-4-402, it is unlawful to import, transport, sell, trade, or release into the state any live wildlife except as authorized by the Arizona Game and Fish Commission. The only commercial provisions are under Commission Rules related to the Wildlife Holding license (R12-4-417), for commercial photography exhibits only; or the Live Bait Dealers license (R12-4- 411), for importing, purchasing, possessing, selling, trading, killing, or exporting tiger salamander larvae or meta- morphs (“waterdogs”) as bait. Under a zoo license, a public institution may import, purchase, export, possess, display, propagate, barter, or sell restricted species for scientific or educational purpose. ARIZONA Wild Native Species: Animals are not collected from the wild for these licenses. A wildlife holding license may allow possession of species, for the purpose of commercial photography, that had already been lawfully collected under hunting/fishing licenses or scientific col-

State of the Union 14 Association of Fish & Wildlife Agencies 15 ARIZONA

Agency with Regulatory Authority: ARS 17-306: The Arizona Game and Fish Department (Department) http://www.azleg.gov/FormatDocument.asp?inDoc=/ has regulatory authority. Before January 31 of each year, ars/17/00306.htm&Title=17&DocType=ARS (updated a wildlife holding license holder shall file a written report 9-3-2009) on activities performed under the license for the previous Commission Rules (updated 5/6/2006): calendar year. R12-4-402 Live wildlife unlawful acts Regulations: R12-4-417 Wildlife holding license [links to state codes/regulations] R12-4-411 Live bait dealers license Rule R12-4-404. Possession of Live Wildlife Taken R12-4-106 Licensing time frames Under an Arizona Hunting or Fishing License (updated R12-4-409 General Provisions and Penalties for Special 5-26-2006) Licenses http://www.azsos. R12-4-428 Captivity standards gov/public_services/Title_12/12-04.htm http://www.azsos.gov/public_services/Title_12/12-04.htm

Penalties for Avg. # Permits Issued/Yr Collection Type Permit Required Permit Fee Violation (based on last 10 yrs) Commercial Not allowed N/A 6 months – 1.5 0 years or $1500.00 - $3000.00 Aquaculture Wildlife Holding license None Same as above Issued by Department of Agriculture 136 Live Bait Dealers license $35.00/year Same as above Zoo license $115.00/year Same as below 20 Personal Class A General Fishing license $23.50 R, $125.00 - $400.00 Cannot be distinguished from same (Amphibians) $70.25 NR depending on the license bought for fishing. species, status, and charge* Class B Four-month Fishing $39.75 NR only Same as above Cannot be distinguished from same license license bought for fishing. Class C Non-resident Five-day $32.00 + $9.00 Same as above Cannot be distinguished from same Fishing license (Amphibians) for each additional license bought for fishing. day Class G Hunting license $32.25 R, $151.25 Same as above Cannot be distinguished from same (Reptiles) NR license bought for hunting small game. Class F Combination Hunting $54.00 R, $225.75 Same as above Cannot be distinguished from same and Fishing license (Reptiles NR license bought for hunting small game. and Amphibians) Scientific Wildlife Holding license None Same as above Not tracked for reptiles .Amphibian permits average 8/yr. Zoo license $115.00/year Same as above 20 Scientific Collecting Permit None Same as above 50>200 for amphibians (n = 118/year) 50>200 for reptiles (n = 147/year) (many requests include both amphibians and reptiles, and no attempt was made to separate them)

R=Resident; NR=Nonresident *Licenses and/or permits may also be revoked or suspended for up to five years.

14 Association of Fish & Wildlife Agencies 15 State of the Union ARIZONA

Personal Collection Reporting Requirements: No reporting requirements are defined by law. Methods of Take: Personal collection of reptiles and amphibians is the pri- Regulations: mary activity regulated by the Department for these species. [links to state codes/regulations] A fishing or combination fishing/hunting license is required. ARS 17-301 Take is governed by Commission Orders 41 (Amphibians) http://www.azleg.gov/FormatDocument.asp?inDoc=/ and 43 (Reptiles). Within these Orders methods of take and ars/17/00301.htm&Title=17&DocType=ARS (updated general information related to the take and possession of 9-3-2009) these species are provided. Regulations ARS 17-301 and R12-4-301, -303, and -304 give specific restrictions on use Commission Rules: of firearms, explosives, poisons or stupefying substances, Rules R12-4-301, -303, -304 Methods (updated projectiles, prying devices, and pitfall traps. Other methods 4-3-2004) are authorized without restriction. Artificial light is allowed. Rule R12-4-313 Methods (updated 4-3-2004) R-12-4-313 identifies additional methods specifically Rule R12-4-312 Special use permits (updated 4-3-2004) allowed, such as minnow trap, crayfish net, hand, or hand- Commission Orders 41 (Amphibians) and 43 (Reptiles) held implements for soft-shelled turtles. and Code/Regulations referenced therein: Limits (See Appendix B): http://www.azgfd.gov/pdfs/h_f/regulations/ A person may take reptiles only during daylight hours ReptileAmphibian.pdf (excerpts) unless otherwise authorized by the Commission. Bag limits, OR size limits, restricted areas, and restricted species are governed http://www.azsos.gov/public_services/Title_12/12-04.htm by Commission Orders 41 (Amphibians) and 43 (Reptiles). Under R12-4-312, special use permits and stamps are required for collection in waters with shared jurisdictions. Scientific Collection Methods of Take: Seasons: Any method authorized by R12-4-304 or R12-4-313 may Seasons are governed by Commission Orders 41 be used. Stupefying or deleterious substance, electroshock, (Amphibians) and 43 (Reptiles). pitfall trap, leghold trap, snare, or net, or firearms used at © L. JONES

State of the Union 16 Association of Fish & Wildlife Agencies 17 night, are not allowed unless specifically authorized by Regulations: the permit. The Department has the authority to rescind or [links to state codes/regulations] modify any method of take authorized by the permit. ARS 238 Special licenses for collecting or holding wildlife Limits: Under a wildlife holding license, restricted live wildlife http://www.azleg.gov/FormatDocument.asp?inDoc=/ may be held for the following purposes: advancement of ars/17/00238.htm&Title=17&DocType=ARS science, wildlife management or promotion of public health Commission Rules: or welfare, or education. A zoo license allows exhibit and Rule R12-4-420 Zoo license (updated 5-6-2006) display for educational purposes, under conditions set forth Rule R12-4-418 Scientific collecting permit (updated in R12-4-420. A Scientific Collecting Permit is governed by 5-6-2006) R12-4-418 and allows take, possession, transport, photography, and display only for scientific research or educational Rule R12-4-304 Methods (updated 4-3-2004) purpose. The Department may restrict the number of animals Rule R12-4-313 Methods (updated 4-3-2004) per species or other taxa that may be taken under the permit; Rule R12-4-409(O) Reporting (updated 5-6-2006) restrict the age or condition of wildlife that may be taken Rule R12-4-417 Wildlife holding license (updated under the permit; or deny or substitute the number of speci- 5-6-2006) mens and taxa requested on an application. http://www.azsos.gov/public_services/Title_12/12-04.htm Seasons: Seasons are not specified by law. Confiscation & Unusual Circumstances If an individual lawfully possesses wildlife, but holds it Reporting Requirements: in a manner that poses an actual or potential threat to other Before January 31 of each year, a wildlife holding license, wildlife, or the safety, health, or welfare of the public, the scientific collecting permit, or zoo license holder must file a Department may seize, quarantine, or hold the wildlife. written report on activities performed under the license for the Rule R12-4-411 requires bait dealers to purchase their previous calendar year, as well as an annual report on a form stock from facilities that can certify their fish are free from containing the information prescribed by R12-4-409(O). The the diseases listed in the Rule. Department may stipulate submission of additional interim The Department generally does not have the resources to reports upon license application or renewal. Zoo license holders respond to the volume of calls regarding snakes, Gila mon- have additional reporting requirements listed in R12-4-420. sters, etc.. Although Wildlife Managers might respond in Scientific Collecting Permit holders are required to report some cases, local fire departments and NGOs handle the bulk the following information: collection date; species collected, of the requests. The Department has provided guidelines, manipulated, etc., (numbers, age [juvenile/adult], sex of indi- but these are not codified. Guidelines primarily recommend viduals); disposition (salvaged dead, released alive, depos- maximum distances that reptiles should be moved, so as to ited in a recognized collection identified in permit proposal, minimize mortality subsequent to displacement. not handled, other); county; mappable legal location (e.g., UTMs or lat/long with datum, elevation, highway number and description, etc.). Report may also include optional information such as site description (vegetation, substrate, etc.) and comments (reproductive status, behavior, etc.). Scientific Collecting Permit report data are generally regarded as reliable and accurate enough to determine the harvest reported for that permit, but that does not extend to additional legal harvest that might occur through hunting, fishing or combination licenses. Impact on local herpetofaunal resources can only be assessed with respect to that permit, but the Department may stipulate restrictions on take to reduce local impacts. If the permit holder is working with species that are otherwise protected from take (closed season taxa, federally listed species, etc.) then the local impacts are more easily assessed. © KLINGER

16 Association of Fish & Wildlife Agencies 17 State of the Union ARKANSAS

General the wild via any method. EXCEPTIONS: (1) Only box type turtle traps may be used in counties or waters not specifically Classification and Conservation (See Appendix C): opened to hoop net turtle traps. (2) Fish farmers operating In accordance with the Arkansas Game and Fish under a valid Fish Farmer’s (Aquaculturist’s) Permit may Commission (AGFC) definitions, game animals include take aquatic turtles using tackle, or bullfrogs (with a valid alligators. All other reptiles and amphibians are classified as Bullfrog Permit) on those specific ponds, impoundments and nongame wildlife, whether resident, migratory or imported, drainages where valid fish farming operations are occurring protected or unprotected, dead or alive, including any and (Pursuant to Code exceptions). (3) Turtles caught with com- every part of any individual species, and including animals mercial fishing tackle, in waters open to commercial fish- living in captivity that lack a genetic distinction from mem- ing, may be kept by those in possession of an Aquatic Turtle bers of the same species living in the wild. Alligator snap- Harvest or Aquatic Turtle Dealer permit. (4) A person with an ping turtles, as well as chicken and box turtles, are species Aquatic Turtle Harvest Helper Permit in his or her immediate protected from commercial collection. American alligator, a possession may assist in taking aquatic turtles and operate the listed species, is allowed to be farmed with the appropriate properly tagged tackle of a licensed aquatic turtle harvester permits but may not be collected from the wild. All wildlife is and/or dealer permittee. Methods of take for bullfrogs, and considered protected if a declared open season has not been restrictions on these methods, are specified in Code 29.02 established by the Commission (Code Section 1.00-C). and for alligators in Code 12.03. Fish Farmers holding a Arkansas does not distinguish between collection Bullfrog Permit may take bullfrogs by any method, only on (removal from the wild) and possession in regulations for those specific ponds, impoundments, and drainages where native amphibians and/or reptiles, except catching wild ani- valid fish farming operations are occurring, and sell them. mals to augment captive populations is not allowed. If residents follow Code 09.14 Native Wildlife Pets, they may collect and possess unregulated species (see Limits for Personal Collection below). Commercial breeding and harvest are addressed in the following Code Sections: 09.07 Wildlife Breeder/Dealer Permit, 29.00 Bullfrogs, 34.00 Aquatic Turtles, and 12.00 Alligators.

Regulatory Process: Regulation changes are generated by the Commission staff and implementation of regulation changes is carried out only after approval by majority vote by agency Commissioners. Commercial Collection Methods of Take: Commercial collection of alligators is prohibited. Hoop nets (with or without leads) and turtle nets; slat traps and fiddler nets; commercial trotlines (including snaglines, throw- lines, limb lines, set hooks); box traps, turtle trap; commercial tackle (seine, trammel and gill nets) are authorized as specified below. Methods are authorized in areas or waters specifically open to commercial harvest. Except as specified under aquatic turtle regulations, it is unlawful to take or attempt to take aquatic turtles for commercial purposes: by any means other than hoop net or box type turtle traps in countiesARKANSAS and/or bodies of water specified in the Code; or by the use of chemicals, explosives, or tackle other than as

specified in the Code. Turtle eggs may not be harvested from © J. D. WILSON

State of the Union 18 Association of Fish & Wildlife Agencies 19 ARKANSAS

Limits (See Appendix A): Seasons: Commercial collection of certain native turtles (alligator Bullfrogs may be taken from 12:00 noon April 15 through snapping turtles, chicken and box turtles) is prohibited, pursu- December 31 per Code 36.01. Fish Farmers holding a Bullfrog ant to Codes 34.09, 34.10, and 34.11. Other limits may apply Permit may take bullfrogs without season restrictions, only as per commercial fishing regulations. Fish Farmers holding on those specific ponds, impoundments, and drainages where a Bullfrog Permit may take bullfrogs without limit, only on valid fish farming operations are occurring, and sell them. those specific ponds, impoundments, and drainages where There are no seasonal restrictions for other species other than valid fish farming operations are occurring, and sell them. those that apply to commercial fishing areas.

Penalties for Avg. # Permits Issued/Yr Collection Type Permit Required Permit Fee Violation (based on last 10 yrs) Hoop Nets, Turtle Nets* $ 4.00 $100 to $1,000 6309 Slat Traps & Fiddler Nets* $ 12.50 $100 to $1,000 Not applicable Commercial Trotlines* $ 5.00 $100 to $1,000 Not applicable Box Type Turtle Trap Tag* $ 2.00 $100 to $1,000 365 Commercial Tackle* $ 15.00 $100 to $1,000 Not applicable Commercial Fisherman’s $ 25.00 $100 to $1,000 1553; required to take aquatic turtles Permit & Sportfishing License Commercial Commercial Fisherman’s $ 25.00 N/A 716 Helper Permit Junior/Senior Commercial $ 14.50 N/A 232 Fishing Permit Aquatic Turtle Harvest Permit $100.00 $500 to $5,000** 88; 5-yr data Aquatic Turtle Harvest Helper $ 50.00 N/A 57; 5-yr data Permit Junior Aquatic Turtle Harvest $ 25.00 N/A 6; 5-yr data Permit Alligator Farmer/Dealer $200.00 $500 to $1,000 1; no active farmers 2010 Permit Alligator Tags $ 4.00 $500 to $1,000 ~600/yr; 5-yr data Alligator Snapping Turtle $500 to $1,000 + $100.00 8 Breeder/Dealer Permit confiscation Aquaculture Aquatic Turtle Dealer Permit $250.00 $500 to $5,000 11; 5-yr data Non-Resident Aquatic Turtle $500.00 $500 to $5,000 1; 5-yr data Dealer Permit*** Aquatic Turtle Farmer Permit $100.00 $500 to $5,000 16; 5-yr data Fish Farmer Permit $ 25.00 $100 to $1,000 >50 <200 Bullfrog Permit $ 25.00 $100 to $1,000 <50 Resident Sportsman’s Permit Personal $ 25.00 $250 to $2,500 <50 (for Alligator sport hunting) $1,000 to $5,000 per Scientific Scientific Collecting Permit Free 29; 9-yr data violation *Tackle license **Equipment used in such violations may be confiscated in accordance with Codes 1.00-D and 1.00-J. *** Non-residents are not permitted to harvest aquatic turtles nor alligators.

18 Association of Fish & Wildlife Agencies 19 State of the Union ARKANSAS

Farming/Aquaculture: General: It is unlawful for any non-exempt individual or enterprise to engage in the holding, propagation, purchase and resale, or export of aquatic turtles without first obtaining a Commercial Fisherman Permit and Sportfishing License (CFS) and an Aquatic Turtle Dealer Permit or Aquatic Turtle Farmer Permit. An Alligator Snapping Turtle Breeder/Dealer Permit is required to possess, buy, sell or offer to sell alligator snapping turtles or their eggs. Alligator snapping turtles longer than 5 inches curved carapace length may not be sold, bartered, traded, or transferred without written approval of the Commission. Such permits may be granted in accor- © J. D. WILSON dance with Commission requirements. It is unlawful to import alligator snapping turtles and chicken Reporting Requirements: On or before the 10th of each month, a legible, itemized turtles, but such turtles may be obtained from other captive stock. It is unlawful for an alligator farmer or dealer, Aquatic Turtle Harvest Form (provided by the Commission) whether a resident or nonresident, to possess, buy or sell for all wild caught aquatic turtles harvested during the pre- alligators (including an American alligator or other croco- ceding month is required. A copy of this form is retained by dilian species, or any part, nest or eggs thereof) without first the permittee for a period of twelve (12) months and made obtaining an Alligator Farmer/Dealer Permit annually, in available for inspection by any agent of the Commission. The accordance with requirements in the Code. Alligators may reporting of commercial harvest of aquatic turtles is not con- be imported from other states or obtained from other cap- sidered reliable or accurate for determining impacts on local tive stock. populations for one or all of the following reasons: turtle harvesters do not report harvest on agency provided forms; Wild Native Species: they cannot or do not distinguish take between protected and Catching wild animals to augment captive populations is unprotected species (e.g., chicken turtle versus slider); or not allowed. they report harvests in “pounds of turtles” instead of “numbers of individuals per species” (e.g., for common snapping Agency with Regulatory Authority: turtles and softshell turtles). Also, there are turtle harvesters AGFC has regulatory authority over captive popula- in Arkansas who are illiterate and therefore are unable to fill tions for farmers and dealers. By the 10th of each month a out a harvest report form. Commercial use report data on legible, itemized inventory of all alligator snapping turtles alligator snapping turtle breeder/dealers and alligator farm- purchased, sold, or in possession during the prior month is ers (see Farming/Aquaculture below) are considered reli- required. This inventory shall include the names, addresses able, since all alligator snapping turtle breeder/dealer and and phone numbers of the person(s) to or from whom alliga- alligator farmer activities are based on captive propagated tor snapping turtles were sold, bartered, traded or transferred. stocks, or alligators imported from regulated wild harvest Each alligator farmer/dealer reports annually to the Wildlife in other states or commercial sources. The data on commer- Management Division by January 31, on a form supplied cially produced alligator snapping turtles and alligators yield by the Commission, all activities that have occurred during no information regarding impacts on wild populations, as no the previous calendar year for the reporting period January commercial harvest is allowed for these species. 1 –December 31, including, but not limited to: the number Fish Farmers holding a Bullfrog Permit must supply of live alligators (separated by sizes); the number of eggs an invoice with each sale or shipment indicating the date, collected and hatched; information on the purchase and sale Bullfrog Permit number and number of bullfrogs sold or of alligators, hides and parts; and the number of alligator shipped. deaths.

State of the Union 20 Association of Fish & Wildlife Agencies 21 Legal Authority: 34.08 Possession of Sport Fish by Aquatic Turtle http://www.agfc.com/enforcement/Pages/ Harvesters Prohibited EnforcementRegulations.aspx 34.09 Take or Possession of Alligator Snapping Turtles F1.03 Wildlife Breeder/Dealer Permit Prohibited ALLIGATOR REGULATIONS: 34.10 Take of Chicken Turtles Prohibited 12.01 Taking of Alligator Prohibited 34.11 Importation of Alligator Snapping Turtles and 12.02 Possession of Alligator Permit Required Chicken Turtles Prohibited 12.03 Methods of Taking Alligator Restricted ALLIGATOR FARMER REGULATIONS (last updated 08-09): BULLFROG REGULATIONS: 01.01 Alligator Farmer/Dealer General Provisions 29.01 Bullfrog Season/Limit Restriction 01.02 Specifications and Facility Standards for Alligator 29.02 Prohibited Methods for Taking Bullfrogs Farms 29.03 Sale of Bullfrogs Prohibited 01.03 Harvest and Sale of Alligator Restrictions 29.04 License Requirements for Sale of Bullfrogs by 30.00 Commercial Fishing Regulations (last updated Fish Farmers 09-11) AQUATIC TURTLE REGULATIONS (last updated 09-11): Personal Collection 34.01 Aquatic Turtle Permit Requirements Methods of Take: 34.02 Qualifications for Certain Aquatic Turtle Permits Methods of take and restrictions on these methods, for 34.03 Non-Resident Aquatic Turtle Dealer Permit bullfrogs are specified in Code 29.02 and for alligators in Requirements Code 12.03. A special permit and/or tag may be required for take of alligators per Code 12.02; these tags are issued 34.04 Commercial Aquatic Turtle Harvest Restrictions for Arkansas residents only via a lottery draw, and require 34.05 Aquatic Turtle Tackle Restrictions completion of the Alligator Hunt Safety Training. The 34.06 Aquatic Turtle Tackle Tagging taking of alligators is otherwise prohibited per Code 12.01 34.07 Aquatic Turtle Harvest Transaction and Reporting with noted exceptions (1)-(6) including for sport hunt. Requirements Limits (See Appendix B): Numbers are limited to 6 individuals per species, per household, excluding alligators, alligator snapping turtles, Ozark hellbenders, bullfrogs and grotto salamanders. For the alligator sport hunt, only one alligator may be taken by holders of the temporary alligator possession tag (awarded via lottery as noted above). All sport-harvested alligators must be at least four (4) feet in length as measured from the tip of the snout to the end of the tail. Bullfrogs are limited to 18 per day or possession of 36 in aggregate.

Seasons: Bullfrogs may be taken from 12:00 noon April 15 through December 31. It is unlawful to attempt to take or possess alligators other than during the declared open alligator hunting season (last two weekends in September each year), with a Resident Sportsman’s Permit (and Alligator Tag, see above) and within zones as specified in the Code. During the dates specified by the agency, the declared open alligator season will be from one-half hour after sunset until one-half hour before sunrise. © J.G.H.

20 Association of Fish & Wildlife Agencies 21 State of the Union ARKANSAS

Reporting Requirements: Confiscation & Unusual Circumstances No personal use permit or reports are required. Confiscated Animals: Legal Authority: Disposition of confiscated animals are dealt with on http://www.agfc.com/enforcement/Pages/ a case-by-case basis. All wildlife possessed in viola- EnforcementRegulations.aspx tion of Native Wildlife Pets regulations may be seized by (last update 09-11) Enforcement Officers, confiscated by the court, forfeited to the State, and disposed of according to law. In general, 09.01 Possession of Certain Wildlife in Captivity upon conviction of the offender, or sooner if the court having Prohibited jurisdiction so orders, title to the wildlife would be forfeited 09.02 Captive Non-native Wildlife to the AGFC and such wildlife would be released or disposed 09.41 Native Wildlife Pets of in accordance with Commission policy. ALLIGATOR REGULATIONS: Unusual Regulations: 12.01 Taking of Alligator Prohibited A Wildlife Hunting Resort is any facility, location, busi- 12.02 Possession of Alligator Permit Required ness or operation that is engaged in offering the opportunity 12.03 Methods of Taking Alligator Restricted to hunt or attempt to hunt captive wildlife, authorized only with the Commercial Wildlife Hunting Resort Permit from BULLFROG REGULATIONS: the AGFC. Penalty: $500.00 to $5,000.00 per violation. As 29.01 Bullfrog Season/Limit Restriction alligators are classified as game species, all hunting regu- 29.02 Prohibited Methods for Taking Bullfrogs lations for other game species would also apply to reptiles 29.03 Sale of Bullfrogs Prohibited (i.e., alligators) in this case.

29.04 License Requirements for Sale of Bullfrogs by Disease Testing: Fish Farmers Regulations state that imported wildlife, including aquatic Scientific Collection turtles, should be inspected by a veterinarian for disease or pathogens. However, in reality this does not happen with turtles, Methods of Take: as most veterinarians are not trained and/or capable of individu- Take methods are authorized on a case-by-case basis. ally inspecting hundreds of turtles in a shipment. Inspections of bait species do not occur, as there are no requirements for this. Limits: Take limits are determined on a case-by-case basis. “Nuisance” or “Urban” Wildlife Issues: AGFC has established a network of Nuisance Alligator Seasons: Coordinators (NACs) within the range of alligators, and NACs There are no season constraints. respond to all nuisance alligator complaints within their regions. However, there are no other policies in place that address other Reporting Requirements: nuisance herpetofauna (e.g., complaints of snakes in yards). An annual report is required. The report data are considered reliable in terms of determining harvest numbers and impacts on the herpetofauna resource. The data are primarily used for plotting records of tracked species, i.e., species of concern, in Arkansas’ Natural Heritage database.

Legal Authority: http://www.agfc.com/enforcement/Pages/ EnforcementRegulations.aspx 09.09 Scientific Collection Permit (last updated 09-11) © VICTOR YOUNG / NHFG © VICTOR

State of the Union 22 Association of Fish & Wildlife Agencies 23 © VICTOR YOUNG / NHFG © VICTOR

22 Association of Fish & Wildlife Agencies 23 State of the Union CALIFORNIA © GEORGE ANDREJKO / AZGFD

General 43. Collection for scientific or educational purposes is allowed for all species with the required permit (14 CCR § 650). Classification and Conservation (See Appendix C): Title 14 CCR (Natural Resources, Fish and Game Fish and Game Code (FGC) § 45 defines “fish” as includ- Commission - Department of Fish and Game regulations) ing amphibians in the category, but not reptiles. FGC § 5060 governs commercial, recreational, and scientific take, as defines “native reptiles” as snakes, lizards, turtles, or any well as possession, of reptiles and amphibians. Generally, a other members of the class Reptilia native to California (CA). distinction is not made between take (hunting, capturing, col- FGC § 6895 defines “native amphibians” as salamanders, lecting, pursuing, or killing) and possession in regulations. toads, or any other member of the class Amphibia native to FGC § 2000 states that possession of a “fish” (including California. Title 14 of the California Code of Regulations amphibians) or reptile, or parts thereof, shall be considered (14 CCR) §1.67 states that native reptiles and amphibians are evidence of take, and FGC § 2001 states that possession shall those subspecies and species, including all color phases, of be authorized only during the open season when taken. FGC § the classes Reptilia and Amphibia indigenous to California. 2013, however, states that provisions pertaining to possession This definition includes all specimens regardless of their are applicable to species collected within or outside the state. origin, even if they were produced in captivity. An example is 14 CCR § 43, which regulates possession of State and federally listed reptiles and amphibians are pro- propagated and commercialized native reptiles that may have tected from take (defined by FGC § 86), as well as import, been imported into the state rather than collected. Biological export, possession, purchase or sale, by FGC § 2080. Take of supply houses must have collection permits to possess native listed species, either incidental to an otherwise lawful activity, reptiles and amphibians. or for scientific, educational or management purposes, is governed by FGC § 2081. State-listed species are identified in 14 Regulatory Process: CCR § 670.5. Exception: FGC §§ 5000 – 5001 allows posses- The Fish and Game Commission must approve changes to sion of desert tortoise under certain circumstances. Amphibian regulations (CCR 14), and a 60-day notice in the California and reptile Species of Special Concern (SSCs) are not pro- Regulatory Notice Register is required for public comment tected by regulation, but take conditions may be included before the regulations can be changed or new regulations in permits for these animals. Two sections of the California developed. The Fish and Game Code (statutory law) can Environmental Quality Act Guidelines are commonly invoked only be changed by the legislature. on behalf of SSCs (14 CCR §§15065 and 15380). Under FGC § 5050, reptiles and amphibians designated Commercial Collection as Fully Protected Species (FPS) are protected from all take, except as authorized by permits for necessary scientific Methods of Take: research, including efforts to recover the species (14 CCR For biological supply houses (14 CCR § 651), amphibians § 670.7). Prior to authorizing take of FPS through a special may be taken by hand or by dip net. Reptiles may be taken research permit or Memorandum of Understanding (MOU), by hand or hand-operated tools such as lizard nooses, snake the Department of Fish and Game (DFG) notifies all affected tongs, or snake hooks. Pitfall traps or methods that destroy and interested parties to solicit information and comments rocks or other substrates used as shelter are prohibited. on the proposed authorization. There is currently no other Limits (See Appendix A): definition for the word “protected”. For biological supply houses, no reptiles or amphibians Native reptiles and amphibians are not allowed to be may be taken from areas specified by 14 CCR § 651(g). captured or collected from the wild for commercial take No threatened, endangered, or Fully Protected Species may (under 14 CCR § 40), with the exception of allowed take by be taken. A valid commercial fishing license is required if Biological Supply Houses (14 CCR § 651). However, only amphibians are collected. one permittee per year purchases a Biological Supply House Permit. Commercial take of bullfrogs by Biological Supply Seasons: houses is authorized by 14 CCR § 658.

CALIFORNIA Year-round take is allowed. Regulated personal take of certain native reptiles and amphibians is allowed with a sport-fishing license. Captive propagation Reporting Requirements: of three native snakes is authorized with a permit by 14 CCR § Biological Supply House Permits have no reporting require-

State of the Union 24 Association of Fish & Wildlife Agencies 25 CALIFORNIA

ments, but the field collecting permit must specify the species Agency with Regulatory Authority: and number of each species the owner or each employee/agent DFG regulates. Annual reports are required containing will collect, the dates inclusive during which collection will records maintained by holders of the captive reptile prop- occur, and the maximum number the biological supply house is agation permit. Records kept by people holding restricted allowed to collect. Existing reporting requirements and record species must be made available to DFG upon demand. retention preclude any analysis of collection impacts. Regulations: Farming/Aquaculture: 14 CCR Division 1, Subdivision 1: General: Section 40 (last updated 1-1-2002) Registered aquaculturists are allowed to breed and sell Section 43 (last updated 9-10-1996) non-native bullfrogs and any additional species approved by DFG Fisheries Branch (mostly non-native turtles). Section 5.60 (last updated 1-10-2002) Pursuant to 14 CCR § 43(c), people who hold a native http://ccr.oal.ca.gov/linkedslice/default. reptile propagation permit for commercial purposes may asp?SP=CCR-1000&Action=Welcome import, possess, rear, and propagate three native snakes (click on Search for a Specific Regulatory Section) specified by the regulation. A restricted species license Note: 14 CCR sections reference FGC Codes authoriz- may be used for commercial exhibition or sale of cer- ing each section. tain dangerous animals (e.g., snakes larger than 6 feet Section 40 (last updated 1-1-2002) long, some venomous reptiles) listed in 14 CCR § 671. Biological Supply Houses may not propagate the species Section 43 (last updated 3-1-2004) they collect for sale to schools or museums. Section 671 (last updated 4-12-2008) Wild Native Species: Section 41.7 (last updated 9-10-1996) Other than three species of native snakes, no other native FGC 2118: http://law.justia.com/california/codes/ reptiles or amphibians may be taken for captive propagation fgc/2116-2127.html for commercial purposes (14 CCR § 43).

Penalties for Avg. # Permits Issued/Yr Collection Type Permit Required Permit Fee Violation (based on last 10 yrs) Biological Supply House Permit Permit canceled or $89.50 <50 (only one per year) + Field Collecting Permit suspended Commercial Commercial fishing license $120.75 R (for amphibians) $361.75 NR Native Reptile Propagation $100- $1000 or 6 $53.50 >200 Permit months in county jail Aquaculture $34.75 – Not tracked for reptiles and $500 - $1000 or Restricted Species License $289.50 R, amphibians (>200 for all restricted 6 months in county jail $579.00 NR species) $41.50 R, $111.85 $100- $1000 or Not tracked for reptiles and amphib- Sport-fishing License NR 6 months in county jail ians (>200 for all fishing licenses) Personal Native Reptile Propagation (see above) Permit $20.75 S, Scientific Collecting Permit $100- $1000 or Scientific $61.75 R, >200 (SCP) 6 months in county jail $206.75 NR R=resident, NR=non-resident, S=Student Fees are adjusted annually. The penalty for violations involving those species protected under the Fully Protected or threatened or endangered sections is a fine of not more than $5,000 dollars and/or one year in the county jail.

24 Association of Fish & Wildlife Agencies 25 State of the Union CALIFORNIA

FGC 7709: http://law.justia.com/california/codes/ Reporting Requirements: fgc/7700-7715.html No reports are required for people collecting (or “frog- FGC Code provisions relating to aquaculture: http://law. ging”) under a sport-fishing license, and no creel census- justia.com/california/codes/fgc/15000-15007.html type data are collected for take of amphibians and reptiles http://law.justia.com/california/codes/fgc/15100-15105.html authorized by this license. For holders of a non-commercial reptile propagation permit, records must be kept that include http://law.justia.com/california/codes/fgc/6850-6855.html the complete scientific name and number per species collected, the dates collected, as well as dates and numbers of Personal Collection eggs laid and hatched. These records are provided to DFG in Methods of Take: an annual report. Existing reporting requirements and record Take methods authorized for reptiles under a sport- retention preclude analysis of take impacts fishing license are: by hand or hand-operated tools (lizard Regulations: nooses, snake tongs or hooks), and non-native turtles may FGC 7149.3: http://law.justia.com/california/codes/ be taken by hook and line. Native amphibians may be taken fgc/7145-7155.html only by hand, hand-held dip net, or hook and line; non-native bullfrogs may be taken by additional methods. It is unlaw- FGC 6854: http://law.justia.com/california/codes/ ful to use any method or means of collecting that involves fgc/6850-6854.html breaking apart rocks, granite flakes, logs, or other shelters in 14 CCR Division 1, Subdivision 1: or under which amphibians may be found. Use of firearms to Section 2.00. Fishing methods (last updated 2-28-2007 ) take amphibians is prohibited. There is no required license or Section 5.05. Amphibians (last updated 1-1-2002) restrictions for taking native rattlesnakes for personal collec- Section 5.60. Reptiles (last updated 1-1-2002) tion or for safety reasons. People holding a non-commercial captive propagation permit may take reptiles listed in 14 Section 6.30 Ecological Reserves (last updated 3-1-90) CCR 43(c) by methods authorized under 14 CCR 5.60. Section 7.00 Seasonal closures (last updated 5-26-2009) Section 7.50 Seasonal closures (last updated 7-2-2009) Limits (See Appendix B): Section 43 Captive propagation (last updated 3-1-2004) Only the amphibians listed in CCR § 5.05(a) and reptiles listed in CCR § 5.60(b) may be taken under the authority of a http://ccr.oal.ca.gov/linkedslice/default. sport-fishing license. No amphibians or reptiles may be taken asp?SP=CCR-1000&Action=Welcome from ecological reserves designated by the Fish and Game (click on Search for a Specific Regulatory Section) Commission in CCR § 630, from State parks, or national parks Note: 14 CCR sections refer to FGC Codes authorizing or monuments. The daily bag and possession limit for each of each section. the amphibian species listed in CCR § 5.05 (a) is four, except for bullfrogs (no limit); limits for reptiles are as specified in Scientific Collection CCR § 5.60(b). No slender salamanders (Batrachoseps spp.) may be taken from Inyo and Mono counties and from the Methods of Take: Santa Rosa Mountains, Riverside County. For people hold- Methods of take are specified in Scientific Collecting ing a non-commercial captive reptile propagation permit, no Permit (SCP) or research permit conditions, and may include more than three species and no more than 30 individuals in but are not limited to: hand, dip net, minnow seine, lizard the aggregrate, including progeny, may be possessed, and no noose, snake tongs, snake hook, and live-trap (including pit- more than four of any one species may be taken from the fall traps when specifically authorized). wild. There is a limit of two rattlesnakes for any one species. Only non-native turtles may be taken. Limits: Limits may be specified in permit conditions. Threatened, Seasons: endangered, or fully protected animals require additional Year-round collecting is allowed. The season closures authorizations with conditions and federal permits for feder- in Chapter 3 (District Trout and Salmon District General ally listed species (FGC 2081, FGC 5050). Often, lethal take Regulations and Special Regulations) apply to take of limits for common species are conditioned to be less than 10% amphibians with hook and line but not other methods (see of a single population, or one individual per species per new sections 7.00 and 7.50(a)(2)). documented location for vouchers of special status species.

State of the Union 26 Association of Fish & Wildlife Agencies 27 Seasons: except as specified in 14 CCR § 671.5. Collection is year-round or seasons may be specified in permit requests and conditions. Often, lethal take is condi- Unusual Regulations: tioned to occur outside the animal’s breeding season. In accordance with FGC Codes 6880-6885, frogs may be taken without permits or limits for frog-jumping contests, Reporting Requirements: except as otherwise overridden by FGC 2080-2081 and FGC A Report of Specimens Collected and Salvaged (RSCS) 5050, which would prohibit take of threatened, endangered, is submitted to DFG upon each renewal of a SCP or within a or fully protected species for this purpose. year after expiration. The RSCS is required annually for State or federally listed species. Other reporting requirements may Disease/Pathogens Testing: be specified by permit conditions. For special status species, Most imported species are regulated by a restricted spe- permittees are required to submit field survey forms to the DFG cies permit or a captive reptile propagation permit. Under California Natural Diversity Database (CNDDB), with exact FGC 2270 it is unlawful to bring animals into the state for collection locations. RSCS reports, annual reports from addi- the purpose of propagation if the animals come from any tional research permits, and CNDDB records all contain data place wherein any infected, diseased, or parasitized fish, that are useful in determining the impact of scientific or educa- reptiles, amphibians, or aquatic plants are known to exist. tional take on overall resources and local populations. Reports For restricted species licenses, the Department may require are used, for example, to condition permits so that multiple take as a condition on the permit that restricted animals be tested permits are not heavily harvesting single local populations. and cleared, pursuant to applicable federal or State standards, for certain diseases before they are allowed to enter Regulations: the state. Scientific collecting permits often have conditions FGC 1002: http://law.justia.com/california/codes/ that require animals that are held in captivity over 24 hours fgc/1000-1019.html to either be kept in captivity or euthanized, or to be checked FGC 5050: http://law.justia.com/california/codes/ by a licensed veterinarian prior to being released at the exact fgc/5050.html location from which they were collected. In most cases, FGC 2080-2081: http://law.justia.com/california/codes/ strict caging standards are included in regulations and permit fgc/2080-2085.html conditions to mitigate the spread of disease. Disease testing is not a requirement for export. For registered aquaculturists Section 650 Scientific Collecting Permits (last updated who want to import bullfrogs or other species to raise for 7-18-1996) human food or for bait, health inspections have been required http://ccr.oal.ca.gov/linkedslice/default. under an importation permit issued by DFG. Bullfrogs could asp?SP=CCR-1000&Action=Welcome be collected with a sport-fishing license and used as bait, in (click on Search for a Specific Regulatory Section) which case disease inspection wouldn’t be required. Note: 14 CCR sections refer to FGC Codes authorizing each section. Nuisance or Urban Wildlife Issues: The public is either advised by regional law enforcement Confiscation & Unusual Circumstances or scientific staff about how to deal with the animals on their own. A number of unregulated private entities also have Confiscated Animals: small businesses based on removing or relocating nuisance For species designated as “wild animals” by the Fish and wildlife, including rattlesnakes. Game Commission (FGC) (species determined to be not normally domesticated in CA and are primarily non-native species), disposition of seized live animals is specified by law & regulation (FGC 2189 and 14 CCR § 671.5). An animal that is seized may, at the discretion of the enforcing officer, be taken to another location or humanely destroyed. Disposition of all other confiscated reptiles/amphibians is on a case-by- case basis, as authorized by common search and seizure laws and court decisions. No species of reptile or amphibian that has been held in captivity may be released back into the wild,

26 Association of Fish & Wildlife Agencies 27 State of the Union COLORADO

General traded. Tiger salamander larvae and bullfrogs (non-native) can be collected for use as commercial bait. Classification and Conservation (See Appendix C): Most amphibians and reptiles are considered to be non- Limits (See Appendix A): game; however, a few are classified as game species, such The larval tiger salamander limit is 50, and less than 5 as bullfrogs, larval salamanders, prairie rattlesnakes, and inches in length. snapping turtles (Colorado statute Title §§33-1-102 (CRS)). Bullfrogs and salamanders require a fishing license while Seasons: rattlesnakes require a small game license. Snapping turtles Larval tiger salamanders may be taken year round. may be taken with a valid small game or fishing license. Listed nongame species are protected from take (capture, Reporting Requirements: kill, attempt to take, possess, sell, trade, or offer to sell) with- Commercial fishing license holders submit an annual out a permit, pursuant to 33-2-104 CRS, except those species report within 30 days of the expiration of the license. The that are allowed for limited private collections according to report data are considered reliable and accurate as long as Commission Regulation. Colorado does not define “pro- they are received, but could always be improved. tected”, except to say “harassment, taking or possession is prohibited” with some exceptions (special licenses for pos- Farming/Aquaculture: session of selected species). They do not allow native species General: to be sold, except northern leopard frog (Lithobates pipi- With a valid commercial parks license (aquaculture ens) and barred tiger salamander (Ambystoma mavortium) license), farming or aquaculture is allowed. However, no new obtained from legal out-of-state sources. licenses have been issued for quite some time. It is illegal to Colorado does not distinguish between collection import, export, or transport wildlife without an importation (removal from the wild) and possession regulations for native license (33-6-114, CRS). amphibians and/or reptiles, because they consider collection Wild Native Species: to require possession and possession to require collection. Wild native species may not be caught to augment captive populations. Regulatory Process: Colorado regulations are changed by the Wildlife Agency with Regulatory Authority: Commission, and its statutes are changed by its legislature. Colorado requires that any commercial park involved in Chapter 10 (Nongame) #1000 http://wildlife.state. raising wildlife needs to be licensed through the Colorado co.us/NR/rdonlyres/D9BADA66-8CBC-46DD-BE78- Division of Wildlife (DOW). Other agencies will often 97C60EB1B813/0/Ch10.pdf require that licenses or permits be obtained through them Chapter 11 (Unregulated Wildlife) #1103(B) http:// as well. wildlife.state.co.us/NR/rdonlyres/BDD5AB1C-D572-4458- Regulations: AA3C-F7CF3BCA00AE/0/Ch11.pdf 33-6-113(1), C.R.S (updated 7/1/2003) Chapter 1 (Fishing) #102 (A) http://wildlife.state. http://wildlife.state.co.us/NR/rdonlyres/6C826CC3- co.us/NR/rdonlyres/279EA0CB-C63F-4B49-8150- A017-41E8-8616-E1634F79DA36/0/HerpReport.pdf 8B1DD38FB390/0/Ch01.pdf (excerpts) OR Chapter 3 (Small Game) http://wildlife.state. co.us/NR/rdonlyres/A348F16A-1B28-440E-9245- www.wildlife.state.co.us/RulesRegs (click on Colorado COLORADO EB4E4630ACCE/0/Ch03.pdf revised statutes) 33-4-102, CRS Licenses and fees (updated 2009) Commercial Collection 33-1-101, CRS (updated 7/1/2003) 33-1-103, CRS (updated 5/24/2002) Methods of Take: Colorado does not allow for the collection of native spe- 33-6-113, CRS Illegal sale (updated 8/5/2008) cies in which the intent is for them to be sold, bartered, or 33-6-114 Illegal activities (updated 5/29/2008)

State of the Union 28 Association of Fish & Wildlife Agencies 29 COLORADO

Personal Collection 33-6-109, CRS Illegal possession (updated 7/1/2008) 33-6-113, 33-6-114, CRS (See above) Methods of Take: Colorado allows for the collection of a few native species for private use. Scientific Collection Methods of Take: Limits (See Appendix B): Any non-lethal method of take is allowed. Of the nongame species that Colorado allows for private collection, up to four individuals of each may be kept, with a Limits: total aggregate of twelve (12) at any one time. For rattlesnakes, This permit must include a bona fide methodology plan the daily bag limit is 3 with 6 in possession. Common snapping provided by the collector to the DOW. Limits are not defined turtles have no bag or possession limit. by law. Exception: Colorado State Statute 33-6-107(9) (C.R.S) provides that “any person may kill rattlesnakes when neces- Seasons: sary to protect life or property.” There are no seasons defined by law.

Seasons: Reporting Requirements: Colorado has a season of June 15 – August 15 annually The collector must provide a report to the DOW for take of rattlesnakes, and of April 1 – October 31 for take upon the expiration of the permit. The report data are of common snapping turtles. For limited non-game animals, considered reliable and accurate but could always be a season is not defined by law. improved.

Reporting Requirements: Regulations: There are no reporting requirements. http://www.michie.com/colorado/lpext. dll?f=templates&fn=main-h.htm&cp= Regulations: 33-4-102, CRS Licenses and fees (updated 5/24/2002) http://www.michie.com/colorado/lpext. dll?f=templates&fn=main-h.htm&cp= 33-6-107(9), CRS Licensing violations (updated 7/1/2003) 33-4-102, CRS Licenses and fees (updated 5/24/2002) 33-6-107(9), CRS Licensing violations (updated 33-1-106, CRS Suspension of license privileges 7/1/2003) (updated 5/22/2003) 33-1-106, CRS Suspension of license privileges 33-6-109, CRS Illegal possession (updated 7/1/2008) (updated 5/22/2003) 33-6-113, 33-6-114, CRS (See above)

Penalties for Avg. # Permits Issued/Yr Collection Type Permit Required Permit Fee Violation (based on last 10 yrs) $100 to $1000 per Commercial Commercial License $40/yr. <50 incident* $50 misdemeanor Commercial wildlife park and fine or $35 + $10 Aquaculture $100/yr. <50 sanctuary license per animal for illegal possession $8 daily, $25 R, Fishing license Same as above Don’t know/Not Tracked $55 NR annual Personal $10 daily, $20 R, Small game license Same as above Don’t know/Not Tracked $55 NR annual Scientific Scientific collection permit $20 Same as above <50 R=Resident; NR=Nonresident *Threatened or endangered wildlife species involved: $2,000 - $100,000 or one year.

28 Association of Fish & Wildlife Agencies 29 State of the Union COLORADO

Confiscation & Unusual Circumstances boreal toads from other states at a Colorado facility, even with testing. Colorado regulations do provide for the Director Confiscation of Animals: to ban importation or require testing of reptiles or amphib- Depending on the animal being confiscated, some are ians entering the state if the fish/aquatic pathologist requests immediately euthanized and others may be relocated back it. They do not require testing on any bait species (fish or to the wild, if they are native. Others have been donated to amphibian). They do have regulations prohibiting importa- states that can lawfully take the seized animals. tion or possession of Aquatic Nuisance Species, including the green frog (Rana clamitans). Disease/Pathogen Testing: Colorado does not require testing on reptiles or amphib- Nuisance and Urban Wildlife Issues: ians imported or exported from the state. They have agree- Nuisance and urban wildlife issues are handled at the ments with states that are to receive boreal toads from local level (either through local State personnel or other local Colorado production facilities that the animals will be tested agencies). The specific response varies by location. There before they are shipped to the other state. They do not accept are not statewide guidelines on handling these issues. © KIM MURRELL / DREAMSTIME.COM © KIM MURRELL

State of the Union 30 Association of Fish & Wildlife Agencies 31 CONNECTICUT © VICTOR YOUNG / NHFG

General Farming/Aquaculture: General: Classification and Conservation (See Appendix C): Not allowed. In accordance with Chapter 490, Connecticut General Statutes (Fisheries and Game), Sec. 26-1, Definitions, amphib- Wild Native Species: ians and reptiles are considered “animals”. If they have regu- N/A lations, they are considered “game.” Endangered, Threatened, and Special Concern reptiles and amphibians are listed in State Regulations: regulations (http://www.neherp.com/state-regulations/76-con- Chapter 490 Connecticut General Statutes (Fisheries and necticut). Limits on take of special status species are included Game), (last updated 6/14/04). in regulations. The sale of turtles is regulated by statute. Sec. 26-78. Sale of birds, quadrupeds, reptiles or “Protected” is not specifically defined. Either a species has a amphibians, defined season and method of take for collection, or it doesn’t http://www.cga.ct.gov/2009/PUB/chap490. and it cannot be collected. To “Threaten the continued exis- htm#Sec26-78.htm tence” means to engage in any action that reduces appreciably Chapter 368a Connecticut General Statues(Dept of the likelihood of the survival and recovery of an endangered Public Health) (updated 1-1-2005) or threatened species in the wild by reducing the reproduc- tion, numbers, or distribution of such species (http://search. Sec. 19a-102a. Regulation of sale of turtles cga.state.ct.us/dtsearch_pub_statutes.html). http://www.cga.ct.gov/2005/pub/Chap368a.htm Connecticut does distinguish between collection (removal from the wild) and possession, with separate regulations, for Personal Collection native amphibians and/or reptiles (http://www.ct.gov/dep/ lib/dep/regulations/26/26-66-13through14.pdf). Methods of Take: Amphibians and reptiles may be taken by hand or a hand- Regulatory Process: held implement, and may not be taken by seine net. Regulations are proposed by the Department of Environmental Protection (DEP) Wildlife Division, and go Limits (See Appendix B): to Public Hearing, then to the Attorney General, then to the No person may possess more than three adult spotted or Connecticut Law Journal. marbled salamanders; or one adult eastern box turtle, eastern hognose snake, black rat snake, or eastern ribbon snake. Commercial Collection There is no daily bag limit for adult red-spotted newts. Eggs Methods of Take: or juveniles may not be taken. There is no take allowed of Commercial collection is not allowed for any amphibian or Jefferson, blue-spotted, Tremblay’s, or silvery salamanders; reptile except snapping turtles. No permits or restrictions have eastern spadefoot toads; northern leopard frogs; bog, wood, been established for snapping turtle collection methods. or eastern box turtles; or diamondback terrapins in any developmental stage. A permit is required for possession of Limits (See Appendix A): animals imported into the state, except zoo and nature cen- Turtles with a carapace length of less than four inches or ters are exempt. with viable turtle eggs may not be sold. No person may sell a live turtle with a carapace length of four inches or greater Seasons: unless conditions are met in Chapter 368a, Sec. 19a-102a. Adult spotted or marbled salamanders and black rat snakes may be taken from May 1 through August 31. There is no Seasons: None are established for snapping turtles. closed season for adult red-spotted newts or other allowed reptiles and amphibians. Reporting Requirements: None are established for snapping turtles. Reporting Requirements:

CONNECTICUT Any person owning or keeping a bog turtle must submit Agency with Regulatory Authority: the following information to the Wildlife Division of the DEP: Department of Public Health regulates the sale of snap- name and address of keeper; type and number of turtles owned ping turtles.

30 Association of Fish & Wildlife Agencies 31 State of the Union CONNECTICUT or kept; date each turtle was acquired; approximate age of Regulations: each turtle; address at which each turtle is kept; and any other Chapter 490 Connecticut General Statutes information which the commissioner deems necessary. Sec. 26-60. Permits to collect certain wildlife for scientific and educational purposes. Fee. Regulations: Chapter 490, Sec. 26-55-3. Possession of salamanders http://www.cga.ct.gov/2009/PUB/chap490. and turtles htm#Sec26-60.htm 26-66-13. Seasons, bag limits and methods for taking amphibians Confiscation & Unusual Circumstances 26-66-14. Seasons, bag limits and methods for taking Confiscation of Animals: reptiles Confiscation is handled case by case; there are no writ- Regulations: http://www.neherp. ten guidelines. Generally, a legally registered and permitted com/state-regulations/76-connecticut facility is sought closest to the site of confiscation that is Statutes: best capable of caring for the animal and is willing. Facilities http://www.cga.ct.gov/2009/PUB/chap490. in Connecticut are sought first before going out-of-state. htm#Sec26-66.htm Unusual Regulations: Sec. 26-55. Permit for importing, possessing or liberat- Connecticut does not state having any unusual ing fish, wild birds, wild mammals, reptiles, amphibians regulations. and invertebrates. http://www.cga.ct.gov/2009/PUB/chap490.htm# Disease/Pathogens Testing: Sec26-55.htm Connecticut does not require testing for disease/pathogens prior to native herpetofauna species being (1) exported from Scientific Collection or imported into the state, or (2) sold/used for bait in bodies of water other than their collection locations (within the state). Methods of Take: Methods depend upon the circumstances and the request. Nuisance/Urban Issues: Connecticut DEP Wildlife Division has a Nuisance Limits: Limits vary, depending on the permit. Wildlife Control Operator (NWCO) program, http://www. ct.gov/dep/cwp/view.asp?a=2723&q=325720&depNav_ Seasons: GID=1655&depNav=|. Snakes (except rattlesnakes and None stated or will vary depending on the permit. black rat snakes) can be handled.

Reporting Requirements: Annual reports are required by January 15, containing detailed results of collection under the permit. The annual data are reported on standardized forms required for entry into the DEP Natural Diversity Database, and the location information is used and useful.

State Permits/Licenses Required: Penalties for Avg. # Permits Issued/Yr Collection Type Permit Required Permit Fee Violation (based on last 10 yrs) None needed for snapping Up to $200 or 60 Commercial N/A 0 turtles days* Commercial wildlife park and Aquaculture N/A N/A N/A sanctuary license Personal Fishing license N/A N/A 0 $77 and revocation of Scientific Scientific Collecting Permit** $40/year 50>200 (about 15 per year) permit *Penalty is for commercial collection of any reptile or amphibian other than snapping turtles. **Zoo and nature centers are exempt.

State of the Union 32 Association of Fish & Wildlife Agencies 33 DELAWARE © VICTOR YOUNG / NHFG

General regulations. The process includes a review from the Division Advisory Council and Division directors. After in-house Classification and Conservation (See Appendix C): review is complete, a public notice is posted and a pub- All reptiles and amphibians are considered nongame. lic hearing takes place after comments are considered. A hunting or fishing license is required to take bullfrogs, Ultimately, regulation changes need the approval of the sec- and there is a season and limit of take. Diamondback ter- retary of DNREC. The legislature is not typically directly rapins (terrapins) also have a season for noncommercial involved, but the secretary may seek their input or alert them take. Snapping turtles require a trapping license and there to changes. are limits on take. Delaware doesn’t allow commercial collection or commercial captive breeding for most native species without a permit from the director (and no such Commercial Collection permits have been issued). The exceptions are listed in the Methods of Take: table below. Delaware maintains a list of species seriously A spear, gig, trap, or fyke net may be used to take snap- threatened with extinction from the state (Section 16.2.3 ping turtles. Baited fish hooks are unlawful. Bullfrogs may of the Delaware wildlife regulations). They are protected be taken by hook, gig, or spear. from importation, transportation, possession, and sale (of species or their parts), except under license or permit from Limits (See Appendix A): the Division of Fish and Wildlife (Division). Permits are not The daily limit for bullfrogs is 24 with a valid hunting or likely to be issued for commercial use of state endangered fishing license. There is no daily limit for snapping turtles. species (exotic coloration corn snakes are an exception; see The snapping turtle minimum length is 8 inches on the cur- last section of this document for details). Permits may be vature of the top shell. A trapping license is required for granted to educational facilities for found items (such as snapping turtles. skulls or feathers) when consistent with federal law. Most of Seasons: Delaware’s non-game regulations are focused on protection Open season for bullfrogs is from May 1 through from collection, possession, and sale. They do not directly September 30. Open season for snapping turtle is from June protect habitat or the animals from persecution. There are 15 through May 15. No other turtles may be sold, killed, or other non-regulatory programs that seek to protect habitat kept for commercial purpose. important to Delaware’s wildlife. There is an environmental review process in place that informs landowners/developers Reporting Requirements: of what is on their property (or likely to be present) and what A report is required annually, but only if trapping is taking they can do to protect them. In most cases, however, land- place on state lands or ponds or if the trapper is under inves- owners/developers are not legally bound to implement the tigation. It is unknown whether or not the report data are recommendations. There are some county regulations that considered reliable or accurate enough to determine harvest include state-endangered species’ habitat protection. numbers or to assess the use’s impact on the herpetofauna Both collection (removal from the wild) and possession resource. are addressed in the same regulation. In general, although it is unlawful to remove or possess many native species, Farming/Aquaculture: including their eggs, larvae or parts, it is permissible to col- General: lect and possess as a pet up to one each of the more common It is generally not allowed. A permit from the director species without a permit (a list is provided in the regulation). would be required. Currently, two people have requested Additionally, if people have documentation that additional permits which have not yet been granted. It is highly unlikely animals were legally purchased or bred out of state, they may that permits would be granted for this purpose. Native spe- possess these animals without a permit. cies that are not listed as state or federally threatened or endangered can be sold and purchased without a permit if the Regulations: seller and buyer can provide documentation that the animal

ThereDELAWARE is a 23-step process for changing Department of was legally purchased and transported from another state. It Natural Resources and Environmental Control (DNREC) is unlawful to release captive-bred animals into the wild.

32 Association of Fish & Wildlife Agencies 33 State of the Union DELAWARE

Personal Collection

Methods of Take: Snapping turtle and frog methods are listed above. Other turtles can only be taken by hand, turtle trap, or dowel-and- line. Other methods of take are not specified.

Limits (See Appendix B): Delaware allows people to possess one individual of each of the most common species, except the terrapin daily limit is 4 during the season described below. There is a size limit for killing snapping turtles, described above. A list of species that may be possessed without a permit can be found in section 15.2. For the remaining (non-federally listed) species, people can request a permit from the director of the Division. Such permits are generally not granted © J.P. unless an individual is taking in and caring for non-releas- Wild Native Species: able animals. A permit from the director would need to be requested if anyone wanted to collect native species for aquaculture or to Seasons: own/collect more than one individual of any native species The terrapin season is September 1 through November not listed above. None have been granted. 15. There are no specified seasons for other species listed in section 15.2, except as listed above for bullfrogs and snap- Agency with Regulatory Authority: ping turtles. The Division of Fish and Wildlife regulates for all native species. Reporting Requirements: No reports are required. Regulations: http://delcode.delaware.gov/title7/c001/index.shtml Regulations: Updated 2010 http://regulations.delaware.gov/AdminCode/title7/3000/ http://regulations.delaware.gov/AdminCode/title7/3000/ 3900%20Wildlife/3900.shtml, 4.16 Terrapin, 4.15 Snapping 3900%20Wildlife/3900.shtml, 15.3 Captive Breeding, Turtles, 4.5 Bullfrogs, 15.2 Collection and Possession of 4.15 Snapping Turtles, 4.5 Bullfrogs, 15.1 Commercial Reptiles and Amphibians, 15.5 Take of Turtles Collection Updated 2010

State Permits/Licenses Required: Penalties for Avg. # Permits Issued/Yr Collection Type Permit Required Permit Fee Violation (based on last 10 yrs) Snapping turtle (hunting/ $25.00 Commercial trapping license) resident, $130.00 $25.00 – $10,000* Don’t know/Not Tracked Bullfrog (hunting/fishing license) nonresident Special permit from the Aquaculture None Same as above None director Special permit from the Personal director for any native species None Mostly $25.00 fines < 50 not listed in 15.2 of Wildlife Regulations Scientific Scientific Collecting Permit None Mostly $25.00 fines < 50 *Most would be class C environmental misdemeanors and have penalties ranging from $50.00-$250.00

State of the Union 34 Association of Fish & Wildlife Agencies 35 Scientific Collection Corn Snakes are listed as state endangered and, therefore, cannot be possessed or sold without a permit from the direc- Methods of Take: tor. Because designer corn snakes are common in the pet Methods allowed are case-by-case. Each application is trade and pose no threat to native populations (as long as reviewed and some permits include conditions on capture breeders don’t remove native individuals and people don’t methods. release their pets), a special permitting process is being developed to protect the native animals while not hindering Limits: trade in the captive bred animals. Limits are case-by-case. Each application is reviewed and some permits include conditions such as limits on the num- Disease Testing: ber of individuals captured, vouchered, marked, etc. Native Delaware does not require testing for disease/pathogens species collected from the wild may be released at the loca- prior to native herpetofauna species being (1) exported from tion where they were found but only if held in captivity for or imported into the state, or (2) sold/used for bait in bod- 30 days or less. ies of water other than their collection locations (within the state). Seasons: N/A “Nuisance” or “Urban” Wildlife Issues: The Division handles calls that come in, but the SPCA Reporting Requirements: also handles calls. There are no firm guidelines in place, but Permit holders are required to report activities and find- Division personnel generally ask for a description of the ani- ings yearly. A copy of any published report or journal article mal, determine the species, and then provide the caller with must also be submitted. Most of the people who are issued information about the species. They provide advice on how permits are researchers and are likely to report accurate to get animals safely out of the dwelling without animal or findings. human injury. They also try to educate callers on the impor- tance of the species. If the homeowner insists that someone Regulations: come and remove the animal, they typically provide hom- http://regulations.delaware.gov/AdminCode/title7/3000/ eowners with a list of licensed wildlife control companies. 3900%20Wildlife/3900.shtml. Confiscation & Unusual Circumstances Confiscated Animals: Confiscated animals are dealt with on a case-by-case basis. So far, Delaware has been able to place all of them with nature centers, educational facilities, or trusted individuals. They are never released if they’ve been in captivity for 30 days or more and/or authorities cannot find out the location from which they were taken.

Unusual Regulations: Delaware has a regimented bog turtle surveyor qualifi- cation process that includes specific requirements before biologists are allowed to conduct bog turtle surveys for development projects. The Division provides the protocol and process to biologists who ask for it. It is not posted on the web site at this time. There is no cost for applying to be a Delaware-approved bog turtle surveyor. One penalty for violating the permit agreement is removal from the list. If the violation includes take under the U.S. Endangered Species Act, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service would determine the appropriate penalty. © VICTOR YOUNG / NHFG © VICTOR

34 Association of Fish & Wildlife Agencies 35 State of the Union DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA © J.G.H.

General Seasons: Prohibited Classification and Conservation (See Appendix C): Amphibians and reptiles are considered nongame, and are Reporting Requirements: managed under the District Department of the Environment N/A (DDOE). Under District of Columbia (District) Official Code - DC ST 1981 § 6-923 DC 8-103.03, Protection of Farming/Aquaculture: Aquatic Life, the Mayor protects aquatic animals and is General: tasked with preserving and restoring aquatic life in District Prohibited waters for aesthetic enjoyment, recreation, and industry. The Mayor is also tasked with studying the numbers and well- Wild Native Species: being of aquatic animals, and determines the need to license Prohibited or otherwise limit fishing, hunting, sport, or industry which Agency with Regulatory Authority: would take or destroy aquatic life or the aquatic habitat. Wildlife is regulated by the Council of the District of The Mayor may enter into agreements with state and fed- Columbia. eral agencies to manage and protect aquatic life, including protection of aquatic life that may be considered a nuisance. Regulations: All wildlife in the District is protected, meaning that none http://os.dc.gov/os/frames.asp?doc=/os/lib/os/info/odai/ may be killed or otherwise taken, except in accordance with title_19/15.pdf District of Columbia Municipal Regulations (DCMR) 19- DC ST 1981 § 6-923 DC 8-103.03 Protection of Aquatic COLUMBIA 1560 (http://os.dc.gov/os/frames.asp?doc=/os/lib/os/info/ Life odai/title_19/15.pdf). The District distinguishes between collection (take from DC 8-1808, Prohibited Conduct the wild) and possession regulations as follows: Collection may only be done for purposes of scientific collecting under Personal Collection OF a Scientific Collection Permit. No commercial or personal Methods of Take: collection from the wild is allowed. In DC ST 8-1808, Prohibited Prohibited Conduct, no person may possess, barter, or trade as a household pet any member of the animal kingdom, with Limits (See Appendix B): the exception of non-venomous snakes and turtles tradition- Prohibited ally kept for household purposes rather than commercial purposes. Seasons: Prohibited Regulatory Process: Regulation changes require approval from the Council of Reporting Requirements: the District of Columbia. N/A District laws can be accessed at http://government. westlaw.com/linkedslice/default.asp?SP=DCC-1000 District regulations pertaining to Wildlife can be accessed at http://os.dc.gov/os/frames.asp?doc=/os/lib/os/info/odai/ title_19/15.pdf Commercial Collection Methods of Take: Prohibited DISTRICT Limits (See Appendix A): Prohibited © J. D. WILSON

State of the Union 36 Association of Fish & Wildlife Agencies 37 DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA

Regulations: DCMR 19-1505 Same as above http://www.dcregs.org/Gateway/RuleHome. aspx?RuleNumber=19-1505 Scientific Collection Confiscation & Unusual Circumstances Methods of Take: Subject to approval by DDOE Confiscated Animals: Under DCMR 19-1507 Search and Inspection 1507.1.b Limits: (http://os.dc.gov/os/frames.asp?doc=/os/lib/os/info/odai/ Subject to approval by DDOE title_19/15.pdf), a conservation officer may conduct a search and inspection if the officer has probable cause to believe that Seasons: the person has violated a provision of the chapter. There is no Any seasonal restrictions are specified in the permit, as regulation pertaining to disposition of confiscated animals. approved by DDOE. Unusual Regulations: Reporting Requirements: The District has no unusual regulations. All data and subsequent reports shall be submitted to Disease/Pathogen Testing: DDOE. There is no regulation for disease/pathogen testing of Regulations: exported herpetofauna, nor imported (non-native) snakes http://os.dc.gov/os/frames.asp?doc=/os/lib/os/info/odai/ and turtles to be used as household pets. title_19/15.pdf Nuisance or Urban Wildlife Issues: DCMR 19-1501 The Department of Health (DOH) deals with calls of http://www.dcregs.org/Gateway/RuleHome. nuisance wildlife, but there are no specifics relating to her- aspx?RuleNumber=19-1501 petofauna species.

Permits/Licenses Required: Penalties for Avg. # Permits Issued/Yr Collection Type Permit Required Permit Fee Violation (based on last 10 yrs) First - $1,000.00 Second -$2,000.00 Commercial Prohibited N/A N/A Third - $4,000.00 Fourth - $8,000.00 First - $1,000.00 Second -$2,000.00 Aquaculture Prohibited N/A N/A Third - $4,000.00 Fourth - $8,000.00 First - $1,000.00 Second -$2,000.00 Personal Prohibited N/A N/A Third - $4,000.00 Fourth - $8,000.00 Scientific Collection Permit Permit revoked and Unknown (SCP) -nonprofit or public No charge permit holder may be Scientific institutions subject to other civil SCP– for-profit institutions $25 infractions. Unknown

*Penalty is for commercial collection of any reptile or amphibian other than snapping turtles. **Zoo and nature centers are exempt.

36 Association of Fish & Wildlife Agencies 37 State of the Union FLORIDA © JOHN WHITE

General wooden pegs less than two (2) inches in length attached to a hand-held restraining line; harpoons, gigs, and snatch hooks; Classification and Conservation (See Appendix C): and manually operated spears, spearguns, gig-equipped bang Reptiles and amphibians are considered nongame. sticks, crossbows, and bows with projectiles attached to a “Nongame” includes all species and populations of indig- restraining line. The use of firearms other than bang sticks enous wild vertebrates in the state that are not defined as and gig-equipped bang sticks is prohibited from sunset to game. General restrictions on take of wildlife can be found sunrise. Light may be used in conjunction with these meth- in Florida Administrative Code (F.A.C.) 68A-4.001 – 4.008, ods. Turtles for use in aquaculture may be taken with hand, for reptiles in F.A.C.68A-25.002 and for amphibians in baited hooks, minnow seine nets, or dip nets (no wild-caught F.A.C.68A-26.002. Endangered and threatened species and turtles can be sold). Frogs and other amphibians may be taken species of concern, listed in F.A.C.68A-27.003 – 27.005, are throughout the year by gigs, clubs, blow guns, hook and line, protected from any take. For the purpose of this report “pro- or manually; or by shooting during daylight hours (F.A.C. tected” would mean “species for which a season for taking 68A-26.002). There is no set method for other non-venom- or bag limit has been established”. Other protective provi- ous reptiles, but the use of gasoline or any other chemical sions are established for Endangered/Threatened/Species of or gaseous substances to drive wildlife from their retreats is Special Concern, https://www.flrules.org/gateway/chapter- prohibited. home.asp?chapter=68A-27. Florida distinguishes between collection and possession Limits (See Appendix A): in that each are defined differently; more specifically there Two alligators may be taken per Alligator Trapper are differences among definitions of take, possession, and License issued; purchase of CITES tags are required with harvest (F.A.C. 68A-1.004). The term take is inclusive of these licenses. Wild-caught turtles cannot be sold but may be collection from the wild, as well as pursuing or molesting used for commercial aquaculture, with appropriate permits. an individual animal. Possession relates to having an indi- No person may take Escambia map turtles (Graptemys ern- vidual animal on one’s person or property. Harvest pertains sti), cooters (Pseudemys spp.), snapping turtles (Chelydra more specifically to commercial activities. There are distinct spp.), or any turtle listed in Rule 68A-27.005, F.A.C., from take and possession limits for many native herpetofauna, the wild for any purpose. No person may possess more than and either activity may or may not be subject to permits/ two Escambia map turtles, two diamond-backed terrapins licenses, depending on the species, but all are subject to (Malaclemys terrapin), two box turtles (Terrapene caro- caging and husbandry standards found in F.A.C. 68A-6, if lina), or two loggerhead musk turtles (Sternotherus minor). kept alive (https://www.flrules.org/gateway/chapterhome. There are no daily bag limits, only aggregate annual limits asp?chapter=68a-6). for turtle species other than those noted above that are col- Applicable regulations can be found at https://www. lected for aquaculture. NOTE: Permits for turtles used for flrules.org/gateway/chapterhome.asp?chapter=68A-25 aquaculture will expire in April 2012 with renewals, if any, (reptiles) and https://www.flrules.org/gateway/chapterhome. to be determined by decision of the Commission. Species asp?chapter=68A-26 (amphibians). protected under the Endangered Species Act (present or future) are automatically restricted from collection (F.A.C. Regulatory Process: The legislature can create laws (statutes) relative to wild- 68A-27.003). Gopher tortoises and their eggs may not be life, when they relate to creating a license, the costs or fees transported or sold, and their burrows may not be damaged associated with that license, and penalties for violating the or destroyed unless authorized by permit. Florida pine snakes statutes. The Commission can create regulations in aid of the may not be sold. For all other open season, unrestricted statutes. This is where bag limits, possession limits, species amphibians and non-venomous reptiles, there are no limits, restrictions, and other detailed regulations are promulgated. except any person taking for sale or selling frogs shall be licensed as provided by Section 379.363, F.S.

CommercialFLORIDA Collection Seasons: Methods of Take: Alligators may be taken year round for alligator manage- Under F.A.C. 68A-25.032, alligators may be taken by ment programs on private lands. There are no closed seasons the use of firearms, live traps, set hooks, and snares; baited, for other non-venomous reptiles and amphibians.

State of the Union 38 Association of Fish & Wildlife Agencies 39 FLORIDA

Reporting Requirements: https://www.flrules.org/gateway/chapterhome. Yearly reporting is required on all inventories (captive asp?chapter=68A-26 and wild) maintained for commercial purposes. Data are https://www.flrules.org/gateway/chapterhome. maintained and analyzed by the Commission. All opti- asp?chapter=68A-27 mum/maximum sustainable-use harvest programs, like the Florida Rules (last update 8/26/2010): alligator management program, need to have both a moni- https://www.flrules.org/gateway/chapterhome. toring element and reporting element. Without any popu- asp?chapter=68a-6 lation monitoring, it would not be possible to assess the impact of harvests (i.e., what’s reported) and adjust harvest strategies to achieve the optimum/maximum sustainable Personal Collection level. However, through adequate reporting parameters and To collect or possess a venomous species, a Venomous strict enforcement of those reporting requirements, there is Reptiles License is required, and detailed requirements must potential for using harvest/unit effort or some such index be met (F.A.C. 68A-6.007). These include individuals at least to indicate the impacts of harvests on population levels. 18 years old at the time of permit application or licensed Population monitoring in conjunction with reporting is corporations authorized to do business in Florida; specifying considered the most robust approach, though. the location of the facility (or facilities) where the venomous reptile(s) will be kept and meeting specific facility require- Farming/Aquaculture: ments (subject to inspection and Commission approval General: prior to issuance of permit); proof of at least 1,000 hours of Aquaculture/farming is allowed for alligators and turtles, experience with care, feeding, handling and husbandry of with appropriate permits (see above). the venomous species (or similar species and no less than two letters of reference, or successful completion of a writ- Wild Native Species: ten examination (>80% correct) in lieu of documentation of Limited numbers of alligators and turtles may be caught experience; adherence to specific and detailed caging, enclo- from the wild for captive populations. See Commercial sure and labeling requirements (see also F.A.C. 68A-6.004); Collection above. bite and exposure protocols posted on the premises for each venomous species possessed; transportation requirements; Agency with Regulatory Authority: and a written Disaster and Critical Incident Plan. The limits are set by the Florida Fish and Wildlife Commission. Methods of Take: Methods for non-venomous reptiles are the same as those listed for commercial collection above. Turtles may be taken Regulations: with hand, baited hooks, minnow seine nets, or dip nets. 379.3011 - .3017 Alligator trapping regulations 379.372 Capturing, keeping, possessing, transporting, or Limits (See Appendix B): exhibiting venomous reptiles or reptiles of concern Except turtle species listed below, which would require 379.3761 Exhibition or sale of wildlife; fees; special permits, one turtle may be taken per day and only one classifications turtle may be transported at a time. Turtle eggs may not be 379.363 Freshwater fish dealer’s license taken from the wild. No person may take Escambia map tur- 379.3762 Pesonal Possession of Wildlife tles (Graptemys ernsti), cooters (Pseudemys spp.), snapping turtles (Chelydra spp.), or any turtle listed in F.A.C. 68A- http://www.leg.state.fl.us/statutes/index.cfm?App_ 27.005, from the wild. No person may possess more than mode=Display_Statute&Search_String=&URL=Ch0379/ two Escambia map turtles, two diamond-backed terrapins part04.htm (Malaclemys terrapin), two box turtles (Terrapene carolina), Florida Rules (last update 7/20/2009): or two loggerhead musk turtles (Sternotherus minor). https://www.flrules.org/gateway/chapterhome. Limits for amphibians and non-venomous reptiles are asp?chapter=68a-25 the same as those listed for commercial collection above,

38 Association of Fish & Wildlife Agencies 39 State of the Union FLORIDA including those restricted from collection or possession fall season. There are no closed seasons for other non-ven- as noted in F.A.C. 68A-27.003. Commercial collection of omous reptiles and amphibians. turtles is prohibited. There is a possession limit of one for the Florida pine snake. Permits must be renewed annually Reporting Requirements: for protected species. There are no reporting requirements.

Seasons: Regulations: No softshell turtles (Apalone spp.) may be taken from the Regulations for personal collection are the same as wild during the period May 1 to July 31. above for commercial collection, and 379.3762, Personal Alligator hunting may only occur during an established Possession of Wildlife.

Penalties for Avg. # Permits Issued/Yr Collection Type Permit Required Permit Fee Violation (based on last 10 yrs) Criminal penalties L2: $0-$500, minimum fine; for 2nd violation, Class III wildlife permit $50.00 to sell/yr >200 $250; and 3rd violation, $750; possible license suspensions Criminal penalties L3: $0-$1000, minimum $272.00 R, fine; for 2nd violation, Alligator Trapper license Tracked; number not reported $1,022.00 NR $750; and 3rd violation, $1,000; possible license suspensions Criminal penalties L3 Alligator Trapper Agent $ 52.00 Tracked; number not reported Commercial Same as above CITES tags (required with $62.00 each Tracked; number not reported Alligator Trapper License) (includes 2 tags) $25.00 R Commercial fishing license >200 $100 NR Criminal penalties L2: $0-$500, minimum $40.00 R Freshwater fish dealer’s license fine; for 2nd violation, >200 $100 NR $250; and 3rd viola- $150.00/yr (up to tion, $750; possible Class II wildlife (alligator sale or 25 animals) license suspensions >50 <200 exhibit) $250.00/yr (>25 animals) Alligator Processor $250.00 <50 Alligator Farming $250.00 Criminal penalties L2: >50 <200 Farming Agent $ 51.50 $0-$500, minimum Tracked; number not reported fine; for 2nd violation, Aquaculture Hatchlings or eggs from the $250; and 3rd viola- $2.00-$5.00 each <50 (each, hatchlings or eggs) wild tags tion, $750; possible license suspensions Criminal penalties L2 Class I, II or III wildlife permit $50.00-$250.00/yr Tracked; number not reported (same as above) Personal Criminal penalties L2 Venomous Reptiles license $100.00/yr Not Reported (same as above) Criminal penalties L2 Scientific Class I, II or III wildlife permit $50.00-$250.00/yr Tracked; number not reported (same as above) Permits/Licenses Required: R=Resident; NR=Nonresident, NRY=Nonresident youth (under 16)

State of the Union 40 Association of Fish & Wildlife Agencies 41 Scientific Collection approved Division facility is not adequate, an off-site location approved by the Regional Commander will be selected Methods of Take: and monitored by the Evidence Custodian or designee. All Methods are restricted case by case, based on the purpose required documentation will be maintained in the Regional of study or zoo collection goals, but may include those not Evidence Log indicating the off-site location and reason allowed under other licenses. for the off-site storage. The Evidence Chain of Custody Tags (FWC/DLE-074) will be maintained with the seized Limits: item(s), if feasible. In all cases, photographs are to be taken Limits vary depending upon the purpose of study and of the seized live evidence or property unless approved by species being collected a supervisor due to equipment failure or special circumstances. The circumstances are documented on the Incident Seasons: Summary Report (FWC/DLE-045). Seasons do not apply to Scientific Collection permit holders. Disease/Pathogens Testing: Reporting Requirements: No disease testing is required for imported or exported Reports for scientific collection are permit specific and animals or animals used as bait. may require different information and or data to be provided. Thus the usefulness for determining harvesting impacts may Nuisance/Urban Wildlife Issues: vary. Florida has a Nuisance Wildlife rule, F.A.C. 68A-9.010 https://www.flrules.org/gateway/RuleNo.asp?ID=68A-9.010. Regulations: This rule is up before the Commission for modification, Regulations are the same as above for commercial and http://www.myfwc.com/COMMISSION/2010/Comm_10_ personal collection. AgendaFeb.htm, 4.A.2.a. This rule allows the homeowner or property owner to deal with nuisance wildlife with certain restrictions. Some, Confiscation & Unusual Circumstances but not all, animal control or other municipal agencies may Confiscation is dealt with on a case-by-case basis. respond to assist citizens with some nuisance wildlife situ- General orders address evidence. Under General Order ations. All of these agencies have their own specific guide- (G.O.) 16, the welfare of the resource being seized, as well lines and protocols. as the safety of others, must be considered when determining the storage of live evidence or property. In some cases Unusual Regulations: constructive seizure may be the best option available. If the No unusual regulations were reported. © JOHN WHITE

40 Association of Fish & Wildlife Agencies 41 State of the Union GEORGIA © J.D. WILSON

General Commercial Collection Classification and Conservation (See Appendix C): Methods of Take: All reptile and amphibians are considered nongame, Commercial turtle hoop traps must have a single open- except alligators, which are game. Under Georgia Code ing mouth at least 32” wide and a 10” diameter ring in the 27-1-28, it unlawful to hunt, trap, fish, take, possess, or back so that fish can escape. There are no other regulated transport any nongame species, with 14 exceptions listed in methods. the regulation. Four of the exceptions are freshwater turtles, poisonous snakes, frogs, and spring lizards. Additionally, Limits (See Appendix A): any species that are state or federally listed are prohibited Currently, there is no limit for those species that can be from take except with a valid scientific collection or wild- taken. However, in 2010, a law was passed giving the Board life exhibition permit. Species protected by the state that are of Natural Resources the authority to promulgate new rules not federally listed are protected only from direct take on regulating the sale, export, and farming of freshwater turtles. private land, but are protected from both direct and indirect These rules are in development. Wild alligators can’t be take on public land. Any unprotected reptile or amphibian commercially sold or traded. can be kept without any permits, licenses, or limits. They may not be displayed without a Wildlife Exhibitors Permit. Seasons: Hunting alligators would be authorized with a hunting There are no closed seasons set by law. permit. Georgia does not distinguish between collection (removal Reporting Requirements: from the wild) and possession regulations for native amphib- There are no reporting requirements set by law. ians and/or reptiles. Farming/Aquaculture: Regulatory Process: General: Regulations require approval from the Board of There are no regulations against farming unregulated/ Natural Resources, but currently all protected Georgia unprotected nongame species, and there are turtle farms and herpetofauna are protected by law, not regulation, so these one bullfrog farm which are currently in operation and not regulations must be approved by legislature and governor. regulated by the Department of Natural Resources (DNR). However, in 2010, a law was passed giving the Board of However, in 2010, a law was passed giving the Board of Natural Natural Resources the authority to promulgate new rules Resources the authority to promulgate new rules regulating regulating the sale, export, and farming of freshwater the sale, export, and farming of freshwater turtles. These rules turtles. These rules are in development. are in development. Alligator farms are regulated.

Penalties for Avg. # Permits Issued/Yr Collection Type Permit Required Permit Fee Violation (based on last 10 yrs) COMMERCIAL FISHING GEORGIA License suspended or Commercial LICENSE FOR FRESHWATER $12 R $118 NR revoked* TURTLES ONLY License revocation & Aquaculture Alligator farming license $50 disposition of stock 50-200 (all permits/licenses) License suspended or Personal Alligator hunting license $50 revoked* License suspended or Wildlife Exhibition License $59 revoked* Scientific Denied, revoked, or Scientific Collection Permit $50 not renewed* Permits/Licenses Required: R=Resident; NR=Nonresident *$1500-$5000 or 1 year for further violations after licenses are suspended or revoked.

State of the Union 42 Association of Fish & Wildlife Agencies 43 GEORGIA

Wild Native Species: Scientific Collection Any unprotected reptile or amphibian, excluding alligators, may be collected from the wild for aquaculture or farm- Methods of Take: ing. Alligators can only be obtained from a licensed nuisance METHODS ARE SPECIFIED IN THE CONDITIONS OF trapper or from commercial sources. THE PERMIT, WHICH IS determined CASE-BY-CASE.

Agency with Regulatory Authority: Limits: DNR sets the regulations for alligator farms. There are LIMITS ARE SPECIFIED IN THE CONDITIONS OF THE also likely regulations set by the Department of Agriculture. PERMIT, WHICH IS determined CASE-BY-CASE. A complete and accurate Alligator Farm Annual Report form supplied by the DNR must be submitted to the DNR not later Seasons: SEASONS ARE SPECIFIED IN THE CONDITIONS OF THE than March 1 of each year, before an application for license PERMIT, WHICH IS determined CASE-BY-CASE. renewal will be considered. Reporting Requirements: Legal Authority: Annual reporting of species and number collected, as well Code 27-4-91 Lawful devices generally (updated 1982) as disposition, is required. The reports are as accurate as the http://law.justia.com/georgia/codes/27/27-4-91.html permittees’ honesty. Code 27-1-28 Take of nongame wildlife: http://law.justia.com/georgia/codes/27/27-1-28.html Legal Authority: Code 27-2-23 Commercial fishing licenses: Code 27-1-28 Take of nongame wildlife http://law.justia.com/georgia/codes/27/27-2-23.html Code 27-2-12 Scientific collecting permits: http://law. Rules 391-4-11-.01 - 391-4-11-.11 justia.com/georgia/codes/27/27-2-12.html http://rules.sos.state.ga.us/pages/GEORGIA_ Code 27-2-23 Wildlife exhibition license: DEPARTMENT_OF_NATURAL_RESOURCES/ http://law.justia.com/georgia/codes/27/27-2-23.html WILDLIFE_RESOURCES_DIVISION/COMMERCIAL_ ALLIGATOR_FARMING/index.html Confiscation & Unusual Circumstances Code 27-1-28 Take of nongame wildlife Confiscated Animals: There are no formal guidelines for confiscated animals. Personal Collection Confiscated animals that cannot be returned to the original Methods of Take: owner are placed with zoos or nature centers whenever pos- Take methods are not regulated. sible. Otherwise, they are euthanized.

Limits (See Appendix B): Unusual Regulations: There is a quota on the number of alligator hunting Georgia has Rattlesnake Roundups, but there are no laws licenses sold. There are no regulations for other unprotected or regulations specific to them, nor for any similarly unusual reptiles or amphibians. use.

Seasons: Disease/Pathogen Testing: There are no closed seasons for allowed species. No disease testing is required.

Reporting Requirements: Nuisance or Urban Wildlife Issues: There are no reporting requirements defined by law. This is handled case-by-case (no guidelines), but generally the person(s) with the complaint are told either how to Legal Authority: handle the issue themselves or they are told to contact an Code 27-1-28 Take of nongame wildlife animal control company/organization. The only exception is Code 27-2-1 - 27-2-42 Fishing and hunting licenses: for alligators, for which Georgia has guidelines to address http://law.justia.com/georgia/codes/27/27-2.html the issue.

42 Association of Fish & Wildlife Agencies 43 State of the Union IDAHO © VICTOR YOUNG / NHFG

General defined geographic areas); total captures by species; all GPS survey data; and disposition by species, kept in a transaction Classification and Conservation (See Appendix C): log. Idaho only has one commercial operator who collects Native amphibians and reptiles are classified as protected large numbers of herpetofauna. A new reporting guideline nongame, which protects all species from being killed or was asked of this collector in 2010. As of yet they have not taken from the wild, except those that are classified as unpro- seen his report. If he complies with the State’s request, they tected by the Fish and Game Commission (Idaho Code CH2, should get usable data. SECT36-201), or as authorized by a permit from the Idaho Fish and Game Commission. Commercialization is allowed Farming/Aquaculture: with a permit. Take of unprotected species may also require General: a permit from the Department of Agriculture. Threatened, Farming/Aquaculture is allowed through a commer- endangered, and special concern species are protected cial permit. Currently, Idaho has one alligator farm. The from take without a special permit. Protected is defined as: Department of Agriculture is allowing commercial fish per- “Wildlife may not be taken or possessed”. mit holders to commercialize native turtles, in conflict with Idaho makes no distinction between collection and pos- the Wildlife Agency. session. The Commission rule states, “No person shall capture alive, hold in captivity,kill, or possess at any time more than four (4) native reptiles or amphibians of any one species except as authorized by Commission Rule or permitted in writing by the Director” (13.01.10100.06b, http://adm.idaho. gov/adminrules/rules/idapa13/0110.pdf).

Regulatory Process: Regulation changes are approved by both the Commission and the legislature. The Commission creates regulation changes, with approval by the legislature of Commission action. Commercial Collection

MethodsIDAHO of Take: Methods allowed are by hand, noose, snake-hook, tongs, dip net, or snare. There are no limits on the number of tools used.

Limits (See Appendix A): Annual and site/locale limits are defined on a case-by- case basis.

Seasons: Seasons are specified in the permits. Only two commercial permits have been issued in 2009. One has no closed season. The other allows collection from April 1 – September 30.

Reporting Requirements: A report must be submitted within 30 days of expiration of the permit (December 31). The report must include a summary of daily captures (by species, sex, age, and some mutu- ally acceptable lumping of capture coordinates into well-

State of the Union 44 Association of Fish & Wildlife Agencies 45 IDAHO

Wild Native Species: Personal Collection Only the progeny of wild-caught amphibians or reptiles are unprotected and may be commercialized. Animals may Methods of Take: not be collected from the wild without a commercial collec- There are no restrictions on methods of take other than tion license. the prohibition of lethal methods.

Agency with Regulatory Authority: Limits (See Appendix B): The Wildlife Agency and Department of Agriculture Up to four individuals per species may be collected alive regulate. An individual breeding native reptiles and amphib- and held in captivity for personal non-commercial use, or ians for sale would be required to have a commercial wildlife gifted, with the issuance of a hunting license. Import is not facility permit issued by both agencies. Inspection of facili- allowed without an import license unless they are common ties may be conducted under Idaho Code 36-709. pets. There are no annual limits except up to 6 to rattlesnake skins may be sold or bartered annually by a holder of a hunt- Regulations: ing license. Idaho Code 36-201: http://www.legislature.idaho. gov/idstat/Title36/T36CH2SECT36-201.htm Seasons: Idaho administrative code IDAPA 13.01.10400, .06200 Collection is allowed year round. (1999): Reporting Requirements: http://adm.idaho.gov/adminrules/rules/idapa13/0110.pdf There are no reporting requirements. http://adm.idaho.gov/adminrules/rules/idapa13/0106.pdf Idaho Code 36-701: Regulations: Idaho Code 36-1101(a), 36-1401(c)1, http://www.legislature.idaho.gov/idstat/Title36/ T36CH7SECT36-701.htm http://www.legislature.idaho.gov/idstat/Title36/ T36CH11SECT36-1101.htm Idaho Code 36-709: http://www.legislature.idaho.gov/idstat/Title36/ http://www.legislature.idaho.gov/idstat/Title36/ T36CH14SECT36-1401.htm T36CH7SECT36-709.htm Idaho Code 36-201, 36-401, 36-501: http://www.legisla- Administrative Code: IDAPA 13.01.10100 (1999) ture.idaho.gov/idstat/Title36/T36CH2SECT36-201.htm http://adm.idaho.gov/adminrules/rules/idapa13/0110.pdf http://www.legislature.idaho.gov/idstat/Title36/

Penalties for Avg. # Permits Issued/Yr Collection Type Permit Required Permit Fee Violation (based on last 10 yrs) Commercial Collecting Permit $50** Permit suspension* <50 permits issued Commercial R-$12.75 May sell/barter up to six (6) rattlesnake Hunting License(personnal)*** Rattlesnakes NR-$154.75 skins annually*** Commercial Wildlife Facility Aquaculture No cost Permit suspension* N/A Permit R-$12.75 Misdemeanor fine: $25-$1000 fine, 0-6 Personal Hunting license NR-$154.75 Not Known/Not Tracked months jail, 0-3 year license suspension Scientific Scientific license $50** Permit suspension Not Known/Not Tracked

R=Resident; NR=Nonresident * Commercial collecting without a permit may be penalized as a felony: $25-$1000 fine, 0-6 months in jail, or lifetime license suspension. **2010 is the first year to charge for this permit. ***New Rule effective July 2010 allows individuals with a hunting license to sell up to 6 rattlesnake skins annually.

44 Association of Fish & Wildlife Agencies 45 State of the Union IDAHO

T36CH4SECT36-401.htm numbers or to assess the use’s impact on the herpetofauna http://www.legislature.idaho.gov/idstat/Title36/ resource. T36CH4SECT36-501.htm Regulations: Idaho Code 36-709 (inspection of facilities): Idaho Code 36-201: http://www.legislature.idaho. http://www.legislature.idaho.gov/idstat/Title36/ gov/idstat/Title36/T36CH2SECT36-201.htm T36CH7SECT36-709.htm Administrative Code: IDAPA 13.01.10100.06 (1999): Administrative Code: 13.01.10.010.09 (1999), IDAPA http://adm.idaho.gov/adminrules/rules/idapa13/0110.pdf 13.01.10100.06b, IDAPA 13.01200.10f: http://adm.idaho.gov/adminrules/rules/idapa13/0110.pdf Confiscation & Unusual Circumstances http://adm.idaho.gov/adminrules/rules/idapa13/0120.pdf Confiscation of Animals: Confiscation is decided case by case, with no standardized Scientific Collection guidelines. Commercialized animals may be placed with care- Methods of Take: takers; some are euthanized. For unlawful possession/import, Take methods are determined case by case. animals are usually retained by the owners and the owners are required to remove the animals from the state. Limits: Limits are determined case by case. Disease/Pathogens Testing: No testing is required of native herpetofauna in the state. Seasons: Imported herpetofauna are required to have a health cer- Collection season is determined by the permit term (from tificate, but the certificate does not require any real disease/ date of issue through December 31). pathogen testing.

Reporting Requirements: Nuisance or Urban Wildlife Issues: A report is required to the Idaho Department of Fish The Wildlife Agency handles these issues, with some and Game within 30 days of expiration of the permit. assistance by a rehabilitation/wildlife advocate group in the Data are usable and mostly reliable to determine harvest Boise area. There are no guidelines. © J.G.H.

State of the Union 46 Association of Fish & Wildlife Agencies 47 ILLINOIS © MIKE MARCHAND / NHFG

General regulated for aquaculture are native Illinois species and any “morphs” of them that appear on the Aquatic Life Approved Classification and Conservation (See Appendix C): Species list (Reg. Section 870.10). Reptiles and amphibians are classified as nongame “aquatic life”, as defined in the Illinois Code of Statutes 515, Wild Native Species: Chapter 56, Section 1-20. Nongame species protection var- Wild-caught animals from Illinois and any of their result- ies depending on the species’ status in Illinois. Any species ing progeny are prohibited from commercialization, so listed as endangered or threatened receive protection from therefore wild-caught animals cannot be used for augment- take. The Illinois Department of Natural Resources (IDNR) ing captive populations that will be later commercialized. has an informal “watch list” or “species of special concern” Agency with Regulatory Authority: list, but no additional protection is afforded them unless Regulation is by the IDNR. they are formally listed as endangered or threatened (E/T). All wild native reptiles and amphibians are protected from Regulations: commercialization by statute. Snake species not listed as Title 17: Conservation endangered or threatened are protected from outright killing other than by landowners on their own property. Aquatic life Chapter I: Department of Natural Resources that is specified by administrative rule as protected is called Subchapter b: Fish and Wildlife “indigenous aquatic life”, however all aquatic life within PART Part 880 The Taking of Reptiles and Amphibians the boundaries of the state fall under the jurisdiction of the Section 880.10 Prohibition of Commercial Use (updated State. 12/12/1991) Illinois does not distinguish between collection (removal http://dnr.state.il.us/legal/adopted/880.pdf from the wild) and possession regulations for native amphibians and/or reptiles. Code referenced: Sections 5/10-30, 10-35, 10-60, 10- 115, 20-5 and Regulatory Process: 20-90 of the Fish and Aquatic Life Code [515 ILCS] Statute is changed by the legislature, but administrative Illinois Regulations (updated 4/21/2003) rules are changed by the Commission. Commercial Collection Methods of Take: Commercial collection of reptiles and amphibians is not allowed in Illinois.

Limits: N/A

Seasons: N/A

Reporting Requirements: N/A

Farming/Aquaculture: General: Aquaculture is allowed. Any person commercializing Illinois native species must have either an aquaculture license ILLINOISor retail aquatic life dealer’s license and proof that the species

did not originate from the wild in Illinois. The only species YOUNG / NHFG © VICTOR

46 Association of Fish & Wildlife Agencies 47 State of the Union ILLINOIS

Part 870 Aquaculture, Transportation, Stocking, or serious injury of the animals captured. This does not Importation and/or Posession of Aquatic Life restrict the use of legally taken reptiles or amphibians as bait Section by anglers. Game species (primarily bullfrogs and non-E/T listed turtles) can be harvested for personal food with a sport 870.10 Aquatic Life Approved Species fishing license, but the possessions cannot exceed the limits 870.20 Aquaculture Permit Application Requirements listed below, and none of the meat or products of them can 870.30 Aquaculture Facility Requirements be commercialized. 870.40 Aquaculture Operational Rules Limits (See Appendix B): 870.50 Unlawful Acts Snakes (non-E/T listed species) can only be taken (killed 870.60 Restricted Species Transportation Permit or destroyed) by private landowners or tenants living on the Procedures land. No person may take or possess any species of reptile 870.70 Penalties or amphibian listed as endangered or threatened in Illinois 870.80 Exceptions (17 Ill. Adm. Code 1010), except as provided by 17 Ill. Adm. Code 1070. In addition, no person may possess live venom- http://dnr.state.il.us/legal/adopted/870.pdf ous reptiles. The daily catch limit for reptiles is eight (8) of Code referenced: Sections 1-20, 1-105, 1-125, 1-135, each species and for amphibians is eight (8) of each species. 1-140, 1-145 and 20-90 of the Fish and Aquatic Life Code The possession limit for reptiles is sixteen (16) of each spe- [515 ILCS] cies and for amphibians is sixteen (16) of each species. Take (515 ILCS 5/20 70) (from Ch. 56, par. 20 70): Sec. 20 of amphibians and reptiles is restricted in certain geographic 70. Non resident and resident aquatic life dealers (update areas (listed in Reg. Section 880.60). 8/14/2007): http://www.ilga.gov/legislation/ilcs/fulltext. Seasons: asp?DocName=051500050K20-70 Bullfrogs may be taken only between June 15 and August 31, both dates inclusive. All other species can be taken year Personal Collection round. Methods of Take: Reporting Requirements: Turtles may be taken only by hand, hook and line, or There are no reporting requirements. landing net. A landing net is defined in Regulation Section 880.20. Bullfrogs may be taken only by hook and line, gig, Regulations: pitchfork, spear, bow and arrow, hand, or landing net. No Part 880 The Taking of Reptiles and Amphibians person may take bullfrogs by commercial fishing devices, (updated 12/12/1991) including dip nets, hoop nets, traps or seines, or by the use of 880.20 Methods of Taking and Capture firearms, air guns, or gas guns. All other species of reptiles 880.30 Daily Catch and Possession Limits and amphibians may be captured by any device or method 880.40 Captive Born Reptiles and Amphibians which is not designed or intended to bring about the death 880.50 Protection of Habitat

Penalties for Avg. # Permits Issued/Yr Collection Type Permit Required Permit Fee Violation (based on last 10 yrs) Commercial Not allowed N/A N/A Not Tracked Aquaculture license $50/yr Up to $1,000* Aquaculture Retail aquatic life dealer’s $10/yr R, Not Tracked Up to $1,000* license $100/yr NR $5.50 – $375.00 R, Personal Sport fishing license Up to $1,000* Not Tracked $13.00-$24.50 NR Up to $1,000 plus Scientific Scientific license No cost suspension or Not Tracked revocation R=Resident; NR=Nonresident * Commercial collecting without a permit may be penalized as a felony: $25-$1000 fine, 0-6 months in jail, or lifetime license suspension.

State of the Union 48 Association of Fish & Wildlife Agencies 49 880.60 Areas Closed to the Taking of Reptiles and Code referenced: Sections 1-120, 1-135 and 20-100 of Amphibians the Fish and Aquatic Life Code [515 ILCS 5] and Sections 880.70 Additional Protective Regulations 1.2, 1.3, 2.1, 2.4, 3.22, and 3.26 of the Wildlife Code [520 ILCS 5] http://dnr.state.il.us/legal/adopted/880.pdf 17 Ill. Adm. Code Section 1010 (updated 9/1/2004): Confiscation & Unusual Circumstances http://dnr.state.il.us/LEGAL/ADOPTED/1010.pdf Confiscation of Animals: 17 Ill. Adm. Code Section 1070 (updated 9/1/2004): Confiscation is determined case by case; although, ani- http://dnr.state.il.us/LEGAL/ADOPTED/1070.pdf mals are generally placed in approved facilities whenever Code referenced: Sections 5/10-30, 10-35, 10-60, possible. In a few instances when there is exact locality 10-115, 20-5 and 20-90 of the Fish and Aquatic Life Code information on a confiscated specimen, and it hasn’t been [515 ILCS] in captivity too long, the animals may be returned to the collection locality.

Scientific Collection Disease/Pathogens Testing: Methods of Take: Illinois does not require testing for disease/pathogens The permittee’s method of taking herpetofauna must be prior to native herpetofauna species being exported from approved by the IDNR. Approved methods include but are or imported into the state or sold/used for bait in bodies of not limited to seines, electro-fishing, nets, hand, snap traps, water other than their collection locations within the state. live traps and foot-hold traps. All devices used for taking which are left unattended must have the permittee’s name, Nuisance or Urban Wildlife Issues: address, and scientific permit number visible on them. “Nuisance” or “urban” wildlife issues (e.g., snake in yard, etc.), dealing with native herpetofauna species, are usually Limits: referred to the Natural Heritage office. Limits are specified on the permit.

Seasons: Seasons are specified on the permit.

Reporting Requirements: The permittee submits an annual report to the IDNR of the past year’s activities, by January 31 of the following year, on forms provided by the IDNR. The permittee also provides the IDNR (2) two copies of all written reports resulting from the permitted activities. Permits are renewed only after copies of the annual report and all written reports have been received by the IDNR.

Regulations: Part 520 Scientific Permits (updated 1/26/1983) Sections: 520.10 Purpose 520.20 Requirements and Application 520.30 General Provisions 520.40 Renewal 520.50 Revocation and Suspension of Permits - Hearings and Appeals http://dnr.state.il.us/legal/adopted/520.pdf © JOHN WHITE

48 Association of Fish & Wildlife Agencies 49 State of the Union INDIANA © J. D. WILSON

General restrictions on the methods of take for authorized snakes, but only captive bred snakes may be sold by licensed breeders. Classification and Conservation (See Appendix C): Some species are considered game, and these are the Limits (See Appendix A): eastern snapping turtle, common softshell turtle, spiny soft- Holders of a Fish Hauler and Supplier Permit or Aquaculture shell turtle, bullfrog, and green frog. All other species that Permit can sell bullfrog and green frog tadpoles, and only are allowed to be taken from the wild are considered to be those that have a tail at least 1 inch long, as specified in 312 non-game species. All native species of reptiles and amphib- IAC 9-5-7(g)(4). There is no limit to the number that can be ians are protected by law in Indiana. which includes prohibi- sold, but there is a daily bag limit of 25 in combination (both tions against selling, trading, or bartering even if they were bullfrogs and green frogs combined) and a possession limit not collected from the wild, unless as provided in Indiana of 50. Only the following species of snakes can be collected, Administrative Code in 312 IAC Article 9, Rule 5 (Reptiles possessed, and their offspring sold under the reptile captive and Amphibians; IAC 9-5). Endangered species cannot be breeding license: eastern hog-nosed, gray (black) ratsnake, collected from the wild in Indiana and can only be possessed western fox snake, eastern black or prairie kingsnake, eastern under a scientific purposes license or wild animal posses- or red milksnake, and bull snake. No more than 4 of these sion permit. The eastern box turtle may not be collected from species of snakes can be taken from the wild per year, and the wild in Indiana, but one that is legally acquired may be breeding stock and sale size limits are listed for each species possessed with a special possession permit. An appropriate in 312 IAC 9-5-9. No other native reptiles or amphibians can license is required to collect any native reptiles and amphib- be sold or used for commercial purpose. ians from the wild unless exempt from needing a license under state law in IC14-22-11-1 and 14-22-11-8 subject to Seasons: bag and/or possession limits for both game and nongame spe- For frogs, the season is June 15 through April 30 of the cies. Additional details are provided in 312 IAC 9-5-1. following year; for snakes there is no season. Indiana does not currently distinguish between collection and possession regulations for native reptiles and amphibians. The possession limits apply, regardless of whether or not the animal was collected from the wild or obtained through another legal source. This is stated in Indiana Administrative Code in 312 IAC 9-5-6

Regulatory Process: To change regulations, approval must be obtained from the Natural Resources Commission. The proposed changes are presented along with a justification (new research, law enforcement investigations, etc.) to the Commission for preliminary adoption. Public comments are subsequently accepted and a public hearing is conducted, then the Natural Resources Commission must give final adoption. The State’s Office of Management and Budget, Attorney General’s Office, and Governor’s Office must also approve the changes.

CommercialINDIANA Collection Methods of Take: Tadpoles of bullfrogs and green frogs can be taken only as by product of a fish production operation by a holder of a fish

hauler and supplier permit or aquaculture permit. There are no YOUNG / NHFG © VICTOR

State of the Union 50 Association of Fish & Wildlife Agencies 51 INDIANA

Reporting Requirements: breeding purposes, the nine species of snakes listed previ- Quarterly reports are required for holders of aquacul- ously may be taken with the appropriate license. ture permits; holders of a reptile captive breeding license Agency with Regulatory Authority: must keep records, but no annual report is required; and Indiana Department of Natural Resources (DNR) regu- no report is required for holders of a fish hauler’s and lates all commercial collection, possession, sale and captive supplier’s permit. The reports from aquaculture permits rearing of reptiles and amphibians. are not useful for determining harvest numbers or impacts on the reptile and amphibian populations. The aquaculture Regulations: permit or fish hauler and supplier permit allows the sale Indiana Administrative Code: of only bullfrog and green frog tadpoles that have a tail at least 1 inch long and that come from only fish production 312 IAC 9-5-7(g)(4) (sale of bullfrog and green frog ponds on private property. tadpoles) 312 IAC 9-5-9 (reptile captive breeding license) Farming/Aquaculture: 312 IAC 9-10-17 (aquaculture permit) General: Except for the two exceptions listed herein, farming and 312 IAC 9-10-14 (fish hauler’s and supplier’s permit) aquaculture is generally not allowed in Indiana. http://www.in.gov/legislative/iac/T03120/A00090.PDF Wild Native Species: (search for regulation or use table of contents on left) Bullfrog and green frog tadpoles may be taken as byprod- Indiana Code referenced in regulations: http://www. uct in a commercial aquaculture operation. For captive in.gov/legislative/ic/code/title14/

Avg. # Permits Issued/Yr Collection Type Permit Required Permit Fee Penalties for Violation (based on last 10 yrs) Fish Hauler & Supplier Permit Free (R and NR) 50-200 (tadpoles only) Up to $500 fine, plus court Commercial cost, and up to 60 days in Reptile captive breeding license $15.00/yr R jail* 3 (snakes only)

Up to $500 fine, plus court Aquaculture Aquaculture Permit Free (R and NR) cost, and up to 60 days in 50-200 jail*

Varies, depending Up to $500 fine, plus court Hunting or fishing license on license type cost, and up to 60 days in Not known purchased jail*

Personal Up to $500 fine, plus court cost, and up to 60 Turtle possession permit Free days in jail* or Suspension, 50-200 every 3 years revocation, or confiscation of license and turtles

Up to $500 fine, plus court cost, and up to 60 Scientific Scientific purposes license $10.00/year days in jail or Suspension, 200 revocation, or confiscation of license and animals

R=Resident; NR=Nonresident * Class C misdemeanor

50 Association of Fish & Wildlife Agencies 51 State of the Union INDIANA

Personal Collection are prohibited from being taken from the wild and therefore require a permit to possess and proof of lawful acquisition. Methods of Take: The permit is free and the regulations governing the permit Authorized frogs can be taken only by the following are found in 312 IAC 9-5-11. methods: (1) a gig or spear having a head not more than three inches wide and a single row of tines; (2) bow and arrows; Seasons: (3) a club; (4) hands; (5) a single pole or hand line with not For game frogs the season is June 15 through April 30 more than one hook or artificial lure affixed; and (6) a .22 of the following year. For other allowed species, there is no caliber firearm, as long as the projectiles discharged from season. the barrel of the firearm are birdshot. A person may use a spotlight, a searchlight, or another artificial light to assist in Reporting Requirements: taking frogs. There are no restrictions on the methods of take There are no reporting requirements for the personal col- for authorized snakes. For authorized turtles, the following lection of reptiles and amphibians. methods may be used: (1) a trap, a net, or other mechanical device that has no opening below the surface of the water; Regulations: (2) hands; (3) a gaff; or (4) any method allowed for sport 312 IAC 9-5-1 (reptiles and amphibians) fishing. 312 IAC 9-5-4 (endangered species of reptiles and amphibians) Limits (See Appendix B):

312 IAC 9-5-6 (collection and possession of native © MIKE MARCHAND / NHFG Native reptiles and amphibians, except those classified as reptiles and amphibians) endangered or an eastern box turtle, may be collected from 312 IAC 9-5-11 (turtle possession permit) the wild with an appropriate hunting or fishing license, and retained in captivity as pets. The frogs and turtles which are Indiana Code referenced in regulations listed in regulation 312 IAC 9-5-6(c) and 312 IAC 9-5-6(d) (see above for links) are classified as game species. All other native species of reptiles and amphibians are non-game species, and no more Scientific Collection than 4 of each non-game species may be taken from the wild, with the exception that no eastern box turtle may be taken. Methods of Take: For the game species, no more than 25 may be collected per Scientific Purposes licenses are only issued to qualified day (in combination of frogs or turtles), and the possession individuals. Methods are restricted case by case, based on the limit is 50. Legally collected amphibians or reptiles held purpose of study, but may include those not allowed under for fewer than 30 days may be released at their capture site other licenses. if they have never been housed with another animal (312 Limits: IAC 9-5-6n). Exception: Indiana has a special turtle posses- Limits vary depending upon the purpose of study and sion permit that is designed primarily to allow individuals species being collected. to lawfully possess eastern box turtles. Eastern box turtles Seasons: Seasons do not apply to holders of valid scientific purposes licenses.

Reporting Requirements: An annual report is required 60 days after permit expiration (December 31). The annual reports for the scientific purposes license provide accurate data on the species that are found, the location, and the numbers. They help determine presence/absence of species and sometime population densities. These reports would not be helpful to determine harvest numbers because most of the species can be collected from the wild by individuals without this special license. However, they can provide status, location and

State of the Union 52 Association of Fish & Wildlife Agencies 53 © MIKE MARCHAND / NHFG

Regulations: native herpetofauna and green and bull frog tadpoles sold/used Indiana Code: as bait in bodies of water other than their collection location. IC 14-22-22 (Scientific purpose license) Nuisance or Urban Wildlife Issues: http://www.in.gov/legislative/ic/code/title14/ar22/ch22.html In Indiana, a person can take a reptile or an amphibian Indiana Administrative Code that is causing damage on his/her own farmland if it is a 312 IAC 9-10-6 (Scientific purposes license) species that can be legally taken from the wild. However, if it is not on his/her own farmland, he/she must have a hunt- 312 IAC 9-10-9.5 (Special purpose educational permit) ing or fishing license to take it. To take a number of nui- Indiana Code referenced in regulations sance reptiles or amphibians that exceeds the bag limit, or (see above for links) in a manner that is not legal, a nuisance wild animal control permit is required. It is free of charge and the person must complete a permit application. There is an annual reporting Confiscation & Unusual Circumstances requirement of the species taken, number taken by species, Confiscation of Animals: and method of disposition. The DNR does allow venomous Confiscation is dealt with on a case-by-case basis. snakes that are endangered species to be killed or removed Final disposition of confiscated animals is at the discre- if they are threatening life or property (Indiana Code 14-22- tion of the Indiana DNR. However, common species of 34-16). If people have a question or concern about a snake turtles such as red-eared sliders are usually euthanized in the yard or want help with trying to keep snakes and other because there are few, if any, places that will take them. reptiles or amphibians from their property, they can go to the DNR’s website and find information on how to legally Disease/Pathogens Testing: prevent or control nuisance animals (including reptiles and A certificate of veterinary inspection (health certificate) amphibians), or they can call a district wildlife biologist for is required for box turtles that are imported into Indiana and information. The DNR’s guidelines are on the following possessed under a special turtle possession permit. An impor- website: www.in.gov/dnr/fishwild/2351.htm. The DNR also tation permit is required to import reptiles or amphibians for directs people to the following website: http://www.icwdm. the purpose of release into the wild or sale for release into the org/handbook/index.asp#rae. For problems with snapping wild, and a health certificate would be required to do this. No turtles in ponds, the DNR also has information in its fish disease testing is required to export reptiles or amphibians out pond management booklet that is online at: http://www. of Indiana. There is no disease testing requirements for non- in.gov/dnr/fishwild/3356.htm.

52 Association of Fish & Wildlife Agencies 53 State of the Union IOWA © PAUL BLOCK

General Iowa distinguishes between collection and possession of native herpetofauna in regulations. For turtles, a person may Classification and Conservation (See Appendix C): only collect the four species listed under commercial per- Those species for which collection for sport or com- mits (spiny softshell, smooth softshell painted, and common mercial use is allowed are under the regulatory authority snapping turtles) using a sporting or commercial permit. Any of the Iowa DNR’s fisheries bureau. However, reptiles and species other than those four could only be collected under a amphibians are also considered nongame in the sense that scientific collecting permit. the wildlife bureau’s diversity program conducts research and conservation activities targeting them. For turtles, only Regulatory Process: smooth softshell, spiny softshell, painted, and common If regulation changes only require changes to an admin- snapping turtles can be harvested. For snakes, only garter istrative rule, then the Commission approval only is needed. snakes and timber rattlesnakes are unprotected, with limited If regulation changes require change to Iowa Code, then harvest of rattlesnakes in certain counties. For frogs, there is approval of the legislature is required. limited take allowed of 12 (daily and possession) for bullfrogs. Other frogs may be taken for bait or food with a 48 Commercial Collection daily and 96 possession. Other reptiles and amphibians may not be taken except by special license or permit. Amphibians Methods of Take: and reptiles designated as endangered, threatened, or spe- The method of taking turtles shall only be by hand, turtle cial concern in Iowa are listed in Administrative Code 571 hook, turtle trap, licensed commercial fishing gear in the (Natural Resources), Chapter 77 (77.2). Protected species Mississippi and Missouri Rivers only, and hook-and-line. include all nongame species, except those that are excluded Turtle traps shall be constructed with no more than one from protection due to their abundance or habits. Those spe- throat or funneling device. The last hoop to the tail-line of cies which are not protected are designated as such by the turtle traps shall have a functional escape hole provided with IOWA Natural Resources Commission. a minimum diameter in all directions of 7½ inches to allow passage of fish and small turtles. Barrel- and floating-type turtle traps must have a functional escape hole below the water surface with a minimum diameter in all directions of 7½ inches. Other conditions are specified in regulations (571-86.1). A person taking frogs in Iowa must have a fishing license. There is a continuous open season on frogs except the endangered crayfish frog. You cannot use any device, net, barrier or fence which prevent frogs from having free access to and from the water. A person cannot transport any frogs taken in Iowa across state lines. You can purchase, sell or possess frogs or any portion of their carcasses that have been taken legally and shipped in from outside the state. You can catch frogs on your own land for you own private use. Conditions specified in the take of frogs are found in regulations (571-86.1).

Limits (See Appendix A): It is unlawful to take, possess, or sell any species of turtles except painted turtles, common snapping turtles, and softshell turtles. The taking of turtle eggs from wild nests is prohibited. The sale of live or dressed turtles is not permitted with a sport fishing license. A commercial turtle license is

State of the Union 54 Association of Fish & Wildlife Agencies 55 IOWA

pounds of dressed turtles. The holder of a commercial turtle Farming/Aquaculture: license may sell live or dressed turtles. Frogs may be taken General: by holders of a fishing license, excluding crawfish frogs, but Farming/aquaculture is allowed in Iowa with an aquacul- they may be used for bait or food purposes only. No person ture unit license, for the same species authorized above for may take more than four dozen frogs in any one day or have commercial take, in accordance with conditions in regula- in possession at any one time more than eight dozen frogs, tions (571-89.1-89.3). except bullfrogs (12 daily bag limit, 12 possession limit). Licensed bait dealers authorized by law to sell bait may have Wild Native Species: in their possession, to supply the bait needs of their custom- License holders may not use wild-caught animals as ers, not more than twenty dozen frogs. breeding stock. Agency with Regulatory Authority: Seasons: The Wildlife Bureau regulates farming/aquaculture. Iowa does not have a designated season for commercial collection of frogs or other herpetofauna. Regulations: Title 9, Subtitle 6 (updated 2009) Reporting Requirements: Iowa Code 482 Commercial fishing (482.1, 482.4, and Monthly reports from harvesters and buyers (new in 2009) 482.11(turtles)) are required and analyzed by the Iowa DNR fisheries bureau. The data provided from commercial permit reports are use- Iowa Code 481A Wildlife Conservation (481A.38, ful because they are the only way to track turtle harvest and 481A.39, 481A.84 (frogs)) trends. There is the possibility that harvest is under-reported, http://coolice.legis.state.ia.us/Cool-ICE/default.asp? and Iowa is taking some steps to reduce that possibility. They category=billinfo&service=IowaCode (type in “chapter. do ask harvesters to report average turtle weight, which may section” in search) provide some information about age structure of the popu- Administrative Code 571, Chapter 86.1 (turtles) lation. In-depth research on turtle population trends and recruitment would be more useful than reliance solely on the http://www.legis.state.ia.us/aspx/ACODOCS/ harvest data to assess the use’s impact on the turtle resource. DOCS/571.86.pdf (updated 1/11/2006) However, Iowa has been unable to find a source of funds to Iowa Code 481A.141 Aquaculture - license required dedicate to this research to date. (2009)

Penalties for Avg. # Permits Issued/Yr Collection Type Permit Required Permit Fee Violation (based on last 10 yrs) $100 R, $400.00 NR Commercial Commercial Turtle license $100 R buyer $195.00 50 to 200 $400 NR buyer

$27.50 R, Loss of license and Aquaculture Aquaculture Unit license $58.00 NR <50 scheduled fine $50

$8 - $51 R, Personal Sport fishing license (turtles)* $9 - $39.50 NR $100.00 Not Known/Not Tracked

Scientific Collecting $5.00/yr $1,000.00/animal if Scientific Educational Project $5.00/yr listed as threatened or Not Known/Not Tracked endangered Wildlife Salvage $5.00/yr *Residents (R) or non-residents (NR) under age 16 may fish without a license.

54 Association of Fish & Wildlife Agencies 55 State of the Union IOWA

Administrative Code 571, Chapter 89 (Aquaculture) Limits: http://www.legis.state.ia.us/aspx/ACODOCS/ Limits are as specified on the license or permit. DOCS/571.89.pdf (last update 12/30/1992) Seasons: Seasons are not set by law but may be specified on the Personal Collection license or permit. Methods of Take: Reporting Requirements: The methods allowed for taking unprotected turtles are by Annual reports are required. Permits are issued only for hand, turtle hook, turtle trap, or hook-and-line. There are no valid scientific studies with restrictions on numbers of ani- specified methods of take of the unprotected snake species. mals that can be taken. Iowa considers the numbers reported Limits (See Appendix B): to be accurate and therefore useful in determining allowable A valid sport fishing license entitles a person to take and numbers to be collected. Also data from the reports are used possess a maximum of one hundred pounds of live unpro- to update records, including distribution and relative abun- tected turtles, or fifty pounds of dressed turtles, but not for dance, of listed and rare species. commercial use. All snakes in Iowa are protected except gar- Regulations: ter snakes and timber rattlesnakes as specified in regulation Code 481A Wildlife Conservation (481A.65) (571-76.1(2)). No license is required for collecting garter snakes and timber rattlesnakes, but rattlesnake collection is Administrative Code 571, Chapter 111 limited in certain counties. All other non-game is protected. http://www.legis.state.ia.us/aspx/ACODOCS/ Exception: People may catch frogs on their own private DOCS/571.111.pdf (updated 10/21/96) property for their own private use. The limit for bullfrogs is Code 481B Endangered Plants and Wildlife 12 (daily and bag) while the limit for all other frogs are 48 Administrative Code 571, Chapter 77 daily and 96 in possession. Code 481B Endangered Plants and Wildlife Seasons: Administrative Code 571, Chapter 77 There are no closed seasons for snakes or turtles. http://www.legis.state. ia.us/aspx/ACODOCS/DOCS/571.77pdf Reporting Requirements: There are no reporting requirements. Iowa may add a question about turtle harvest to its annual angler survey, but Confiscation & Unusual Circumstances has not yet done so. Confiscated Animals: Iowa looks at the length of time the animal has been Regulations: removed from the wild. If at all possible the State attempts Iowa Code 481A Wildlife Conservation (481A.38, to return the animal back into the wild. If the animal cannot 481A.39, 481A.42, 481A.84 (frogs)) be returned, it is mostly turned over to a university or educa- Administrative Code 571, Chapter 86.1 (take) tional institution. http://www.legis.state.ia.us/aspx/ACODOCS/ Unusual Regulations: DOCS/571.86.pdf (updated 1/11/2006) Iowa has no unusual regulations. Administrative Code 571, Chapter 76 (unprotected nongame) (76.1 reptiles) Disease/Pathogen Testing: http://www.legis.state.ia.us/aspx/ACODOCS/ Iowa does not require testing for disease or pathogens DOCS/571.76.pdf (last update 8/15/2001) prior to native species being exported or imported or sold/ used for bait.

Scientific Collection Nuisance or Urban Wildlife Issues: Methods of Take: Iowa has a nuisance wildlife control operator’s permit for Methods allowed are as specified on the license or entities in the pest control business, which requires annual permit. reporting.

State of the Union 56 Association of Fish & Wildlife Agencies 57 KANSAS © L.T. SHEARS / CC SA

General statute. An example would be the statutory requirements on possession limits, methods of take, and reporting require- Classification and Conservation (See Appendix C): ments concerning commercial harvest of prairie rattlesnakes, Reptiles and amphibians are classified as wildlife within appearing in K.S.A. 32-941. These conditions are more the State of Kansas. There is no other classification given. commonly established by Secretary’s regulations, as is the Kansas law prohibits the take of any wildlife unless the take is case for the personal, non-commercial take and use of prai- specifically allowed by law or regulation. The take of amphib- rie rattlesnakes found in Kansas Administrative Regulation ians and reptiles is regulated and the conditions and methods 115-20-2. allowed vary according to the species and the purpose for the take. Any species listed as endangered, threatened, or as a spe- Commercial Collection cies in need of conservation (SINC) may not be taken from the wild, unless taken under authorization of a scientific collec- Methods of Take: tion permit. The term “protected” is not defined in either State Legal methods and equipment for collection in a round- statute or regulation. Kansas statute provides protection to all up include: hand, noose, snake hook, tong or fork, and other wildlife by making it unlawful to take any wildlife except as methods as approved by the Department. Holding bags, bas- provided by law or rules and regulations of the Secretary of kets, and cages may be used, provided the name and com- the Department of Wildlife and Parks (Department). The term mercial prairie rattlesnake permit number of the permittee is “take” includes the activities of harass, harm, pursue, shoot, attached to each bag, basket, or cage. wound, kill, molest, trap, capture, collect, catch, possess, or Limits (See Appendix A): attempt to engage in any such conduct. The commercializa- Each prairie rattlesnake that is 18 inches in length or tion of amphibians and reptiles taken from the wild is prohib- greater, and not otherwise disposed of during the round-up, ited, except for one specific situation as follows. For reptiles, and each prairie rattlesnake less than 18 inches in length must commercialization can only occur through a permitted event, be released live and unrestrained at the end of the round-up, referred to as a commercial prairie rattlesnake round-up unless otherwise authorized by the Department. The com- (round-up). (The last round-up took place in 2006.) mercial prairie rattlesnake permittee may not harvest more Kansas does not generally distinguish between collection than 10 prairie rattlesnakes per day or possess more than 10 (removal from the wild) and possession regulations for native amphibians and/or reptiles. Depending on the specific activ- prairie rattlesnakes per day in the field during the round-up. ity being regulated, the inclusive term of “take” or “taken” The permittee may not possess more than 20 prairie rattle- may be used (which includes collection and possession), snakes total or the parts of 20 prairie rattlesnakes. while in other situations a more specific activity is regu- Seasons: lated. For example, personal use is regulated under the term A round-up may only occur during the time period of of “take”, while in the requirements for a commercial prairie April 1 through June 15. The round-up may not exceed 30 rattlesnake dealer permit, the activity is specific, requiring days in length. a permit to purchase or export rattlesnakes for commercial purposes. Reporting Requirements: For the round-up, each permittee must maintain a current Regulatory Process: record of activity and submit a final report to the Department on Kansas laws are divided into two separate groupings, State forms provided by the Department. The report shall be submit- KANSASstatutes and Secretary’s regulations. All statutory law requires ted not later than 14 days following the end of the time period action by the Kansas State Legislature and the Governor of established for the taking of prairie rattlesnakes. Game breed- Kansas. Secretary’s regulations are acted upon by the Kansas ers (see below) are required to annually report by June 30, and Wildlife and Parks Commission. Usually, State statutes pro- provide information relating to the number of each species sold, vide the authority for the Department to manage or control the purchaser’s name, address, and date of purchase. This can activities related to all wildlife. The Secretary’s regulations be done on Department forms or by providing the Department typically provide the methods, means or conditions by which with copies of the bills of sale. Reports are reviewed, but no the management activity shall occur. However, there have cumulative data analysis has been conducted by the Department been instances where specific management details are set in to determine reliability or harvest impacts.

56 Association of Fish & Wildlife Agencies 57 State of the Union KANSAS

Farming/Aquaculture: Regulations: General: http://www.kdwp.state.ks.us/news/Other-Services/Law- Species of reptiles and amphibians that are native or Enforcement/Regulations/Miscellaneous-Regulations indigenous to Kansas, acquired from a legal source (not Statute 32-941 commercial harvest permits: http:// collected from the wild), may be raised and sold under a www.kslegislature.org/legsrv-statutes/getStatuteFile. Game Breeder Permit, in accordance with Statute 32-951 do?number=/32-941.html (last update 4-15-1993) and K.S.A 115-12-3. Exception: Species that are desig- Violations and penalties (plug the statute number into nated under K.S.A. 115-15-1 or -2 as threatened, endan- the above URL): gered, or SINC may only be kept if held in accordance with these regulations. Aquaculture relates to the cultivation and Statute 32-1005 (last update 7-1-2007) harvest of fish, administered by the Kansas Department of Statute 32-1031 (last update 7-1-2005) Agriculture. Statute 32-1041 (last update 7-1-1989) Wild Native Species: Kansas Administrative Regulations: Amphibians and reptiles cannot be collected from the K.S.A. 32-988. Referenced by statute wild in Kansas for this purpose. K.S.A. 32-805. Referenced by statute. Agency with Regulatory Authority: K.S.A. 32-919. Referenced by statute. The Department is the primary agency dealing with K.S.A. 115-9. Licenses, permits, stamps, and other amphibians and reptiles. Department issues (last update 5-18-2007)

Penalties for Avg. # Permits Issued/Yr Collection Type Permit Required Permit Fee Violation (based on last 10 yrs) $20.50 R Hunting license (unless $72.50 NR $250-$400 or 7 50>200 exempt) $37.50 NRY months in jail

Annual hunt/fish combination $38.50 R 50>200 license $112.50 NR Commercial prairie rattlesnake $22.50 <50 Commercial without KS hunt license Commercial prairie rattlesnake $7.50 50>200 with KS hunt license Commercial prairie rattlesnake $52.50 <50 dealer permit Prairie rattlesnake round-up $27.50 <50 event permit $250-$400 or 7 Aquaculture Game Breeder Permit $12.50 <50 months in jail Hunting license (unless $12.50 exempt) Annual hunt/fish combination $250-$400 or 7 Personal $12.50 Not Known/Not Tracked license months in jail $20.50 R Fishing license (unless exempt) $42.50 NR Scientific, educational, or $250-$400 or 7 Scientific $12.50 <50 exhibition permit months in jail R=Resident; NR=Nonresident, NRY=Nonresident youth (under 16) Additional penalties apply for people intentionally taking non-authorized species for commercial purposes, including threatened, endangered or SINC, as specified in statute 32-1005.

State of the Union 58 Association of Fish & Wildlife Agencies 59 © J.D. WILSON

http://www.kdwp.state.ks.us/news/Other-Services/ firearms); glueboard; hand; net or seine; optical scopes or Law-Enforcement/Regulations sights that project no visible light toward the target and do Statute 32-951 game breeder permits (last update not electronically amplify visible or infrared light; pellet or 7-1-2007): BB gun; poison, poisonous gas, or smoke, if the toxicant is registered and labeled for that use and if all permit require- http://www.kslegislature.org/legsrv-statutes/getStatute- ments for the use of the poison, poisonous gas, or smoke File.do?number=/32-951.html have been met; projectiles hand-thrown or propelled by a Kansas Administrative Regulations: slingshot; snare or noose; or trap. For bullfrogs authorized 115-12-3. Game breeder permit requirement; other methods are: hand; hand dip net; hook and fishing line; gig; wildlife (last update 2-10-1992) bow and arrow with barbed head and a line attached from K.S.A. 32-805. Referenced by statute. arrow to bow; and crossbow and arrow with a barbed head and a line attached from arrow to crossbow. For common K.S.A. 32-988. Referenced by statute. snapping turtles and soft-shelled turtles, authorized methods K.S.A. 115-15-1. Threatened and endangered species are: hand; hook and fishing line; set line; hand dip net; seine; (last update 7-24-2009) turtle trap; and gig. Artificial light and boats may be used K.S.A. 115-15-2. Species in Need of Conservation (last while taking bullfrogs and turtles. update 7-24-2009) http://www.kdwp.state. Limits (See Appendix B): ks.us/news/Other-Services/Law-Enforcement/Regulations Amphibians, reptiles, and turtles listed by Kansas Administrative Regulation as endangered, threatened, or SINC may not be taken from the wild. Animals listed under Personal Collection these classifications are found in K.S.A. 115-15-1 and 115- Methods of Take: 15-2. Otherwise, limits are as follows: For amphibians, Allowed means and methods for all amphibians, except except bullfrogs, no more than five of any one species may bullfrogs, and all reptiles, except common snapping turtles be possessed. For bullfrogs, the creel limit is eight, and the and soft-shelled turtles, are: bow and arrow; crossbow; possession limit is three creel limits (24). For reptiles, except deadfall; dogs; falconry, firearms (except fully automatic common snapping turtles and soft-shelled turtles, no more

58 Association of Fish & Wildlife Agencies 59 State of the Union KANSAS than five of any one species may be possessed. Common Regulations: snapping turtle and soft-shelled turtle daily bag limit is eight http://www.kdwp.state.ks.us/news/Other-Services/Law- of any combination; the possession limit is three bag limits Enforcement/Regulations/Special-Permits (24). Statute 32-952 Scientific, educational, or exhibit permit (last update 7-1989) Seasons: All amphibians, except for bullfrogs and those listed as K.S.A. 115-18-3 Scientific, education, or exhibition endangered, threatened or SINC, may be taken throughout permit (last update 10-30-1989) the year. Bullfrogs may be taken from July 1 through October K.S.A. 115-15-3,4 Threatened and endangered species 31. Reptiles, including common snapping turtles and soft- (last update 12-29-1997) shelled turtles, but excluding those listed as endangered, threatened or SINC, may be taken throughout the year. Confiscation & Unusual Circumstances

Reporting Requirements: Confiscation of Animals: No reports are required. Kansas does not have developed guidelines for confiscation. Each case is handled individually, and disposal of the Regulations: animals depends on the number of animals seized, condi- http://www.kdwp.state.ks.us/news/Other-Services/Law- tion of the animals, and whether or not there are appropriate Enforcement/Regulations/Miscellaneous-Regulations facilities willing to take the animals, or whether release to Statutes: Same as for commercial collection the wild would be appropriate. Kansas Administrative Regulations: Unusual Regulations: K.S.A. 115-7. Fish, frogs, and turtles (last update Unusual regulations include rattlesnake round-ups, 10-1-1999) described above under Commercial Collection. K.S.A. 115-9. Licenses, permits, stamps, and other Department issues. Disease/Pathogens Testing: http://www.kdwp.state. The Kansas Animal Health Department requires all zoo ks.us/news/Other-Services/Law-Enforcement/Regulations animals and other domesticated wild animals transported into or through the State of Kansas to be accompanied by an official health certificate. These classifications would apply Scientific Collection to reptiles and amphibians. Methods of Take: Methods of take are specified within the permit and Nuisance or Urban Wildlife Issues: may vary between permits, depending on the application Nuisance wildlife situations may be handled in several request. ways. First, the owner or legal occupant of the land may kill any animals found in or near buildings on their premises or Limits: when destroying property, provided that the animals caus- Limits may vary depending on the application request. ing the problem are not listed as endangered, threatened, or Conditions specified are unique to each permit issued. species in need of conservation (an exception is made in an Threatened and endangered wildlife may be collected in emergency situation involving immediate and demonstrable accordance with K.S.A. 115-15-3. threat to human life). No part of the animals killed may be used or intended to be used, unless allowed by law, and rea- Seasons: sonable efforts must be made to alleviate the problem before There is no specific established season. Season is deter- killing any animals is allowed. Second, nuisance wildlife mined as part of the permitting process. problems may be handled by persons permitted under a Wildlife Control permit as established under K.A.R. 115- Reporting Requirements: 16-5 and 115-16-6. Specific guidance relating to capture Reporting requirements may vary in accordance with the and release or disposal is found within these regulations. conditions set forth within each permit. The report data are Permittees are required to provide annual reports to the considered reliable; however, the typical level of take of any Department. Third, Department personnel may handle nui- one species is so low that it is thought to have no effect on sance wildlife problems and operate within the established the overall population of the species. regulatory frameworks provided.

State of the Union 60 Association of Fish & Wildlife Agencies 61 KENTUCKY © VICTOR YOUNG / NHFG

General Methods of Take: N/A Classification and Conservation (See Appendix C): Per Kentucky Revised Statute (KRS) 150.010, all amphib- Limits (See Appendix A): ians and reptiles are considered to be “wildlife” by defini- N/A tion. While still considered “wildlife”, bullfrogs, common snapping turtles, and softshell turtles are also considered to Seasons: be “game” species, and require a person to have an appropri- N/A ate hunting or fishing license in order to harvest them. No permit is required to collect up to five of each species of Reporting Requirements: amphibians and reptiles for non-commercial, personal pur- N/A poses, except it is illegal to possess copperbelly water snakes and alligator snapping turtles (Kentucky Administrative Farming/Aquaculture: Regulation 301 KAR 2:081). There are no federally threat- General: ened or endangered herpetofauna species native to Kentucky. While farming/aquaculture is allowed in Kentucky, cur- All native reptiles and amphibians are protected in Kentucky. rently it is not known to occur in the state for native amphib- “Protected wildlife” means all wildlife is regulated, except ians and reptiles. If a resident obtains a Captive Wildlife those species declared unprotected by administrative regula- Permit, he or she is allowed to keep or propagate native rep- tions promulgated by the Department of Fish and Wildlife tiles and amphibians for commercial purposes. There is no Resources (KDFWR). Amphibians and reptiles are not limit on the number of individuals of each species possessed declared “unprotected” by administrative regulation. by a commercial or noncommercial captive wildlife permit Kentucky does not differentiate between permits for holder, provided the permit holder does not possess more collection and possession (they consider collection to also than five wild-caught individuals of each species. It is illegal be possession), except as follows: a person does not need a to possess or propagate alligators, caimans, crocodiles, gila permit to collect and possess up to five individuals of each species of herpetofauna, but a person needs a permit to possess more than five individuals of any one species of herpetofauna, though no more than five can be collected from the wild. Also as noted above, a person may not collect or possess any specimens from the wild for any commercial purpose.

Regulatory Process: Regulation changes require approval from Kentucky’s 9-member Fish and Wildlife Commission plus two separate subcommittees of the state legislature.

Kentucky Administrative Regulations: http://www.lrc.ky.gov/kar/301/002/081.htm.

Kentucky Revised Statutes: http://www.lrc.ky.gov/KRS/150-00/CHAPTER.HTM Commercial Collection In 2011, the department prohibited commercial harvest of turtles. It is illegal to collect or “take” amphibians or

reptiles for commercial purposes. © J.D. WILSON KENTUCKY

60 Association of Fish & Wildlife Agencies 61 State of the Union KENTUCKY monsters, beaded lizards, sea snakes, and venomous rear- Personal Collection fanged members of the Colubridae family (typical snakes, except hog-nosed snakes). Methods of Take: Allowed methods of take for common snapping turtles, Wild Native Species: smooth softshell turtles, and spiny softshell turtles include Illegal to sell wild-collected reptiles and amphibians. A the following: gun or bow and arrow (both methods require Captive Wildlife Permit holder may sell offspring of wild-col- a hunting license), hook and line in hand, fishing rod, fishing lected turtles. pole in hand, jugging, setline, sport fishing trot line, grabbing Agency with Regulatory Authority: by hand, grabbing with a handled hook, gigging, snagging, or Regulations are set by the KDFWR (the state wildlife turtle traps of two kinds (either a barrel or drum with a tilting agency). trigger board or a floating log raft with an enclosed twine or wire mesh bag). All methods besides gun and bow and arrow Regulations: require a sport fishing license. Commercial fishing gear may 301 KAR 2:081 Holding of native wildlife (amended not be used to take turtles. For bullfrogs, the following meth- 7/9/2008) ods are acceptable: pole and line (fishing license required); http://www.lrc.state.ky.us/kar/301/002/081.htm gun, bow and arrow (hunting license required); gig or by 301 KAR 1:058 Methods for taking turtles (amended hand (either license is valid). Methods for collection of other 8/26/2004) amphibians or reptiles are not specified. http://www.lrc.state.ky.us/kar/301/001/058.htm Limits: KRS 159.990 Penalties (amended 7/12/2006): A person may collect or possess up to five of each allowed http://www.lrc.ky.gov/KRS/150-00/990.PDF species of amphibian and reptile. Copperbelly water snakes KRS 150.180 Buying, selling, or transporting protected or alligator snapping turtles may not be collected. If more wildlife, mussels and fishes, raw fur, or processed wildlife than five of each species are collected, a Captive Wildlife (amended 7/12/2006): Permit is required. Exceptions: There is no daily bag limit for http://www.lrc.ky.gov/KRS/150-00/180.PDF common snapping turtles or softshell turtles. For bullfrogs, KRS 150.280 Propagation and holding of protected the daily noon-to-noon creel limit is 15. The possession limit wildlife (amended 7/12/2006): http://www.lrc.ky.gov/ is 30. The possession limit is 25 for salamanders of the genus KRS/150-00/280.PDF Desmognathus (dusky salamanders).

Penalties for Avg. # Permits Issued/Yr Collection Type Permit Required Permit Fee Violation (based on last 10 yrs) $100 - $2000 N/A Commercial N/A N/A depending on offense $150/yr commercial Revocation and N/A (there are no known herpetofauna Aquaculture Captive wildlife permit $75/3 yrs confiscation aquaculture facilities) non-commercial $20/yr R, Don’t know/not tracked for Fishing license $50/yr NR bullfrogs or turtles $20/yr R, Don’t know/not tracked for Hunting license Personal $130/yr NR $50-$500, no jail time bullfrogs or turtles Non-commercial Captive $75/3 years >50 (average 3 per year) Wildlife Permit Commercial Captive Permit $150/year 50>200 (average 14 per year) Scientific collecting permit $250 50>200 (70) Scientific Educational $50-$500, no jail time $25 50>200 (82) collecting permit R=Resident; NR=Nonresident

State of the Union 62 Association of Fish & Wildlife Agencies 63 Seasons: KRS 150.275 Permit to take and transport wildlife for There is a year-round season for collection of allowed commercial nuisance wildlife control, scientific, or edu- amphibians and reptiles, except as follows: Bullfrog season cational purposes (amended 7/14/1992): http://www.lrc. opens at noon on the third Friday in May and runs through ky.gov/KRS/150-00/275.PDF October 31. Confiscation & Unusual Circumstances Reporting Requirements: Permit reports are not required for personal collection. Confiscated Animals: Currently, Kentucky deals with confiscated reptiles and Regulations: amphibians on a case-by-case basis. Wildlife rehabilitators 301 KAR 1:058 Methods for taking turtles are contacted to temporarily house confiscated animals until 301 KAR 1.082 Frog season; limits. (http://www.lrc. permanent placement occurs (e.g. with the Kentucky Reptile state.ky.us/kar/301/002/082.htm) (amended March 12, Zoo). Construction of an in-house captive holding facility at 1985). KDFWR headquarters is nearing completion. In the future, KDFWR will maintain confiscated animals at this facility 301 KAR 2.081 Transportation and holding of native instead of utilizing wildlife rehabilitator services. wildlife KRS 159.990 Penalties Disease/Pathogens Testing: KRS 150.280 Propagation and holding of protected Kentucky does not have a disease testing requirement for wildlife herpetofauna species being (1) exported from or imported into the state, or (2) sold/used for bait in bodies of water Scientific Collection other than their collection locations (within the state). Methods of Take: Nuisance/Urban Wildlife Issues: Methods of take allowed for scientific and educational KDFWR staff handles questions and concerns by hom- permittees are decided on a case-by-case basis. eowners who have nuisance wildlife issues, mainly through technical guidance. It is rare for KDFWR employees to pro- Limits: vide “hands-on” assistance or removal of nuisance species. Specifications vary depending on the project. The Department licenses Nuisance Wildlife Control operators in the private sector, and refers homeowners to their list Seasons: of permitted operators for removal assistance. Specifications vary depending on the taxonomic group of interest. Unusual Regulations: Kentucky has no unusual regulations. Reporting Requirements: Data must be reported annually via KDFWR’s electronic data reporting spreadsheet. The minimum required reporting categories include: date, species, and location (county, quad, and GPS coordinates). Report data are considered reliable for scientific collection purposes. Report data are useful mainly for species location information (e.g., presence, absence, and relative abundance), especially for uncommon species.

Regulations: 301 KAR 2.081 Transportation and holding of native wildlife 301 KAR 4:070 Scientific and educational collecting permits (amended 10/8/2008): http://www.lrc.state.ky.us/ kar/301/004/070.htm

KRS 159.990 Penalties YOUNG / NHFG © VICTOR

62 Association of Fish & Wildlife Agencies 63 State of the Union LOUISIANA © J.D. WILSON

General which remains in the field unattended, must bear a tag with the name, address, and license number of the collector. All such Classification and Conservation (See Appendix C): devices must be checked every twenty-four hours or they must Herpetofauna are classified as amphibians or reptiles, with be rendered unworkable during periods of nonuse. Frogs may their own section in the law. Alligators, however, have their be taken with the aid of a jacklight or any other visible light own, extensive laws and regulations for commercial hunting and by means of mechanical devices known as frog catchers. and shipping requirements. Take and use of native amphibians A person is also permitted to take frogs with devices that punc- or reptiles is generally permitted by the below licenses. A per- ture the skin such as gigs and spears. No person shall carry or son transporting reptiles or amphibians under the privilege of have in his/her possession any shotgun, rifle, or firearm while a transport license is prohibited from buying or selling unless taking or hunting frogs during the night. No person may take he/she also carries one of the below licenses. Five species of diamondback terrapins by means of traps of any kind, and no salamander require a special permit for take. All funds derived person may take the eggs of any species of turtle, except the from the sale of reptile and amphibian collector’s licenses and red ear (Trachemys scripta), wherever found. reptile and amphibian wholesale/retail dealer’s licenses are placed in the Conservation Fund in accordance with RS56.10 Limits (See Appendix A): and are used by the Department of Wildlife and Fisheries No amphibians or reptiles listed as endangered, threat- (Department) exclusively for administering and enforcing the ened or listed on Louisiana’s List of Restricted Amphibians provisions of the statute or for other such purposes determined and Reptiles are allowed for collection. It is illegal to sell or by the Department (§633). Persons engaged in legitimate purchase any Green Anole (Anolis carolinesis) with a snout- herpetological research may request from the secretary a sci- vent length of less than 1 3/4 inches or an overall length of entific collector’s permit. No specimens obtained under this less than 5 inches with the tail intact. No person may take permit may be sold. There is no legal definition of “protected” or possess large bullfrogs (Rana catesbeiana) that are less in Louisiana. However, statutory protocol assumes the general than five inches in length, nor take or possess lagoon frogs or or common meaning for any non-defined term or word. grunters (R. grylio) that are less than three inches in length. Louisiana does not distinguish between collection (removal However, if a special permit is obtained from the Department from the wild) and possession regulations for native amphibians prior to the taking, such frogs under the legal size may be and/or reptiles. The legal definition of “possess” (RS56.8.75) taken from privately owned ponds, impoundments, or waters includes such terms as “detain”, “restrain”, “hold” and “keep.” by the owner thereof, or his/her authorized representative, and may be sold to other persons for purposes of stocking Regulatory Process: private waters, ponds, or impoundments. There is no allowed Regulations are modified by approval of the Wildlife and take of wild box turtles for commercial purposes. No person Fisheries Commission, but those pertaining to amphibians may commercially take, possess, sell, purchase, trade, barter, and reptiles must first be reviewed by the Louisiana Reptile or exchange alligator snapping turtles (Macroclemys tem- and Amphibian Task Force (LRATF) prior to submittal to the mincki), their eggs, or any parts thereof. Commission. Reptile and Amphibian Statutes were partitioned from “fish” in 1992. At the same time, the LRATF was created Seasons: by legislation, and the LRATF developed the existing regula- The open season for bullfrogs and lagoon frogs or grunters tions pertaining to amphibians and reptiles (§632.8). is June 1 through March 31. The open season for diamond- backed terrapins (Malaclemys terrapin) is June 16 through Commercial Collection April 14. No person may ship diamondback terrapins out of the state between the April 15 and the June 15. All diamond- Methods of Take: back terrapins caught by any means whatsoever during that The use of gasoline to flush animals from hiding places is period must be immediately returned to the water alive. prohibited. The destruction of natural habitats is prohibited. All logs, rocks, and other natural objects may be turned over Reporting Requirements: or moved, but they must be replaced in their original posi- Wholesale/retail dealers must keep records of: (1) the tion upon completion of the collector’s inspection. Removal quantity and species of reptiles and amphibians acquired; the of nesting or nest tending animals is prohibited. Any trap or date the reptiles or amphibians were acquired; the name and

other deviceLOUISIANA designed to capture reptiles or amphibians, and license number of the collector, the wholesale/retail dealer, or

State of the Union 64 Association of Fish & Wildlife Agencies 65 LOUISIANA

the out-of-state seller from which the reptiles or amphibians Agency with Regulatory Authority: were acquired; and (2) the quantity and species of reptiles Turtle farmers must be certified and licensed by the or amphibians sold, the date sold, and the name and license Louisiana Department of Agriculture and Forestry. The number of the person to whom the reptiles or amphibians Department of Wildlife and Fisheries also provides permits were sold. Commercial sales reports are due quarterly and for those species under its purview. such records must be maintained for three years and are open to inspection by the Department. All information, data, and Regulations: statistics obtained by the Department are used for the equita- §632 Subpart K ble and efficient administration and enforcement of the laws §632.2 1993 pertaining to the reptile and amphibian resources of the state Part XV Reptiles and Amphibians Chapter 1 Section 101 and for conservation and management purposes. RS56 2009 Farming/Aquaculture: RS76 Updated monthly General: http://www.legis.state.la.us/ All persons selling native, captive-reared reptiles or amphibians, regardless of the number of generations removed Personal Collection from the wild, shall be required to possess a reptile and amphibian wholesale/retail dealer’s license. Methods of Take: Methods allowed are the same as for commercial collec- Wild Native Species: tion above. No amphibians or reptiles listed as endangered/threatened or listed on Louisiana’s List of Restricted Amphibians and Limits (See Appendix B): Reptiles are allowed for collection. There is no allowed take No amphibians or reptiles listed as endangered, threat- of wild box turtles or alligator snapping turtles for commer- ened or listed on Louisiana’s List of Restricted Amphibians cial purposes. Other amphibians and reptiles may be collected and Reptiles are allowed for collection. No person may take from the wild for farming or aquaculture purposes. or possess large bullfrogs that are less than five inches in

Penalties for Avg. # Permits Issued/Yr Collection Type Permit Required Permit Fee Violation (based on last 10 yrs) Collector’s License-R *$25 <50 Up to $500 fine Collector’s License-NR $200 and/or up to 90 days <50 Commercial Transport License-R $30 in jail <50 (Class 3 Violation) Transport License-NR $120 <50 Wholesale/retail Dealer’s $105 <50 License-R Aquaculture Class 3 Violation Wholesale/retail Dealer’s $405 <50 License-NR

Basic Fishing License-R $9 Payment of civil 50>200 Personal Basic Fishing License-NR $60 penalty <50

Scientific Collector’s Permit $0 <50 Scientific Class 3 Violation Exhibitor’s License $0 <50 R=Resident, NR=Nonresident *Residents under 16 years of age shall be required to possess a Collector’s License at a cost of $10.

64 Association of Fish & Wildlife Agencies 65 State of the Union LOUISIANA length, nor take or possess lagoon frogs or grunters that are No person may carry or have in his/her possession any shot- less than three inches in length. However, if a special permit gun, rifle, or firearm while taking or hunting frogs during is obtained from the Department prior to the taking, such the night. frogs under the legal size may be taken from privately owned ponds, impoundments, or waters by the owner thereof, or Limits: his/her authorized representative. No more than two wild box Limits are specified on the scientific collection permit. turtles per day may be taken for recreational purposes, and Seasons: no person may have in his or her possession more than four Seasons are specified on the scientific collection permit. box turtles or terrapins at any time. No person may take or possess in the field more than one alligator snapping turtle, Reporting Requirements: per boat or vehicle per day. There is no aggregate limit for Reporting requirements are specified on the scientific alligator snapping turtles. Releasing captive held wildlife is collection permit. Report data are typically specific to speci- illegal. men or specimens per species, and are considered accurate. In most cases the numbers of animals taken are a small Seasons: percentage of those that are permitted, and the numbers are Bullfrogs and lagoon frogs or grunters may be taken year insignificant to the overall population. round except during the months of April and May. No person may ship diamondback terrapins out of the state between the Regulations: fifteenth of April and the fifteenth of June. All diamondback §632 Subpart K terrapins caught by any means whatsoever during that period Part XV Reptiles and Amphibians Chapter 1 Section 101 must be immediately returned to the water alive. http://www.legis.state.la.us/ Reporting Requirements: There are no reporting requirements for personal collec- Confiscation & Unusual Circumstances tion of native amphibians or reptiles in Louisiana. Confiscation of Animals: Disposition of confiscated amphibians or reptiles is Regulations: determined on a case-by-case basis. The options include: §632 Subpart K release into the wild, preservation in a museum, donation to §632.2 1993 appropriate facilities, or selling the specimens. Part XV Reptiles and Amphibians Chapter 1 Section 101 Unusual Regulations: RS56 Updated annually In Part XV Reptiles and Amphibians Chapter 1 Section RS76 Updated monthly 101 Subsection K, Louisiana has regulations addressing the http://www.legis.state.la.us/ importation and/or private possession of venomous snakes within the state. Scientific Collection Disease/Pathogen Testing: Methods of Take: Disease testing is done only for repatriation of gopher The use of gasoline to flush animals from hiding places is tortoises (Gopherus polyphemus). prohibited. The destruction of natural habitats is prohibited. All logs, rocks, and other natural objects may be turned over Nuisance or Urban Wildlife Issues: or moved, but they must be replaced in their original posi- A Nuisance Alligator Program exists and uses licensed tion upon completion of the collector’s inspection. Any trap alligator hunters. Other species are dealt with by numerous or other device designed to capture reptiles or amphibians, means: animal control, local law enforcement, Department which remains in the field unattended, must bear a tag with personnel, local volunteers, etc. The Department licenses pri- the name, address, and license number of the collector. All vate Nuisance Wildlife Control Officers, many of which handle such devices must be checked every twenty-four hours or snakes. It does not have specific nuisance wildlife personnel they must be rendered unworkable during periods of nonuse. except to provide information and advice to the public.

State of the Union 66 Association of Fish & Wildlife Agencies 67 MAINE © VICTOR YOUNG / NHFG

General Regulatory Process: Regulatory changes on the level of law/statute require Classification and Conservation (See Appendix C): legislative approval; however, the Commissioner of MDIFW Amphibians and reptiles are considered “Wildlife” under has the authority to adopt/enact “rules” without legislative Maine law. Wildlife is specifically defined (Title 12 MRSA approval. In Title 12 Chapter 903 §10053, the law states that 2007, Chapter 901, §10001, definition #71) as “any species the responsibilities of the Bureau of Resource Management of the animal kingdom, except fish, that is wild by nature, include developing rules governing the effective manage- whether or not bred or reared in captivity, and includes any ment of the wildlife resources of the state. For example, part, egg or offspring of the animal, or the dead body or parts though the “taking” of snakes and turtles from the wild for of the animal.” Maine’s four threatened or endangered rep- commercial purposes is prohibited, Maine law (Title 12, tiles are listed in Chapter 925, §12803. There are no listed Chapter 915, §12159) permits MDIFW to issue commercial amphibians. Chapter 925, §12808 prohibits import, export, snapping turtle permits. In 2002, with MDIFW endorse- take, possession, commercial use, transport, or harassment of ment, the legislature passed LD 1078, “An Act To Restrict any threatened or endangered species without a permit. There The Commercial Harvest Of Snapping Turtles In Order To are also provisions to protect state-listed species’ habitats. In Ensure Sustainability of The Resource”. The Act clarifies addition, Maine has a list of special concern species, which the rulemaking authority of the commissioner to establish are only eligible for potential regulatory protection in the season dates, size and possession limits, reporting require- course of large-scale development projects (those requiring ments, and a fee schedule. However, MDIFW rules currently Site Location Law permits). A Wildlife or Fish Possession state that there is a closed season on the taking of snapping Permit is required from the Maine Department of Inland turtles for commercial purposes. Thus, no such permits can Fisheries and Wildlife (MDIFW) Commissioner before any be issued without public rule-making to reopen the snapping fish or wildlife species regulated by the State, and not listed turtle season. as “unrestricted,” is taken, possessed, or held in captivity. Species that may be legally kept without a permit are listed on Maine’s unrestricted species list - http://www.maine.gov/ ifw/wildlife/species/unrestricted_species.htm. Amphibians are not regulated. The term “protected” is not specifically defined under Title 12 laws pertaining to Wildlife. Maine prohibits the “taking” (collecting) of snakes and

MAINEturtles from the wild for commercial purposes and prohibits the following acts for Endangered/Threatened species: import, export, hunt, take (killing), trap, possess, process, sell, offer for sale, deliver, carry, transport, ship, feed, set bait for, or harass (injury or significant disruption of normal behavioral patterns). Also, Maine law/statute doesn’t specifically regulate against personal collection or possession for non Endangered/Threatened native reptiles or amphibians. While a lack of distinction between collection and possession regulations holds up for amphibians, a gray area for reptiles has been that since Maine prohibits commercial take (collection) of all turtles and snakes, Maine is thus “regulating” all turtles and snakes, and therefore one should have a permit to possess any snake or turtle. To date, this interpretation has not been enforced or challenged and possession permits have only been required for state-listed reptiles. © VICTOR YOUNG / NHFG © VICTOR

66 Association of Fish & Wildlife Agencies 67 State of the Union MAINE

Commercial Collection Wild Native Species: Under Title 12, Chapter 915, §12159, the taking of snakes Methods of Take: and turtles from the wild for commercial purposes is pro- Take is not specified by regulation. hibited. Amphibians could be collected from the wild for captive rearing or propagation. Limits (See Appendix A): Maine Law states that a person may not take snakes or Agency with Regulatory Authority: turtles from the wild for export, sale, or commercial pur- There is currently no regulation for this. The commissioner poses. Amphibians are not regulated and have no licenses, would adopt rules pertaining to confinement and disposal of fees, or penalties. There is a provision in §12159 allowing regulated animals kept under a wildlife possession permit. commercial take of snapping turtles with a permit from the commissioner; however, MDIFW rules currently state that Regulations: there is a closed season on the taking of snapping turtles for Title 12, Chapter 915, §12159 (updated 11/14/2008): commercial purposes. http://www.mainelegislature.org/legis/Statutes/12/title- 12sec12159.html Seasons: Title 12 Chapter 915 §12152 Permit to possess wildlife Seasons are not specified by regulation. in captivity (updated 2005): http://www.mainelegislature. Reporting Requirements: org/legis/Statutes/12/title12sec12152.html Reporting requirements are not specified by regulation, unless the moratorium on commercial snapping turtle per- Personal Collection mits is lifted. If this occurs, then submission of a complete Methods of Take: report of activities within 30 days of the close of the previous There are no regulations regarding methods. commercial snapping turtle season would be required. Since there is closed season on snapping turtles (per above), there Limits (See Appendix B): are currently no reports providing useful data. A wildlife possession permit is required for taking or possessing reptiles that are not on the “unrestricted list”. Farming/Aquaculture: Amphibians are not regulated. General: No reptiles may be captive bred for commercial pur- Seasons: pose without a specific wildlife possession permit from There are no regulations regarding seasons. the commissioner, unless they are listed as “unrestricted”. Amphibians are not regulated and technically could be Reporting Requirements: raised and captive bred. Currently, there is no knowledge of There are no regulations regarding reports for personal this being pursued by any party within Maine. collection.

Penalties for Avg. # Permits Issued/Yr Collection Type Permit Required Permit Fee Violation (based on last 10 yrs) Commercial N/A** N/A N/A N/A Aquaculture N/A*** N/A N/A N/A N/A-excluding grandfathered Endangered/threatened permits for Personal None* N/A N/A holdings before the mid-1980’s (e.g., box turtles) Scientific Scientific Collecting Permit Free $100 - $500 <50

R=Resident; NR=Nonresident *For regulated species, a wildlife possession permit could be obtained from the MDIFW commissioner for non-commercial use. Fees are listed in Chapter 915 §12152. **Unless the moratorium is lifted for the snapping turtle permit described above. ***A wildlife possession permit from the commissioner could be obtained for regulated reptile species, but none have been pursued

State of the Union 68 Association of Fish & Wildlife Agencies 69 Regulations: Title 12 Chapter 915 (§12152) Permit to possess wildlife in captivity (updated 2005): http://www.mainelegislature. org/legis/Statutes/12/title12sec12152.html Title 12 Chapter 915 (§10105) Commissioner powers and duties (updated 2007): http://www.mainelegislature. org/legis/Statutes/12/title12sec10105.html Scientific Collection Methods of Take: Methods are specific to each individual permit.

Limits: Limits are specific to each individual permit.

Seasons: Seasons are specific to each individual permit.

Reporting Requirements: An annual report is required. In general, reports received for scientific collecting permits are considered reliable. Harvest number by species is typically a condition of the permit itself, thus harvest is generally low by design. Data

from these reports can be useful for atlas and/or conserva- YOUNG / NHFG © VICTOR tion purposes, especially considering the lack of knowledge and resources afforded MDIFW. Occasionally reports are Encounters’ - a New Hampshire based facility that places not received from the permittee, in which case future permits unwanted and/or confiscated animals with owners where can be withheld. they are wanted and legal to possess. Euthanization may be used as a last resort. Regulations: Title 12, Chapter 925, §12704 scientific collection Unusual Regulations: permits (updated 2007): http://www.mainelegislature. No unusual regulations exist; however, Native Americans org/legis/statutes/12/title12sec12704.html are granted additional privileges to possess wildlife for reli- Title 12, Chapter 925,§12705. Rule violations; scientific gious/tribal use. No reptiles or amphibians have been known collection permits (updated 2003): http://www.mainelegis- to have been requested for this. lature.org/legis/Statutes/12/title12sec12705.html Disease/Pathogens Testing: Confiscation & Unusual Circumstances Neither import nor export of native herpetofauna is allowed. Use of amphibians for bait in-state may occur, but Confiscated Animals: no testing is required. Confiscated animals are dealt with on a case-by-case basis. Factors considered in each case include whether the Nuisance or Urban Wildlife Issues: animal in question is native/non-native or wild captured ver- Private but State-sanctioned Animal Damage Control sus captive born. Native/wild-caught animals are released agents typically deal with nuisance wildlife, but the State is back in the wild when: a) it is known where they were col- called in on occasion, especially if the “nuisance” wildlife lected, b) they were not kept with other captive animals that is a State- or federally listed species. The primary approach may have exposed the individuals to disease; and c) there is education, for snakes especially, by alerting the caller that are no health concerns about the animals being released. If the snake is non-venomous and an integral part of their sur- the confiscated animal is non-native and/or captive born, an rounding ecological community, which is usually the main attempt is made to find it a new home. Confiscated animals focus. MDIFW is in the process of finalizing guidelines to not on the unrestricted list are typically exported to ‘Wildlife address nuisance wildlife issues.

68 Association of Fish & Wildlife Agencies 69 State of the Union MARYLAND © VICTOR YOUNG / NHFG

General do not require a vote by the legislature, but must abide by the process including public notice and public comment period. Classification and Conservation (See Appendix C): In Maryland, amphibians and reptiles are legally consid- Commercial Collection ered nongame wildlife if they spend the majority of their life- cycle on land, or fish if they spend the majority of their life- Methods of Take: cycle in the water. All reptiles and amphibians are protected For collection of common snapping turtles, regulations by regulations for take and possession, with certain limits dictate methods of take that are not allowed: no use of a hook and/or permit requirements. A permit is required for breed- and line, trot line, bow and arrow, spear, gig or gig iron, or ing and commercial trade of snapping turtles, which are regu- any other device capable of piercing any part of a turtle; and lated as a commercial fishery. There is a minimum size limit in non-tidal waters of the state, no harvest is allowed of snap- for commercial harvest. A commercial fishing license and ping turtles using a net, seine, fish pot, trap, or other fishing snapping turtle permit are required for commercial harvest rig. There are no limits on the number of traps or other cap- of snapping turtles from tidal waters. No commercial harvest ture devices set. of snapping turtles is allowed from nontidal waters. No commercial harvest from the wild is allowed for any other native Limits (See Appendix A): reptiles or amphibians. No permit is required to collect and There is a size limit for snapping turtles of 11 inches possess reptiles and amphibians for personal use within cer- (curved carapace length). There are some area closures in tain size and possession limits. If people possess reptiles or regulations for people operating under a commercial fishing amphibians over the limits, a Reptile and Amphibian Permit license. A person may not buy, sell, or offer to buy or sell is required (see http://www.dnr.state.md.us/wildlife/captive. any snapping turtle harvested from the non-tidal waters of asp). Even with a Reptile and Amphibian Permit, limits of the state. take from the wild cannot be exceeded. A scientific collec- Seasons: tion permit is required for scientific or educational purposes Snapping turtles may be collected year-round (9/1 by a valid organization or research facility. – 8/31), except in Charles County, where the season is “Protected” means a person cannot take, possess, breed, June 1 - April 14. sell, offer for sale, trade, or barter native species of reptiles or amphibians over certain limits without a permit. Certain reptiles and amphibians are protected under the State’s endangered species law. Endangered species permits are required to take listed species. Personal take of endangered species and some other species of conservation concern is prohibited. Maryland does not generally distinguish between collection (removal from the wild) and possession for native amphibians and/or reptiles in regulations, but different types of permits are required for collection and possession, depending on the purpose. For example, a Reptile and Amphibian Permit is needed to possess animals over the limits for personal herpetoculture or for pets, whether the animals were taken from the wild, captive-produced, or legally obtained from out of state. For snapping turtles, separate commercial harvest permits and licenses are required for collection, while an aquaculture permit is required for breeding.

Regulatory Process: Regulation changes are done through a formal process MARYLAND

approved by the Maryland General Assembly. Regulations D.H. / CC SA © JEREMY

State of the Union 70 Association of Fish & Wildlife Agencies 71 MARYLAND

Reporting Requirements: Personal Collection Collectors of snapping turtles must report annual harvest (species names and numbers of individuals per species), plus Methods of Take: they must keep and annually submit a Daily Commercial Methods prohibited include use of hook and line, trot line, Fisheries Catch Log. Data are reviewed by the Department bow and arrow, spear, gig or gig iron, or any device capable of of Natural Resources (DNR) Fisheries Service and Snapping piercing any part of the reptile or amphibian. Also prohibited Turtle Working Group annually. The reliability of these reports is the use of traps, pitfalls, snares, seines, nets, or dip nets. is uncertain. DNR has observed an increase in reporting since Limits (See Appendix B): new regulations were passed in 2008. Possession limit is 4, 1, or 0, depending on the species Farming/Aquaculture: (see http://www.dnr.state.md.us/wildlife/captive.asp). A per- General: son may not take or possess a turtle from the wild that has a Aquaculture is allowed in Maryland with an aquaculture carapace length that is less than 4 inches unless that person permit, although only one has been issued for turtles. has a Reptile and Amphibian Permit. A person may not possess more than one snapping turtle taken from the wild. Wild Native Species: Aquaculture regulations allow the capture of snapping Seasons: turtles for “brood stock”. There are no restrictions on seasons. Agency with Regulatory Authority: Aquaculture is regulated by DNR Fisheries Service. In Reporting Requirements: Maryland fish and wildlife are within the Department of Reptile and Amphibian Permit holders must submit an Natural Resources, but under two different agencies. All rep- annual report. The data reported are considered reliable or tile and amphibian species, except snapping turtles, are under accurate enough to determine harvest numbers or to assess DNR Wildlife and Heritage Service regulatory authority. the use’s impact on the herpetofauna resource.

Regulations: Regulations: http://www.dsd.state.md.us/comar/SearchTitle. http://www.dsd.state.md.us/comar/SearchTitle. aspx?scope=08 aspx?scope=08 (search=08.02.06.01, 08.02.14.05) (snapping turtles, (search=08.03.11.04, 08.03.11.05) (possession without aquaculture) permits, permits)

Penalties for Avg. # Permits Issued/Yr Collection Type Permit Required Permit Fee Violation (based on last 10 yrs) Commercial fishing license Revocation or 11 in 2009 total but not tracked Commercial (conch, turtles, and lobster) + $50.00 annually suspension of license/ specifically for turtles snapping turtle harvest permit permit & confiscation Revocation or Aquaculture Aquaculture permit N/A suspension of license/ <50 (1 for turtles) permit & confiscation Captive reptile & amphibian Revocation or Personal permit if possession exceeds $25 suspension of license/ >50<200 (100 limits permit & confiscation Scientific collection permit $10 Revocation or <50 suspension of license/ Scientific Endangered $25 permit & confiscation <50 species permit

R=resident, NR=non-resident, S=Student

70 Association of Fish & Wildlife Agencies 71 State of the Union MARYLAND

Scientific Collection Confiscation & Unusual Circumstances Methods of Take: Confiscated Animals: Methods are determined case by case. DNR tries to place confiscated animals with caretakers such as zoos, the National Aquarium in Baltimore, or two licensed rep- Limits: tile rescue permit holders. They have no developed guidelines. Limits are determined case by case. Unusual Regulations: Seasons: No unusual regulations were reported. Seasons are determined case by case. Disease/Pathogens Testing: Reporting Requirements: Maryland does not require disease/pathogen testing. It is An annual report is required, and the reports are consid- unlawful to release any captive-produced or non-native reptile ered reliable to determine harvest numbers or to assess the or amphibian into the wild. Wild caught individuals may not be use’s impact on the herpetofauna resource. released back into the wild if they have been held in captivity with any other reptile or amphibian or if they have been held Regulations: for >30 days, without the written authorization from DNR. Annotated Code of Maryland §10-909 http://www.michie.com/maryland/lpExt.dll?f=templat Nuisance or Urban Wildlife Issues: es&eMail=Y&fn=main-h.htm&cp=mdcode/dea9 (Natural DNR provides advice, primarily under a contract with Resources, Title 10, Wildlife) U.S.D.A. Wildlife Services. They also license Wildlife Damage Control Cooperators to remove nuisance wildlife. Cooperators are not authorized to kill the reptiles or amphibians. © VICTOR YOUNG / NHFG © VICTOR

State of the Union 72 Association of Fish & Wildlife Agencies 73 MASSACHUSETTS

General Act regulations (321 CMR 10.0), permits may be issued to allow some development of Priority Habitat areas mapped Classification and Conservation (See Appendix C): for State-listed rare species, but significant mitigation in the Classifications such as fish, game or nongame are not form of land protection, long-term habitat management, or considered relevant in Massachusetts (MA). Most State research is required. wildlife laws reference the species or species group being Non-native and native species that may be kept without regulated. Under MA law, the default is that all species are a permit, and sold in a pet store, are identified in a regu- “protected” unless regulations have been promulgated to lation referred to as the Exemption List (321 CMR 9.01). establish conditions under which they may be captured or Species that do not require a permit to possess are referred killed. The term “protected” has no specific legal meaning to as “exempt”, which means that they are exempt from the and can be misleading since there is a wide range of legal permitting requirements found in regulation (321 CMR protection provided to different species. The collection or 2.12 and 321 CMR 9.01). Species that do require a permit harvest of all species of reptiles and amphibians, whether to possess are “non-exempt”. There are a few native species native or not, is regulated by the Division of Fisheries and that may not be taken from the wild but may be legally kept Wildlife. About half of the native species of reptiles and without a permit if they have lawfully come from another amphibians may be taken from the wild without a permit up state (e.g., spotted salamander). However, most native spe- to a limit of two individuals, but may not be sold (321 CMR cies that may not be taken from the wild may not be lawfully 3.05). However, an unlimited number of individuals of these possessed without a permit no matter where they came from species (e.g. painted turtle, eastern garter snake) may be pos- (e.g., spotted turtle). To protect vulnerable MA populations, sessed if they come from a lawful out-of-state source. Also, special conditions (see limits below) have been established several species that are fairly common in other states, and which allow the collection without a permit of frogs for per- are popular as pets, are not allowed to be taken or possessed sonal frog-leg consumption. A special permit for common in MA (e.g., eastern box turtle and eastern ratsnake). For snapping turtles is the only permit in MA that allows the species that require a permit to possess, the number allowed taking, with limits, of a reptile or amphibian from the wild to be taken from the wild, or possessed from any source, is for commercial sale. dictated by the conditions on the individual permit. With a The MA Endangered Species Act (MESA, MGL c. 131A) few exceptions, if a permit is required for the possession of and its implementing regulations (321 CMR 10.00) prohibit a particular species, a permit will not be issued for keeping the “Take” of Endangered, Threatened, and Special Concern that species as a pet. Permits for these species are generally species. Three species that had been listed as Species of restricted to research, education, or several other specifically Special Concern (four-toed salamander, spring salamander, listed “legitimate” purposes. Some species that may not be spotted turtle) were later delisted, but are still protected taken from the wild (i.e. spotted turtle) may also not be by regulation (321 CMR 3.05) and may still not be taken acquired from another source or from out-of-state without a from the wild. In order to protect the habitat of State-listed permit, and this permit would not be issued for the purpose species, the agency gathers occurrence records of listed of keeping a pet. Therefore, a law enforcement officer only species and develops Priority Habitat maps which are used needs to know the species (i.e. spotted turtle) and not its ori- for project regulation. Under the State Endangered Species gin to determine if there is a violation. MASSACHUSETTS © VICTOR YOUNG / NHFG © VICTOR

72 Association of Fish & Wildlife Agencies 73 State of the Union MASSACHUSETTS

Regulatory Process: and wildlife agency (agency) has proposed to eliminate this In MA proposed regulations are drafted by, or submitted permit before the 2011 season. Commercial snapping turtle to, the Division of Fisheries and Wildlife. After an internal permit annual reports provide information on the scale of review, the agency’s regulatory body, the Massachusetts harvest but not on the distribution of the harvest. From these Fisheries and Wildlife Board (Board) holds a public hear- reports, it is not possible to know if some specific sites are ing to gather public comments on the proposed regulation. being subjected to excessive levels of turtle removal. A written comment period remains open for an additional two weeks after the public hearing. A vote by the Board at Agency with Regulatory Authority: its next monthly meeting is required to pass the regulation. All possession of native and non-native wild species is After review by a state regulatory oversight agency and pub- regulated by the Division of Fisheries and Wildlife. lication in the MA State Register, the regulation becomes effective. Farming/Aquaculture: General: The only species of reptile or amphibian for which com- Commercial Collection mercial farming is allowed is the American alligator, but no Methods of Take: permit has ever been issued and the agency has proposed to Snapping turtles may be taken by hand or with a hand net, eliminate this permit. Wild alligators could be raised if they cage or box trap, hook-and-line, firearm or archery. They came from a legal source, but alligators are not native to MA may not be taken by seine, gill net, fyke net, or explosives. so they would have to come from out of state. Trot lines are not allowed for any purpose. Wild Native Species: Limits (See Appendix A): N/A Snapping turtles may not be less than 6 inches in carapace Regulations: width. There is no daily or annual bag limit. State regulation - 321 CMR 3.05, last updated 10-25-02. Seasons: http://www.mass.gov/dfwele/dfw/regulations/cmr/ Snapping turtles may be taken from January 1 through cmr_300.htm December 31 (i.e., year round). State statute authorizing the regulation – MGL c. 131, sec. 5 Reporting Requirements: Annual reports are required and are reviewed for compli- http://www.mass.gov/legis/laws/mgl/131-5.htm ance. There is usually one long-standing permittee who reports State regulation – 321 CMR 2.12 (11)(p), last updated capturing a large number of turtles, and two to five additional 12-27-96 permits have been issued to people who only capture a small http://www.mass.gov/dfwele/dfw/regulations/cmr/cmr_ number of turtles and are not active every year. The State fish 200.htm#212

Penalties for Avg. # Permits Issued/Yr Collection Type Permit Required Permit Fee Violation (based on last 10 yrs) $50 -$100 and/or up Commercial Snapping Turtle Permit $30 <50 (2-5) to 30 days Aquaculture None N/A N/A N/A

Personal None N/A N/A N/A

Non-commercial Scientific Species that are not Collecting Permit Free State-listed: $50 50 - 200 (for research, conservation, -$100 and/or up to Scientific education, or public display) 30 days; State-listed Commercial Scientific species: $1,000 Collecting Permit (for paid $100 - $20,000 and/or up 50 - 200 consultants) to 180 days** *Commercial propagation permits are for non-natives only. **An act prohibited by MESA with respect to each individual animal constitutes a separate offense.

State of the Union 74 Association of Fish & Wildlife Agencies 75 State statute authorizing the regulation – MGL c. 131, Scientific Collection sec. 23 Methods of Take: http://www.mass.gov/legis/laws/mgl/131-23.htm Each permit is individually conditioned, but standard wording has been developed for the most common requests. Personal Collection Methods allowed are usually by hand, hand net, hoop net, or Methods of Take: pitfall traps. Trot lines are not allowed for any purpose. Reptiles and amphibians, except those listed in 321 CMR 3.05(3), may be hunted, fished, trapped or taken by any Limits: method, except as follows. No reptile or amphibian may be Each permit is individually conditioned, but standard taken by hunting with firearms or bow and arrow on any wording has been developed for the most common requests. Sunday. Trot lines are not allowed for any purpose. No per- Conditions address which species may be taken, marking/ son, unless authorized by the Director, may take any reptile or handling methods (e.g., use and removal of telemetry), num- amphibian by means of poison, explosives, seines, gill nets, ber per species if the permit is for removal, location(s), and or fyke nets. sometimes date restrictions.

Limits (See Appendix B): Seasons: Of the 50 native species in MA, 13 amphibians and 17 See Limits above. reptiles may be taken from the wild and kept as pets without Reporting Requirements: a permit, but only two individuals per species per person may An annual report, which is due no later than the last day of be possessed at any time. Species not allowed to be taken are January of the next year, is required for all State permits. No listed in 321 CMR 3.05. Exception: For personal consump- permit renewals will be issued before receipt of this report. tion of frog legs, not more than 12 American bullfrogs and However, most reptile and amphibian permits are condi- green frogs, singly or in the aggregate, of either species can tioned to require the report to be submitted earlier, some be taken, or more than 24 in possession. No person may take require progress reports, and some require the discovery of or kill a bullfrog or green frog which measures less than 3 a State-listed species to be reported by the next business day. inches from the snout to the vent. Snapping turtles may be Scientific Collecting Permit annual reports are required to taken with no daily or seasonal bag limit. Frogs of the fam- include a list of all species, and the numbers of each, that ily Ranidae may be taken for bait by licensed fishermen or were handled or collected under the authority of the permit persons fishing on their own property without a license. Bait at each site. For State-listed rare species, a Rare Animal frogs must measure less than 2½ inches from the snout to the Observation Form is required for each site where the species vent, and not more than 10 per day (10 in possession) may be was observed, whether it was handled or not. taken (except the northern leopard frog may not be taken).

Seasons: January 31 to December 31, except American bullfrogs and green frogs, not including their eggs, may only be hunted or taken from July 16 to September 30.

Reporting Requirements: None.

Regulations: State regulation - 321 CMR 3.05, last updated 10-25-02. http://www.mass.gov/dfwele/dfw/regulations/cmr/ cmr_300.htm 321 CMR 9.01 (the Exemption List), last updated – 7-14-06. http://www.mass.gov/dfwele/dfw/regulations/cmr/ cmr_900.htm © KIM MURRELL / DREAMSTIME.COM © KIM MURRELL

74 Association of Fish & Wildlife Agencies 75 State of the Union MASSACHUSETTS

Regulations: even though the agency is not opposed to it if the animal is For Non Commercial Scientific Collecting Permit: a common species and an appropriate placement cannot be State statute (no specific regulation has been promul- found. gated) – MGL c. 131, sec 4 Unusual Regulations: http://www.mass.gov/legis/laws/mgl/131-4.htm MA has no unusual regulations for activities such as snake For Commercial Scientific Collecting Permit: hunts, religious purposes, etc. MESA – MGL c. 131A, promulgated in 1990 Disease/Pathogens Testing: http://www.mass.gov/legis/laws/mgl/gl-131a-toc.htm Testing for diseases or pathogens is not required prior State regulation 321 CMR 10.00, last updated in 2005, to the importation or exportation of reptiles or amphibians. regulatory species list last updated 8-08-08 However, reptiles and amphibians are not allowed to be http://www.mass.gov/dfwele/dfw/nhesp/regulatory_ imported into MA to be sold as live bait. It is not lawful to review/mesa/mesa_regulations.htm release any species of reptile or amphibian without a permit, but this is still being done in several contexts, including the Confiscation & Unusual Circumstances following: In general, any restricted species that is found to be in the • Water garden suppliers often sell live animals such as possession of someone that does not have a permit, is imme- goldfish, koi, and bullfrog tadpoles which later transform. diately seized. Occasionally, if the person qualifies to have a permit for the animal being kept, the agency has given the • Biological supply companies provide a number of person a short time to apply for a permit and has not seized live species for classrooms. Frogs, particularly northern leop- the animal. ard and bullfrog, are probably the most common species. The MA law states that seized animals will be “disposed of in agency has received numerous calls from teachers requesting the best interest of the commonwealth”. The preferred option permission to release live frogs at the end of the school year, is to give them to an organization or individual within the or reporting that they have already released their frogs. state who is already permitted to have the species that has • The Boston Asian food market sells live fish and tur- been seized, or to someone in another state who can lawfully tles, including red-eared sliders and Florida spiny softshelled receive the animal and use it for some legitimate purpose. The turtles that are killed and butchered at the time of sale. The agency never gives an animal that has been seized to someone agency has received numerous reports of people purchasing else to be kept as a pet, even if that person is in another state turtles in order to save them and then releasing them nearby. where it is legal. Seized animals are almost never euthanized, • Numerous pet reptiles escape and a smaller number are deliberately released each year. The two most frequently encountered species include the red-eared slider, which has now become established at numerous sites across the state, and the American alligator, which is a species that cannot be legally kept in MA but is available in nearby states. Although numerous individuals up to six feet in length have been captured in the wild in MA in the summer, they are not able to survive the winter.

Nuisance/Urban Wildlife Issues: The agency receives a large number of calls each year from the public with concerns about reptiles and amphibians, especially snakes and snapping turtles. The agency provides advice over the phone and through several publications on its web site, including a guide to the snakes of MA and species fact sheets in a series called “Living With Wildlife”, but staff seldom conduct site visits. However, the agency does permit Problem Animal Control Agents (PAC Agents) who, for a fee,

State of the Union 76 Association of Fish & Wildlife Agencies 77 MICHIGAN © MIKE MARCHAND / NHFG

General Wild Native Species: Native species may not be taken from the wild for farm- Classification and Conservation (See Appendix C): ing or aquaculture. Amphibians and reptiles are regulated under Subchapter 3: Fisheries of Michigan’s Natural Resources and Agency with Regulatory Authority: Environmental Protection Act (NREPA). “Protected” or The Department of Natural Resources regulates any com- “protected animal” means an animal or kind of animal mercial collection of native reptile and amphibians from the that is designated by the Department of Natural Resources wild (currently prohibited). The Aquaculture Development (Department) as an animal that shall not be taken. Under Act is administered by the Department of Agriculture. Michigan law, a person may not take, release, transport, sell, buy, or have in his or her possession game or any pro- Regulations: tected animal, whether living or dead, or parts of any game Fisheries Order FO – 224.08 Regulations on the take of or protected animal, except as provided for in the NREPA reptiles and amphibians (updated 4/1/2008): http://www. or by an order from the Department. The Department michigan.gov/dnr/0,1607,7-153-10366_37141-120716--,00. may issue specific orders to determine which animals are html considered game, which animals are protected, and which NREPA Act 451 of 1994: animals may be taken. Protected animals are listed in the 324.48738 Violations as misdemeanors; violation as Fisheries Order FO – 224.08 and on the State’s threatened felony; penalties (updated 3/11/2004): http://www.leg- and endangered species lists listed in Administrative Rules islature.mi.gov/(S(wbjnz345abh45w45cr5wsjit))/mileg. 299.1024 and 299.1025. aspx?page=getObject&objectName=mcl-324-48738 324.48702 Fish, reptiles, amphibians, mollusks, and Regulatory Process: crustaceans as property of state (updated 5/17/1996): http:// Action by the Michigan Natural Resources Director www.legislature.mi.gov/(S(zn3adh45w300aeydx4tgpeqf))/ is required to change Fisheries Order FO-224.08 and the mileg.aspx?page=getObject&objectName=mcl-324-48702 Administrative Procedures Act is required for changing rules Michigan Aquaculture Development Act (updated 299.1024 and 299.1025. 1996): www.michiganaquaculture.com/mcl-act-199-of- Commercial Collection 1996.pdf

Methods of Take: The taking of reptiles and amphibians for commercial purposes is prohibited. Commercial licenses are no longer issued as of 2007.

Limits (See Appendix A): N/A

Seasons: N/A

Reporting Requirements: N/A

Farming/Aquaculture General: Currently no reptile or amphibian species is listed on the approved aquaculture species list in the Aquaculture

Development Act (Act 199 of 1996). YOUNG / NHFG © VICTOR MICHIGAN

76 Association of Fish & Wildlife Agencies 77 State of the Union MICHIGAN © VICTOR YOUNG / NHFG © VICTOR

Personal Collection age limits. For snapping and softshell turtles: only snapping turtles with 13-inch minimum carapace length may Methods of Take: be taken; daily possession limit is 2 in combination (no Reptiles may be taken only by hand, trap, seines up to 12 more than 1 of either species), and total possession limit is x 4 feet overall dimension, hand net, or hook and line (as 4 in combination (no more than 2 of either species). For all defined in Section 48703 of Act 451). Amphibians may be other turtles, snakes, and lizards: daily possession limit is taken by hand, hook and line, hand net, seines up to 12 x 4 3 in combination (no more than 2 turtles or 1 of any turtle feet overall dimension, or trap where not otherwise prohib- species), and total possession limit is 6 in combination (no ited by law. In addition, frogs may be speared, but they may more than 4 turtles or 2 of any turtle species), with no size not be speared with the aid of an artificial light. Amphibians or age restrictions. and reptiles may not be shot with firearms (including spring, air, or gas propelled) or bow and arrow. Set lines may not be Seasons: used to take turtles. Traps must be labeled with the identity For frogs, toads, and salamanders: the season is from the of the trapper. For taking turtles, no more than three traps last Saturday in May through November 15. For snapping may be used, mesh traps must be no less than one inch mesh, and softshell turtles: the season is from July 15 through and traps must be set to allow turtles to surface and breathe. September 15. For all other turtles, snakes, and lizards: The season is open all year. Limits (See Appendix B): For frogs, toads, and salamanders: Daily and total pos- Reporting Requirements: session limits are 10 in any combination, with no size or There are no reporting requirements.

Penalties for Avg. # Permits Issued/Yr Collection Type Permit Required Permit Fee Violation (based on last 10 yrs) Commercial Not allowed N/A Not Specified Aquaculture None noted N/A Not Specified Up to $500 or 90 $28 R, days or both Personal All Species Fishing license Not Specified $42 NR Cultural or scientific Scientific None Not Specified collector’s permit * R=Resident; NR=Nonresident *Issued by the Department Fisheries Division for fish, reptiles, amphibians, crustaceans, or mollusks

State of the Union 78 Association of Fish & Wildlife Agencies 79 Regulations: Confiscation & Unusual Circumstances Fisheries Order FO – 224.08 Regulations on the take of reptiles and amphibians (see above for link) Confiscated Animals: Live confiscated animals are dealt with on a case-by-case Act 451 of 1994: basis and left up to the discretion of the officer. Efforts are 324.48703: Definition of hook and line (updated generally made to avoid euthanizing the reptile or amphib- 10/6/2008): ian. If a specimen is a candidate for release steps are taken http://www.legislature.mi.gov/ to do so. If not, attempts ware usually made to place the (S(0hp15fa4vsngygum5qsl5045))/mileg. animal with an educational institution (zoo, nature center, aspx?page=getObject&objectName=mcl-324-48703 university, etc.).

324.48738 Violations as misdemeanors; violation as Unusual Regulations: felony; penalties No unusual regulations were specified. 324.48702 Fish, reptiles, amphibians, mollusks, and crustaceans as property of state Disease/Pathogen Testing (see above for links) No regulations for disease or pathogen testing were specified.

Scientific Collection Nuisance or Urban Wildlife Issues: Methods of Take: Nuisance or urban issues involving reptiles and amphib- The same methods allowed under a sport fishing license ians are not handled directly by the Michigan Department of are allowed for scientific collection. Additional methods Natural Resources. Private entities/businesses that respond would need to be included in the specific proposal to be to nuisance or relocation requests from the public are per- authorized and are reviewed on a case by case basis. mitted for that activity under the Scientific Collector’s Permit. As public resources, nuisance reptiles and amphib- Limits: ians handled for relocation are required to be released away Limits are defined by the permit on a case by case basis. from the problem area but in the same watershed they were collected from. Seasons: Seasons are defined by the permit on a case by case basis.

Reporting Requirements: All Scientific Collector’s Permit holders are required to report their annual activities on forms or similar media provided by the Department. Prior to a permit being renewed, each permittee must submit a completed renewal report form supplied by the Department. The renewal report should provide an accurate summary of activities conducted under the previous permit.

Regulations: Fisheries Order FO – 224.08 Regulations on the take of reptiles and amphibians (see above for link) Regulations described on application: http://www. michigan.gov/documents/cultural_scientific_collector__ permit_PR8114_25509_7.pdf (updated 5/1/2002) Act 451 of 1994: 324.45503 Frogs; permits to take for scientific or experimental purposes; revocation. 9/10/2004 http://www. legislature.mi.gov/(S(wbjnz345abh45w45cr5wsjit))/mileg.

aspx?page=getObject&objectName=mcl-324-45503 YOUNG / NHFG © VICTOR

78 Association of Fish & Wildlife Agencies 79 State of the Union MINNESOTA © VICTOR YOUNG / NHFG

General Limits (See Appendix A): The following turtle species and size limits may be taken Classification and Conservation (See Appendix C): under a turtle seller’s, turtle seller’s apprentice, recreational In statute, native frogs and turtles are “protected wild- turtle, or angling license: western painted turtles (Chrysemys life” and may not be taken without a permit. Other rep- picta bellii) 5½ inches or smaller in shell length, snapping tiles and amphibians are not protected, with the exception turtles (Chelydra serpentina) greater than12 inches in shell that several reptiles and amphibians are listed as endan- length, and spiny softshells (Apalone spinifera) greater gered or threatened (https://www.revisor.mn.gov/rules/ than12 inches in shell length. A person may not collect turtle ?id=6134.0200) and may not be taken without a separate eggs from natural nests except with a permit from the com- threatened and endangered species permit. Many reptiles missioner. A person may not possess more than 3 snapping and amphibians are listed as special concern, but no addi- turtles without a turtle seller’s license. Exception: Statute tional protection applies to this classification. Protected is 97C.605 allows residents under age 18 to take, possess, and defined “by a restriction in the time or manner of taking.” rent or sell up to 25 turtles greater than 4 inches in length Colloquially, all are nongame species, and management for the purpose of providing the turtles to participants at a responsibilities lie principally with nongame staff of the nonprofit turtle race. Department of Natural Resources’ Division of Ecological Note: In order to gradually phase out commercial har- and Water Resources. Statutes/rules, however, are managed vest without imposing undue hardship on active harvesters, jointly with Division of Fish and Wildlife staff. provisions were added in Statute 97C.605 in 2002 specify- Minnesota regulations do not distinguish between col- ing that except for renewals, no new turtle seller’s licenses lection (removal from the wild) and possession of native could be issued after August 1, 2002, and that a turtle seller’s amphibians and/or reptiles; both “collection” and “posses- license could be transferred only once and only to a child of sion” are regulated as “take”. the person holding the license. To date, this has resulted in a 50% reduction in the number of active turtle seller’s licenses Regulatory Process: in Minnesota. Changes to regulation are accomplished under the provisions of the State’s Administrative Procedures Act, and require approval from the Commissioner, the Governor, and an Administrative Law Judge. Turtle regulations were overhauled in 2001-2003. Regulations applying to frogs have not undergone recent review. https://www.revisor.mn.gov/statutes/?id=97A.015 subd. 39 https://www.revisor.mn.gov/statutes/?id=97C.601; https://www.revisor.mn.gov/statutes/?id=97C.605; https://www.revisor.mn.gov/rules/?id=6256 Commercial Collection Methods of Take: A person may not use cloth screens or similar devices to take frogs. The commissioner may issue permits to take frogs with the use of artificial lights in waters designated in the permit. Prohibited methods for taking turtles are listed in Statute 97C.605, subdivision 3. Turtle trapping for commercial collection under a turtle seller’s license is regulated by Administrative Rule 6256.0500. MINNESOTA © VICTOR YOUNG / NHFG © VICTOR

State of the Union 80 Association of Fish & Wildlife Agencies 81 MINNESOTA

Licensed anglers and children under age16 may take, use, buy, and sell an unlimited number of frogs up to 6 inches long for bait. A separate license is required to take frogs for purposes other than bait. Northern leopard frogs and bullfrogs must be over 6 inches if taken for purposes other than bait. Frogs may only be taken between sunrise and sunset.

Seasons: Frogs may be taken from May 16 to March 31. Snapping turtles may not be taken during May and June. Spiny softshells may not be taken June 1 to July 15. Any other seasons or closures under sport fishing regulations could also apply.

Reporting Requirements: Reports are required annually from persons in posses-

sion of a turtle seller’s license or a license to take frogs for © MIKE MARCHAND / NHFG purposes other than bait, and are analyzed as time allows. Reports on commercial turtle harvest include numbers and Regulations: pounds of each species taken and from which bodies of https://www.revisor.mn.gov/statutes/?id=97C.605 water turtles were taken. Aquatic farmers or aquaculturists (turtles) (see below) must keep complete, up-to-date records which https://www.revisor.mn.gov/statutes/?id=97C.601 (frogs) are to be made available to the Department of Agriculture. A https://www.revisor.mn.gov/rules/?id=6256 (frogs and licensed turtle seller must also maintain records of all pur- turtles) chase or resale activities, and these records must be available for inspection. The usefulness of the reports or records relies https://www.revisor.mn.gov/rules/?id=6256.0900 on the honesty of the harvester, but there is no obvious alter- (aquaculture) native to determining harvest impacts. https://www.revisor.mn.gov/statutes/?id=17.4984 (aquaculture) Farming/Aquaculture: http://www.dnr.state.mn.us/regulations/fishing/index.html General: An aquatic farm or private fish hatchery license with a turtle endorsement is required to possess or sell turtle eggs Personal Collection or to keep turtles for propagation. A person may also get a Methods of Take: permit from the commissioner for public exhibition. Methods are the same as above for commercial collection. A recreational turtle license is required if turtles are Wild Native Species: taken for personal use with commercial equipment. Turtle eggs may not be collected from the wild. If they are collected from harvested females who are gravid, they Limits (See Appendix B): are to be placed into nests in the wild. A licensee may apply Limits are the same as above for commercial collection. for a permit to harvest up to 40 adult turtles for brood stock, in accordance with conditions in Rule 6256.0900. Turtle Seasons: or turtle eggs may not be obtained from out-of-state unless Seasons are the same as described above for commercial approved by the commissioner (see below). collection.

Agency with Regulatory Authority: Reporting Requirements: The Department of Agriculture regulates aquaculture. Reports are not required for personal collection. The agriculture commissioner issues the licenses and makes the inspections. Commercial fishing is regulated by the Regulations: Department of Natural Resources. Same as listed above for Commercial Collection.

80 Association of Fish & Wildlife Agencies 81 State of the Union MINNESOTA

Scientific Collection Confiscation & Unusual Circumstances Methods of Take: Confiscated Animals: Methods are not defined by regulation, but may be speci- A wild animal taken, bought, sold, transported, or pos- fied in a scientific collection permit. Many of the scien- sessed in violation of the game and fish laws, and all tific collecting permits for herpetofauna are issued under instrumentalities and devices used in taking wild animals in Minnesota’s endangered and threatened species permitting violation of the game and fish laws that are subject to confis- authority (e.g., Wood Turtle, Blanding’s Turtle, and Timber cation. (MS 97A.015, subd. 12; https://www.revisor.mn.gov/ Rattlesnake), and may or may not include other species in statutes/?id=97A.015 and MS 97A.221; https://www.revisor. addition to the endangered or threatened species. mn.gov/statutes/?id=97A.221)

Limits: Unusual Regulations: Limits are not defined by regulation, but may be speci- Minnesota Statutes, section 97C.605 allows people to fied in a scientific collection permit. take, possess, and rent or sell up to 25 turtles greater than four inches in length for the purpose of providing the turtles Seasons: to participants at a nonprofit turtle race, if the person is a Seasons are not defined by regulation, but may be speci- resident under age 18. The person is responsible for the well- fied in a scientific collection permit. being of the turtles.

Reporting Requirements: Disease/Pathogen Testing: Reporting requirements are not defined by regulation, but No disease or pathogen testing is required. may be specified in a scientific collection permit. Nuisance or Urban Wildlife Issues: Regulations: Special permits may be issued for take of protected, endan- Statute 97A.401, https://www.revisor.mn.gov/statutes/ gered, or threatened animals to prevent or reduce damage caused ?id=97A.401 (special permits) to people, property, crops, pets, or other items of interest; a https://www.revisor.mn.gov/rules/?id=6212.1500 permit for the take of unprotected animals is not required.

Penalties for Avg. # Permits Issued/Yr Collection Type Permit Required Permit Fee Violation (based on last 10 yrs) Turtle Seller’s License $250 <50 License to sell frogs as bait $35.00 None tied directly to <10 Commercial License to sell frogs for this license $35.00 <5 purposes other than bait Aquatic farm or private fish Petty misdemeanor, Farming/ hatchery license with turtle Varies misdemeanor, or None to date Aquaculture endorsement license suspension $17.00/yr R, Petty misdemeanor, Angling license $39.50/yr NR misdemeanor, or Not tracked for frogs and turtles Personal per individual license suspension None tied directly to Recreational turtle license $35.00 <50 this license None tied directly to Scientific Special permit None <100 this license

R=resident, NR=non-resident, S=Student *The gross overlimit penalty (MS 97A.338; https://www.revisor.mn.gov/statutes/?id=97A.338) is a gross misdemeanor, and can be applied to illegal take when the restitution value is over $1,000 + Restitution penalties (MR 6133; https://www.revisor.mn.gov/rules/?id=6133) can be applied to illegal take of threatened ($500/animal) or endangered ($2,000/animal) species

State of the Union 82 Association of Fish & Wildlife Agencies 83 © ERIC ALDRICH / NHFG © ERIC

82 Association of Fish & Wildlife Agencies 83 State of the Union MISSISSIPPI © JOHN WHITE

General Mississippi regulations on the possession of native species of wildlife do not distinguish between wildlife collected Classification and Conservation (See Appendix C): within the state and wildlife from other sources. Therefore, Reptiles and amphibians are classified as endangered, if a species native to Mississippi but which was collected in as in need of management, as game species, or as commer- another state is brought to Mississippi, it is still subject to the cial species. Each of the classes listed above has different same regulations as it would be if collected in Mississippi. regulations on possession and take. Endangered species may be possessed with appropriate state permits, issued Regulatory Process: by the Mississippi Department of Wildlife, Fisheries, and Mississippi regulations are approved by the Commission Parks (MDWFP), and if federally listed, with the appro- on Wildlife, Fisheries, and Parks, and do not require approval priate federal permits. Species deemed to be in need of by the Legislature. management and those deemed to be game species may be possessed with the appropriate hunting and fishing Commercial Collection licenses. Frogs (bullfrogs, pigfrogs, and bronze frogs) Methods of Take: hunted for their legs are considered game, as are alliga- There are no restrictions on the methods for taking com- tors. All other reptiles and amphibians are considered to mon snapping turtles. be nongame. Nongame means any wild animal not otherwise legally classified by statute or regulation of the State Limits (See Appendix A): ,and includes the animal, any product made from the ani- Take is restricted to carapace lengths above 12 inches for mal, eggs or offspring, or the dead body or parts thereof. common snapping turtles. Other species listed as In Need of Species listed as In Need of Management may be taken for Management or as Endangered may not be taken for com- personal use with the appropriate hunting/fishing license, mercial purposes within the appropriate season, if specified, and within the Seasons: appropriate possession limits. Only one species listed as In There are no seasons for taking common snapping turtles, Need of Management, the common snapping turtle, may other than zone closures that may be required under the com- be taken from the wild for commercial purposes, but only mercial fishing license. with the appropriate commercial permit. Species listed as In Need of Management may also be propagated in cap- Reporting Requirements: tivity for commercial purposes, but again only with the Collection and disposition reports are required before per- appropriate permits issued by MDWFP. mits, which are issued annually, can be renewed. Collection MISSISSIPPI

State of the Union 84 Association of Fish & Wildlife Agencies 85 MISSISSIPPI

reports have to identify how many and where common Agency with Regulatory Authority: snapping turtles were taken, and disposition reports have to Mississippi Department of Wildlife, Fisheries, and identify to whom and how many common snapping turtles Parks. were sold. Data from permit reports are considered reliable, because they require information on where and to whom Regulations: wildlife was sold. If that information proves to be false, and Mississippi Code of 1972: law enforcement personnel periodically check it, the permit- Sections 49-5-101 through 49-5-119 tee in question is subject to prosecution. Section 49-1-41 (updated 2000)

Farming/Aquaculture: http://michie.lexisnexis.com/mississippi/lpext. General: dll?f=templates&fn=main-h.htm&cp Farming and aquaculture is allowed for residents only, Public Notices in Mississippi (regulations developed by under a commercial captive propagation permit. MDWFP): M4-3201 (updated 2007) Wild Native Species: Wild native species may be collected from the wild for http://museum.mdwfp.com/downloads/science/ commercial captive propagation, but no more than 8 individ- PNM43201.pdf uals of any reptile species or 16 individuals of any amphibian species may be taken from the wild as breeding stock, or Personal Collection as otherwise specified by a permit in special circumstances. Methods of Take: The latter has occurred only with turtle farmers, who are There are no restrictions on how specimens are taken. allowed to take turtles from commercial catfish ponds only. The turtles in those ponds are normally killed by catfish pro- Limits (See Appendix B): cessors and catfish farmers, who consider them a nuisance. Endangered species are excluded. Possession limit is 4 Species listed as Endangered may not be taken from the wild of any species or subspecies, with a total limit of no more for commercial propagation purposes. than 20 reptiles and 20 amphibians. The alligator snapping

Penalties for Avg. # Permits Issued/Yr Collection Type Permit Required Permit Fee Violation (based on last 10 yrs) Common snapping turtle com- $25.00 R, <50 mercial collection permit $100 NR Class I violation: Commercial $31.85 R, $204.29 $2000 - $5000 or 5 Not tracked for reptiles and Commercial fishing license NR, depending on days in jail* amphibians gear tag fees Class I violation: Commercial captive Aquaculture No fee $2000 - $5000 or 5 <50 propagation days in jail* Resident small game hunting/ Not tracked for reptiles and $17.85 freshwater fishing permit Class I violation: amphibians Personal $2000 - $5000 or 5 Non-resident all game hunting $303.85 days in jail* license Class II Violation: Scientific collecting permit $100 - $500 or 60 Scientific Endangered $0 -$1.00 <50 days to 6 months species permit in jail R=Resident; NR=Nonresident * Additional fines of up to $100 for each animal involved may be applied.

84 Association of Fish & Wildlife Agencies 85 State of the Union MISSISSIPPI turtle possession limit is one individual, and it must have a specimens collected are required to be deposited in a recog- carapace length of 24 inches or greater. nized university or museum collection. This is checked by contacting the relevent institutions. Seasons: The season on alligator snapping turtle is closed from April Regulations: 1 through June 30. There are no other defined seasons. Legal Authority as above for commercial collection. Reporting Requirements: Confiscation & Unusual Circumstances There are no reporting requirements. Confiscation of Animals: Regulations: Mississippi has no guidelines for confiscation. In general, Same as above for commercial collection. confiscated reptiles and amphibians are not released because many are in poor physical shape and wouldn’t survive, and Scientific Collection in almost all cases have been exposed to exotic species, and there is concern about introducing diseases to native popu- Methods of Take: lations. Confiscated reptiles and amphibians are sometimes Methods authorized vary with the species for which the placed with institutions (zoos, museums), but if no institu- collecting permit is issued. Applicants must specify how tion is willing to take them, they are euthanized. they will take specimens, and if this is acceptable, it is so stated in the permit. Unusual Regulations: Mississippi does not have any unusual regulations. Limits: Limits are specified in each permit. Disease/Pathogen Testing: Mississippi does not require any testing for exported or Seasons: imported native species. Seasons are specified in each permit. Nuisance or Urban Wildlife Issues: Reporting Requirements: Nuisance and urban wildlife issues are not usually han- A report is required within 15 days of expiration of the dled by MDWFP. Most are handled either by the local land- permit. Permit applications are scrutinized carefully and are owner or by local animal control entities. There are no State issued only for bona fide scientific and educational purposes guidelines specifically addressing these issues, but if take is to people with institutional or governmental affiliations. All involved, appropriate state permits will be required. © J.D. WILSON

State of the Union 86 Association of Fish & Wildlife Agencies 87 MISSOURI © JOHN WHITE

General Commercial Collection Classification and Conservation (See Appendix C): Methods of Take: Common snapping and soft-shelled turtles are regu- Commercial fishing methods are authorized; for example, lated by the Sport Fishing Chapter of the Wildlife Code trammel, gill net, or seine; hoop net; or trotline. of Missouri. They are also considered to be commercial fish when taken in commercial waters by licensed com- Limits (See Appendix A): mercial fishers. The take of bullfrogs and green frogs is Take of common and soft-shelled turtles from commercial regulated in both the Sport Fishing and Sport Hunting waters, under a Commercial Fishing Permit, is the only com- Chapters, with the permit required being dependent upon mercial take allowed. There are no limits on the collection the method used. Southern or plains leopard frogs and of these turtles under this license, except as may be required cricket frogs may be taken to be used as live bait by the under 3 CSR 10-10.725, pertaining to commercial fishing. holder of a Fishing Permit. All other amphibians and reptiles are considered non-game, with their taking and pos- Seasons: session strictly controlled. The Wildlife Code of Missouri There are no closed or open seasons. is a permissive type of law, which means unless the Code Reporting Requirements: specifically allows take of non-game wildlife, take is not Commercial fishers are required to submit monthly allowed. Consequently, except as otherwise stated above, reports to the Resource Science Division for compilation and these animals are afforded full protection. To define pro- analysis. Missouri has just started asking for more informa- tection, 3CSR 10-4.110(1) basically states that unless the tion on turtle catch from commercial fishing permit holders. remaining rules in the Wildlife Code of Missouri allow With only anecdotal information, they tend to question the it, a person may not do anything to or with any form of reliability of the reports. amphibian or reptile. Statute 252.020, Revised Statutes of Missouri (RSMo) clearly states the word “wildlife” includes Farming/Aquaculture: all forms, regardless of classification; resident, migratory General: or imported; protected or unprotected; dead or alive. To exhibit, propagate, or hold in captivity bullfrogs, green Missouri generally does not distinguish between collec- frogs, or other non-venomous reptiles and amphibians native tion (removal from the wild) and possession regulations for to Missouri, a Class I Wildlife Breeder Permit is required. native amphibians and/or reptiles. Statute 252.040 RSMo Copperheads, cottonmouths, or timber, pygmy, or massa- states that no wildlife may be pursued, taken, killed, possessed sauga rattlesnakes require a Class II Wildlife Breeder Permit or disposed of except as permitted by rules and regulations. for the same activities. Animals allowed to be confined However, there are also separate statutes and regulations that under these permits are listed in 3 CSR 10-9.105. Limits and pertain only to possession, regardless of whether or not the provisions are stated in CSR 10-9.110. Wildlife held under animal was collected within the state (e.g., 252.190 RSMo, a wildlife collector’s permit for scientific or other special 3CSR-10-9). purpose may be propagated but shall not be sold or exhibited commercially. When holding live specimens, permit holders Regulatory Process: Regulations pertaining to wildlife resources require are required to adhere to wildlife confinement standards set approval of the Conservation Commission of Missouri. The forth in the Wildlife Code of Missouri, 3 CSR 10-9.220. General Assembly (Legislature) deals with issues of crime Wild Native Species: and punishment and, consequently, passes laws dealing with All animals held under either wildlife breeder permit must fines and jail time for violations of laws and regulations. be secured from a legal source other than the wild stock of http://www.sos.mo.gov/adrules/csr/current/3csr/ the state. The only native wild species allowed to be collected 3c10-9.pdf for rearing or breeding are those being held under a wildlife collector’s permit for scientific or other special purpose. http://www.sos.mo.gov/adrules/csr/current/3csr/ 3c10-4.pdf Agency with Regulatory Authority: MISSOURIhttp://www.moga.mo.gov/statutes/C252.HTM The Wildlife Agency has regulatory authority.

86 Association of Fish & Wildlife Agencies 87 State of the Union MISSOURI

Regulations: 3 CSR 10-9.350 Class I Wildlife Breeder permit Code of State Regulations: (updated 1/1/1994) 3 CSR 10-10.705 Commercialization (updated 3 CSR 10-9.350 Class II Wildlife Breeder permit 2/28/2008) (updated 2/28/2007) 3 CSR 10-10.720 Commercial Fishing Permit (updated 3 CSR 10-9.359 Records required (updated 3/1/2001) 2/292008) 3 CSR 10-9.353 Privileges of wildlife breeder (amended 3 CSR 10-10.725-727 Commercial Fishing: Seasons, 3/23/2009) Methods (updated 7/1/2009) http://www.sos.mo.gov/adrules/csr/current/3csr/3c10-9.pdf http://www.sos. mo.gov/adrules/csr/current/3csr/3c10-10.pdf Personal Collection Missouri Constitution sections referenced in regulations Methods of Take: 3 CSR 10-10.743 Commercial Establishments (updated Bullfrogs, green frogs, common snapping turtles, and 9/30/2005) soft-shelled turtles may be taken with methods specifically 3 CSR 10-9.105 General Provisions (updated 4/1/2007) authorized in 3 CSR 10-6.605, 3 CSR 10-6.615, and 3 CSR 3 CSR 10-9.106 Confined Wildlife Permits: How 10-6.620, under the fishing permit. Bullfrogs and green Obtained, Replacements (updated 3/1/2003) frogs may also be taken by firearm or bow and arrow under the hunting permit, described in 3 CSR 10-7.445. There are 3 CSR 10-9.110 General Prohibition; Applications no specified methods for other reptiles and amphibians. (amended 3/23/2009) 3 CSR 10-9.220 Wildlife Confinement Standards Limits (See Appendix B): (updated 4/1/2007) Five each of southern leopard frog, plains leopard frog, 3 CSR 10-9.230 Class I Wildlife (updated 5/30/2003) and cricket frog may be taken and used as live bait by the 3 CSR 10-9.240 Class II Wildlife (updated 2/28/2005) holder of a fishing permit. Under a fishing permit, there is a

Penalties for Avg. # Permits Issued/Yr Collection Type Permit Required Permit Fee Violation (based on last 10 yrs) Up to 7 years in the state penitentiary or $25 R, $200 NR R = >200 Commercial Commercial fishing permit up to $5000.00 fine plus tag fees* NR = <50 or a combination

thereof RIVER CWMW BUGWOOD.ORG TO RIVER © CHRIS EVANS Up to 7 years in the Class I wildlife breeder permit $50.00 state penitentiary or <50 Aquaculture up to $5000.00 fine Class II wildlife breeder permit $250.00 or a combination <50 thereof $10 - $400, R= >200 Fishing permits depending on Up to one year in the NR= >200 permit county jail or up to a Personal $10 - $400, $1000.00 fine or any R= >200 Hunting permits depending on combination thereof NR= >200 permit Wildlife collector’s permit for $5.00 Up to one year in the >200 scientific purposes county jail or up to a Scientific Wildlife collector’s permit for $1000.00 fine or any $50.00 >200 special collections combination thereof R=Resident; NR=Nonresident *$30.00 each for trammel or gill net or seine used; $5.00 for each hoop net used; $5.00 for each trotline of up to 50 hooks used

State of the Union 88 Association of Fish & Wildlife Agencies 89 © CHRIS EVANS RIVER TO RIVER CWMW BUGWOOD.ORG TO RIVER © CHRIS EVANS

daily limit of eight aggregate for bullfrogs and green frogs; Seasons: and there is a daily limit of five common snapping turtles The bullfrog and green frog season is sunset June 30 and five soft-shelled turtles. Under a hunting permit, there is through October 31. The soft-shelled turtle season is from a daily limit of eight aggregate for bullfrogs and green frogs July 1 through December 31.There are no other seasons and a maximum limit of 16 aggregate. regulated for other reptiles or amphibians, so they may be taken year round. Educational Use: A maximum of five specimens of any other native wild- Reporting Requirements: life species not listed as game animals or venomous rep- Reporting is not required for this permit. tiles--except endangered species, dusty hog-nosed snake, Regulations: Kirtland’s snake, western fox snake, and alligator snapping 3 CSR 10-6.405 General Provisions (updated 2/28/2007) turtles--may be taken and possessed alive by a resident of 3 CSR 10-6.415 Restricted Zones (updated 4/30/2009) Missouri without a permit, but these animals may not be bought or sold. Other limits may be described in 3 CSR 10- 3 CSR 10-6.605 Live bait (updated 2/29/2008) 6.405 or 3 CSR 10-7.405 (General Provisions) or 3 CSR 10- 3 CSR 10-6.615 Bullfrogs and Green Frogs (updated 7.410 (hunting methods). 4/30/2009)

88 Association of Fish & Wildlife Agencies 89 State of the Union MISSOURI

3 CSR 10-6.620 Turtles (updated 4/30/2009) permit must be attended to at least daily or more often, as http://www.sos.mo.gov/adrules/csr/current/3csr/3c10-6.pdf stated on the permit.

3 CSR 10-7.445 Bullfrogs and Green Frogs: Seasons, Limits: Methods, Limits (update 2/29/2008 Species and numbers of each animal to be collected are 3 CSR 10-7.405 General Provisions (updated 4/30/2009) limited to those specified on the permit. 3 CSR 10-7.410 Hunting Methods (amended 3/23/2009) Seasons: http://www.sos.mo.gov/adrules/csr/current/3csr/3c10-7.pdf There are no seasons, unless they are specified on the 3 CSR 10-5.315 Resident Lifetime Fishing Permit permit. 3 CSR 10-5.320 Resident Lifetime Small Game Hunting Permit Reporting Requirements: 3 CSR 10-5.330-331 Resident Small Game Hunting and Advance notification to the conservation agent or Fishing Permit Protection Division regional supervisor in the county or area as to where and when the collecting will be done is required. 3 CSR 10-5.340 Resident Fishing Permit The permit holder must submit a wildlife collector’s per- 3 CSR 10-5.345 Resident Small Game Hunting Permit mit report to the Missouri Department of Conservation 3 CSR 10-5.440 Daily Fishing Permit (MDC) within thirty (30) days of the permit’s expiration 3 CSR 10-5.445 Daily Small Game Hunting date (January 1). Issuance of permits for the following year are conditioned on compliance with this regulation, speci- 3 CSR 10-5.540 Nonresident Fishing Permit fied conditions of the permit, and receipt of a satisfactory 3 CSR 10-5.545 Nonresident Small Game Hunting wildlife collector’s permit report. MDC volunteers, working Permit on authorized wildlife collection projects, are exempt from http://www.sos.mo.gov/adrules/csr/current/3csr/3c10-5.pdf these requirements. The reports are only considered as reliable as the permit holder. Scientific Collection Regulations: Methods of Take: 3 CSR 10-9.425 Wildlife Collector’s Permit (updated Collecting methods are limited to those specified on 4/30/2009) the permit. The permit holder’s name, address, and wildlife http://www.sos. collector’s permit number must be on all trapping and net- mo.gov/adrules/csr/current/3csr/3c10-9.pdf ting devices. The traps, nets or other devices used under this Confiscation & Unusual Circumstances Confiscation of Animals: Confiscation is dealt with on a case-by-case basis, with all possibilities considered for disposition.

Disease/Pathogens Testing: Missouri does not require testing for disease/pathogens prior to native herpetofauna species being (1) exported from or imported into the state, or (2) sold/used for bait in bodies of water other than their collection locations (within the state).

“Nuisance” or “Urban” Wildlife Issues: MDC handles these issues and allows, through regulations, landowners to protect their property themselves. MDC regulations also allow landowners to hire someone to deal with issues on their behalf. There are regulations and policies that address all of this.

State of the Union 90 Association of Fish & Wildlife Agencies 91 MONTANA © L.T. SHEARS / CC SA

General Seasons: There is no season for prairie rattlesnakes. Classification and Conservation (See Appendix C): Reptiles and amphibians are considered nongame wild- Reporting Requirements: life. The only nongame species that receive any protection There is no reporting requirement for commercial take of through State statute are those designated as nongame in prairie rattlesnakes. need of ‘management’. Currently, no herptile species are designated in this manner. Montana Animal Species of Farming/Aquaculture: Concern are native Montana animals that are considered to General: be “at risk” due to declining population trends, threats to Aquaculture is not allowed for commercial purposes but their habitats, and/or restricted distribution. Species with is allowed for pet purposes. specialized conservation needs (SGCN) are species for which the population has declined to the point at which it Wild Native Species: requires individual management and research. “Protected” Wild-caught animals may be held or bred in captivity as is defined as wildlife species for which it is unlawful to pets only, not for commercial use. take, possess, transport, export, sell or offer for sale out- Agency with Regulatory Authority: side of regulated and permitted activities. As stated above, The Department of Fish, Wildlife, and Parks (department) the only nongame species that Montana truly manages would regulate, if applicable. under State statute are those that are considered ‘in need of management’. A separate statute excludes herptiles Regulations: from commercial activities (MCA 87-5-116). The harvest MCA 87-5-116 (3) (2001), http://data.opi.state.mt.us/ of prairie rattlesnakes for commercial purposes is exempt bills/mca/87/5/87-5-116.htm from this code and is unregulated. Personal collection is 87-4-609, http://data.opi.mt.gov/bills/mca/87/4/87-4- not regulated. 609.htm Montana does not distinguish between collection (removal from the wild) and possession regulations for native amphibians and/or reptiles. Personal Collection

ethods of ake Regulatory Process: M T : Regulation changes in Montana require approval from Methods are not regulated. both the Commission and the Legislature. Attempts to revise the ‘nongame species in need of management’ list to Limits (See Appendix B): include all nongame species failed in the 2009 legislative There are no limits. session. Seasons: Commercial Collection Seasons are not regulated. Methods of Take: Reporting Requirements: Commercial collection is not allowed for herpetofauna There are no reporting requirements. with the exception of prairie rattlesnakes. Take of prairie rattlesnakes is not regulated. Regulations: N/A Limits (See Appendix A): There are no limits for take of prairie rattlesnakes. Other reptiles and amphibians may not be taken for commer- Scientific Collection cial purposes without obtaining a special permit from the Methods of Take: department. Methods are dependent on the permit. MONTANA

90 Association of Fish & Wildlife Agencies 91 State of the Union MONTANA

Limits: 5-706, could not be used for bait, as they may not be released Limits are dependent on the permit. or transplanted in the state, but may only be sold or used as pets. The commission may by rule authorize the possession or Seasons: sale of other species of noncontrolled exotic wildlife that are Seasons are dependent on the permit. not listed in 87-5-706, only if it is determined that the other species present minimal disease, ecological, environmental, Reporting Requirements: safety, or health risks. Under 87-5-711, the transplantation or Reporting requirements are annual. Report data are introduction of any wildlife is prohibited unless the commis- considered reliable to determine take (vs harvest numbers), sion determines, based upon scientific investigation and after and are entered into Montana’s Point of Observation public hearing, that the species of wildlife poses no threat of database. harm to native wildlife and plants.

Nuisance or Urban Wildlife Issues: Regulations: Regional offices deal with nuisance animals on a case- MCA 87-5-109 (1987) by-case basis. Disposition of exotics by the region would http://data.opi.state.mt.us/bills/mca/87/5/87-5-109.htm fall under the rules described above. Confiscation & Unusual Circumstances Confiscated Animals: Any exotic wildlife held in violation must be shipped out of state, returned to the point of origin, or destroyed within a time set by the department, not to exceed 6 months. The person in possession of the exotic wildlife may choose the method of disposition. If the person in possession of the exotic wildlife does not comply with this requirement, the department may confiscate and then house, transport, or destroy the unlawfully held exotic wildlife. The department may charge any person convicted of a violation of this regulation for the costs associated with the handling, housing, transporting, or destroying of the exotic wildlife (87-5-721 (2009)).

Unusual Regulations: Montana has no unusual regulations.

Disease/Pathogens Testing: Import permits are required for amphibians or reptiles imported into Montana, and are only issued if a health certificate is submitted for the species being shipped. “Noncontrolled”

exotic wildlife authorized for possession or sale, listed in 87- BLOCK © PAUL

Penalties for Avg. # Permits Issued/Yr Collection Type Permit Required Permit Fee Violation (based on last 10 yrs) Commercial None N/A Up to $250 first N/A offense. Up to $500 Aquaculture None N/A 2nd offence or jail not N/A Personal None N/A to exceed 30 days or N/A both. Subsequent, not less than $500 or <50 $50 for non- more than $1000 and Scientific Scientific Collector Permit educational may get jail, not to institutions <50 exceed 6 months. R=resident, NR=non-resident, S=Student

State of the Union 92 Association of Fish & Wildlife Agencies 93 NEBRASKA © MIKE MARCHAND / NHFG

General process, deliver, carry, transport, or ship any individuals of the species. The take of these species for personal or Classification and Conservation (See Appendix C): commercial use is not permitted. For a group of 18 species, In Nebraska most species of reptiles and amphibians the take of up to 3 individuals per species from the wild are broadly classified as nongame. The exceptions are in Nebraska and the associated transport and possession the common snapping turtle, tiger salamanders (currently for personal use is permitted. It is unlawful to take any of recognized as barred salamanders), and bullfrog which are these species from the wild in Nebraska, possess, sell or listed as game species and require a fishing license for offer for sale, export, process, deliver, carry, transport, or take and have limits on the number that can be taken. Also, ship any individuals of these species for commercial use. tiger salamanders are classified as bait and can be taken by For a group of 16 species, the take of up to 10 individuals private individuals for bait and commercially with a bait per species from the wild in Nebraska and the associated dealer’s permit (see Note below). There are also limits on transport and possession for personal use is permitted. It the number that can be taken of these species. is unlawful to take any of these species from the wild in Under the state’s Nongame and Endangered Species Nebraska, possess, sell or offer for sale, export, process, Act, a species can be designated as endangered, threatened deliver, carry, transport, or ship any individuals of these or a species in need of conservation. Species that are listed species taken from the wild in Nebraska for commercial as state endangered or threatened have essentially the same use. Tiger salamanders are also designated as bait species protection at the state level as a federally listed species. In and may be taken for personal and commercial use, with Nebraska, the massasauga is the only reptile species listed daily bag and possession limits (see Note below). A bait under the Nebraska Nongame and Endangered Species dealer’s license is required for commercial use of tiger Conservation Act and it is listed as state threatened. salamanders. Under the Nebraska Nongame and Endangered Species Conservation Act it is unlawful to take, possess, sell or offer for sale, export, process, deliver, carry, transport, or ship any endangered or threatened species. The Act also requires that other state agencies consult with the Nebraska Game and Parks Commission (Commission) for possible project impacts to listed species. Permits issued by other state agencies are also required to go through environmental review and a structured consultation process with the Commission for possible impacts to listed species. A species can also be designated as a Species in Need of Conservation (SNC). A Species in Need of Conservation is a level of protection lower than a listed species but still considers population, distribution, habitat needs, limiting factors, and other biological and ecological data to determine conservation measures necessary to enable the species to sustain itself successfully. Unless specified by regulation, it is unlawful to take, possess, sell or offer for sale, export, process, deliver, carry, transport, or ship any SNC. SNC are not required to be included in environmental reviews and the consultation process. In Nebraska, all reptiles and amphibians except common snapping turtles, bullfrogs, and tiger salamanders, are listed as Species in Need of Conservation. Under regulations, take of SNC are regulated in four categories (see also Appendices A and B); For a group of 22 species it NEBRASKA

is unlawful to take, possess, sell or offer for sale, export, / CC SA © L.T.SHEARS

92 Association of Fish & Wildlife Agencies 93 State of the Union NEBRASKA

The provisions of regulations for SCN are related to Limits (See Appendix A): the take of individuals from the wild in Nebraska. For the Tiger salamanders have no size or age limit. The limits are 22 species for which the possession of any individual is 100 daily bag and 100 aggregate in possession; these limits prohibited, the source of the individual does not matter. are for any combination of the three species. The take of bait Thus an individual of these species legally obtained out- species is prohibited from a number of streams in the state. side of Nebraska cannot be legally possessed in Nebraska for any purpose. For the two groups of 18 and 16 species Seasons: for which the possession of 3 or 10 individuals taken from There are no closed seasons for commercial collection of Nebraska is permitted, if individual specimens or parts of tiger salamanders; the open season is January 1 to December these species are legally obtained outside of Nebraska, then 31 each year. it is legal to possess, sell or offer for sale, export, process, Note: In early November, 2010, the Commission approved deliver, carry, transport, or ship them within Nebraska for changes to regulations that eliminated the importation of commercial use. This is contingent on the ability to provide northern leopard frogs and plains leopard frogs for commer- proof of legal acquisition. cial bait trade and prevents them from being taken from the wild for commercial bait use. Take for personal use for bait Regulatory Process: will still be allowed but the daily bag and possession limit State Statues are enacted by the Legislature. Regulations would be reduced to a still undecided number. developed under statues or changes to regulations require Also, recent scientific studies have raised the question approval by the Board of Commissioners of the Nebraska of whether tiger salamanders (Ambystoma tigrinum) occur Game and Parks Commission. Once a regulation or in Nebraska, and/or whether only barred tiger salamanders change is approved by the Board of Commissioners it is (Ambystoma mavortium) occur in the state. These findings technically authorized. However, they are sent to the State may result in additional regulatory changes in the future. Attorney General’s Office for review and approval and then to the Governor’s Policy Review Office for review Reporting Requirements: and approval. An annual report is required that includes information on the location, date and number taken. Data are compiled on a Commercial Collection regular basis. The overall number of commercial permits is small. There is no regular monitoring of permittees to deter- Methods of Take: mine level of compliance and accuracy of report numbers. Only tiger salamanders can be taken commercially for bait with a Bait Dealers permit (see Note below). Legal Regulations (See Appendix A): methods of take for bait species are: ¼” non-metallic http://www.ngpc.state.ne.us/admin/regulations/regula- mesh seines no more that 20’ long X 4’ deep: ¼” dip nets tions.asp no more than 36” long or wide; ¼’ mesh bait traps no more than 24” long and 16” in diameter, with 11/2’” fun- Chapter 2: Fisheries Regulations; Sections 002.05, nel opening, trap must be check and catch removed once 002.08, 006.03P, 009, every 24 hours. Updated November 2010 Penalties for Avg. # Permits Issued/Yr Collection Type Permit Required Permit Fee Violation (based on last 10 yrs) <50 Resident Bait Dealer $38.00 (1) Commercial <50 Non-resident Bait Dealer $231.00 (0) Non-resident Fish Dealer $76.00 Not Tracked Case by case basis Resident Fishing License $28.50 Not Tracked Personal Non-resident Fishing License $60.50 Not Tracked

Scientific and Education Permit <50 Scientific Endangered $0 species permit (25) *Permits are required only for snapping turtles, tiger salamanders, and bullfrogs.

State of the Union 94 Association of Fish & Wildlife Agencies 95 Farming/Aquaculture: Reporting Requirements: General: There are no reporting requirements for take for per- Only bullfrog and tiger salamander stock that is imported sonal use. may be used for aquaculture. See Note above. Legal Authority: Wild Native Species: http://www.ngpc.state.ne.us/admin/regulations/regula- Wild-caught native animals cannot be collected to supple- tions.asp ment/augment captive populations. Chapter 2: Fisheries Regulations; Agency with Regulatory Authority: Regulations are set by the Nebraska Game and Parks Chapter 4: Wildlife Regulations; Section 10 Commission. Scientific Collection Regulations: The Scientific and Education Permit is a permit that http://www.ngpc.state.ne.us/admin/regulations/regula- allows for the take and possession of a broad range of spe- tions.asp cies including listed species, species in need of conserva- Chapter 2: Fisheries Regulations; Section 005 tion, game species and nongame species. It is an annual permit issued for the calendar year. Under provisions of Personal Collection Scientific and Education Permit statues and regulations, There are no permits required for the take of species in need the Commission can authorize the take and possession of of conservation for which personal use is permitted. Northern any species for research, education and/or conservation leopard frogs, plains leopard frogs and tiger salamanders may purposes. be taken as bait species. A fishing permit is required for bullfrogs, tiger salamanders, and snapping turtles. Methods of Take: Any method of take can be authorized under a Scientific Methods of Take Allowed: and Education Permit depending on the application request Bullfrogs can only be taken by hand, handnet, or hook and project objectives. and line. Northern leopard frogs, plains leopard frogs and tiger salamanders can only be taken as described above in Limits: the commercial collection section. Snapping turtles can only Any number, size or age of individual can be authorized be taken by hand, handnet, hook and line, bow and arrow, or under a Scientific and Education Permit, depending on the gaff hook. There are no restrictions on the method of take application request. The minimum number of individuals for the remaining species in need of conservation for which needed to meet a project’s objective is the number that is personal use is permitted. usually authorized. For catch and release purposes there is usually no limit. There may be size/age limits if a project Limits (See Appendix B): entails an activity that would have negative impacts to a size Only bullfrogs 4½ inches in length from snout to vent can or age class. For instance, marking very small individuals be taken legally. The daily bag limit is 8 and the aggregate with PIT tags would be restricted. There may also be limits possession limit is 16. There is no size limit on snapping on the number of individuals that can be taken from any one turtles and the daily bag limit is 10 and the possession limit locale in order to minimize impact to local populations. is 20. For northern leopard frogs, plains leopard frogs and tiger salamanders there are no size or age restrictions. There Seasons: is a daily bag limit of 100 and possession limit of 100 of any Take at any time of the year can be authorized under a combination of the three species. There are no restrictions Scientific and Education Permit. There may be restrictions on the size or age of individuals taken for species in need of for some seasonal activities. conservation for which personal use is permitted. The daily bag and the possession limit are either 3 or 10, depending on Reporting Requirements: the species (see Appendix B). Individuals are required to report annually on the species, number, date, location, and disposition of the specimen. Failure Seasons: to report may make the individual ineligible for another permit. Bullfrogs can only be taken legally between August 15 Applicants are required to provide project description and jus- and November 1. There are no season restrictions on the take tification for take of animals. Most current permit holders are of any of the other species. known by Commission personnel or are considered to be repu-

94 Association of Fish & Wildlife Agencies 95 State of the Union NEBRASKA table researchers and educators. New applicants are required to the animal. They may be made available to zoos, schools or provide qualifications prior to approval. For rare species such nature centers for educational purposes. They may be placed information may have the potential to be used to assess impact. in rescue facilities. In some cases they may be assigned However, the total number of individuals of rare species that are as pets and, as a final resort, confiscated specimens are allowed to be taken with a Scientific and Education Permits is euthanized. restricted and is relatively small. For rare species the permitted take is restricted to the level where the take is believed to pre- Unusual Regulations: clude impact to the species. The largest number of individuals There are no additional uses of herpetofauna regulated by permitted for take is for common species for which the level of the Commission. take would have only a minimal impact. The bigger issue is that data on actual population size and trend is not available for most Disease/Pathogen Testing: species and making a qualitative assessment is impossible. Although fish are required to be tested for several diseases, amphibians and reptiles collected from the wild in Regulations: state, brought into the state, or exported are not required to http://www.ngpc.state.ne.us/admin/regulations/regula- be tested. tions.asp Chapter 4: Wildlife Regulations; Section 001.07 Nuisance or Urban Wildlife Issues: Nebraska has few species that constitute problems as nuisance or urban wildlife. Most cases in our larger urban Confiscation & Unusual Circumstances areas are handled by local Animal Control. However, the Confiscated Animals: Commission may be contacted in regards to the disposition Confiscated animals are dealt with on a case-by-case of captured animals. The most frequent issue is depredation basis and there are no guidelines developed in writing. If complaints for snapping turtles taking waterfowl and impacts confiscated animals can be documented to have been taken to fisheries. These are also handled on a case-by-case basis. from a specific site, they will be considered for release back An assessment of the problem is made by a Commission at that site. In order to be released back at the site of take, an biologist, if a determination is made that there is justification assessment is made as to the length of time in captivity and for removal, animals will be trapped and removed from the the ability of the animal to fend in the wild, the condition of site. The captured animals may be moved to another site or the animal, potential for disease, and sustainability of the are most often disposed of. Snapping turtles are a common animal at the site (whether the habitat at the site is adequate species throughout the state and the relatively small number to support the animal). Animals not able to be released back taken under depredation complaints are not considered a sig- into the wild are dealt with in several ways depending on nificant impact to populations. © PAUL BLOCK © PAUL

State of the Union 96 Association of Fish & Wildlife Agencies 97 NEVADA © KLINGER

General Endangered Species Act of 1973, or (7) other evidence exists to justify classifying the wildlife as protected. Classification and Conservation (See Appendix C): https://www.leg.state.nv.us/NAC/NAC-503. Amphibians are classified as game, protected or unpro- html#NAC503Sec0035 2004 tected and are managed by the Fisheries Division. There are currently no amphibians classified as a game species in https://www.leg.state.nv.us/NAC/NAC-503. Nevada. Reptiles are classified as non-game protected (endan- html#NAC503Sec103 2004 gered, threatened, or sensitive) or unprotected reptiles and are The Nevada Department of Wildlife distinguishes between managed by the Diversity Division. The regulations address- collection (removal from the wild) and possession of native ing further classifications can be viewed at the links below. herpetofauna. For example, separate permits are necessary http://www.leg.state.nv.us/NRS/NRS-501. to remove unprotected reptiles from the wild for commer- html#NRS501Sec110 1991 cial purposes (commercial collection of unprotected wildlife https://www.leg.state.nv.us/NAC/NAC-503. permit) as opposed to possessing or breeding in captivity for html#NAC503Sec075 2003 commercial purposes (commercial possession of live wild- https://www.leg.state.nv.us/NAC/NAC-503. life permit). Additionally, to remove wildlife from the wild html#NAC503Sec080 2004 for scientific or educational purposes, a scientific collection permit is required, while to maintain (dead or alive) wildlife The amphibian and reptile species listed in the above specimens in captivity for scientific or educational purposes, regulations are protected and thus are afforded legal protec- an educational use permit is required. Species listed in NAC tion under Nevada Revised Statute (NRS) and/or Nevada 503.140 do not require a permit, however importation and Administrative Code (NAC). It is prohibited to take, capture, possession of bullfrogs does require prior authorization collect, mark, band, sample, or otherwise handle, sacrifice, from the Department. kill, sell, barter, trade, transfer, import or export or otherwise move from one point in the State to another, protected https://www.leg.state.nv.us/NAC/NAC-503. species, their parts, progeny, eggs or nests thereof without html#NAC503Sec140 1997 authorization from the Department. Protected amphibians and reptiles are not allowed for hobby or commercial col- Regulatory Process: lection. The amphibian and reptile species listed as Species Nevada Revise Statutes (NRS) are statute and must of Conservation Priority in Nevada’s Wildlife Action Plan be approved by the Legislature during session. Nevada are not necessarily protected under NRS and/or NAC. Administrative Code (NAC) is regulation and must be “Protected” refers to a species or subspecies that is clas- adopted by the Wildlife Commission and then the Legislative sified as protected by the Wildlife Commission. A species or Committee before being filed with the Secretary of State; subspecies of wildlife may be classified as protected if the the process to amend NACs can be anytime outside a legisla- Commission determines, from available information, that tive session. one or more of the following criteria exists: (1) the wildlife is found only in this State and its population, distribution or Commercial Collection habitat is limited, (2) the wildlife has a limited population In April, 1986, the Board of Wildlife Commissioners amended or distribution within this State that is likely to decline as NAC 503.095, which legalized current commercial collection NEVADA a result of human or natural causes, (3) the population of of wildlife classified as unprotected (inclusive of most rep- the wildlife is threatened as a result of the deterioration or tiles) by Nevada residents. In 1989, the Board adopted a tem- loss of its habitat, (4) the wildlife has ecological, scientific, porary Commission General Regulation 173 which prohibited educational or other value that justifies its classification as reptile collection and possession for commercial purposes. protected, (5) the available data is not adequate to determine Per NAC 503.095, the Commission concurred with the De- the exact status of the population of the wildlife, but does partment that available harvest information provided by col- indicate a limited population, distribution or habitat, (6) lectors, public testimony, and anecdotal accounts by collectors the wildlife is listed by the United States Fish and Wildlife were collectively unsatisfactory in proving to the Department Service in the Federal Register as a candidate species, or that commercial activities were not detrimental to Nevada’s it is classified as threatened or endangered in the federal

96 Association of Fish & Wildlife Agencies 97 State of the Union NEVADA ed an injunction by the Eighth District Court, Clark County, Methods of Take: preventing the Department from enforcing temporary CGR The Nevada Department of Wildlife will issue a permit 173. Shortly thereafter, an appeal was made to the Nevada authorizing a natural person to collect unprotected wildlife for Supreme Court by the Department and the Board of Wildlife commercial purposes with a seine, net, noose, trap or other Commissioners. In May, 1990, the Nevada Supreme Court device (depending on the species) if, after an investigation is reversed and remanded the injunction. In this interim period, conducted, it is proved to the Department that the collecting will six of seven Wildlife Commissioners were replaced and tem- not be detrimental to wildlife or the habitat of the wildlife. porary CGR 173 expired. By late 1990, the Board of Wildlife Limits (See Appendix A): Commissioners again directed the Department to permit rep- Protected species are not allowed to be collected for com- tile commercialization in 1991. The Commission re-adopted mercial collection. There are no limits for any unprotected spe- the justification that in the absence of population information cies allowed for commercial collection in Nevada. The Nevada and funding for the Department to obtain the same, a harvest Department of Wildlife does not limit the number of reptile speci- reporting process similar to that for furbearing species would mens allowed for collection, nor are there size, age, or sex limits provide distribution and relative abundance information. Two for reptiles. Unprotected amphibians may be commercially col- important changes at the urging of collectors were allowed lected and captured, sold, possessed and transported. The only by the Department relative to pre-1990 reporting conditions: amphibian species allowed for commercial aquatic bait is the (1) quotas were lifted because no population information was tiger salamander (Ambystoma tigrinum). It is only allowed to be available to support or refute recommended quotas, and (2) collected in its juvenile life state (waterdog) and from waters in mandatory reporting of daily logs accounting for field time Clark, Esmeralda, Lincoln and Nye Counties. Unlimited num- and reptiles collected were no longer required of collectors. bers of juvenile tiger salamanders can be collected for commer- Between 1990 and 1998, the number of commercial collectors cial bait and unlimited numbers of unprotected amphibians can substantially increased as did the number of collected reptiles. be collected for other commercial purposes than aquatic bait. In 1998, the Commission held two workshops to receive input Commercial collectors are required to sell, barter, or trade all from members of the public to evaluate commercial practices of their collected specimens by the end of the calendar year in and management of Nevada’s herpetofauna. From these work- which the specimens are collected. Specimens collected within shops, the Commission determined to continue to allow com- Nevada’s boundaries, except juvenile tiger salamanders used mercial collection of native unprotected herpetofauna and that strictly for bait, are not allowed to be sold within the State. No the burden of data collection was on the permitted commercial specimens collected for commercial purposes can be released collectors while the burden to show effect was on the Depart- back into the wild once held in captivity. ment. Since this time commercial collectors in Nevada have no requirements to operate under the scientifically controlled https://www.leg.state.nv.us/NAC/NAC-503. conditions necessary for determining biologically meaningful html#NAC503Sec500 1994 assessment of reptile populations. Satisfactory methods to es- https://www.leg.state.nv.us/NAC/NAC-503. tablish biologically sound, sustainable yields for most species html#NAC503Sec502 2003 have been difficult to develop.

Penalties for Avg. # Permits Issued/Yr Collection Type Permit Required Permit Fee Violation (based on last 10 yrs) Commercial Collection of Unprotected Wildlife—Fish/ $150 <50 Aquatic Bait Commercial Commercial Collection of Unprotected $250 <50 Wildlife—Reptiles/Other Misdemeanor: Up to a $500 fine and/or 6 Commercial Possession of Live farming $500 months in jail + appli- <50 Wildlife cable civil penalties Personal None N/A N/A Scientific Collection Permit $50 <50 Scientific Educational Use Permit $50 <50 Special Purpose Permit $50 <50

State of the Union 98 Association of Fish & Wildlife Agencies 99 Seasons: Department may authorize the possession and propagation of There are no closed seasons; commercial collection is said unprotected species of wildlife under the authority of a allowed January 1 – December 31 each year. Commercial commercial license, if the Department is satisfied, based upon collectors are not allowed to collect on wildlife refuges, an investigation conducted, that the importation and possession park lands, conservation areas, tribal lands or Department of that species will not be detrimental to the wildlife or the of Defense lands. habitat of wildlife in this State. It is prohibited to release any specimens held under a commercial permit back into the wild. Reporting Requirements: Commercial collectors are required to maintain daily Wild Native Species records of the unprotected wildlife taken. Not later than If a person issued a Commercial Possession of Live the tenth day of each month, the Nevada Department of Wildlife permit needs to augment their captive population, Wildlife must receive from the holder of the permit a report he or she is required to obtain a Commercial Collection which summarizes the daily records of the previous month. permit to do so. Collection from the wild is not authorized The holder of the permit shall include on the report: num- under the Commercial Possession of Live Wildlife permit. ber of specimens collected, sex and age of each specimen Agency with Regulatory Authority (if known), a description of the collection location, and a The Nevada Department of Wildlife regulates posses- description of the habitat from which the specimen was col- sion, breeding and selling of native amphibians and reptiles lected. Additionally, commercial collectors are required to in Nevada. maintain an annual chronological log of each transaction which involves the sale, barter, trade or other transfer of the Regulations: specimen of wildlife collected under the authority of the http://leg.state.nv.us/NRS/NRS-501. commercial collection permit. The log should include the html#NRS501Sec379 1993 name and address of each person to whom wildlife is trans- https://www.leg.state.nv.us/NAC/NAC-503. ferred, the species and number of each transferred, and the html#NAC503Sec500 1994 date of transfer. The annual log should be maintained for two years after the expiration date of the permit. Each year, the http://leg.state.nv.us/NRS/NRS-503. Nevada Department of Wildlife analyzes the data reported html#NRS503Sec380 2003 by permitted commercial collectors to identify trends associ- https://www.leg.state.nv.us/NAC/NAC-503. ated with commercial collection activities. html#NAC503Sec095 2004 Commercial records reflect information about the ani- https://www.leg.state.nv.us/NAC/NAC-503. mals that are harvested. The harvested population is indica- html#NAC503Sec097 1997 tive of market demand, the number of collectors in any given https://www.leg.state.nv.us/NAC/NAC-504. year, and individual collector preferences, collecting and html#NAC504Sec460 1997 reporting abilities, habits and efforts. Harvest information https://www.leg.state.nv.us/NAC/NAC-503. would be biased and non-standardized by virtue of the eco- html#NAC503Sec099 1992 nomic incentives driving collectors to collect; it has little to do with true population distribution and trends. Attempting https://www.leg.state.nv.us/NAC/NAC-503. to account for other influences on reptile populations fur- html#NAC503Sec510 2003 ther compounds the complexity and futility in attempting to https://www.leg.state.nv.us/NAC/NAC-503. gain significantly meaningful returns for biologically based html#NAC503Sec513 2004 management solely based on commercial records. That https://www.leg.state.nv.us/NAC/NAC-503. being said, the commercial collection data are used by the html#NAC503Sec515 1986 Department to identify trends regarding hotspots for com- https://www.leg.state.nv.us/NAC/NAC-503. mercial collection and which species are preferred by com- html#NAC503Sec520 1978 mercial collectors.

Farming/Aquaculture: Personal Collection General The Nevada Board of Wildlife Commissioners allows the Captive propagation is allowed for unprotected indigenous collection of certain unprotected amphibians and reptiles for amphibians and reptiles for commercial purposes under personal (noncommercial) use (NAC 504.461 & Commission the Commercial Possession of Live Wildlife permit. The Regulation 09-04).

98 Association of Fish & Wildlife Agencies 99 State of the Union NEVADA

Methods of Take: Regulations: Native amphibian and reptile species on the approved https://www.leg.state.nv.us/NAC/NAC-504. Non-commercial Collection Seasons and Limits list can be html#NAC504Sec461 1997 collected without a permit, so long as they are collected in https://www.leg.state.nv.us/NAC/NAC-504. numbers within the bag limits established by the Board of html#NAC504Sec4615 1997 Wildlife Commissioners (Commission Regulation 09-04). A person may collect an approved reptile species at any hour of the day or night and only by hand, noose, tongs or snake Scientific Collection hook. A person may collect an approved amphibian species Methods of Take: at any hour of the day or night only by hand or dip net. A Any method approved by the Nevada Department of person shall not use a crowbar, tire iron, jackhammer, winch, Wildlife upon review of the application for the permit. explosive device, chemical substance or any other method or means of collection that involves the removal or breaking Limits: apart of rocks, a natural shelter or the habitat in or around Any limit approved by the Department upon review of which the reptile or amphibian may be found. Any type of the application for permit. Typically, limits are only imposed pit trap or can trap is prohibited. for protected species proposed by the applicant for removal Limits (See Appendix B): from the wild population (sacrifice on site, maintenance Protected species and those unprotected species which are alive in captivity, etc.). not on the approved list are not allowed for hobby or personal Seasons: collection in Nevada. There are no size, age or sex limits for the Any season approved by the Department upon review of approved species. See Appendix B for bag and aggregate limits. the application for permit. If, while in the possession of a natural person an unprotected reptile or amphibian produces progeny and the number of progeny Reporting Requirements: exceeds the possession limits established by the Commission Annual reports are required for scientific collection per- for that reptile or amphibian species, the natural person may mits. Reports require species identification (common and sci- hold the excess number of progeny in captivity for not more entific name), date of collection, sex identification, collection than 45 days after the date on which the progeny hatched or location, habitat description and capture situation. Capture was born. On or before the expiration of the 45-day period, such situations include (1) salvage specimens found dead, (2) cap- progeny must be given as a gift to another natural person or a ture live specimens, transport and maintain alive in captivity, scientific or educational institution located in this State, or dis- (3) collect specimens and sacrifice on site, (4) capture, mark, posed of as directed by the Department. Such progeny must not sample and release at the site where taken, or (5) other methods be released into the wild, sold, bartered, traded or maintained for as requested by the permittee on the application approved by public displays or as a part of a or adjunct to any commercial the Department in the permit. Permittees are required to sub- establishment. Amphibian and reptile species not approved for mit copies of published articles, reports, books, presentations, hobby collection by the Board of Wildlife Commissioners are etc…developed from permitted activities to the Department excluded. No specimens collected for personal purposes can be Scientific collection report data are considered reliable released back into the wild once held in captivity. and accurate because researchers typically collect data with Seasons: the intention to publish, which requires that precise and There are no closed seasons for approved hobby collec- accurate data are collected. There is no need to determine tion species in Nevada; hobby collection is allowed January harvest numbers for scientific collection of wildlife because 1 – December 31 each year for approved species. The hobby researchers are required to justify their impact on the resource collection season is closed for species not approved by the prior to receiving authorization to handle wildlife. Data from Board of Wildlife Commissioners. scientific collection reports have a variety of applications for Department use, but are primarily used when Department Reporting Requirements: personnel provide wildlife mitigation recommendations to No permit is required for hobby collection of approved land developers or land use activities. amphibian and reptile species by the Nevada Department of Wildlife. As such, there are no reporting requirements and Regulations: no hobby collection data for the Department to track this https://www.leg.state.nv.us/NAC/NAC-503. use’s impact on the resource. html#NAC503Sec094 1997

State of the Union 100 Association of Fish & Wildlife Agencies 101 Confiscation & Unusual Circumstances The Nevada Department of Wildlife has a Wildlife personnel can stipulate a health certificate requirement prior to Movement Policy and Procedure which addresses how the approving an importation permit. Additionally, when consider- Department handles nuisance wildlife and confiscated rep- ing applications for permits to release wildlife, if the Department tile specimens. This Policy and Procedure only addresses determines that the condition of the wildlife to be released terrestrial wildlife and does not specifically address amphib- could pose potential harm to the existing wildlife of this State if ian species, however the decision process would likely be released, the Department will require the applicant to submit to similar for amphibian species. For confiscated herpetofauna, the Department a certificate of health issued by a licensed vet- the Department has the option to (1) retain the animal in cap- erinarian or a fish pathologist approved by the Department, as tivity by donating it to a non-profit educational organization, appropriate, attesting to the health of the wildlife to be released. (2) if native, return the animal to the wild, or (3) euthanasia. https://www.leg.state.nv.us/NAC/NAC-503. In deciding on the disposition of these animals there is a need html#NAC503Sec135 1997 to ensure both the humane treatment of the animals and the conservation and welfare of existing wildlife populations. There are currently no regulatory requirements for disease testing for amphibians used as bait. Native amphibians are not Unusual Regulations: authorized to be used as bait in Carson City and Churchill, Mojave desert tortoises (Gopherus agassizii) are threat- Douglas, Humboldt, Lyon, Mineral, Storey, Pershing and Washoe ened, but allowed to be kept as pets in Nevada, as it was a Counties. In the remaining counties, native unprotected frogs very popular pet kept in captivity in high numbers prior to and toads may be used as bait only in the waters from which they its listing. It is prohibited to collect a desert tortoise from were taken and salamanders may be used as bait in any waters the wild to be kept as a pet, however the Department does (NRS 503.500 – 503.508). While Nevada does not require dis- allow pre-act desert tortoises and their progeny to be kept ease testing, it does restrict the movement of wildlife, including as pets without a permit. The Department allows adoption herpetofauna. Except as otherwise provided in NRS 503.597, it of pre-act desert tortoises and their progeny through a U.S. is unlawful, except by the written consent and approval of the Fish and Wildlife Service-approved adoption program. This Department, for any person at anytime to receive, bring or have adoption program provides an adoption certificate and is brought or shipped into this State, or remove from one stream free. The penalty for illegal possession of a desert tortoise is or body of water in this State to any other, or from one portion a misdemeanor and is punishable by up to a $500 fine and/or of the State to any other, or to any other state, any aquatic life or up to six months in jail, plus the applicable civil penalties. wildlife, or any spawn, eggs or young of any of them. https://www.leg.state.nv.us/NAC/NAC-503. http://leg.state.nv.us/NRS/NRS-503. html#NAC503Sec093 2004 html#NRS503Sec597 2003

The Department provides Special Purpose Permits, which A person who has reason to believe that any captive are free, to consultants that conduct clearance surveys for wildlife has been exposed to a dangerous or communicable desert tortoises when a land use or maintenance activity has disease shall immediately give notice to the Department of been proposed within desert tortoise habitat. This allows the Wildlife and the State Department of Agriculture. surveyors to handle and move desert tortoises and/or Gila https://www.leg.state.nv.us/NAC/NAC-504. monsters (Heloderma suspectum) out of harm’s way prior to html#NAC504Sec482 1994 and during construction activities. The penalty for illegally handling a desert tortoise or Gila monster is a misdemeanor Nuisance or Urban Wildlife Issues: and is punishable by up to a $500 fine and/or up to six months For nuisance herpetofauna, the Nevada Department of in jail, plus the applicable civil penalties. Wildlife responds to calls dealing with native wildlife, while the http://www.leg.state.nv.us/NRS/NRS-503. local Animal Control authorities respond to all other calls. The html#NRS503Sec597 2003 Department typically provides educational information about the nuisance species and only physically responds when a public Diseases/Pathogen Testing: safety threat is presented (venomous reptile). Once the reptile has There are currently no regulatory requirements for disease been removed, it may be disposed of or relocated no more than 50 testing prior to export from or import into Nevada for non-indig- meters for rattlesnakes, 1000 meters for Gila monsters and 200 enous or indigenous reptiles or amphibians. However, a permit meters for all other reptiles from its original capture location. is necessary to import wildlife into the state and authorizing http://www.ndow.org/wild/concerns/safety/

100 Association of Fish & Wildlife Agencies 101 State of the Union NEW HAMPSHIRE © VICTOR YOUNG / NHFG

General Seasons: N/A Classification and Conservation (See Appendix C): Amphibians and reptiles are classified as non-game in Farming/Aquaculture: New Hampshire. It is unlawful for any person to take, pos- General: sess, process, sell or offer for sale, deliver, carry, transport Farming or aquaculture is not allowed for amphibians or or ship or export any endangered or threatened species or reptiles in New Hampshire. violate any rule adopted under the chapter pertaining to the conservation of such species of listed wildlife. Wild Native Species: N/A http://www.gencourt.state. nh.us/rsa/html/NHTOC/NHTOC-XVIII-212-A.htm Agency With Regulatory Authority: http://www.gencourt.state.nh.us/rules/fis1000.html 2008 The New Hampshire Fish and Game Department is the http://www.gencourt.state.nh.us/rsa/html/NHTOC/ agency with regulatory authority over farming or aquacul- NHTOC-XVIII-212-B.htm ture of native wildlife.

“Protected” is not defined in New Hampshire statute or Regulations: law as it pertains to reptiles and/or amphibians. Law and PART Fis 811 Sale of Wildlife: Fis 811.01 Amphibians rules use terms such as possession, sale, take, import, release, and Reptiles 2007 conservation programs, management, land acquisition, etc. http://www.gencourt.state.nh.us/rules/fis800.html In general, New Hampshire law/statute does not distin- 2007 guish between possession and collection from the wild for native reptiles and amphibians. One distinction in rule is Personal Collection that no person shall ‘take’ any species of indigenous turtle from May 15 to July 15 but an individual could possess a Methods of Take: Category One turtle during these periods if it was collected There are no regulations pertaining to methods of take for outside of May 15 to July 15. personal or hobby collection of amphibians or reptiles. Regulatory Process: Limits (See Appendix B): The New Hampshire Fish & Game Department Commission Individuals may possess two specimens of each Category would give an opinion on any proposed state law change rela- One reptile species without a permit. Individuals may not tive to wildlife. The Legislature would decide any changes to possess Category Five reptile species; exhibitors may pos- state law. In law, the Legislature gives New Hampshire Fish & sess Category Five reptile species through a separate permit Game Department the ability to adopt and revise various rules process. Individuals may possess up to five specimens of under RSA 541-A. The executive director, with the consent each Category One amphibian species without a permit. of the Commission, may adopt rules regulating the taking, Individuals may not possess Category Five amphibian spe- possession, and handling of non-game species. The executive cies; exhibitors may possess Category Five amphibian spe- director shall, by rule, establish such limitations relating to cies through a separate permit process. taking, possession, transportation or sale as may be deemed necessary to conserve threatened and endangered species. Seasons: There is no open season for species listed as threatened Commercial Collection or endangered (timber rattlesnakes, eastern hognose snake, No commercial collection/sale of any native amphibian or black racer, marbled salamander, Blanding’s turtle, spotted reptile species is allowed in New Hampshire. turtle). There is no open season for amphibians or reptiles listed as Category 5. There is no open season for four species Methods of Take: N/A of turtles: Blanding’s, spotted, wood and eastern box. The season is closed for all other turtles May 15 – July 15 each

Limits (NEWSee HAMPSHIRE Appendix A): year. The season is open for all other reptiles and amphib- N/A ians classified as Category One.

State of the Union 102 Association of Fish & Wildlife Agencies 103 NEW HAMPSHIRE

Reporting Requirements: cies were taken, the disposition of the individuals and other There are no applicable reporting requirements for per- results of the study. sonal collection of amphibians or reptiles. Scientific use permit reports include the number of specimens impacted by permitted activities. Scientific use permits Legal Authority: are not issued for personal collection or harvest; they are http://www.gencourt.state.nh.us/rules/fis800.html intended for scientific or research purposes or educational http://www.gencourt.state.nh.us/rules/fis1300-1400.html needs. Most permitted uses have included research of live 2007 specimens in the field. If specimens are needed to be collected from the wild, permit applicant would need to justify Scientific Collection numbers of specimens proposed and reasoning for research. Methods of Take, Limits and Seasons Legal Authority: Methods of take for scientific collection of wildlife in New http://www.gencourt.state.nh.us/rules/fis1100.html 2004 Hampshire are approved on a case by case basis. http://www.gencourt.state.nh.us/rules/fis1000.html 2008

Limits: Limits for scientific collection of wildlife in New Hampshire are approved on a case by case basis.

Seasons: Seasons for scientific collection of wildlife in New Hampshire are approved on a case by case basis.

Reporting Requirements: The licensee shall submit a report of study results by January 31 for the period covered by the scientific permit to include the following information: name and address of the permittee, purpose and objective of the authorized study, species and number of each taken, age and sex (if known), collection location, collection date, disposition of specimen(s), and location where specimens are held (if applicable). Complete reports for previous scientific licenses shall be received before subsequent or renewal applications will be considered. For endangered or threatened species, permittees shall file a written progress report by December 31 of the study with the executive director and will include:

the species and number taken, date and location where spe- YOUNG / NHFG © VICTOR

Penalties for Avg. # Permits Issued/Yr Collection Type Permit Required Permit Fee Violation (based on last 10 yrs) No permit for individuals possessing 2 or less Category N/A N/A 1 reptiles Personal No permit for individuals Up to $1,000 for possessing 5 or less Category 1 N/A N/A each amphibians $25 (waiver Scientific Scientific collection permit for educational <50 affiliations)

102 Association of Fish & Wildlife Agencies 103 State of the Union NEW HAMPSHIRE

Confiscation & Unusual Circumstances species, other than fish, may import such wildlife which has a health certificate that meets: (1) USDA require- Disposition of confiscated amphibians or reptiles is deter- ments pursuant to 9 CFR 2.78; or (2) Any other health mined on a case by case basis; no formal guidelines exist. inspection requirements pursuant to the laws and rules of the NH department of agriculture. Unusual Regulations: There are no other forms of collection of native amphib- Nuisance or Urban Wildlife Issues: ians or reptiles in New Hampshire not already covered above. Biologists within the New Hampshire Fish & Game Department frequently take calls from concerned residents Disease/Pathogen Testing: regarding native snakes and snapping turtles. Usually All importation of native reptiles and amphibians would these calls result in no further action. However, if addi- require a permit from the New Hampshire Fish & Game tional assistance is needed, the primary responders to ‘nui- Department. The executive director shall review each sance’ wildlife requests include licensed Wildlife Control application to import wildlife and shall make a determina- Operators. New Hampshire Fish & Game Department tion as to whether such importation shall be permitted. No Conservation Officers may respond when dangerous and/ permit shall be issued if there is any significant disease, or illegal reptiles are involved (primarily non-native alli- genetic, ecological, environmental, health, safety or wel- gators, crocodiles, and venomous snakes). Local Animal fare risks to the public or other wildlife species. Persons Control officers or police officers may also respond as holding a current permit to import for a specific wildlife they deem appropriate. © NHFG / VICTOR YOUNG © NHFG / VICTOR

State of the Union 104 Association of Fish & Wildlife Agencies 105 © JOHN WHITE © JOHN WHITE © NHFG / VICTOR YOUNG © NHFG / VICTOR © JOHN WHITE © JOHN WHITE PHOTOS

104 Association of Fish & Wildlife Agencies 105 State of the Union NEW JERSEY © VICTOR YOUNG / NHFG

General Seasons: The open season for diamond-backed terrapins is Classification and Conservation (See Appendix C): November 1 through March 1. The season is closed for green Most amphibians and reptiles are considered nongame and bull frogs from April 1 to June 30. The season is closed species. However, the common snapping turtle (Chelydra for snapping turtles from May 1 to June 15. serpentina), bullfrog (Rana catesbeiana), green frog (Rana clamitans melanota), and diamond-backed terrapin Reporting Requirements: (Malaclemys t. terrapin) are considered game species and There are no reporting requirements for commercial har- can be collected with either a permit or valid fishing license. vest of diamond-backed terrapins. Annual harvest reports, Protected amphibians and reptiles are those species on the including date, waterbody, species, and number, are due by following lists: (1) the list of wildlife determined to be Dec. 31 of the current permit year for snapping turtles, bull- endangered by the commissioner pursuant to this act; (2) the frogs and green frogs. In 2009, only 36 of 70 persons holding list of nongame species regulated pursuant to this act (New snapping turtle commercial harvest permits reported. Harvest Jersey Statute 23:2A-6). N.J.S.A. 23:2A-6 states that, “No reports are not considered accurate or reliable for snapping person shall take, possess, transport, export, process, sell or turtles, bullfrogs or green frog harvest permits. Harvest loca- offer for sale or ship, and no common or contract carrier shall tions are very general and under-reporting is suspected. No knowingly transport or receive for shipment any species or information on age class or by-catch is collected. subspecies of wildlife appearing on the [above] lists.” New Jersey distinguishes between collection (removal Legal Authority: from the wild) and possession in its regulations for native N.J.A.C. 7:25 - 21(21.1-21.3) 2009 amphibians and reptiles. The possession of some species http://www.state.nj.us/dep/fgw/pdf/2008/comregs08.pdf is exempt from possession permit requirements, provided the amphibians and/or reptiles in possession are purchased Farming/Aquaculture: legally through the pet trade. A permit is always required to General: remove amphibian and/or reptile species from the wild. Farming and/or aquaculture is not allowed in New Jersey for amphibian or reptile species. Regulatory Process: Wild Native Species: Wildlife regulation changes in New Jersey require the N/A approval from the state’s Department of Environmental Protection Commissioner. Agency With Regulatory Authority: N/A Commercial Collection Personal Collection Methods of Take: Collection of live animals to be kept as pets is not per- Diamond-backed terrapins may not be taken by means of mitted. Recreational collection for personal consumption is a trap, pot, fyke, seine, weir, or net of any description; harvest allowed for bullfrogs, green frogs, and snapping turtles with by hand is the only method allowed. Snapping turtles, bull- a freshwater fishing license. frogs and green frogs may be taken by use of spears, hooks, dip nets (less than 24 inches diameter), traps or by hand. Methods of Take: Snapping turtles, bullfrogs and green frogs may be taken Limits (See Appendix A): by use of spears, hooks, dip nets (less than 24 inches diam- Only diamond-backed terrapins with plastrons greater eter), traps or by hand. than five inches in length may be harvested. There is no limit to the number of diamond-backed terrapins that can Limits (See Appendix B): be taken. Snapping turtles, bullfrogs and green frogs do not Snapping turtles, bullfrogs and green frogs do not have have size, age, or bag limits. size, age, or bag limits. N E W J E R S E Y

State of the Union 106 Association of Fish & Wildlife Agencies 107 NEW JERSEY

Seasons: N.J.A.C. 7:25-4.6 The season is closed for green and bull frogs from April http://www.state.nj.us/dep/fgw/pdf/permregs.pdf 1 to June 30. The season is closed for snapping turtles from May 1 to June 15. Confiscation & Unusual Circumstances eporting equirements R R : Confiscated Animals: Permit reports are due at the end of the permit year. Historically, the disposition of confiscated amphibians and reptiles are dealt with on a case-by-case basis and typi- Legal Authority: cally the Division tries to find someone to provide lifetime N.J.S.A 23: 2A-6 care for the animal. The Division has avoided euthanizing N.J.A.C. 7:25-4.6 confiscated herpetofauna in the past. However, New Jersey http://www.state.nj.us/dep/fgw/pdf/permregs.pdf has recently begun to develop guidelines to address the disposition of confiscated herpetofauna and euthanasia is given Scientific Collection more consideration in these new draft guidelines. Methods of Take: Methods of take allowed are determined upon review and Unusual Regulations: approval of the application for a scientific collection permit. New Jersey does not regulate any other uses of amphibians and reptiles. Limits: Limits are determined upon review and approval of the Disease/Pathogen Testing: application for a scientific collection permit. New Jersey does not require testing for diseases or pathogens prior to native herpetofauna specimens being exported Seasons: from or imported into the state, or sold or used for bait in Seasons are determined upon review and approval of the bodies of water throughout the state. application for a scientific collection permit. Nuisance or Urban Wildlife Issues: Reporting Requirements: Typically, the New Jersey Division of Fish and Wildlife Scientific collection permit reports are due at the end will field calls about nuisance snakes and attempt to solve of the permit year. These reports are considered reliable. In the problem over the phone. If no resolution can be achieved recent years the Division has increased the requirements for in this manner, the Division will refer the caller to their the end of year reports, which has resulted in more useful municipal wildlife control. New Jersey Fish and Wildlife permit information being reported. employees will only physically respond to reports of nui- Legal Authority: sance wildlife if it is believed the animal in question is a N.J.S.A 23: 2A-6 threatened or endangered species.

Penalties for Avg. # Permits Issued/Yr Collection Type Permit Required Permit Fee Violation (based on last 10 yrs) Up to $500 1st Freshwater Commercial offense Commercial Harvest Permit (for harvest $2 <50 Up to $1000 above recreational limits) subsequent offenses Personal Fishing License $22.50 $40 160,000 Up to $25,000 and Scientific Scientific Collecting Permit $22 can petition for <50 criminal action.

106 Association of Fish & Wildlife Agencies 107 State of the Union NEW MEXICO © CLINTON & CHARLES ROBERTSON / CC SA

General Limits (See Appendix A): A list of native, free-ranging amphibians and reptiles Classification and Conservation (See Appendix C): known to occur in the state of New Mexico wherein take is Amphibians and reptiles that are endangered or threat- allowed, with the annual bag limit for each, shall be established ened, and horned lizards (genus Phrynosoma) are prohib- and maintained by the Director of New Mexico Department ited from take by statue unless otherwise authorized. The of Game and Fish (Director’s Amphibian and Reptile List). take of non-threatened or endangered lizards is allowed for Endangered or threatened species, horned lizards, leop- use in lizard races and snakes of the genus Crotalus may be ard frogs, and native species not included on the Director’s taken for rattlesnake roundups. All other amphibians and Amphibian and Reptile List are protected from take. reptiles receive no protection from take by New Mexico residents. Non-residents are required to have a permit to Seasons: take any amphibians and reptiles. There is no approved The open season for commercial collection of approved manner and method or bag limits for collection for personal amphibian and reptile species is April 1 to March 31 annually. use. However these are specified in commercial and scientific permits. Commercial take of select species is allowed by permit. Amphibians and reptiles that are endangered or Reporting Requirements: threatened, and horned lizards (genus Phrynosoma) are pro- Each person who purchases a Commercial Collecting hibited (or protected) from take by statue unless otherwise permit is required to file a year-end report on a standardized authorized. form approved by the New Mexico Department of Game and The New Mexico Department Game and Fish does Fish. The report form includes the identification and number not distinguish between collection and possession. The taken of each species and from which county collection took Department does distinguish between possession/collection place. A database of all species and numbers of individuals and take (to kill). taken is maintained annually by New Mexico Department of Possession of state threatened or endangered species Game and Fish. requires a permit. For horned lizards, a permit is required New Mexico Department of Game and Fish has used the if you are a resident and want to take/kill the animal or if data reported by the commercial collectors for management you are a non-resident and you want to take and/or pos- decisions to establish commercial take limits. However, sess/collect the animal. Otherwise there are no required the data reported by commercial collectors is only as reli- permits/authorizations for possession of non-threatened or able as those reporting. Collection locations are reported endangered species. See above for distinctions on collec- to the county level, therefore population trends at more site tion permits/regulations. The importation of any amphib- specific localities may not be accurately reflected. ians and reptiles into the state is regulated and requires an importation permit. Farming/Aquaculture General: Regulatory Process: Possession and captive propagation of herpetofauna is Changes in Regulations require Game Commission allowed in New Mexico, except for endangered or threatened approval only. Changes to Statues require approval by the species. A permit is not required for residents, although non- Legislature. residents are required to secure the appropriate permits for collection from the wild. Commercial Collection Wild Native Species: Native amphibians and reptiles, excluding endangered or Methods of Take: threatened species, can be collected from the wild to augment Commercial collectors are not allowed to possess a captive populations for farming or aquacultural purposes. firearm or other implement whereby any big game animal or domestic animal could be killed while conducting com- Agency with Regulatory Authority: mercial collection activities. Collectors can use hand-held The New Mexico Department of Game and Fish has flashlights or spotlights and can collect by seine, cast net, dip authority for possession and captive propagation of native net, noose,N Etongs W or hook M E from X I road C surfaces. O amphibians and reptiles.

State of the Union 108 Association of Fish & Wildlife Agencies 109 NEW MEXICO

Legal Authority: Seasons: http://www.nmcpr.state.nm.us/nmac/parts/ Seasons are specific to each permit. title19/19.035.0010.htm. Reporting Requirements: http://www.conwaygreene.com/nmsu/lpext. dll?f=templates&fn=main-hit-h.htm&2.0 All Scientific/Educational Permit holders are required to submit an annual report by January 31. Reporting require- http://www.nmcpr.state.nm.us/nmac/parts/ ments are specific to each permit. Permits are revoked from title19/19.035.0007.htm persons not meeting reporting requirements. New Mexico Department of Game and Fish uses data Personal Collection reported through scientific collecting permits for management decisions. However verifying the reliability of these Methods of Take: data is impossible. Data obtained through scientific collect- No permit is required for state-residents, except for endan- ing permits are useful for determining the impact of scientific gered or threatened species or horned lizards. Non-residents research on threatened and endangered species as both resi- need a non-resident Non-game License. Take is allowed for dents and non-residents are required to obtain this permit for horned lizards, but shipping out of state is prohibited. There collection of threatened and endangered amphibians and rep- are no prohibitions for take methods. tiles. These data are also useful in determining distribution.

Limits (See Appendix B): Legal Authority: Any person in possession of more than 50 individuals of http://www.conwaygreene.com/nmsu/lpext. a species approved for unlimited take, shall be deemed to dll?f=templates&fn=main-hit-h.htm&2.0 possess these individuals for commercial purposes.

Seasons: There are no closed seasons for personal collection of amphibians and/or reptiles.

Reporting Requirements: There are no reporting requirements for the Non-game License. There are no reporting requirements for residents for personal collection. Non-game/non-resident licenses, which are required for non-residents who collect amphibians and reptiles for personal use, do not have any reporting requirements.

Legal Authority: There are no regulations for personal collection of herpetofauna and, as such, there are no penalties.

Scientific Collection Methods of Take: Residents are required to have a permit for take of endangered or threatened species and horned lizards. Non-residents are required to have permits to take any amphibian or reptile species. Methods of take are specific to each permit.

Limits: Limits are specific to each permit. © J.D. WILSON

108 Association of Fish & Wildlife Agencies 109 State of the Union N E W M E X I C O

Confiscation & Unusual Circumstances Confiscated Animals: Disposition of confiscated amphibian and reptile specimens is determined on a case by case basis, but are most often placed with wildlife rehabilitators and herpetologists. Individuals not considered safe for release into the wild are euthanized.

Unusual Regulations: New Mexico Department of Game and Fish allows other uses of reptile species, including rattlesnake round ups and lizard races. No permit is required for these uses.

Disease/Pathogen Testing: New Mexico does not require testing for diseases or pathogens prior to amphibians and/or reptiles being exported from the state, however testing is required prior to importation into the state.

Nuisance or Urban Wildlife Issues: New Mexico Game and Fish Law Enforcement Officers respond to these wildlife issues on a case by case basis. There are no specific guidelines addressing these issues. © GEORGE ANDREJKO / AZGFD ANDREJKO / © GEORGE

Penalties for Avg. # Permits Issued/Yr Collection Type Permit Required Permit Fee Violation (based on last 10 yrs) 50>200 Residents: Commercial $50 (118) Herpetofauna Permit Misdemeanor: up to Commercial $50 $1,000 fine and/or up Non-residents: Commercial Additional to 1 year in jail <50 Herpetofauna Permit + hunting license (39) Hunting License fee required if a non-resident Residents: None N/A N/A N/A Misdemeanor: up to Aquaculture Non-residents: bait fish dealer $21 a $500 fine and/or 6 <50 license months in jail *Resident Non-game License $0 <50 or None Misdemeanor: up to Personal a $500 fine and/or 6 Non-resident Non-game $65 months in jail <50 License *Resident Scientific/ Not Tracked Educational License Misdemeanor: up to Scientific **$15 a $300 fine and/or up Non-resident Scientific/ to 90 days in jail Not Tracked Educational License *Residents are required to have a permit to collect only endangered or threatened species or horned lizards. **The fee for scientific/education license can be waived by Department cooperators.

State of the Union 110 Association of Fish & Wildlife Agencies 111 N E W YO R K © VICTOR YOUNG / NHFG

General Commercial Collection Classification and Conservation (See Appendix C): Methods of Take Since 2006, all native reptiles and amphibians in New New York does not allow for the commercial collection York are classified as “small game” species. All but the of native reptiles and amphibians outside of those mentioned common snapping turtle, the diamond-back terrapin, and for which there is an open season. common species of frogs are protected through no open A fishing or small game hunting license is required to col- season. Harvest is allowed by regulation, with limits on lect frogs during the open frog hunting season, depending on season length on most frogs, season and size limits on ter- the method of take. A small game hunting license is required rapins, and season, size and bag limits on snapping turtles. to collect snapping turtles. A diamond-back terrapin license In addition, some species are given additional protection is required to collect diamond-back terrapins. as state-listed threatened or endangered. A third classifica- Limits (See Appendix A): tion, “species of special concern” identifies several spe- Snapping turtles with an upper shell length greater than cies as such, but affords them no additional legal protec- or equal to 12 inches may be taken with a daily limit of tion beyond that conveyed by their status as small game five and a season limit of 30. Diamond-back terrapins have species. no daily or seasonal bag limit, but must have upper shells “Protected” status in New York includes all of the vari- between four and seven inches. If turtles are taken illegally, ous levels of regulation as stated above. All species are Environmental Conservation Law (ECL) § 71-0924 imposes protected in some manner against “taking.” In New York, additional penalties on violators dependent on the value of the definition of “taking” includes pursuing, worrying the illegally harvested turtles. and disturbing, as well as actually capturing or killing. Therefore you cannot, for instance, obstruct the migration Seasons: routes of a threatened or endangered species (supported Frogs included in the open season may be collected from by case law), or disturb a den site unless permitted by the June 15 to September 30. Some wildlife management units Department of Environmental Conservation (Department). are closed to the taking of leopard frogs, and northern cricket Historically, a small number of reptiles, including the North frogs and eastern spadefoot toads may not be taken in any American wood turtle, the eastern box turtle, and the bog part of the state. The open season for snapping turtles is July turtle, were given protection as small game species, while 15 to September 30. The open season for diamond-back ter- the Department then provided protection by having no open rapins is August 1 to April 30. season through the regulations. Since 2006, NYS provides Reporting Requirements: all native reptiles and amphibians with that same level of New York generally does not issue commercial permits for legislative protection. herpetofauna. The Department does not have any mandatory New York permits and licenses do address collection/pos- harvest reporting for any herp species. The Department peri- session issues individually, based on the species involved odically does a small game survey of licensed hunters which and the type of permit. includes responses for the harvest of frogs and snapping turtles.

Regulatory Process: Farming/Aquaculture: Regulations on reptiles and amphibians in New York General: are promulgated by the Department of Environmental In New York, there are no legal provisions to allow the Conservation. Regulations are limited to implementing the captive breeding or raising of native reptiles and amphibians authority conveyed to the Department by statute. Statutory for commercial purposes. Licenses can only be issued for changes must be done through legislative action. As an scientific, exhibition or propagation purposes. example, the State Legislature enacted the State Endangered Wild Native Species: Species Law that gives the Department the statutory authority N/A to list endangered species by regulation while the Department then uses regulations to provide a list of species that meet the Agency with Regulatory Authority: definition of endangered species. N/A N E W Y O R K

110 Association of Fish & Wildlife Agencies 111 State of the Union N E W YO R K

Legal Authority: Reporting Requirements: ECL 11-0103 and 11-0515 (http://public.leginfo.state. There are no reporting requirements under these personal ny.us/menugetf.cgi?COMMONQUERY=LAWS) collection permits. 6 NYCRR Parts 3 and 175 Legal Authority: (http://www.dec.ny.gov/regs/2494.html) ECL 11-0515 ECL 71-0924 (http://public.leginfo.state.ny.us/menugetf. (http://public.leginfo.state.ny.us/menugetf. cgi?COMMONQUERY=LAWS) cgi?COMMONQUERY=LAWS) Scientific Collection Personal Collection New York does allow collection of protected wildlife Methods of Take: (including all reptiles and amphibians) under a license for pro- New York developed a permit program in 2008 to allow pogation, banding, scientific or exhibition purposes. Under a for the taking and possession of the non-listed (i.e. not second license to possess and sell, the Department is authorized endangered, threatened or special concern) reptiles and to allow the possession and sale of protected wildlife for pro- amphibians for educational or scientific purposes. This pogation, scientific, or exhibition purposes. The Department permit allows for the continued opportunity to develop has no criteria for issuing these licenses that are exclusive to an awareness and respect for our herpetofauna resource, herpetofauna. For any species listed as threatened or endan- but does not allow for collection solely as pets. Guidelines gered, a separate, additional license is required. There is no within the permit prevent commercial exploitation and differentiation between residents and non-resident applicants. limit the numbers taken or possessed. Collection of species may be by hand, net or trap. Methods of Take: Allowable take methods may be addressed in the permit Limits (See Appendix B): conditions. This permit allows the collection of up to five individu- Limits: als of listed common species of amphibians and up to two Limits may be addressed in the permit conditions. individuals of common species of reptiles. A single egg mass of a common frog, toad or salamander species may be Seasons: collected and possessed until hatching. Once hatched, the Collection time periods may be addressed in the permit tadpoles or salamander larvae must be released in suitable conditions. habitat at or near the original point of capture prior to trans- forming into the adult or terrestrial stage. Animals may not Reporting Requirements: be used for captive propagation purposes, be bought, sold, License holders are required to report annually the ani- offered for sale, traded or transferred to another person. mals acquired, possessed, and disposed under the permit. The Department has incorporated reliable license reporting data into Seasons: the databases that have been developed by the New York Herp There is no season listed for personal collection. Atlas project and the New York Natural Heritage Program.

Penalties for Avg. # Permits Issued/Yr Collection Type Permit Required Permit Fee Violation (based on last 10 yrs) *License to Collect or Possess $10 Not Tracked Commercial/ Fishing or Small Game License $29/26 Up to $250 fine Not Tracked Personal/ Scientific and/or 15 days in jail Diamond-backed Terrapin $10 <50 License Up to $250 fine Aquaculture *License to Possess and Sell $10 Not Tracked and/or 15 days in jail * Issued only for scientific, exhibition or propagation purposes.

State of the Union 112 Association of Fish & Wildlife Agencies 113 Legal Authority: ECL 11-0515 and 6 NYCRR Part 175 http://www.dec.ny.gov/permits/28633.html 2006 http://www.dec.ny.gov/permits/25021.html 2006 http://www.dec.ny.gov/regs/3938.html 2006 Confiscation & Unusual Circumstances In general, the Department attempts to place native reptiles and amphibians with a zoo in need of such animals, a research institute or college, or a licensed wildlife educa- tor. Euthanizing is rarely exercised with native herpetofauna species. When the history of the native species is known and an appropriate release location can be identified, release of confiscated native species to the wild can be implemented. The disposition of unlawfully possessed non-native amphibians and reptiles poses significant challenges. Finding a legal home for large constrictors, venomous snakes, and exotic species of reptiles and amphibians is a significant problem for the Department. In many cases, the Department seizes the animals in place and directs the owners to find a legal disposition for them if they (the owners) do not meet the criteria for getting a permit to legally keep the animal. Permits are not issued for the release of exotic species.

Unusual Regulations: Section 11-0505 of New York’s Environmental Conservation Law prohibits anyone from using a device © JOHN WHITE which prevents frogs from having free access to and egress from water. This is an historic section, written during a time Disease/Pathogen Testing: when the commercial harvest of frogs for food or bait was Disease or pathogen testing prior to export or import or much more popular. It is a $0-250 violation section, and is use as bait is not required. rarely written. Section 11-0507 of New York’s Environmental Nuisance or Urban Wildlife Issues: Conservation Law prohibits the release of any wildlife spe- The Department has a nuisance wildlife control operator cies to the wild without a permit. licensing program. A written exam must be passed to obtain Section 11-0507 of New York’s Environmental this license. There is a section on snakes included in the Best Conservation Law prohibits the possession of venomous Practices manual that the required test is based upon. This reptiles without first being issued a license. license is only required if a fee is charged for the service of removing the nuisance animal and/or if the nuisance animal Section 11-0512 of New York’s Environmental is to be removed/transported from the property. Nuisance Conservation Law explicitly prohibits the possession of dan- snapping turtles and nuisance northern water snakes can be gerous reptiles (defined as all reptiles that are venomous by handled under a nuisance wildlife permit issued by a regional nature, several constrictor snakes, crocodylia, and monitor wildlife manager to any person. lizards) as pets. A license is required to possess any exotic The Department does provide the public with contact venomous reptile (including “venomoid”) in New York, and information of permit and license holders with special licenses are only issued for exhibition purposes. training in handling animals such as venomous snakes. In New York State Public Health Law, modeled after similar addition, Environmental Conservation Officers respond to Federal regulations, prohibits the sale of any turtle with a nuisance situations if there is a threat to the public or the carapace length of less than four inches. situation involves a threatened or endangered species.

112 Association of Fish & Wildlife Agencies 113 State of the Union NORTH CAROLINA

General while the Possession Permit language can be found here: http://reports.oah.state.nc.us/ncac/title%2015a%20- Classification and Conservation (See Appendix C): %20environment%20and%20natural%20resourc Under General Statute § 113-129, amphibians and reptiles es/chapter%2010%20-%20wildlife%20resource are classified as either wild animals or wildlife resources. s%20and%20water%20safety/subchapter%20h/ Wild animals refer to federally listed amphibians or reptiles 15a%20ncac%2010h%20.1302.html other than sea turtles, while wildlife resources cover all other amphibians and reptiles. All listed species (endangered, Regulatory Process: threatened, or special concern) are protected and permits Changes to the administrative code (NCAC) must be may be issued for scientific/educational or public safety approved by the Wildlife Resources Commission, taken related take. State Wildlife Action Plan priority species are to public hearing, then back to the Commission for re- not protected. approval, and then must be taken to the NC Legislature Animals that are “protected” in North Carolina are any for a vote. endangered, threatened, or special concern for which there is no open season for take. It is unlawful to take or possess Commercial, Personal & Scientific any listed species unless: 1) a permit has been issued, 2) Collection in defense of a life, or 3) other (includes processed parts of alligators labeled out of state, falconers with falconry Methods of Take: permits, and permitted scientific supply companies obtaining Commercial taking is defined as the taking, posses- stock from out of state). The following link takes you to the sion, collection, transportation, purchase or sale of five or actual code: more individual turtles or terrapins, or any part thereof, http://reports.oah.state.nc.us/ncac/title%2015a%20- per person in any given year. For any type of use of native %20environment%20and%20natural%20resour herpetofauna, a collection license is needed to take or col- ces/chapter%2010%20-%20wildlife%20resourc lect five or more turtles (including snapping turtles), ter- es%20and%20water%20safety/subchapter%20i/ rapins, lizards or snakes. A collection license is needed to 15a%20ncac%2010i%20.0102.html take or collect 25 or more frogs, toads, mudpuppies or sal- North Carolina distinguishes between wild collection and amanders (“spring lizards”). For endangered, threatened, possession of native amphibians and reptiles. North Carolina or special concern species, a special permit is needed. A has both a Wildlife Collection License and a separate written application to the Commission is required for a Possession Permit, but both apply only to native species. permit to authorize importation, and possession for the No permits or licenses are currently required for non-native purpose of retail or wholesale sale. Purchase, importa- herps. If a person wants to collect more than 4 reptiles or tion, and possession of special concern species within 24 amphibians from the wild, he or she must apply for and North Carolina shall be allowed under permit to state and obtain a collection license which will specify the amounts for federal governmental agencies, corporate research enti- the requested species (e.g. 50 slimy salamanders). If a person ties, and research institutions; provided that sales are per- wants to possess more than 4 reptiles or 24 amphibians, mitted to out of state consumers; and, provided that they regardless of the source (e.g. collected from out of state or must be possessed in indoor facilities and that all trans- obtained from a reptile show), he or she must apply for and portation of specimens provides safeguards adequate to obtain a possession permit prior to possessing the animals. prevent accidental escape; and that the agency’s or institu- Both of these require annual reporting. The possession permit tion’s Animal Use and Care Committee has approved the also requires the permittee to keep track of any animals research protocol for this species; and further provided born, bought or sold during the year. The Wildlife Collection that no specimens may be stocked or released in the pub- License language can be found here: lic or private waters or lands of North Carolina and may http://reports.oah.state.nc.us/ncac/title%2015a%20- not be transferred to any private individual. The manner %20environment%20and%20natural%20resourc of taking wildlife resources under a collection license es/chapter%2010%20-%20wildlife%20resource may be specified by the Executive Director pursuant to s%20and%20water%20safety/subchapter%20b/ G.S. 113-272.4(d) and need not be restricted to the usual

15a%20ncac%2010b%20.0119.htmlNORTH CAROLINA methods of hunting or trapping.

State of the Union 114 Association of Fish & Wildlife Agencies 115 NORTH CAROLINA

Limits: or Trionychidae and the remaining amphibian and reptile It is prohibited to commercially take any native species species are specified on the license and depend on whether classified as endangered, threatened, special concern or the collection activity is catch and release or permanent from the families Emydidae or Trionychidae. Individuals removal. shall collect, for any type of use, no more than 10 turtles per day and no more than 100 turtles per calendar year from Reporting Requirements: each family Chelydridae or Kinosternidae (Appendix A). Each individual licensed shall submit a written report to Collection limits and seasons for the remaining amphib- the Executive Director within 15 days following the date of ian and reptile species are specified on the license and expiration of the license. The report shall be on a form sup- depend on whether the collection activity is catch and plied by the Wildlife Resources Commission and shall show release or permanent removal. To prevent the spread of the numbers of each species taken under the license and salmonellosis from pet turtles to humans, no turtle shall the use or disposition thereof. The Executive Director may be sold, offered for sale, or bartered by any retail or require additional information for statistical purposes such wholesale establishment in North Carolina. This regula- as the dates and places of the taking and the sex, size, weight, tion does not apply to the sale of turtles to institutions condition, and approximate age of each specimen taken. for scientific or educational purposes nor to the sale of Collection license data have not been analyzed thoroughly. turtles for food purposes. Processed meat and other parts Currently, annual reporting is required for both Wildlife of American alligators, which have been lawfully taken Collection Licenses and Possession Permits. These data vary in a state in which there is an open season for harvesting significantly from user to user. Some are very accurate and alligators, may be possessed, bought and sold when such detailed, while others yield limited information and are less products are marketed in packages or containers which useful. Nevertheless, future licenses and permits are based are distinctly labeled to indicate the state in which they on the previous year’s data. were taken and the identity, location, and lawful authority of the processor or distributor. Farming/Aquaculture: General Seasons: Aquaculture is allowed for alligators, provided the There shall be no open season for taking any of the enclosure, sanitation and care requirements described in species listed as endangered (Rule .0103), threatened 15A NCAC 10H .0302 MINIMUM STANDARDS (4)a-b (Rule .0104), or, unless otherwise provided, as special are met. Aquaculture for turtles requires approval from the concern (Rule .0105). Seasons for turtles from Emydidae North Carolina Wildlife Resources Commission.

Penalties for Avg. # Permits Issued/Yr Collection Type Permit Required Permit Fee Violation (based on last 10 yrs) *Wildlife Collection License **$5 50>200 Commercial/ Class 1 misdemeanor *Herpetofauna Possession Personal/ Scientific $0 (113-337) 50>200 Permit Misdemeanor: Up to NCDA & CS Aquaculture Aquaculture $0 a $500 fine and/or up Not Known Production License to 30 days in jail Salvage Permit $0 Class 1 misdemeanor 50>200 SCIENTIFIC Rehabilitation Permit $0 (113-337) <50

*A license is needed if an individual collects or possesses more than 4 reptiles or 24 amphibians (excludes listed species). **The license fee had been waived for representatives of educational or scientific institutions or of governmental agencies; however this has changed. Fees are no longer waived for any groups - the intent is to change the rule to reflect that change in policy. A Salvage permit is required to salvage specimens found dead on a road and subsequently deposit into museums, universities or other specified locations. The Rehabilitation permit is required to perform rehabilitation on reptiles and/or amphibians. ***In all cases one of the possible penalties for a violation is revocation of the license/permit.

114 Association of Fish & Wildlife Agencies 115 State of the Union NORTH CAROLINA

Wild Native Species Federal listed species should be transported to an appropri- North Carolina does not allow wildlife to be removed ate holding facility. For confiscated venomous snakes, a from the wild to augment captive populations. Those autho- transfer to the North Carolina Museum of Natural Science rized for alligator farms are required to have all alligators may be arranged. For confiscated non-venomous snakes, acquired through legal means in another state, brought in turtles or alligators, a transfer to a licensed facility may be from out of North Carolina and to have all baby alligators arranged. If the museum or other licensed facility is unable tagged. It is illegal to possess alligator eggs. to take the specimen(s), euthanasia is chosen. Any confiscated tongueless or African clawed frogs (Xenopus spp.) Agency with Regulatory Authority are euthanized. The North Carolina Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services has the lead authority, although the Unusual Regulations: North Carolina Wildlife Resources Commission and the U.S. It is unlawful for any individual to import, transport, Fish and Wildlife Service also have regulatory roles to play export, purchase, possess, or sell any species of Tongueless regarding farming and/or aquaculture. or African Clawed Frog (Xenopus spp.) or to stock or release them in the public or private waters or lands of North Carolina Legal Authority: (15A NCAC 10B .0123). Article 63 Aquaculture Development Act § 106-758, 759, The intentional exposure of human beings to contact with 761 and 763.1 reptiles of a venomous nature is a criminal offense (GS 14- http://reports.oah.state.nc.us/ncac/title%2015a%20- 416 thru 14-422 Article 55). This article shall not apply to %20environment%20and%20natural%20resourc the possession, exhibition, or handling of reptiles by employ- es/chapter%2010%20-%20wildlife%20resource ees or agents of duly constituted museums, laboratories, s%20and%20water%20safety/subchapter%20h/ educational or scientific institutions in the course of their 15a%20ncac%2010h%20.0302.html 2004 educational or scientific work. No reptiles are allowed in child care centers (15A NCAC http://reports.oah.state.nc.us/ncac/title%2015a%20- 18A .2831). %20environment%20and%20natural%20resour A permit is required for collection and research on game ces/chapter%2010%20-%20wildlife%20resourc lands (15A NCAC 10D .0102 and .0103). This rule is cur- es%20and%20water%20safety/subchapter%20i/ rently under review for clarity. The intent in a rule change 15a%20ncac%2010i%20.0102.html will be to make it clearer that reptiles and amphibians may not be removed from game lands without a permit. 10A NCAC 41A.0302 The sale or commercial distribution of viable turtle eggs 15A NCAC 10B.0119 and small turtles (carapace length less than four inches) for 15A NCAC 10B.0123 use as pets is banned under 21 CFR 1240.62. 15A NCAC 10H.1301 Disease/Pathogen Testing: 15A NCAC 10I.0102 Currently, no disease/pathogen testing is required for http://reports.oah.state.nc.us/ncac.asp?folderName=\ animals exported or imported or used as bait. There are no Title%2015A%20-%20Environment%20and%20Natural% circumstances under which native herps must be tested for 20Resources\Chapter%2010%20-%20Wildlife%20Resourc disease. es%20and%20Water%20Safety 2009 Nuisance or Urban Wildlife Issues: http://reports.oah.state.nc.us/ncac/title%2015a%20- The response to a “nuisance” animal situation varies %20environment%20and%20natural%20resour depending upon the circumstances involved. Sometimes ces/chapter%2010%20-%20wildlife%20resourc Wildlife Resources Commission personnel are involved and es%20and%20water%20safety/subchapter%20i/ sometimes a Wildlife Damage Control Agent is involved. 15a%20ncac%2010i%20.0102.html There is no standard operating procedure regarding “nuisance” herpetofauna. Thus, the response varies significantly Confiscation & Unusual Circumstances according to the tolerance level of the individual responding to the incident. Confiscated Animals: A recent policy regarding the disposition of confiscated amphibian or reptile specimens states that all State and

State of the Union 116 Association of Fish & Wildlife Agencies 117 NORTH DAKOTA

General Reporting Requirements: Commercial permit holders must provide a report of what Classification and Conservation (See Appendix C): has been collected each year before any future permits will Native amphibians and reptiles are classified as non-game be issued. Data collected would be a reliable source to deter- and are managed under the Conservation and Communication mine harvest from commercial permits. Section by non-game staff. By proclamation all wildlife is illegal to possess without the appropriate permit from the Farming/Aquaculture: North Dakota Game and Fish Department. “Protection” as it relates to herps would come from proclamation rules General: punishable by fines if broken. There are no state laws that Captive breeding and raising of native wildlife is allowed protect herpetofauna in North Dakota and this state does not by permit for amphibians and reptiles. There is currently no distinguish between collection and possession. Regardless of one permitted for this activity in North Dakota. whether or not the individual took the animal from the wild, it Wild Native Species: is illegal for someone to possess wildlife without a permit. Species allowed for captive breeding, and those which are allowed for collection from the wild, are specified on the Regulatory Process: permit. Changes made to Game and Fish Department proclamation only require approval from the Governor. Changes to Agency with Regulatory Authority: century code would require legislative approval. The North Dakota Game and Fish Department regulates the captive breeding of native amphibians and reptiles. Commercial Collection Legal Authority: Methods of Take: Methods of take are specified in the permit. http://www.legis.nd.gov/cencode/t201c06.pdf

Limits (See Appendix A): ND Century Code 20.1-06-16 Limits are specified in the permit. ND Century Code 20.1-06-17 ND Century Code 20.1-09-02 Seasons: Seasons are specified in the permit. Small Game Hunting Guide Proclamation

Penalties for Avg. # Permits Issued/Yr Collection Type Permit Required Permit Fee Violation (based on last 10 yrs) Resident Frog $50 <50 Permit—Commercial Non-resident Frog Commercial $200 B Misdemeanor <50 Permit—Commercial Turtle Permit—Commercial $10 <50

Director’s Aquaculture $10 B Misdemeanor <50 Permit—Commercial Resident Frog Permit $3 <50 Personal Director’s *B Misdemeanor $10 <50 Permit—Non-commercial Scientific Collector’s Permit Scientific $10 *B Misdemeanor <50

NORTH*The DAKOTA penalty is imposed for protected species only.

116 Association of Fish & Wildlife Agencies 117 State of the Union NORTH DAKOTA

Personal Collection Legal Authority: Small Game Hunting Guide, last bullet statement The public is encouraged to leave wild animals in the wild, but there are no specific laws that prevent people from tak- http://gf.nd.gov/regulations/smallgame/index.html#other ing reptiles and amphibians for non-commercial use unless the species is protected. Scientific Collection Methods of take: Methods of take: Methods of take are specified in the permit. Methods of take are specified in the permit. Limits: Limits (See Appendix B): Limits are specified in the permit. Limits are specified in the permit. Seasons: Seasons: Seasons are specified in the permit. Seasons are specified in the permit. Reporting Requirements: Reporting Requirements: A detailed report must be submitted to the Department A detailed report of the species collected must be submit- annually and is required prior to subsequent permits issued. ted before subsequent permits are issued. Though a permit is These data would be considered accurate as specific report- required for personal use, in reality the Department receives ing requirements must be met before additional permits are very few if any requests in a given year. There would not required. The Department receives a high percentage of be enough information gathered on personal use from these reports from issued permits. This could be used to determine reports to make any inferences as to the number of individual harvest for this particular use. It would be difficult to deter- amphibians or reptiles being taken for this use. It would be mine impacts on the resource from scientific use, as North difficult to determine impacts on the resource from personal Dakota has very limited baseline data for herpetofauna. use, as North Dakota has very limited baseline data for herpetofauna. Legal Authority: http://www.legis.nd.gov/cencode/t201c03.pdf ND Century Code 20.1-03-12(19) Confiscation & Unusual Circumstances Confiscated Animals: Confiscated amphibians or reptiles are either used for Department use or disposed of by Department staff.

Unusual Regulations: Turtle races are allowed, however a permit is required to collect the turtles and the turtles must be released after the race.

Disease/Pathogen Testing: Disease testing is required for incoming or outgoing amphibians or reptiles for any type of use.

Nuisance or Urban Wildlife Issues: Nuisance or urban wildlife issues are dealt with by either the city police department, if the occurrence is in city limits, or by either USDA Wildlife Services or North Dakota Game and Fish Department staff, if outside of the city limits. Cases

State of the Union 118 Association of Fish & Wildlife Agencies 119 OHIO © LIPPS

General a propagation permit. Up to four individuals per species of collectable herpetofauna may be taken from the wild and Classification and Conservation (See Appendix C): possessed under authority of this permit. The third is under Reptiles and amphibians are considered “Wild Animals” a scientific/education permit. These two permit types are by definition in 1531.01 (X) of the Ohio Revised Code issued only to bona fide scientific and educational institu- (link provided below). The Ohio Division of Wildlife has tions. Personal possession is not permitted under authority the authority to regulate all native herpetofauna. The State of these permits. For all permit types, records are required, of Ohio does not classify herpetofauna into fish, game or with the exception of snapping turtles and soft-shell turtles, non-game but in the stand alone terms of “reptiles” and no wild-caught specimens of native herpetofauna may be “amphibians.” bought or sold. State-listed species of reptiles or amphibians may not be taken from the wild. This includes species designated Regulatory Process: as endangered, threatened, species of concern or special Laws involving the issuance of the various permits interest. State-listed reptiles and amphibian conservation lies within Revised Code, and therefore is legislative. All measures are generally outlined in the agency’s tactical plan other rules regarding methods of take, bag limits, PIT for such species. In addition, several of the state endangered tagging and record keeping are administrative and are reptiles and amphibians have conservation plans for the spe- promulgated by the authority of the Chief and the Ohio cies to help identify management and conservation measures Wildlife Council. to ensure the preservation of these species in Ohio. The Division is working to develop these strategic documents for all state endangered species. Furthermore, the Division Commercial Propagation and Personal has initiated inventories/surveys to determine current dis-

OHIO Collection tribution and relative abundance of state-listed reptiles and amphibians as needed. Ohio currently has two options when it comes to the All other species of reptiles and amphibians, not con- general public possessing and/or selling native reptiles and sidered as “state-listed”, are considered collectable. By amphibians. They need to either possess a Commercial law, no individual may take more than four individuals of or Non-Commercial Propagation Permit. A Commercial any one species from the wild with the exception green Propagation Permit allows the permittee to possess and/or frogs, American bullfrogs, snapping turtles and softshell sell legally obtained reptiles and amphibians. However, turtles harvested under the authority of a fishing license. other than softshell turtles and snapping turtles, no For the four later species there is a closed season in place wild-caught amphibian or reptile may be sold. A Non- to afford protection during the peak of breeding. The Commercial propagation permit allows only possession. If Division has initiated a thirteen inch size limit for snap- a person wishes to possess any of the state-listed species ping and softshell turtles. they must obtain either a commercial or non-commercial The Division of Wildlife (DOW) does not define “pro- propagator’s permit. Obtaining the permit requires proof tected.” There is either an open or defined season when the herpetofauna was legally acquired. Furthermore, pos- collection can take place with certain restrictions, or the session of an endangered species requires the propagator’s species has a “closed season,” where no wild collection can permit and an additional letter of authorization from the take place. Species with a closed season may only be taken Chief of the Division. under special permit for scientific or educational study. Furthermore, possession and/or any wild take must be in Methods of Take: accordance with special permits issued by the Chief of the Ohio reptiles and amphibians may be taken by any method Division. provided it does not violate OAC Section 1501: 31-25-04 (C) By Ohio law, there are three basic methods to remove (8) which states: “No reptile or amphibian may be taken with reptiles and amphibians from the wild. First is a fishing the use of chemicals, deleterious or stupefying substances, license for the take of green frogs, American bullfrogs, snap- smoke, explosives, winches, jacks or other device or material ping turtles and softshell turtles. Possession is permitted for that may cause damage to or destroy the den, hibernaculum, use as food for consumption. Second is under authority of nest, or immediate surroundings thereof.”

118 Association of Fish & Wildlife Agencies 119 State of the Union OHIO

Limits (See Appendices A and B): turtles for consumption as food are required to maintain Ohio residents may take up to four of each “collectable records if they buy or sell these species. These records shall species” from the wild in Ohio. However, other than soft- include date of transaction, the number bought or sold and shell turtles and snapping turtles, no wild-caught amphib- the complete name and address to whom they were sold ian or reptile may be sold. Ohio lists 66 of the state’s 88 or received. Persons collecting any of the other “collect- species of reptiles and amphibians as “collectable.” Non- able species” in Ohio must record the date, collection loca- residents are prohibited from collecting in Ohio. Green tion and length of all reptiles and amphibians taken from frogs, American bullfrogs, snapping and softshell turtles the wild. In addition the weights of snapping and sofshell are taken and possessed under the authority of a fishing turtles sold for consumption must be maintained. These license. These species may be taken by both residents and records are not reviewed by wildlife management staff. non-residents providing they possess a valid fishing license. These records are maintained by the permit holder and used Currently the possession limit on green frogs and American by the law enforcement to review the commercial trade. bullfrogs is 15. There is no possession limit on snapping Records are required to be kept for five years and must be and softshell turtles. Ohio law differs regarding these spe- open to inspection at any reasonable hour. cies based upon the purpose for possession. These four While collection data are required by law, it is not cur- species possessed for “consumption as food” are treated rently utilized to determine harvest or the impact to the independently of species possessed for the pet trade. Ohio wild herpetofauna resource. The data held by this group of has recently rewritten regulations for reptiles and amphib- permit holders is not collected for this purpose. It is held ians which became effective January 1, 2011. in a variety of formats and it is not scientifically collected. This data would be anecdotal. Seasons: The season for green frog and American bullfrogs is Farming/Aquaculture: closed from May 1 through 6:00PM the second Friday of General June. The closed season for snapping and softshell turtles is Farming or aquaculture of native amphibians and reptiles May 1 through the last day of June. is allowed with the possession of either a Commercial or Non-Commercial Permit. Reporting Requirements: There is no mandatory reporting system required in Wild Native Species Ohio for the harvest of any species of reptiles or amphib- Persons can collect up to four of the “collectable” ians. However there are record keeping requirements for species (unlimited for snapping and softshell turtles) specimens held in possession. Persons harvesting green and integrate them into the breeding program of their frogs and American bullfrogs or snapping and softshell populations.

Annual Permit Penalties for Avg. # Permits Issued/Yr Collection Type Permit Required Fee Violation (based on last 10 yrs) Up to $250 fine <50 *Commercial Permit $40 unless the value of (23) Commercial / the wildlife exceeds >200 Aquaculture / *Non-commercial Permit $25 $1000 at which point Personal the fine would be (~300) $2500 and extended ^Fishing License $19 Not Tracked prison terms

Unless an endangered >200 †Education and/or Scientific species is involved, up Scientific $25 (~650) Permit to $250 fine and up to 30 days in jail

*Non-residents are prohibited from collecting in Ohio. ^Green frogs, American bullfrogs, snapping and softshell turtles are taken and possessed under the authority of a fishing license. These species may be taken by both residents and non-residents. †Facilities must be governmental, educational (public school, college, university) or bona fide environmental service contractor (see publication 326).

State of the Union 120 Association of Fish & Wildlife Agencies 121 Agency with Regulatory Authority closed season for any native amphibian or reptile species autho- Authority for the possession of reptiles and amphibians in rized under an education and/or scientific collection permit. Ohio falls with the Ohio Department of Natural Resources Reporting Requirements: Division of Wildlife. There are also some local/city regulations pertaining to possession if the species held falls into Scientific collection permit reports are required annually the definition of the specific municipality’s definition of via electronic submission methods. The data provided by the “Dangerous Animal”. approved scientific and research institutions is believed to be extremely reliable reference the presence and absence Legal Authority: of species. These data have not been applied to determine http://codes.ohio.gov/orc/1531 harvest limits nor have studies been initiated to determine harvest rates of native herpetofauna. Ohio Revised Code sections 1531.01 (Definitions) http://codes.ohio.gov/orc/1531.02 Confiscation & Unusual Circumstances Ohio Revised Code sections 1531.02 (State Ownership Confiscated Animals: of Wild Animals) Ohio currently does not have any guidelines for con- http://codes.ohio.gov/orc/1531.25 fiscated species; they are handled on a case to case basis. Ohio Revised Code sections 1531.25 (Preservation of Whenever possible, species are held alive pending court Endangered Wildlife) proceedings. Courts are then petitioned to forfeit the species http://codes.ohio.gov/orc/1533.71 to the state. Ohio then seeks placement into various zoologi- Ohio Revised Code sections 1533.71 (License to Raise cal or educational institutions. If placement cannot be found or Keep Game Birds & Animals) euthanasia does occur. http://codes.ohio.gov/oac/1501%3A31-25-04 Unusual Regulations: Ohio Administrative Code sections 1501: 31-25-04 In addition to the permit requirements discussed above, (Reptiles and Amphibians) Ohio requires, regardless of permit held, that all species of reptiles, excluding snapping and softshell turtles pos- http://codes.ohio.gov/oac/1501%3A31-23 sessed solely for consumption as food, shall be implanted Ohio Administrative Code sections 1501: 31-23-01 with a PIT tag. PIT tags are required when snakes reach (Endangered Species) 18 inches or greater snout to vent length and turtles have 4 inches or greater straight-line carapace length. In addi- Scientific Collection tion, all reptiles regardless of size, must be implanted Any field research or survey activity involving native with a PIT tag before possession is transferred. Once a species requires a scientific collection permit. This permit person in Ohio takes possession of or possesses a spe- is valid for a set period of time and establishes limitations cies of reptile which meets the size requirement, they are to approved activities. An additional letter permit from the required to implant, a PIT tag with a frequency of 125 Chief of the Division of Wildlife is required for field work kHz, 134.2 kHz or 400 kHz. The PIT tag number is then involving state endangered species. required to be maintained in the possessor’s, seller’s or buyer’s records. Methods of Take: All methods may be considered during the permit review Disease/Pathogen Testing: process depending upon the needs of the collector. The Ohio Department of Agriculture requires health certifi- cates for all live specimens that enter the state. Health certifi- Limits: cates are obtained from veterinarians upon inspection. No more than four individuals per species for education. Scientific collections vary upon required sample size or the Nuisance or Urban Wildlife Issues: needs of the collector. Ohio has licensed “Nuisance Animal Trappers” who handle a variety of nuisance animal complaints including Seasons: reptiles and amphibians. Regulations are in place to protect The practice of harvest during peak breeding periods is state-listed species and generally, specimens are captured discouraged unless it directly relates to the study. There is no and relocated.

120 Association of Fish & Wildlife Agencies 121 State of the Union OKLAHOMA © LIPPS

General the relevant House and Senate Committees. Temporary regulation changes can be approved by the Wildlife Commission Classification and Conservation (See Appendix C): as emergency measures, but these cannot be made perma- Oklahoma is home to fifty-three (53) species of native nent without Legislative approval. amphibians and eight-four (84) species of native reptiles. One introduced reptile species (Mediterranean gecko) has a patchy Commercial Collection distribution in urban areas in central and eastern Oklahoma. There are currently no species of reptiles or amphibians in Methods of Take: Oklahoma that are classified as endangered or threatened Oklahoma prohibits the commercial use of most native at the state or federal level. Under Oklahoma’s endangered reptiles and amphibians, but with three exceptions. These species regulations, Oklahoma recognizes eleven species of exceptions are (1) commercial harvest of most aquatic turtle amphibians and twelve species of reptiles as State Species of species (10 out of 16 species), (2) commercial harvest of Special Concern. This designation establishes these species four species of rattlesnakes, and (3) commercial harvest as conservation priorities for the Wildlife Diversity Program. of mudpuppies and the larval forms of salamanders in the Eleven species of reptiles (three aquatic turtles, five lizards, genus Ambystoma, except for A. talpoideum. In order to two snakes and the American alligator) and ten species of harvest or take aquatic turtles for commercial purposes, a amphibians (all salamanders) are prohibited from take, col- person must obtain a commercial turtle harvester license and lection and possession under a year-round, statewide closed may sell turtles only to a licensed turtle buyer. In order to season. Their level of protection is nearly equivalent to that harvest legal aquatic salamanders for commercial purposes, of a state-listed threatened or endangered species. a commercial minnow dealer’s license is required. In order to Protected species in Oklahoma are those for which there harvest legal rattlesnakes during their open season (March 1 is a year-round closed season. There are eleven species of to June 30), a person must have either a hunting license or a reptiles and ten species of amphibians that are protected five-day rattlesnake permit. Persons possessing a current res- under a year-round, statewide closed season. To some extent, ident or non-resident hunting license may sell lawfully taken all of Oklahoma amphibian and reptile species are protected rattlesnakes only to those individuals holding a Commercial because their collection and take is regulated. Additionally, or Non-commercial Wildlife Breeders license during open nearly all of Oklahoma’s fifty-three (53) amphibian species season. A Commercial Breeders license is required of all and most of our eight-four (84) reptile species are protected who buy and resell live rattlesnakes. OAC 800:25-7-7 (4) from commercial collection. prohibits the introduction of any toxic substance into a den Oklahoma distinguishes between collection (removal or rock crevice. The method of taking legal water turtles and from the wild) and possession. The Oklahoma amphibian aquatic salamanders for commercial purposes is restricted to and reptile regulations incorporate both a bag limit and a provisions in current statutes and regulations which includes possession limit. For all species, the bag limit and possession netting and hoop trapping. limit are the same. The bag and possession limits for most open-season amphibians is four (4). The bag and posses- Limits (See Appendix A): sion limits for most open-season reptiles is six (6). A valid There are no limits for those species allowed for com- hunting or fishing license is required to collect and possess mercial collection once the appropriate commercial license all amphibians and reptiles. Anyone who wishes to exceed and bond are obtained. the possession limit for any species for non-commercial purposes must obtain a non-commercial breeders license Seasons: (regardless of whether or not they intend to breed these ani- There is no closed season for the aquatic turtle and sala- mals). Anyone in possession of a venomous snake between mander species approved for commercial collection. The July 1 and March 1 must have a non-commercial breeder’s open season for legal rattlesnake species is March 1 through license. June 30.

Regulatory Process: Reporting Requirements: All permanentOKLAHOMA changes to wildlife regulations in Oklahoma Both the commercial turtle harvester and buyers licenses require approval by the Wildlife Commission first, then by have an annual reporting requirement, and each shipment of

State of the Union 122 Association of Fish & Wildlife Agencies 123 OKLAHOMA

native turtles imported to or exported from Oklahoma must OAC 800: 25-7-7 be documented with an import or export permit. Report data OAC 800: 25-7-8. Dates and areas, legal reptiles and bag suggest there is very little commercial trade in aquatic sala- limits. manders and almost all of it consists of larval barred tiger OAC 800: 25-7-9. Dates and areas, legal amphibians and salamanders (Ambystoma mavortium) that are sold either as bag limits. pets or fish bait. Aquatic turtle harvest is much more substantial and the level varies from about 40,000 to 80,000 A link to Oklahoma’s Wildlife Regulations OAC Title turtles per year with most (about 85%) being red-eared slid- 800 is available on the Oklahoma Department of Wildlife ers, common snapping turtles and spiny softshell turtles. Conservation’s website: http://www.wildlifedepartment. Data reported annually on commercial and non-commer- com/law.htm cial licenses are generally reliable. Reliability may be influ- enced somewhat by the frequency that the license holder’s Personal Collection county game warden inspects the facility. Methods of Take: To collect or take native amphibians or reptiles for non- Farming/Aquaculture: commercial activities, a person must possess either a hunting General license or fishing license. Individuals under the age of 16 and To possess and breed amphibians or reptiles in captivity in individuals collecting on their own property are exempt from Oklahoma, a person is required to have either a Commercial these licensing requirements. The method of taking bullfrogs Wildlife Breeder’s License or Non-commercial Wildlife is restricted to provisions in current statutes and regulations; Breeder’s License, depending on the purpose of holding and all other reptiles and amphibians may be taken only by hand propagating wildlife. Progeny of lawfully held reptiles may, or other legal means. for six months from the date of birth, be held in captivity in excess of the stated limits. Before or upon reaching six Limits (See Appendix B): months of age, such progeny must be disposed of accord- All reptiles, except those listed in parts (3) and (5) of ing to the requirements of the license held, or as directed by 800: 25-7-8, shall have a bag limit of six per day or in pos- the Department. Progeny may be retained for brood stock if session for each species. The following rattlesnakes can be replacing parent stock disposed of in the above manner so as harvested without a bag limit during their four-month open not to exceed the stated limits. season: Crotalus viridis, C. atrox, C. horridus, and Sistrurus catenatus. The eleven reptile species listed in 800: 25-7-8 Wild Native Species part (5) are prohibited from collection. Farming/Aquaculture of native amphibians and reptiles The bag limit is unlimited for frogs of the genera Rana is limited to aquatic turtles (one to three facilities licensed (except R. areolata) and Pseudacris; Woodhouse’s toad, per year) and Barred Tiger Salamander (zero to two facilities and aquatic forms of the genera Necturus and Ambystoma licensed per year). No other native herptile species are regu- (except A. talpoideum). Bullfrogs shall have a bag limit of larly farmed/bred for commercial purposes in Oklahoma. 15 and all other open-season amphibians have daily bag Non-native amphibians and reptiles are exempt from com- limit and a possession limit of four individuals. The season mercial and non-commercial breeders licensing with the is closed statewide for the ten amphibian species listed in exception of venomous lizards and snakes. 800: 25-7-9 part (2). Agency with Regulatory Authority Anyone possessing any species of native amphibian or The Oklahoma Department of Wildlife Conservation is reptile in excess of the legal possession limit must obtain a the agency with regulatory authority over the captive breed- non-commercial breeders license regardless of whether or ing of native herpetofauna. All persons licensed for reptiles not they intend to breed these animals. In order to renew a or amphibians shall keep detailed breeding and hatching non-commercial breeder’s license, the licensee must sub- records in addition to those records required by law. mit an annual report of the number of animals held and the disposition of any animals added or lost during the year. Legal Authority: Progeny of lawfully held reptiles may, for six months from OAC 800: 15-9-1 through 15-9-3. Commercial harvest date of birth, be held in captivity in excess of the stated of aquatic turtles. limits. Before or upon reaching six months of age, such

122 Association of Fish & Wildlife Agencies 123 State of the Union OKLAHOMA progeny must be disposed of according to the require- hunting or fishing license or possesses any species in excess ments of the license held, or as directed by the Department. of the legal possession limit, must obtain a non-commercial Progeny may be retained for brood stock if replacing parent breeders license. All persons licensed for reptiles or amphib- stock disposed of in the above manner so as not to exceed ians shall keep detailed breeding and hatching records and the stated limits. Anyone who possesses native amphibians submit a report annually to renew the permit. or reptiles must apply for an export permit to transport The annual reports that are submitted each year by non- animals out-of-state. Anyone in Oklahoma who wishes commercial breeders license holders are generally reliable. to import a species native to Oklahoma must apply for an Each of these facilities is subject to an annual inspection import permit in advance. by the county game warden, which creates an incentive for accurate record keeping. Seasons: Twenty-one species of amphibians and reptiles in Legal Authority: Oklahoma have a year-round closed season and the collection OAC 800: 10-1-6. Non-commercial harvest of bullfrogs. and possession of those species is prohibited. From March OAC 800: 25-27-1 1 to June 30, the following rattlesnakes can be harvested: Crotalus viridis, C. atrox, C. horridus, and Sistrurus cat- OAC 800: 25-27-2 enatus. All other reptile and amphibian species have a year- OAC 800: 25-7-7 round open season. The season is closed statewide for those OAC 800: 25-7-8. Dates and areas, legal reptiles and bag reptile species listed in 800:25-7-8 part (5) and amphibian limits. species listed n 800: 25-7-9 part (2). OAC 800: 25-7-9. Dates and areas, legal amphibians and bag limits. Reporting Requirements: Licensees that maintain a current hunting or fishing A link to Oklahoma’s Wildlife Regulations OAC Title license, and do not exceed the possession limits for any 800 is available on the Oklahoma Department of Wildlife amphibian or reptile species, are not required to submit Conservation’s website: http://www.wildlifedepartment. annual reports. Anyone who does not maintain a current com/law.htm

Penalties for Avg. # Permits Issued/Yr Collection Type Permit Required Permit Fee Violation (based on last 10 yrs) Commercial turtle harvester < 50 $200 plus bond $500 - $1,000 license (30) Commercial minnow dealer’s < 50 Commercial $200 plus bond $100 - $200 license (5) Hunting license OR Five-day >200 $25 and $5 $50 - $200 rattlesnake permit (200 > 300) Commercial wildlife breeder’s < 50 $48 $100 - $500 license (<10) Farming Non-commercial wildlife $10 $50 - $500 < 30 breeder’s license *Resident hunting license $25 $50 - $200 *Non-resident hunting license $142 $90 - $200 Not Tracked Personal **Resident fishing license $25 $50 - $200 (for herpsherpetofauna) **Non-resident fishing license $42 $90 - $200 Scientific Scientific Collector’s permit $10 $50 - $200 <50

^Individuals under the age 16 and individuals collecting on their own property are exempt from non-commercial licensing requirements. *The Hunting License is required for non-commercial collection of land-dwelling reptiles or amphibians. **The Fishing License is required for non-commercial collection of water-dwelling reptiles or amphibians.

State of the Union 124 Association of Fish & Wildlife Agencies 125 Scientific Collection Unusual Regulations: Rattlesnakes are one of the special cases where com- Methods of Take mercial activity is allowed, and there are five long standing, The Director may make exception for educational or community-based rattlesnake round-ups in the western third research purposes to a holder of Oklahoma Scientific of Oklahoma in the towns of Waynoka, Okeene, Apache, Collector’s permits for both reptiles and amphibians. Mangum and Waurika. There are regulations in place that Methods of take are specified in the collector’s Scientific provide information to assess the level of harvest. The Law Collectors Permit. Enforcement Division tracks the level of take in two ways. First, anyone who buys a live rattlesnake must first obtain Limits: either a commercial or noncommercial breeders license The Director may make exception for educational or through which they must annually account for the disposi- research purposes to a holder of Oklahoma Scientific tion of all snakes in their possession. Second, anyone who Collector’s permits for both reptiles and amphibians. Limits exports snakes (dead or alive) must report them via a wild- for collection and/or possession are the same as for personal life export permit. Through these permits, ODWC can track collection unless specified otherwise under the Scientific the number of rattlesnakes held live within the state and the Collectors Permit. number shipped out of the state. Seasons: Disease/Pathogen Testing: Under a Scientific Collectors Permit, permit holders may Oklahoma requires that any native amphibians or reptiles collect year round unless otherwise specified in the permit. imported into or exported out of the state be documented with an Import Permit or an Export Permit. The Oklahoma Reporting Requirements: Each Scientific Collectors Permit holder must submit an Department of Wildlife Conservation has no require- annual report of each amphibian and reptile collected dur- ments for disease testing or quarantine of these animals, ing the permit year. This report is required before a permit however, at the discretion of the Oklahoma Department will be renewed the following year. The annual reports that of Agriculture, any amphibian or reptile that is proposed are received for Scientific Collectors Permits are generally for importation into the state of Oklahoma may require a reliable and accurate. The majority of specimens collected certificate of health from a licensed veterinarian in its state under these permits are ultimately archived in an academic of origin. All applicants for an Import Permit are directed institution and/or museum and can be verified after the fact. to contact the OK Department of Agriculture to determine whether a health certification will be required prior to Legal Authority: importation. OAC 800: 25-26-1 Nuisance or Urban Wildlife Issues: OAC 800: 25-26-2 The Oklahoma Department of Wildlife Conservation OAC 800: 25-26-3 does not physically handle or remove nuisance reptiles. The OAC 800: 25-26-4 Department does not prohibit the trapping or killing of snakes by landowners on their own property; therefore landowners OAC 800: 25-7-7 are able to address their nuisance complaints in the manner OAC 800: 25-7-8 that best fits their needs. The ODWC does license between OAC 800: 25-7-9 50 and 100 nuisance animal control operators per year; how- A link to Oklahoma’s Wildlife Regulations OAC Title ever only a few of these work with amphibian and reptiles. 800 is available on the Oklahoma Department of Wildlife Snakes account for the majority of nuisance amphibian and Conservation’s website: http://www.wildlifedepartment. reptile calls. Most nuisance snake calls are made in regard to com/law.htm non-venomous species and nearly half of these are handled over the phone through education. In some municipalities, the city animal control office addresses nuisance snake Confiscation & Unusual Circumstances complaints. Confiscated Animals: Nothing shall prohibit the control of reptiles other than Confiscated native amphibians and reptiles are addressed those listed as endangered or threatened, by landowners, les- on a case-by-case basis. Where feasible, confiscated animals sees, or occupants of such land when such reptiles are creat- are placed in an educational facility such as a nature center. ing a nuisance.

124 Association of Fish & Wildlife Agencies 125 State of the Union OREGON © PAUL BLOCK

General Farming/Aquaculture: General: Classification and Conservation (See Appendix C): Farming is not allowed for native turtles, which are Amphibian and reptiles are considered Nongame Wildlife protected as Nongame Wildlife Protected OAR 635-044- Protected (OAR635-044-0130) or Nongame Wildlife 0130. Captive breeding or raising Nongame Nonprotected Nonprotected (OAR 635-044-0132). Listed nongame wild- or Nongame protected is not allowed. Except as provided life protected (OAR 635-044-0130) or endangered or threat- in these rules or other rules of the commission, no person ened species as listed in OAR 635-100-0125: it is unlawful shall sell, purchase, exchange or offer to sell, purchase for any person to hunt, trap, pursue, kill, take, catch, angle or exchange any wildlife (OAR 635-056-0080). The for, or have in possession, either, dead or alive whole or in exception to the rule would be tiger salamanders with a part. If a species is not listed as nongame wildlife protected, Propagation License (OAR 635-44-0060). Propagation endangered or threatened, or a species under special rule Licenses expire December 31 of each year; a subsequent then a person could possess that species but would not be report is required. allowed to sell, purchase, exchange or offer to sell, purchase or exchange any wildlife (OAR 635-056-0080). Wild Native Species: It is unlawful for any person to hunt, trap, pursue, kill, Tiger Salamanders can be purchased from a licensed take, catch, angle for, or have in possession, either dead or propagator, although they cannot be collected from the wild alive, whole or in part of any endangered or threatened or for commercial purposes. nongame protected species. For scientific collection a person would need a “Scientific Agency With Regulatory Authority: Taking Permit” and follow all rules and conditions associated The Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife has the with the permit. For nongame, nonprotected a person could col- authority over captive propagation of tiger salamanders. lect for personal possession but would not be allowed to sell, barter or exchange or offer for sale, barter or trade the animal. Legal Authority: Oregon Administrative Rules, Division 44 2009 Regulatory Process: Oregon Administrative Rules are approved by the Commission. Oregon Revised Statues are approved by Personal Collection legislature. There are no permit requirements for personal collection. For non-game non-protected species, permits are required to Commercial Collection release all wildlife and release would be granted on a case- It is prohibited to sell, purchase, exchange, or offer to sell, by-case basis. purchase or exchange any wildlife in Oregon (OAR 635-056- 0080).The exception would be the tiger salamander with a Methods of Take: propagation license (see Farming/Aquaculture below). Approved methods include hand, hand nets, hoop nets, hook/tongs, and noose. Methods of Take:

N/AOREGON Limits: There are no limits for personal use of nongame unpro- Limits (See Appendix A): N/A tected herpetofauna species.

Seasons: Seasons: N/A There are no seasons for personal use of nongame unprotected herpetofauna species. Legal Authority : http://www.dfw.state.or.us/OARs/44.pdf 2009 Reporting Requirements: OAR 635-044-0060 License Required to Propagate There are no permit reports required for personal use of Wildlife nongame unprotected herpetofauna species.

State of the Union 126 Association of Fish & Wildlife Agencies 127 OREGON

Legal Authority: Unusual Regulations: OAR Division 44 2009 Non-native species are regulated by OAR Division 56 http://www.dfw.state.or.us/OARs/44.pdf rules. http://www.dfw.state.or.us/OARs/56.pdf Scientific Collection To the Department’s knowledge there are no rattlesnake Methods of Take: roundups or other unusual uses of native herpetofauna within Methods of take are approved on a case-by-case basis; all the state. Should an unusual use arise, special permits could applications have to be approved by the Department. be issued on case-by case basis.

Seasons: Disease/Pathogen Testing: Scientific Taking Permits expire on December 31 of the Imported species are required to have an import permit year issued. There are no closed seasons for scientific col- from the Oregon Department of Agriculture and a health lection, unless stipulated on the permit. certificate. Export of native species is prohibited. Live bait is prohibited in Oregon except on the water body from which Limits (See Appendix B): they were captured. Limits are approved on a case-by-case basis; all applications have to be approved by the Department. Nuisance or Urban Wildlife Issues: For nuisance wildlife, a landowner can capture them or Reporting Requirements: they can hire a Wildlife Control Officer (WCO). A person The Scientific Taking Permit Report consists of species is required to have a permit from the Department if they are collected, number taken, and the area and date the wildlife relocating the animal off their property. was taken. Permit reports are due 30 days after the permit expires. Report data are generally not confirmed. As such, the Department is taking report data at face value.

Legal Authority: OAR 43, January 2010 http://www.dfw.state.or.us/OARs/43.pdf Confiscation & Unusual Regulations Confiscated Animals: The disposition of confiscated native herpetofauna specimens is determined on a case-by-case basis and is at the discretion of the Department and Oregon State Police.

Penalties for Avg. # Permits Issued/Yr Collection Type Permit Required Permit Fee Violation (based on last 10 yrs) Propagation License (tiger Farming $25 Not Known salamander*) Class A None misdemeanor: Personal NA Up to $6,250 fine NA and/or 1 year in jail Scientific Taking Permit Scientific $102 Not Known

*Tiger salamanders would not be allowed to be collected or removed from the wild for commercial purposes.

126 Association of Fish & Wildlife Agencies 127 State of the Union PENNSYLVANIA © J.G.H.

General Commercial Collection

lassification and onservation ee ppendix C C (S A C): Methods of Take: The Pennsylvania Fish and Boat Code (Title 30, PA CS, All native reptile and amphibian species taken from Section 102) defines reptiles and amphibians as fish. The the wild are protected from sale, trade, barter, purchase or Pennsylvania Fish and Boat Commission manages reptiles and offer for sale except Common snapping turtles which are amphibians as non-game species. Endangered and threatened regulated by permit. No native reptile or amphibian spe- species are protected from collection and possession, import, cies may be legally imported into the Commonwealth or export, sale, trade purchase or barter, unless permitted by the received from another jurisdiction except by zoos or other Commission Executive Director. Listed candidate species accredited educational institutions with the permission of are protected via seasons and daily and possession limits. All the Commission’s Executive Director. Commercial trad- other native reptile and amphibian species are protected via ing in snapping turtles requires a Pennsylvania Resident or seasons and daily and possession limits. Non-resident Fishing license and a Commercial Harvest of The Pennsylvania Fish and Boat Code does not provide a the Common Snapping Turtle permit. Snapping turtles may legal definition for “protected”. In Pennsylvania species are be taken with floating or partially submerged traps or nets protected via season, size or creel (possession) limit regula- or by hook and line, including set lines and jugs. All unat- tion or by addition to endangered or threatened listings. tended devices must be marked with a tag containing the Pennsylvania does not distinguish between wild collec- owner’s name, address and telephone number. Turtle hooks tion and possession. Possession limits for Pennsylvania native must measure at least 3.5 inches total length with no less reptiles and amphibians apply regardless of the origin of the than a 1 inch space between the point and shank. There is specimen. no limit on the number of take devices.

Regulatory Process: Limits (See Appendix A): Regulation changes in Pennsylvania require approval of the There are no size limits when collecting snapping turtles, Pennsylvania Fish and Boat Commission. Significant changes and the daily limit and possession limit are 15 and 30, to the reptile and amphibian regulations occurred in 2007. respectively. The fine for violations is $50, and an additional These changes were a complete overhaul and update of the $20 for each animal over the limit could be imposed. It is regulations. The regulations were created by an internal agency prohibited to commercially collect all other native amphib- workgroup with input from an external regulated community ian and reptile species, for which penalties include (1) for work group and the Pennsylvania Biological Survey (PABS) endangered or threatened species, up to a $5,000 fine and/or Amphibian and Reptile Technical Committee. Changes to up to 90 days in jail or (2) for all other species, it depends on statute require legislative action. the market value or sale price and could be up to a $5,000 fine and/or up to 2 years in jail. Special Permits: Special Permits pursuant to 58 Pa. Code Section 75.4 Seasons: (Special Permits) are required for individuals taking, The open season for commercial collection of com- catching, killing, or possessing threatened and endangered mon snapping turtles is July 1 to October 31 each year in species for educational, consulting or research purposes. Pennsylvania. The season is closed for commercial collec- Approximately 40 permits are issued per year to individu- tion of all other reptile and amphibian species. als surveying or trapping threatened or endangered herpetofauna. Approximately 6 permits are issued per year for Reporting Requirements: individuals for educational or research purposes. Persons issued a Commercial Harvest of the Common

Legal APENNSYLVANIAuthority: Snapping Turtle Permit must complete and send an annual 58 Pa. Code Section 75.4 harvest report postmarked by December 1 of the permit year, regardless of takes, catches or kills. If Common http://www.pacode. Snapping Turtles were captured, it is required to report com/secure/data/058/chapter75/s75.4.html the collection date, county from which the specimen was 30 Pa. C.S. 2305 (threatened and endangered species) collected, collection location Township-Range-Section

State of the Union 128 Association of Fish & Wildlife Agencies 129 PENNSYLVANIA

or Geographic Positioning System latitude/longitude red zig zag or striped morphology and the eastern ratsnake coordinates, age, sex and if female whether gravid, cara- (Elaphe alleghaniensis) illustrating a leucistic, sun glow or pace length, plastron length, weight and identification white-sided morphology. Propagation, sale, or offering for of other turtles encountered. The Pennsylvania Fish and sale of native Pennsylvania reptiles or amphibians captured Boat Commission has not yet conducted an analysis of from the wild or their progeny is not permitted. the report data, as reports have been required only for the last three years and during this time limited reports have Wild Native Species: been submitted. It is prohibited to collect native species from the wild to The snapping turtle commercial permit requires col- augment captive populations. lectors to report on an annual basis. They report: size Agency with Regulatory Authority: (straight line carapace length), sex (of adults), reproduc- Captive breeding of native species and sale of captive tive condition of snapping turtles, and by catch (other bred native reptile or amphibian species is regulated by the turtles). Location of catch is also required, albeit, only to Pennsylvania Fish and Boat Commission and the Pennsylvania a course scale (municipality, county). This is a relatively Department of Agriculture. Artificial propagators are new program (3 years), with less than 30 permits issued required to register with the Department of Agriculture, while per year, so at this time, it is difficult to assess how useful the Pennsylvania Fish and Boat Commission maintains the this information is. Also, the data has yet to be verified list of approved species, subspecies and color morphs. The for accuracy. While the permittees are provided the option Commission also determines which species are approved for to report specific locations (latitude/longitudes) of where propagation in either open or closed systems. they trap, few volunteer this information. Nevertheless, certain areas in the state appear to be targeted for harvest. Legal Authority: Measurement data needs to be quality checked, and over 58 Pa. Code Sect. 79.8(d) time become more robust before it can be used to deter- http://www.pacode.com/secure/data/058/chapter79/ mine harvest numbers. chap79toc.html 2007

Farming/Aquaculture 30 Pa. C.S. Section 2507 (sale of certain fish, reptiles General: and amphibians prohibited) Only a limited list of native species is allowed to be arti- 3 Pa. C.S. Chapter 42 (aquacultural development) ficially propagated and sold. There are two native species 58 Pa. Code Section 79.2 (taking reptiles or amphibians) that are currently approved for open system propagation 58 Pa. Code Section 79.3 (season and daily possession and live dealer registration. They are the Northern Green limits) Frog and the American Bullfrog. However, in the near future, the Commission may remove these species from 58 Pa. Code Section 79.5 (snapping turtle permits) the list because worldwide contagion among amphibian 58 Pa. Code Section 79.8 (artificial propagation and species is recognized as a major contributing factor in the dealers of live reptiles and amphibians) drastic decline of many amphibian populations. Release 58 Pa. Code Section 79.9 (sale of native species) of potentially infected animals from facilities propagat- 58 Pa. Code Section 79.10 (transportation and ing frogs in open systems poses a real threat to the wild importation of native species) amphibian populations of Pennsylvania. All species non- native to Pennsylvania, except for species specifically 58 Pa. Code Section 79.12 (color morphs of native species) excluded from possession, transportation, importation, and Personal Collection introduction by Pennsylvania Fish and Boat Commission regulations, are approved for closed system propagation Methods of Take and live dealer registration. In addition to all non-native A Resident or Non-resident Venomous Snake permit species, there are currently only two native Pennsylvania is required for timber rattlesnakes or copperheads. An herpetofauna species approved for the closed system prop- Organized Reptile and Amphibian Hunt permit is required agation and live dealer registration list: the eastern milk- for hunts, which are generally sponsored by nonprofit orga- snake (Lampropeltis triangulum triangulum) illustrating a nizations such as volunteer fire companies and are used as

128 Association of Fish & Wildlife Agencies 129 State of the Union PENNSYLVANIA fund raising events. All animals collected during organized in June through July 31 is the open season for timber rattle- reptile hunts are to be treated humanely and are required to snakes and northern copperheads except in the geographi- be released at the point of capture. A permit is not required cal area (west of Route 15 and south of Interstate 81 to the for other native herpetofauna, however their collection for Maryland line) where there is no open season for timber personal use is regulated by seasons and daily and posses- rattlesnakes. There is no closed season for amphibian eggs sion limits. Native amphibians and reptiles may be taken by and tadpoles or the other species indicated in 58 Pa. Code hand, hook and line, snake hooks or tongs, turtle hooks, traps Section 79.3. There is no open season for the species listed and nets less than four feet square or four feet in diameter. in 58 Pa. Code Section 79.3. No firearms, chemicals, smoke, explosives or other devices that may alter or destroy dens or habitat may be used. Reporting Requirements: Persons issued a Venomous Snake Permit are required to Limits (See Appendix B): submit a report indicating whether he or she hunted and did There is a daily limit of 10 American Bullfrogs (combined not observe or capture rattlesnakes or copperheads, did not species) and 10 Northern Green Frogs (combined species), hunt, or hunted, observed and captured rattlesnakes and/ and a daily limit of 15 Common Snapping Turtles and 15 or copperheads. If venomous reptiles were captured, it is amphibian eggs and tadpoles (combined species). The annual required to report the species and color phase, total length, limit for Timber Rattlesnakes and Northern Copperheads sex, number of subcaudal scales, date of hunting activity, is one (1). For all other open season native amphibians and observation/possession of snake, whether the snake was reptiles, the daily limit is one (1). The daily limit is zero for used in an organized snake hunt, the county from which closed season amphibians and reptiles. the specimen was collected from and the collection locality coordinates (TRS or GPS latitude/longitude). The report is Seasons: due within ten working days of the capture or kill of a tim- July 1 through October 31 is the open season for bull- ber rattlesnake and/or copperhead; in the event no captures frogs, green frogs and snapping turtles. The second Saturday or kills take place, the report is due by August 10. Persons

Penalties for Avg. # Permits Issued/Yr Collection Type Permit Required Permit Fee Violation (based on last 10 yrs) Resident Fishing License + Commercial Harvest of the $50 Up to $200 fine <50 Common Snapping Turtle Permit Nonresident Fishing License Commercial + Commercial Harvest of $100 Up to $300 fine <50 the Common Snapping Turtle Permit Live Reptile & Amphibian $55 per 5 years Up to $100 fine Not Known Dealer’s Registration Reptile & Amphibian Artificial Aquaculture $150 per 5 years Up to $100 fine Not Known Propagation Registration Resident Venomous Snake >200 $25 $150 fine Permit (500) Non-resident Venomous Snake Personal $50 $200 fine 50>200 Permit Organized Reptile & Amphibian <50 $100 $300 fine Hunt Permit (7) Type I: Nonprofit Research & $30 $160 fine 50>200 Education Scientific Type II: Government $0 $100 fine 50>200 Type III: Consulting + $150 + $30 $400 fine >200 Assistants

State of the Union 130 Association of Fish & Wildlife Agencies 131 issued Organized Reptile and Amphibian Hunt permits for reporting rare, threatened and endangered species for must file a report within ten days after the hunt. tracking in the natural heritage program, which is also used The report data have been useful. Snake measurement in environmental review. data has been quality checked. Measurement data from individual reports were compared to Commission field measure- Legal Authority: ments, and found not to be significantly different. This data Title 30 PA CS Section 2905 were used to help determine a minimum size limit for timber http://www.pacode.com/secure/data/058/chapter51/ rattlesnakes when the regulations were updated in 2007. subchapHtoc.html 2008 58 Pa. Code Section 51.71 Legal Authority: http://www.pacode.com/secure/data/058/chapter79/ chap79toc.html 2007 Confiscation & Unusual Circumstances 58 Pa. Code Section 79.2 (taking reptiles or amphibians) Confiscated Animals: 58 Pa. Code Section 79.3 (season and daily possession Disposition of confiscated animals is determined on a limits) case by case basis and as directed by the agency Standard Operating Procedure. The office that has seized the animals 58 Pa. Code Section 79.6 (venomous snake permits) may care for them or transfer them to another officer or indi- 58 Pa. Code Section 79.7 (organized reptile and vidual with facilities and experience until the case is adjudi- amphibian hunt permits) cated. Pennsylvania Fish and Boat Commission has placed confiscated animals with educational facilities and trusted Scientific Collection reptile or amphibian rescue organizations. Rescue organiza- Methods of Take: tions must obtain approval from the Commission Executive Reptiles and amphibians may be taken by hand, hook and Director to hold native species in amounts greater than the line, snake hooks or tongs, turtle hooks, traps and nets less possession limit for the individual species. than four feet square or four feet in diameter. No firearms, chemical, smoke, explosives or other devices that may alter Unusual Regulations: or destroy dens or habitat may be used. Organized reptile and amphibian hunts, or rattlesnake round ups, are regulated by permit. Hunts are generally sponsored by Limits: nonprofit organizations such as volunteer fire companies and Specified in permit conditions. are used as fund raising events. All animals collected during organized reptile hunts are to be treated humanely and are Seasons: required to be released at the point of capture. Seasons do not apply to holders of valid Scientific Collector’s Permits. Disease/Pathogen Testing: Reporting Requirements: At this time, no disease/pathogen testing is required for Specified in permit conditions, and may include species, (legal) importing/export, or bait use. Importing/exporting of latitude/longitude of collections and/or observations, abun- native species for purposes of sale is prohibited. dance by species, equipment used for detection. For threat- http://www.pacode. ened and endangered species, additional species and habitat com/secure/data/058/chapter79/s79.9.html information is required. Threatened and endangered species are to be reported using an online reporting system within 48 Nuisance or Urban Wildlife Issues: hours of detection. Nuisance reptile complaints are dealt with on an individ- Scientific collectors do not typically report harvesting ual basis by district Conservation Officers. Venomous spe- animals, but they do conduct collections, report observa- cies are often handled through capture, transport and release. tions, and measurements of captured animals, such as size, Officers attempt to educate the public when dealing with numbers, and reproductive condition of species. These non-venomous species but will also transport and release. data have been quite useful. They have been used to gather Municipalities with Animal Control will often deal with nui- information on relative rarity of species, species distribu- sance complaints without involving the Commission. There tions, listings of threatened and endangered species, and are no guidelines addressing nuisance reptiles at this time.

130 Association of Fish & Wildlife Agencies 131 State of the Union © GEORGE ANDREJKO / AZGFD ANDREJKO / © GEORGE © J.D. WILSON © J.D. WILSON © J.D. WILSON

State of the Union 132 Association of Fish & Wildlife Agencies 133 Rhode Island © VICTOR YOUNG / NHFG

General collectors to the Department’s knowledge, so reliability of reporting is not an issue at this time in Rhode Island. Classification and Conservation (See Appendix C): Amphibians and/or reptiles are considered Wildlife. There Seasons: is no other classification or distinction in Rhode Island. Seasons requirements are not specified. There are very Listed non-game wildlife only prohibits collection for sale few commercial collectors to the Department’s knowledge, (R.I.G.L. TITLE 20; CHAP 37; 1-5). No reptiles or amphib- so reliability of reporting is not an issue at this time in Rhode ians are currently listed as endangered. Island. General collection of wildlife is regulated by the Rhode Island Department of Fish and Wildlife. No collection of Reporting Requirements: native species is allowed except of snapping turtle, bullfrog, Reporting requirements are not specified. There are very and green frog without special permit. few commercial collectors to the Department’s knowledge, so reliability of reporting is not an issue at this time in Rhode http://www.dem.ri.gov/pubs/regs/regs/fishwild/ Island. hunt0910.pdf Importation of exotic animals is regulated by the Legal Authority: Department of Environmental Management (DEM) Division http://www.dem.ri.gov/pubs/regs/regs/fishwild/ of Agriculture. These regulations are designed to govern hunt0910.pdf husbandry of exotic animals and public safety. Basically, no endangered species, CITES species, or dangerous (primarily Farming/Aquaculture: There are no regulations against farming/aquaculture in

© J.D. WILSON venomous) animals are allowed without permit from state veterinarian. Rhode Island at this time. Animals that are “protected” in Rhode Island may not be possessed without a special permit or during regulated hunting/fishing season with license. Rhode Island does not distinguish between collection (removal from the wild) and possession regulations for native amphibians and/or reptiles.

Regulatory Process: Regulation changes require approval from the Director of the DEM only. The DEM Division of Fish and Wildlife holds public hearings on regulatory proposals. The public hearing is an opportunity for public input. All comments and counter proposals are forwarded to the Director, who renders a decision based on all of the comments. Commercial Collection Collection for sale is only allowed for common snapping turtles.

Methods of Take: Approved methods of take include turtle traps, snagging, snaring, grabbing, jugging, bow and arrow, or while legally fishing.

Limits (See Appendix A): RHODE ISLAND

Limits are not specified. There are very few commercial © JOHN WHITE © J.D. WILSON

132 Association of Fish & Wildlife Agencies 133 State of the Union RHODE ISLAND

Wild Native Species: Limits: Because there are no regulations against farming/aqua- Limits are specified on the scientific collector’s permit. culture of herpetofauna, there are no regulations preventing the take of wild native species for brood stock. Seasons: Seasons are specified on the scientific collector’s permit. Agency with Regulatory Authority: None specified. Reporting Requirements: Annual reports are due for scientific collector’s permits. No Personal Collection analysis of the permit report data has been conducted to date.

In practice the Department doesn’t issue personal collec- Legal Authority: tion permits. Only common snapping turtles, bullfrogs and RIGL 20-1-18, 20-1-16 green frogs are allowed for personal use.

Methods of Take: Confiscation & Unusual Regulations Not specified. Confiscated Animals: The disposition of live wildlife seized during criminal Limits (See Appendix B): or civil action is part of the plea agreement. Some viola- There are no limits specified. Once an animal is removed tions require the seized wildlife to be forfeited to the state. from the wild, the animal cannot be released back into the Euthanasia is always the last resort. The Department will wild. first look for a licensed facility to place the animal but will euthanize if all options are exhausted. Seasons: None specified. Unusual Regulations: There are no unusual uses of native herpetofauna regu- Reporting Requirements: None specified lated in Rhode Island. Disease/Pathogen Testing: Legal Authority: http://www.dem.ri.gov/pubs/regs/fishwild/hunt0910.pdf There are no requirements for disease/pathogen testing prior to native herpetofauna specimens being exported from or imported into Rhode Island, or when sold/used Scientific Collection as bait. The scientific collectors permit process is to allow legitimate researchers to be able to handle and possess native spe- Nuisance or Urban Wildlife Issues: cies in Rhode Island. Biologists and Environmental Protection Officers occasionally advise on a case by case basis for “nuisance” or Methods of Take: “urban” wildlife issues, but usually these cases are handled Methods of take are specified on the scientific collector’s by licensed nuisance responders or animal control at the permit. local/town level.

Penalties for Avg. # Permits Issued/Yr Collection Type Permit Required Permit Fee Violation (based on last 10 yrs) Commercial* None NA NA Up to $500 fine Personal^ None NA NA and/or 90 days in jail Scientific Scientific Collector’s Permit $25 <50

*Commercial use is only allowed for common snapping turtles. ^Personal use is only allowed for common snapping turtles, bullfrogs and green frogs.

State of the Union 134 Association of Fish & Wildlife Agencies 135 SOUTH CAROLINA © J.D. WILSON

General Commercial Collection Classification and Conservation (See Appendix C): Methods of Take: Amphibians and reptiles are considered non-game in South Carolina does not limit the methods of take for South Carolina. The South Carolina Endangered Species commercial collection of native amphibians and reptiles. Act (Title 50 Chapter 15) enabled the development of two lists of protected animal species in the state: State Limits (See Appendix A): Endangered Species and Species in Need of Management The recently enacted Freshwater Turtle Bill regulates (S.C. Code of Regulations, Chapter 123 Article 5). the commercial take of nine turtle species by limiting, to Amphibian and reptile species are represented on both no more than ten, the number of individual turtles that can lists; five as Endangered and nine as Species in Need of be removed from South Carolina, by an individual or group Management. Species on both lists are protected from of individuals in one vehicle. Additionally, the individual take, possession or sale without specific permits issued or group can only remove this number of turtles from by the South Carolina Department of Natural Resources. South Carolina twice in a calendar year. All other open Applications for these permits are reviewed on a case by season amphibian and reptile species can be collected in case basis. Special regulations, contained within Article 5 unlimited numbers, although exportation authorization is apply to the American alligator, spotted turtle and south- required for yellow-bellied and snapping turtles. ern hog-nosed snake. In addition to these listed species, the diamond-backed terrapin is afforded protection from Seasons: commercial use under S.C. Code of Laws Title 50 Article There are no closed seasons for commercial collection of 23 Section 50-5-2300. open season amphibians and reptiles. Amphibian and reptile species are considered protected in South Carolina if a state law or regulation governs any Reporting Requirements: form of take, harvest or use by the public. The South Persons issued a permit to commercially collect amphib- Carolina Endangered Species act provides protection for ians or reptiles must report on the number of turtles taken a number of species, take of several species of freshwa- under the permit and the disposition of those turtles. To date, ter turtles is regulated under state law, and the diamond- the Department has not issued commercial permits. backed terrapin is protected under a separate law. South Carolina does not distinguish between take from the wild for any purpose and possession of any unpro- Farming/Aquaculture: tected species. General A licensed aquaculture business can take yellow-bellied Regulatory Process: turtles and common snapping turtles under the same guide- Any changes to laws or regulations pertaining to lines provided for the Commercial Turtle Permit described wildlife in South Carolina require action by the SCDNR above. A Scientific Collecting permit is required if native Board, both houses of the South Carolina Legislature and amphibians or reptiles are collected for the purposes of sci- the Governor’s signature. ence or propagation. Penalties for Avg. # Permits Issued/Yr Collection Type Permit Required Permit Fee Violation (based on last 10 yrs) None Commercial* NA NA

None Personal^ NA Up to $500 fine NA and/or 90 days in jail Scientific Collector’s Permit Scientific $25 <50

*Commercial use is only allowed for common snapping turtles. SOUTH CAROLINA ^Personal use is only allowed for common snapping turtles, bullfrogs and green frogs.

134 Association of Fish & Wildlife Agencies 135 State of the Union SOUTH CAROLINA

Wild Native Species Methods of Take: Native amphibians and reptiles can be collected from the There are no restricted take methods. wild to augment captive populations. Limits (See Appendix B): Agency with Regulatory Authority There are no limits identified in the regulations, however The South Carolina Department of Natural Resources the Department has the authority to set conditions or stipu- regulates captive propagation of native amphibians and late limits as needed. reptiles. Seasons: Legal Authority: There is no closed season for open season amphibians S.C. Code of Laws, Title 50, Fish, Game and Watercraft, and reptiles. Chapter 15 S.C. code of Laws Section 50-15-75 2009 Reporting Requirements: Fresh Water Turtle Bill An annual report is required prior to renewing the permit. S.C. Code of Laws Section 50-18-210 through 290 2003 The report requires the person issued the permit to document the species and numbers collected and general collection Scientific and Personal Collection locations. The quality of the reports varies, but does provide some useful information. A Scientific Collecting permit is required if native amphibians or reptiles are collected for the purposes of sci- Legal Authority: ence or propagation. S.C. Code of Laws, Title 50, Fish, Game and Watercraft, Chapter s 11 and 15 S.C. Code of Laws, Section 50-11-1180, 50-15- 50 Confiscation & Unusual Circumstances Confiscated Animals: Confiscations are handled on a case by case basis and are generally limited to American alligators or other state and federally listed species. Typically the Department herpetolo- gist is consulted in these matters before a decision on the disposition of a confiscated amphibian or reptile is made.

Unusual Regulations: There are no unusual amphibian or reptile resource uses regulated in South Carolina.

Disease/Pathogen Testing: South Carolina does not require any screening or disease testing for amphibians and reptiles.

Nuisance or Urban Wildlife Issues: SCDNR typically does not respond directly (home, site visits) to nuisance wildlife calls except in cases deemed to be emergencies, e.g. a large alligator on someone’s lawn. SCDNR provides a list of Wildlife Control Operators, available on our website, sorted by the counties served and listing the services provided. © J.D. WILSON

State of the Union 136 Association of Fish & Wildlife Agencies 137 SOUTH DAKOTA © PAUL BLOCK

General Commercial Collection Classification and Conservation (See Appendix C): Methods of Take: Native amphibians and reptiles are classified as non- Licensed resident wholesale and retail bait dealers may game in South Dakota. 34A-8-1 defines non-game species possess and use regular or bag seines up to 50 feet long and as any wildlife species not legally classified as game species, 6 feet deep and traps larger than 12 inches by 36 inches. fur-bearer, threatened species, or as endangered by statute or All traps shall have a rigid entrance no larger than one inch regulations of this state. wide and trap throats exposed above the surface of the water http://legis.state.sd.us/statutes/DisplayStatute. shall be blocked by a solid shield or mesh to prevent the aspx?Type=Statute&Statute=34A-8 entrapment of waterfowl. Special permits for use of larger equipment may be issued by the Department Secretary. Non-game species are addressed in South Dakota’s endangered and threatened species law. There are two ways Limits (See Appendix A): to interpret species law: (1) all wildlife species are protected Herpetofauna species that may be taken and sold by any unless a season or permit allows their take, or (2) unless licensed Resident Bait Dealer or sold by any licensed Non- specific protection is given through law or regulation, spe- resident Bait Dealer include all subspecies of tiger salaman- cies are unprotected. The South Dakota wildlife agency has der and all subspecies of leopard frog. There are no limits on begun a process of determining the most appropriate method the commercial taking of these two species. of protecting non-game species, including whether limits will be set for allowed take or permit types that may be devel- Seasons: oped to allow take. It is anticipated that these changes can be There is no closed season for tiger salamanders and leop- made through administrative rule by authority of the South ard frogs. There are, however, water specific closures (AR Dakota Game, Fish and Parks Commission. Species listed SD 41-09-04-03). as sensitive species by the South Dakota Natural Heritage Program and species listed as those in greatest conservation Reporting Requirements: need in the South Dakota Wildlife Action Plan have no spe- All records required in § 41:09:04:16.01 to 41:09:04:16.06, cific protection because of their placement on either of these inclusive, shall be recorded and maintained on forms sup- lists. However, potential impacts to species listed as sensitive plied by the department. These records shall be kept cur- species by the South Dakota Natural Heritage Program are rent and shall be available for inspection by personnel of the considered during agency environmental reviews. department during normal business hours for a period of The definition of bait includes frog, toads and salaman- three years after the end of the license year. Bait dealers shall ders. The definition of biological specimen includes wild submit a summary of yearly records to the department by non-game animals used for scientific study and collected for January 31 the following calendar year. The department may resale to biological supply companies. There is no formal refuse to issue a new license if these records are not submit- definition of “protected” in South Dakota law or regulation. ted. Reports may be reliable to assess impact to resource, but As a result, the common dictionary usage of the word would should not be considered 100% accurate or reliable. be utilized. South Dakota does not distinguish between collection Farming/Aquaculture: (removal from the wild) and possession regulations for General: native amphibians and/or reptiles. “Take” and “possession” Tiger salamanders and leopard frogs are open season are used together in many instances. commercial species and can be used as commercial bait. Turtles can no longer be used for commercial bait, but can Regulatory Process: be used for consumption and limits apply. A Bait Dealer or Regulations are enacted by the South Dakota Game, Fish Hatchery License is required. Turtles, except those identi- & Parks Commission and later reviewed by the Interim Rules fied in § 41:10:02:07 and 41:10:02:08, may be taken by Review Committee (made up of legislators) before becom- lawful anglers from January 1 to December 31, inclusive, ing effective. by hook and line, legal minnow seines, gaff hooks, spears, SOUTH DAKOTA

136 Association of Fish & Wildlife Agencies 137 State of the Union SOUTH DAKOTA or by special turtle traps. The limit on all species of turtles, Agency with Regulatory Authority: except those identified in § 41:10:02:07 and 41:10:02:08, The South Dakota Game, Fish and Parks Commission has is two daily with a possession limit of four for each spe- authority (SDCL 41-02-18) over all wild animals. cies. Turtle traps with mesh less than four inches square shall have an opening at least six inches in diameter leading from Legal Authority: it or an entrance opening suspended at or above the water § 41-07-10-02 1996 level. Traps shall be clearly marked with their owner’s name § 41-07-10-03 1984 and address. A person may not buy, sell, barter, or trade any § 41-07-10-04 1996 turtles except as provided in chapter 41:09:04. A person may § 41-07-10-01 2003 not export snapping turtles for any purpose other than personal consumption. § 22-06-02 2005 § 41-01-01 2008 Wild Native Species: § 41-02-18 Wild native tiger salamanders, leopard frogs and turtles can be collected from the wild to augment captive popula- § 41-06-44 2005 tions in South Dakota. § 41-06-44.01 1992

Penalties for Avg. # Permits Issued/Yr Collection Type Permit Required Permit Fee Violation (based on last 10 yrs) *Resident Wholesale Bait $200 <50 Dealer’s License ^Non-resident Wholesale Bait $400 <50 Dealer License Commercial / Up to $500 fine *†Resident Retailer Bait Dealer Aquaculture $20 and/or 90 days in jail 50>200 License ^†Non-resident Retailer Bait $40 <50 Dealer License Export Bait Dealer License $300 <50 Up to $500 fine Aquaculture Hatchery License Varies** <50 and/or 30 days in jail Resident Fishing License $25 >200 Non-resident Fishing License $60 >200 ‡Resident Senior Fishing $10 >200 License Resident Temporary Fishing $7 >200 Commercial / License Up to $500 fine Aquaculture Non-resident Temporary and/or 30 days in jail $14 >200 Fishing License Non-resident Family Fishing $60 >200 License Nursing Facility Group Fishing $35 <50 Scientific Collector’s License $0 <50 *License not required for residents under the age of 16 years. ^License issued to non-residents if the home state of the non-resident dealer provides a like opportunity to South Dakota residents to be licensed in that state. † License only issued to persons 16 years of age or older. ‡ For persons 65 years or older. ** http://legis.state.sd.us/rules/DisplayRule.aspx?Rule=41:09:07:02

State of the Union 138 Association of Fish & Wildlife Agencies 139 § 41-06-45 1992 § 41-06-45.01 1992 § 41-07-08-02.01 1990 § 41-09-04.02 2009 § 41-09-04-02.01 2009 § 41-09-04-02.02 2009 § 41-09-04-03 § 41-09-04-04 2009 § 41-09-04-16 2009 1 to December 31. The season is open year round for tiger § 41-12-12 2006 salamanders, leopard frogs and bullfrogs. http://legis.state.sd.us/statutes/DisplayStatute. Reporting Requirements: aspx?Statute=41-2-18&Type=Statute There are no reporting requirements for non-commercial use.

Personal Collection Legal Authority: § 41-02-18 Methods of Take: It is prohibited for a resident to catch or attempt to catch, § 41-06-76 1998 take, kill, or have in the resident’s possession any fish, § 41-06-77 2009 frogs, or turtles without a Resident or Non-resident Fishing § 41-07-01-12 2009 License, a Resident Senior Fishing License, a Temporary § 41-07-08-02.01 1990 Fishing License, a Non-resident Family Fishing License or a Nursing Facility Group Fishing License. Turtles, except those § 41-07-09-01 2003 identified in § 41:10:02:07 and 41:10:02:08, may be taken § 41-07-09-02 1984 by lawful anglers by hook and line, legal minnow seines, gaff § 41-07-09-03 1984 hooks, spears, or by special turtle traps. A person may not § 41-07-10-01 2003 take bullfrogs with firearms. A lawful angler taking bait for non-commercial use may use a seine up to 30 feet long and § 41-07-10-02 1996 six feet deep; dipnets up to 30 inches in diameter; life nets § 41-07-10-03 1984 up to four feet square; cast nets up to 24 feet in diameter; and § 41-07-10-04 1996 traps no larger than 12 inches in diameter and 36 inches long § 41-09-04-02.04 2009 with rigid entrances no larger than one inch wide. No seine, § 41-09-04-02.05 2009 net, or trap used for the non-commercial taking of bait may contain mesh larger than three-eighths inch square. § 41-09-04-03 § 41-09-04-04 2009 Limits (See Appendix B): § 41-09-14-01 A person may not catch in one day more than 15 or have in possession at any time more than 30 bullfrogs. The limit on http://legis.state.sd.us/statutes/DisplayStatute. all species of turtles, except those identified in § 41:10:02:07 aspx?Statute=41-2-18&Type=Statute and 41:10:02:08, is two daily with a possession limit of four for each species. All subspecies of tiger salamander and all Scientific Collection subspecies of leopard frog can be taken with daily possession and aggregate limit of 24 per species. These limits to not apply Methods of Take: to bait purchased from a licensed bait dealer. Many species of A Scientific Collector’s License may be issued by the sec- reptiles and amphibians that do not qualify as bait or biological retary of game, fish and parks to persons engaged in bona specimens have been left unprotected and unregulated. fide scientific research and shall authorize the licensee to take, possess, exchange, transport, and collect birds, nests, Seasons: eggs or wild animals in such manner and under such condi- Turtles, except those identified in § 41:10:02:07 and tions as the secretary may prescribe for scientific purposes 41:10:02:08, may be taken by lawful anglers from January only. Take methods are approved on a case by case basis.

138 Association of Fish & Wildlife Agencies 139 State of the Union SOUTH DAKOTA

Limits: Confiscation & Unusual Circumstances Limits are approved on a case by case basis. The license may contain special conditions and provisions for collec- Confiscated Animals: tions of specific nests, eggs, birds, animals, and fish; shall Disposition of confiscated amphibians and reptiles is limit the numbers and specimens to be collected; and shall determined on a case by case basis; typically specimens are establish the expiration date of the license. donated to educational facilities or released into the wild.

Seasons: Unusual Regulations: There is no closed season for scientific collection of South Dakota allows turtle races in local communities, native amphibians or reptiles. although no permit is required. Turtles must be acquired by lawful means. Reporting Requirements: A licensee must keep complete records of specimens Disease/Pathogen Testing: collected, dates, locations, and dispositions of specimens Disease testing/inspection is required for importation of collected. A collection report form must be completed and fish/fish reproductive products. submitted to the department in Pierre no later than January http://legis.state.sd.us/rules/DisplayRule. 31, following the year in which the scientific collector’s aspx?Rule=41:09:08 license was issued. Violation of any terms of the license or Testing/inspection is also required for some private fish failure to submit the required reports is grounds for termina- hatcheries. tion of the license and for refusal to issue the license in suc- http://legis.state.sd.us/rules/DisplayRule. ceeding years. Reports are normally completed by scientific aspx?Rule=41:09:07 researchers/staff and should be considered reliable/accurate. Nuisance or Urban Wildlife Issues: Legal Authority: Game, Fish & Parks employees typically handle “nui- § 41-06-32 1991 sance” or “urban” wildlife issues, unless the city/town has an § 41-09-16-01 1996 actual Animal Control Officer. However, there are no hard § 41-09-16-02 1996 and fast guidelines. USDA – APHIS handles some animal § 41-09-16-03 1996 damage control issues as well. § 41-09-16-04 1996 § 41-09-16-05 1996 http://legis.state.sd.us/statutes/DisplayStatute. aspx?Statute=41-6-32&Type=Statute http://legis.state.sd.us/rules/DisplayRule. aspx?Rule=41:09:16 © VICTOR YOUNG / NHFG © VICTOR

State of the Union 140 Association of Fish & Wildlife Agencies 141 TENNESSEE

General Chrysemys picta, Graptemys spp., Pseudemys concinna, Trachemys scripta, Sternotherus odoratus, Kinosternon Classification and Conservation (See Appendix C): subrubrum, Apalone spp., and Chelydra serpentina. Dusky In general, amphibians and reptiles are considered non- salamanders (Desmognathus fuscus) are allowed to be used game, except bullfrogs which are classified as game. Unless for bait and there are currently no limits for take. a hunting or fishing season is opened for a species, it cannot be taken except by a permitted scientific collector. Seasons: “Protection” means no harvest or possession is There is no closed season for open season species for allowed. Tennessee does not distinguish between collec- commercial harvest. tion (removal from the wild) and possession. Collection of native amphibians and reptiles, other than for scientific Reporting Requirements: research, is not allowed in Tennessee without the appropriate A monthly commercial fishing form detailing the take of authorization(s). common snapping turtles must be completed and submitted. A monthly commercial turtle harvest data form detailing Regulatory Process: the take of turtles on Reelfoot Lake must be completed and The Tennessee Wildlife Resources Commission passes submitted. Annual commercial fishing harvest reports are Rules and Regulations pertaining to wildlife. generated from these harvest records. Bait dealers are not required to report their harvest of dusky salamanders, as Commercial Collection there are few bait dealers who sell salamanders. The Monthly Commercial Fishing Report and the Monthly Commercial Unless a commercial open season has been established Fishing Harvest Turtle Data Form are the only means of for a commercial species, it is illegal to take for commercial obtaining information regarding the commercial harvest of purposes. To commercially take turtles, a person is required turtles from the waters of Tennessee. The data obtained from to have a Resident or Non-resident Commercial Fishing these reports are the only measure of harvest for herpeto- License plus a Supplemental Turtle Permit. A non-resident fauna for the state. The data obtained from these reports are license is issued to non-residents if the home state of the non- the most reliable data available for commercial harvest. Data resident provides a like opportunity to Tennessee residents to obtained from the monthly reports will be used to quantify be licensed in that state. Dusky salamanders (Desmognathus the commercial harvest of turtles for Tennessee. fuscus) can be taken and sold for bait by bait dealers. Bait Dealers are required to have a Resident or Non-resident Fish Farming/Aquaculture: Dealer’s License. General: Captive propagation of native amphibians and reptiles is Methods of Take: allowed in Tennessee. A Resident or Non-resident Alligator Various types of commercial fishing gear is defined in Farm or other Aquatic Life permit is required and only issued Tennessee proclamation, of which turtle traps, dip nets, to individuals who have the proper facility and experience to spears, trotlines and hoop nets are included. farm aquatic life.

Limits (See Appendix A): Wild Native Species: Common snapping turtles (Chelydra serpentina), the only Native amphibians or reptiles cannot be collected from the turtle species allowed for commercial take statewide, are wild to augment captive populations, with the exception of required to have a minimum carapace length of 12 inches. turtle species which are legally harvested under the authority Commercial harvest of common snapping turtles is only of a commercial fishing and wholesale fish dealer’s license. allowed from waters that are open to commercial fishing and These turtles can be sold only for export from Tennessee. private ponds with the owner’s permission. At Reelfoot Lake Wildlife Management Area, all sizes and species of turtles, Agency with Regulatory Authority: except box turtles and state listed species, may be taken by The Tennessee Wildlife Resources Agency regulates cap- legal methods. Commercially harvested species include: tive propagation of native amphibians and reptiles. TENNESSEE

140 Association of Fish & Wildlife Agencies 141 State of the Union TENNESSEE

Legal Authority: dipping. Sport fishermen may also take snapping turtles by the Commercial Fishing Proclamation 08-01 2008 use of up to three hoop nets, with minimum net size of three http://tn.gov/sos/pub/proclamations/03-09-08.pdf inches on the square in Benton, Carroll, Chester, Crockett, Decatur, Dyer, Fayette, Gibson, Hardeman, Hardin, Haywood, Dusky salamander harvest is allowed by Rule 1660-01- Henderson, Henry, Houston, Humphreys, Lake, Lauderdale, 17.01(5) 2009 McNairy, Madison, Obion, Perry, Shelby, Stewart, Tipton, and http://state.tn.us/sos/rules/1660/1660-01/1660-01- Weakley counties. Each net must be marked with the name 17.20090321.pdf and address of the owner. Each net must be set so that a por- Tennessee Code Annotated 70-4-401 – 70-4-417, 70-4- tion of the catch area is above the water. 119, 70-4-203, and rules and proclamations promulgated under these titles can be found at the Tennessee Wildlife Limits (See Appendix B): Resource Agency’s website: www.tnwildlife.org . The daily limit for sport fishing license holders is five common snapping turtles with a minimum legal carapace Personal Collection length of 12 inches. Possession limit is twice the daily creel limit. No limits currently exist for bullfrogs or dusky Methods of Take: salamanders. No personal possession of wild caught amphibians or reNo personal possession of wild caught amphibians or reptiles is Seasons: allowed. Dusky salamanders are allowed to be taken for bait, There is no closed season for those species allowed for and bullfrogs and common snapping turtles can be taken for personal collection. consumption with a Resident Hunting/fishing License. Sport fishing license holders can take common snapping turtles by Reporting Requirements: all legal sport fishing methods except archery, spear guns and There are no reporting requirements.

Penalties for Avg. # Permits Issued/Yr Collection Type Permit Required Permit Fee Violation (based on last 10 yrs) Resident Commercial Fishing License + Supplement Turtle $200 + $0 <50 Permit

^Non-resident Commercial <50 Fishing License + Supplement $1,000 + $0 Up to $2,500 fine and Commercial Turtle Permit up to 11 months & 29 (10) Resident Fish Dealer’s License $50 days in jail Not Tracked <50 Non-resident Fish Dealer’s $500 (20) License

Resident Alligator Farm Permit $2,500 0 Non-resident Alligator Farm $2,500 Up to $2,500 fine and 0 Permit Aquaculture up to 11 months & 29 Resident Aquatic Life Permit $250 days in jail <50 Non-resident Aquatic Life $250 <50 Permit Resident Hunting/Fishing Up to $500 fine and >200 Personal $28 License up to 6 months in jail (~900,000) Up to $100 fine + Personal Scientific Collection Permit $0 court costs & permit 50>200 revoked ^License issued to non-residents if the home state of the non-resident provides a like opportunity to Tennessee residents to be licensed in that state.

State of the Union 142 Association of Fish & Wildlife Agencies 143 © LIPPS

Legal Authority: Confiscation & Unusual Circumstances Sport Fishing Proclamation 08-17 Section IX 2008 Confiscated Animals: http://tn.gov/sos/pub/proclamations/10-17-08.pdf Disposition of confiscated amphibian or reptile speci- Dusky salamander harvest is allowed by Rule 1660-01- mens are generally determined on a case by case basis. Due 17.01(5) 2009 to disease issues, the Department is very conscious of releas- http://state.tn.us/sos/rules/1660/1660-01/1660-01- ing captive held animals back into the wild and seldom do 17.20090321.pdf so.

Scientific Collection Unusual Regulations: Turtle races are allowed as long as the turtles are imported Methods of Take: from a legal, captive source, and no public contact is allowed. Collection methods are determined on a case by case After the race the turtles are to be returned to the source. basis for scientific collection permits. No turtles can be imported, sold or possessed as pets in Tennessee. Limits: Limits and seasons are determined on a case by case basis Disease/Pathogen Testing: for scientific collection permits. No disease testing requirements for amphibians and rep- Seasons: tiles are required at this time in Tennessee. The state wildlife Seasons are determined on a case by case basis for scien- agency does have the ability to require testing in the future tific collection permits. of native reptiles and amphibians being imported into the state, if needed. Reporting Requirements: Annual reports are required from permitted scientific col- Nuisance or Urban Wildlife Issues: lectors. Reports do provide accurate harvest numbers where When a ‘nuisance’ wildlife situation occurs, the reporter harvest occurs, but do not allow assessment of the impact to is provided technical assistance and provided contact info the herpetofaunal resource. for permitted wildlife control specialists.

Legal Authority: http://www.tennessee.gov/twra/sciencollection.html T.C.A. 70-2-213

142 Association of Fish & Wildlife Agencies 143 State of the Union TEXAS © WHITNEY CRANSHAW / CSU / BUGWOOD.ORG

General activity. A person with an appropriate hunting license may collect up to six specimens of a species of “black list” spe- Classification and Conservation (See Appendix C): cies, and up to 25 specimens of a species of “white list” spe- Amphibians and reptiles native to Texas are classi- cies. A person with a nongame or nongame dealer permit, fied as non-game. Take and possession of endangered or and an appropriate hunting license, may collect an unlimited threatened vertebrate animals is prohibited, except under a number of specimens from the “white list” from the wild. Zoological Collection Permit, Educational Display Permit, A person with either of these permits may also purchase an or a Scientific Research Permit. Endangered or threatened unlimited number of “white list” specimens from a lawful species may be propagated under a special permit issued by out-of-state source. the Texas Parks and Wildlife Department under Chapter 68 of Department Code. Regulatory Process: “Protected” wildlife in Texas means any species of wildlife Changes to Parks and Wildlife Code occur at the legisla- for which take, possession, propagation, transport, import, tive level; changes to administrative code, or regulations, are export, sale or the offering for sale is subject to license proposed by staff and/or stakeholders and approved by our requirements, possession limits, means and methods of take, Commission. and/or size restrictions. Parks & Wildlife Code, §1.101 (5) defines “take” as to collect, hook, hunt, net, shoot, or snare, by any means or device, and includes an attempt to take Commercial Collection or to pursue in order to take. This includes threatened and Methods of Take: endangered species, indigenous migratory birds, game spe- A Resident or Non-resident Non-game Collection License cies, furbearers, commercial or potentially harmful fish, and or Dealer Permit is required to take native amphibians or certain species of invertebrates, including oysters, shrimp, reptiles for commercial purposes in Texas. There are no clams, mussels and some crabs. take methods prohibited for commercial collection of native Texas does distinguish between collection (removal from amphibians and reptiles in Texas. the wild, with an appropriate hunting license) and possession regulations. A person without a nongame permit or a Limits (See Appendix A): nongame dealer’s permit may possess up to six specimens Unlimited commercial collection is allowed for spe- of a species of nongame wildlife on our “black list,” species cies of non-game amphibians or reptiles on the White List. which are not legal for commercial activity. Such a person Collection of non-game species is prohibited on public land, may possessTEXAS up to 25 specimens of a species of nongame water and roadways in Texas. wildlife on our “white list,” species legal for commercial Seasons: The commercial collection season is closed for nongame species on the prohibited list. The season is open for non-game species on the White List.

Reporting Requirements: Non-game dealers are required to submit reports for their permitted activities annually. Non-game dealers are required to include the name and non-game permit (collector or dealer) number © J.G.H. of all individuals from whom

State of the Union 144 Association of Fish & Wildlife Agencies 145 TEXAS

they purchased reptiles and amphibians during the permit Collection of non-game species is prohibited on public land, period. Collectors are required to maintain a log of their water and road ways. activities and present it to Law Enforcement upon request but Seasons: no annual report is required. The Texas Parks and Wildlife There is no closed season for open season amphibian and Department summarizes data by species, year collected and reptile species allowed for personal collection. dealer name. Only non-game dealers are required to submit annual reports. Non-game collectors and recreational collec- Reporting Requirements: tors are not required to submit reports. Therefore, the report There are no reporting requirements for personal collec- data reflects only those specimens collected and later sold by tion of non-game amphibians or reptiles in Texas. non-game permittees. Legal Authority: Farming/Aquaculture http://info.sos.state.tx.us/pls/pub/readtac$ext. General: ViewTAC?tac_view=5&ti=31&pt=2&ch=65&sch=O&rl=Y Captive propagation of native amphibians and reptiles is 2007 allowed in Texas. Either a Resident or Non-resident Non- game Collection or Dealer Permit or Alligator Farming Scientific Collection Permit is required. A Scientific Research Permit is required from the Texas Parks and Wildlife Department to collect amphibian and Wild Native Species: reptile speces from the wild for scientific purposes, even if Native amphibians and reptiles can be collected from the species is not otherwise protected. A Zoological Collec- wild populations to augment captive population in Texas. tion Permit is required to take amphibian or reptile species from the wild for the purposes of zoological exhibits or Agency with Regulatory Authority: captive conservation activities. An Educational Display Aquaculture permits, for aquatic wildlife, are regulated Permit is required to collect amphibian and reptile species by the Texas Department of Agriculture. from the wild for educational purposes.

Legal Authority: Methods of Take: http://info.sos.state.tx.us/pls/pub/readtac$ext.ViewTAC? Take methods are determined on a case by case basis. tac_view=5&ti=31&pt=2&ch=65&sch=O&rl=Y 2007 Limits: Limits are determined on a case by case basis. http://info.sos.state.tx.us/pls/pub/readtac$ext.ViewTAC? tac_view=5&ti=31&pt=2&ch=65&sch=O&rl=Y Seasons: 2006 Seasons are determined on a case by case basis.

Reporting Requirements: Personal Collection Persons issued a Scientific Research Permit, Zoological Methods of Take Collection Permit, or Educational Display Permit are A Resident or Non-resident Hunting License for required to submit annual reports to the Department for their Collection of Non-game for Personal Use is required to take permitted activities. These reports must include the numbers amphibians and reptiles from the wild for personal use. and species of protected wildlife collected, held, possessed, propagated, released, displayed, donated, loaned, transferred, Methods of Take: or transported during the permit period. The reports for There are no prohibitions for take methods for personal Scientific Research Permits are assumed to be accurate and purposes. useful. Reporting is required annually.

Limits (See Appendix B): Legal Authority: Up to six individuals per species on the commercial col- http://info.sos.state.tx.us/pls/pub/readtac$ext. lection prohibited list can be taken for personal use only. ViewTAC?tac_view=5&ti=31&pt=2&ch=69&sch=J&rl=Y

144 Association of Fish & Wildlife Agencies 145 State of the Union TEXAS

Confiscation & Unusual Circumstances Disease/Pathogen Testing: To our knowledge, there is no requirement for disease/ Confiscated Animals: pathogen testing for native herpetofauna prior to import, Disposition of confiscated amphibian or reptile speci- export, or when sold/used as bait. mens is determined on a case by case basis. Confiscation Nuisance or Urban Wildlife Issues: could occur if the species were endangered, threatened, or prohibited according to non-game regulations. Zoos The Structural Pest Control Board occasionally contacts or other accredited facilities would be solicited first, fol- Texas Parks and Wildlife Department with questions concern- lowed by specially permitted individuals. No guidelines ing appropriate protocol for removal of wildlife from a struc- are in place. ture. Typically the holders of these licenses are not in possession of high enough numbers of white list or black list species in Unusual Regulations: order to require a nongame permit. We advise these callers that The Texas Parks and Wildlife Department does not landowner permission must be obtained prior to the release of regulate other uses of native amphibian and reptile nuisance wildlife onto a property, as well as a hunting license species. obtained prior to the collection of nuisance wildlife.

Penalties for Avg. # Permits Issued/Yr Collection Type Permit Required Permit Fee Violation (based on last 10 yrs) Resident Non-game Collection $25-$500* $19 <200 License One or more prior Non-resident Non-game convictions**: $200 $63 - $2000 and/or up to <50 Commercial / Collection License 180 days in jail Aquaculture Resident Non-game Dealer $50 Two or more prior 50>200 Permit convictions***: $500 Non-resident Non-game - $4000 and/or up to $252 <50 Dealer Permit 1 year in jail Aquaculture Alligator Farming Permit $240 Same as above Not Known Class C Resident Hunting License for Misdemeanor, unless Collection of Non-game— $25 commercial activity >200 Personal Use involved, then same as Commercial

$25-$500* One or more prior Personal Non-resident 5-day Hunting convictions**: $200 License for Collection of Non- $48 - $2000 and/or up to >200 game—Personal Use 180 days in jail Two or more prior convictions***: $500 - $4000 and/or up to 1 year in jail Non-resident Hunting License for Collection of Non-game— $315 >200 Personal Use Scientific Scientific Research Permit $53 Class C Misdemeanor 50>200 Zoological Zoological Collection Permit $158 Class C Misdemeanor <50 Educational Educational Display Permit $53 Class C Misdemeanor <50 Display * Class C Misdemeanor ** Class B Misdemeanor *** Class A Misdemeanor

State of the Union 146 Association of Fish & Wildlife Agencies 147 UTAH © L.T.SHEARS / CCA SA

General Commercial Collection Classification and Conservation (See Appendix C): The Utah Division of Wildlife Resources does allow com- Utah classifies species of reptiles and amphibians as mercialization of wild amphibians or reptiles with an ap- aquatic species and governs them under a separate rule proved COR. (see Utah Code). Utah defines “protected” herpetofauna Methods of Take: as reptiles and amphibians species that are rare, threat- Take methods for commercial collection include the use ened, or endangered. In some cases species that lack suf- of dip nets less than 24 inches in diameter, snake stick or ficient information regarding ecology, life history, and/or lizard nooses are allowed. distribution, may be considered protected, until a better understanding has been gained. A list of protected species is Limits (See Appendix A): located online (http://dwrcdc.nr.utah.gov/ucdc/viewreports/ Limits for commercial collection are specified in the SSL&Appendices121407.pdf). COR. For all protected species/subspecies, collection, importation, and possession are controlled or prohibited. Controlled Seasons: or prohibited species are those that, if taken from the Collection is not allowed for prohibited species without wild, introduced into the wild, or held in captivity, poses a variance. The open season for pre-authorized commercial a possible significant detrimental impact to wild popula- CORs is March 1 to October 31; other CORs specify the tions, the environment, or human health or safety, and for open season, which may vary. which a certificate of registration is required (http://wild- Reporting Requirements: life.utah.gov/rules/R657-53.php & http://wildlife.utah. gov/guidebooks/2007_amphibians_reptiles/). Annual reports are required to be submitted by persons Generally, Utah does not distinguish between collection with a COR and are due by January 31. Pre-authorized COR and possession in the state regulations. In circumstances reports are due by October 31. Report data required for any UTAHwhere transfer of possession occurs, any person who law- commercial use consists of collector’s names, addresses, fully possesses an amphibian or reptile classified as prohib- phone numbers, dates of activities, location (UTMs), eleva- ited or controlled may transfer possession of that amphib- tion, species, harvest numbers, estimated age, sex, breed- ian or reptile only to a person who has first applied for and ing condition, nest or den information, activity, an index of obtained a certificate of registration for that amphibian or habitat occupied, and the ultimate disposition of specimen. reptile from the division and assuming that the applicant/ Reported data is considered reliable and, in most cases, transferee meets specified issuance criteria (http://wildlife. accurate enough to determine harvest numbers and to access utah.gov/rules/R657-53.php). the user’s impact on the herpetofauna resource. Farming/Aquaculture Regulatory Process: Utah’s rules and regulations pertaining to herpetofauna General: are controlled by five Regional Advisory Councils (RACs) In general, farming or aquaculture of native amphibian or and a Wildlife Board. Utah’s five Wildlife Regional Advisory reptile species is not allowed in Utah. However, a variance Councils were created by the Utah State Legislature in the may be requested, which must be approved by the Wildlife early 1990s to get more public input from citizens at the Board. grassroots level concerning wildlife management, rules Wild Native Species and regulations. Each RAC is made up of 12 to 15 people With an approved COR (for either commercial or personal who represent various interest groups or constituencies. The use) it is allowed to collect native amphibians or reptiles from RAC’s make recommendations to the Wildlife Board who the wild to augment captive populations in Utah. then votes and determines the final decision on the rule or regulation. The State Legislature makes rulings regarding Agency with Regulatory Authority: fees charged by the Utah Division of Wildlife Resources for The Utah Division of Wildlife Resources regulates the administering permits. captive propagation of native amphibian and reptile species.

146 Association of Fish & Wildlife Agencies 147 State of the Union UTAH

Legal Authority: Legal Authority: http://wildlife.utah.gov/rules/R657-53.php http://wildlife.utah.gov/rules/R657-53.php Personal Collection Scientific Collection Collection of Utah’s native amphibian and reptile species A variance is not required for scientific and education from the wild for personal purposes is allowed with an ap- purposes, but the applicant must still obtain a COR. All other proved COR for personal use. applicants require a variance.

Methods of Take: Methods of Take: Dip nets less than 24 inches in diameter, snake sticks and/ Dip nets less than 24 inches in diameter, snake sticks and/ or lizard nooses are allowed take methods for personal use. or lizard nooses are allowed take methods. No species held in captivity can be released into the wild. Limits: Limits (See Appendix B): Three non-controlled species per year for a total of nine Collection of Utah’s native amphibian and reptile species in possession are allowed. Limits for controlled species from the wild for personal purposes is allowed for three non- are specified in the COR. Prohibited species are allowed if controlled species per year with a total of nine in posses- approved. sion. Limits for controlled species are specified in individual CORs. Prohibited species are not allowed for collection. No Seasons: species held in captivity can be released into the wild. The open season for pre-authorized CORs is March 1 to Seasons: October 31. The open season for individual CORs may vary The season is open for pre-authorized CORs March 1 to and are specified in the COR. October 31. The open season for other CORs may vary and are specified within the permit. The season is closed for pro- Reporting Requirements: hibited species. Annual reports are required and are due by January 31. Pre-authorized COR reports are due by October 31. Report Reporting Requirements: data required for any scientific use consists of collector’s Annual reports are required to be submitted by persons names, addresses, phone numbers, dates of activities, issued a COR and are due by January 31. Pre-authorized COR location (UTMs), elevation, species, harvest numbers, reports are due October 31. Report data required for personal estimated age, sex, breeding condition, nest or den infor- use consists of collector’s names, addresses, phone numbers, mation, activity, an index of habitat occupied, and the ulti- dates of activities, location (UTMs), elevation, species, har- mate disposition of specimen. Reported data is considered vest numbers, estimated age, sex, breeding condition, nest reliable and, in most cases, accurate enough to determine or den information, activity, an index of habitat occupied, harvest numbers and to access the user’s impact on the her- and the ultimate disposition of specimen. Reported data is petofauna resource. considered reliable and, in most cases, accurate enough to determine harvest numbers and to access the user’s impact Legal Authority: on the herpetofauna resource. http://wildlife.utah.gov/rules/R657-53.php

Penalties for Avg. # Permits Issued/Yr Collection Type Permit Required Permit Fee Violation (based on last 10 yrs) Commercial / *COR—Commercial Use + Aquaculture / $150 + $10 Class B Misdemeanor <50 Handling Fee ^Scientific Personal / *COR—Personal Use + $75 + $10 Class B Misdemeanor <50 Aquaculture / Handling Fee ^Scientific *COR = Certificate of Registration; required for aquaculture or farming are requested through a variance process and must be approved on a case by case basis by the Wildlife Board. ^ A zoo can apply to collect prohibited species without a variance.

State of the Union 148 Association of Fish & Wildlife Agencies 149 Confiscation & Unusual Circumstances Disease/Pathogen Testing: Disease certification and an entry permit from the Confiscated Animals: Department of Agriculture’s State Veterinarian is required Seizure of live protected wildlife will be done in accor- for all species imported into the state of Utah. Herpetofauna dance with the following procedures. (1) The integrity of that is transported through the state is required to have dis- the evidence will be the primary consideration. The next ease certification, but not a COR, assuming the transported consideration will be the welfare of the wildlife. (2) Live animals enter and exit the state within 72 hours. protected wildlife that poses a health or safety risk must be Additionally, a subset of water bodies inhabited by seized. If suitable accommodations cannot be found that pro- amphibians listed as species of concern are tested for the vide for the care and welfare of these animals and the safety presence and prevalence of Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis of the Division’s officers and personnel, the animals will be (chytrid) on an annual basis. Similarly, desert tortoises are humanely euthanized according to the euthanization policy. monitored for clinical signs of upper respiratory disease (3) The officer may choose to leave live protected wildlife syndrome and if clinical signs exist are isolated from the in the care of the holder under the following conditions. (3a) population and are tested for the disease. To avoid disease The animals do not pose a health or safety risk and one of the transmission from pet tortoises, the State of Utah does not following four apply; (i) Any accompanying criminal charges allow residents of counties surrounding the tortoise’s natural resulting from the illegal possession will be of a Class B range to adopt desert tortoises. Misdemeanor level or less; (ii) There is a likelihood that the holder can obtain a certificate of registration to become com- Nuisance and Urban Wildlife Issues: pliant; (iii) The animals are being temporarily transported through the state as allowed according to R657-3 Collection, Conservation officers will remove nuisance species Importation and Transportation of Protected Wildlife or; (iv) (e.g., rattlesnakes) to a safe distance from the incident and The officer reasonably believes the holder will not move or to the nearest available habitat. The movement of nuisance hide the animals before the case is resolved. (4) Every attempt species may be upwards of several hundred meters from will be made to properly care for seized animals while they are where the incident occurred. At present the Division is in the division’s custody. If the courts confiscate the animals establishing protocols and guidelines based on those estab- every effort will be made to relocate, release or find suit- lished by Southwest Partners in Amphibian and Reptile able living accommodations for seized animals. (5) Animals Conservation (Living with Venomous Reptiles educational that cannot be relocated, released or for which suitable living brochure). With increasing frequency the Division will accommodations cannot be found will be humanely eutha- consider movement patterns of individual species in guid- nized according to the Euthanization Policy. ing these decisions. Additionally, the State of Utah has issued permits to Unusual Regulations: trained individuals to assist in dealing with nuisance and There are no unusual circumstances where amphibian urban herpetofauna issues. Permitted individuals adhere to and/or reptile resources are used other than described above State regulations and may respond to all non-controlled spe- and regulated by the Utah Division of Wildlife Resources. cies and only some prohibited or controlled species. © J.D. WILSON

148 Association of Fish & Wildlife Agencies 149 State of the Union VERMONT © VICTOR YOUNG / NHFG

General Farming/Aquaculture: General: Classification and Conservation (See Appendix C): Farming and/or aquaculture is allowed in Vermont only Amphibians and reptiles are classified as wild animals for approved or permitted species. and regulated by the Vermont Fish and Wildlife Department (VFWD). The term “non-game” is used in Vermont statutes. Wild Native Species: The “non-game” term, and the rule written regarding the term, It is prohibited to collect native amphibians or reptiles center mainly on the establishment of a program to inventory, from the wild to augment captive populations. determine and locate critical habitats, plan, and outreach. All defined wild animals are protected in Vermont. Agency with Regulatory Authority: The term “protected” is not specifically defined in In general, the Vermont Agriculture Department regu- Vermont statutes or rules. The interpretation of “protected” lates farming and aquaculture. However, if the animal is a is generally that it is illegal to possess (alive), collect for wild animal it is regulated by the VFWD and is only allowed commercial purposes, or transport (import or export) any for approved species. The person or business is required to non-game animal without a permit unless listed on the obtain a Dealer’s Permit from the VFWD, and persons buying Department’s “unrestricted animal” list. or selling wild animals would also need a Dealer’s Permit. Vermont does distinguish between collection (removal Persons importing wild animals would need an Importation from the wild) and possession regulations. “Commercial” Permit from the VFWD, and persons propagating wildlife collection from the wild requires a special permit. A separate would need a Propagation Permit from the VFWD. “possession” permit is required to possess the animal unless Legal Authority: listed on the VFWD’s “unrestricted” animal list. There are not any wildlife laws specific to approved meth- Regulatory Process: ods for captive propagation of native amphibians or reptiles. Regulation creation has been legislatively delegated A propagation permit for these animals would be required to the Fish and Wildlife board. The board works with our though. The permit may place restrictions or require certain department and the public to establish rules. The board’s conditions to be met. For laws regarding the commercial use established rules have the authority of law. of native herpetofauna, see Section 5.4 of the link below. http://www.leg.state.vt.us/statutes/fullsection. Commercial Collection cfm?Title=10APPENDIX&Chapter=001&Section=00018 Permits are required to import, possess, barter, or sell any wild animal species, unless specified as approved animals.

Methods of Take: For approved or permitted animals, there are not any prohibited take methods. Take methods would be specified on their collection permit.

Limits (See Appendix A): There are no limits for size or age of animals or bag limits for approved/permitted species. Limits on size, age, and/or bag limits would be specified on their permit.

Seasons: There is no closed season for approved/permitted species. Season of take would be specified on the permit. VERMONT Reporting Requirements:

Reporting is required, and is specified in the permit. YOUNG / NHFG © VICTOR

State of the Union 150 Association of Fish & Wildlife Agencies 151 VERMONT

Personal Collection Seasons: Seasons are specified on the permit. Species on the Unrestricted or Domestic species lists are allowed to be kept as pets in Vermont. A permit is required Reporting Requirements: unless take is for an approved species. Reporting is required, and is specified in the permit. These permits are generally issued to universities, schools or gradu- Methods of Take: ate researchers. These reports are considered reliable due to The permit may specify approved methods of take. However, the nature and purpose of the permit and the establishments there are not any established prohibited take methods. that possess these permits. Many times these permittees are actually working to assist the VFWD with monitoring and Limits (See Appendix B): Limits on size, age, and/or bag limits would be specified assessing population levels. on the permit. Legal Authority: Vermont Statutes Tile 10 VSA 4152 1961 Seasons: There is not an established closed season for approved http://www.leg.state.vt.us/statutes/fullsection. species. Season of take would be specified on the permit. cfm?Title=10&Chapter=103&Section=04152

Reporting Requirements: Title 10 VSA Appendix 18 2008 Reporting is required, and is specified in the permit. http://www.leg.state.vt.us/statutes/fullsection. Legal Authority: cfm?Title=10APPENDIX&Chapter=001&Section=00018 Vermont statutes Title 10 VSA 4709 2003 Title 10 VSA Appendix 18 2008 Confiscation & Unusual Circumstances Confiscated Animals: Scientific Collection Disposition of confiscated amphibians or reptiles is A permit is required to collect native amphibians or rep- determined on a case by case basis. Vermont has licensed tiles for scientific or educational purposes in Vermont. rehabilitators and licensed pet owners that can care for confiscated specimens short-term. For long-term solutions, Methods of Take: facilities or states that allow their possession are located and Take methods are specified on the permit. it is arranged to have the animal transported there. In cases where the origin of the animal is known, it is returned to the Limits: point of origin. In situations where a suitable out of state Limits are specified on the permit. location is not possible, the animals are euthanized.

Penalties for Avg. # Permits Issued/Yr Collection Type Permit Required Permit Fee Violation (based on last 10 yrs) *Up to $1,000 Sporting License + Commercial $100 fine+ Restitution <50 Commercial Collection Permit $25/animal Dealer’s Permit $50 Aquaculture $50 (new *Up to $1,000 fine <50 Propagation Permit application) $10 (renewal) Personal Possession Permit $100 *Up to $1,000 <50 fine + Restitution Scientific Scientific Collection permit $0 $25.00/animal <50 Points are assessed against their hunting, fishing and trapping license up to and including suspension of both their sporting licenses and their collection permit.

150 Association of Fish & Wildlife Agencies 151 State of the Union VERMONT

Unusual Regulations: Disease/Pathogen Testing: Species listed on Vermont’s “Unrestricted” (does not Vermont requires testing for all herpetofauna being include native amphibians and reptile) and “Domestic” imported into the state, except if listed on our “unre- species list are allowed for possession by individuals. If stricted” wild animal list. The VFWD does not require the animal is not listed on the unrestricted or domestic testing prior to exportation. There are not any other dis- list, it would be illegal to possess alive in the state without ease testing requirements for native herpetofauna. There a permit. Most, if not all, of the approved unrestricted are not any restrictions regarding moving herpetofauna animals would not survive in Vermont’s climate for a species between bodies of water for use as bait. Bait col- substantial time, therefore there isn’t a specific policy lection will require a permit if kept alive. or restriction on animal releases. The shortcoming of these regulations is they deal primarily with live animals Nuisance or Urban Wildlife Issues: being possessed. The laws are silent when many of these In the case of a threatened or endangered species mammals, amphibians, and reptiles are possessed when reported in a “nuisance” or “urban” wildlife situation, dead. There are laws to protect many of the traditional the VFWD would provide a physical response to address game type animals and birds but nothing specific regard- these issues. Otherwise the VFWD would give verbal ing what most would refer to as “non-game”. If a desired advice but not a physical response. In larger communities animal is not on the approved list, a possession permit animal control or the police department may assist with application would need to be submitted to the VFWD these issues. In smaller communities people are expected for review. Generally speaking, other than for temporary to take the Department’s advice and handle the issue exhibition (fairs, etc.) if an animal is permitted for pos- themselves. The VFWD has formed a response team to session, the VFWD would likely also include that animal relocate individual timber rattlesnakes from private prop- on the “unrestricted” list. erty when there is a conflict. © BRENDAN CLIFFORD / NHFG

State of the Union 152 Association of Fish & Wildlife Agencies 153 VIRGINIA © VICTOR YOUNG / NHFG

General Commercial Collection Classification and Conservation (See Appendix C): Methods of Take: Native amphibians and reptiles in Virginia are classified Only snapping turtles are allowed for commercial take in as non-game, with the exception of snapping turtles which Virginia and a Collect Snapping Turtles and Hellgrammites are allowed for commercial harvest with a permit. Listed for Sale Permit is required. Approved take methods for and specifically regulated non-game species are protected commercial purposes include nets, traps and set-poles. under 4 VAC 15-30-10 from import/export, take, capture, There are no limits on the number of devices approved for kill, attempt to take, possess, sell, trade for anything commercial take. of monetary value, or offer to sell without a permit or Limits (See Appendix A): specially permitted by law or regulation. Species of Snapping turtles allowed for commercial take must be at Special Concern or State Wildlife Action Plan Species least eleven inches in carapace length. There are no limits of Greatest Conservation Need that are not listed are not on number of individuals that can be harvested. protected, unless specifically regulated. 4 VAC (Virginia Administrative Code) 15-30-40 requires a special permit for Hymenochirus spp., Crocodilians, Xenopus spp. and brown tree snakes. No species of salamander, except for nonnative newts, may be sold under 4 VAC 15-360- 60. In addition to any state or federally listed species, spotted turtles, diamondbacked terrapins and eastern hellbenders are protected under 4 VAC 15-360-10. There is a Candidate Conservation Agreement between the U.S. Forest Service (USFS) and the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) that prohibits the collection of Cow Knob salamander (Plethodon punctatus). There is also a Conservation Agreement between the National Park Service (NPS), USFS and USFWS for the Peaks of Otter salamander (POS) that prohibits the collection of POS. There is no legal definition to the term “protected”. However, Virginia generally uses the term in reference to any species that is prohibited from “take.” Take is defined under VAC 15-20-140. Virginia does not distinguish between collection (removal from the wild) and possession regulations for native amphibians and/or reptiles.

Regulatory Process: The Board of Virginia Department of Game and Inland Fisheries approves all changes in the relevant Virginia Administrative Code (VAC) or regulations. The VAC has many chapters, but the Department is only concerned with Title 4 (4-VAC-15), which involves wildlife and watercraft regulations. http://www.dgif.virginia.gov/wildlife/laws/buying-selling.asp http://www.dgif.virginia.gov/wildlife/laws/buying-selling.asp CC-BY-SA 3 / B ugwood . org CC-BY-SA an D yk E vans VIRGINIA V © BRENDAN CLIFFORD / NHFG © W endy

152 Association of Fish & Wildlife Agencies 153 State of the Union VIRGINIA

Seasons: Legal Authority: The open season for commercial take of snapping turtles http://www.dgif.virginia.gov/wildlife/laws/buying-selling.asp is June 1 to September 30. 4 VAC 15-30-5

Reporting Requirements: 4 VAC 15-30-10 2007 Commercial Harvest of Snapping Turtles annual reports 4 VAC 15-360-60 2007 must be submitted by November 1. The accuracy of data reported is highly questionable because commercial har- Personal Collection vesters presently have no requirements to operate under the scientifically controlled conditions necessary for determin- Methods of Take: ing biologically meaningful assessments of snapping turtle There is no permit required to collect native amphibians populations. As such, the impacts on snapping turtle popu- and reptiles for personal use. The only approved method for personal take is 0collection by hand. lations can not be ascertained. Limits (See Appendix B): Farming/Aquaculture: For personal use, an individual may possess five live General individuals of any native or naturalized reptile or amphib- Persons issued a Hold and Sell Permit are authorized ian species. However, this does not apply to listed species to captive breed mole kingsnakes, cornsnakes and east- (i.e. bog turtle, Shenandoah salamander, barking treefrog, ern kingsnakes. Under VAC 15-360-50 and with a permit chicken turtle, wood turtle, eastern glass lizard, canebrake American bullfrog, green frog, southern leopard frog and rattlesnake, tiger salamander and Mabee’s salamander) or green treefrog can be propagated and sold for research or protected species (spotted turtle and northern diamond- education purposes. backed terrapin). Up to 15 snapping turtles may be har- Wild Native Species vested daily for recreational harvest. This is intended for Native amphibians or reptiles are not allowed to be col- personal consumption and does not allow for the sale of the lected from the wild to augment captive populations in turtles. Recent snapping turtle regulation changes include Virginia. carapace length of 11.5 inches and daily bag limits for recreational/consumption is now 5. Agency with Regulatory Authority Captive propagation of native amphibians and reptiles is Seasons: regulated by the Virginia Department of Game and Inland There are no closed seasons for species allowed for per- Fisheries. sonal collection.

Avg. # Permits Issued/Yr Collection Type Permit Required Permit Fee Penalties for Violation (based on last 10 yrs) Collect Snapping Turtles & Revocation or suspension of Commercial $50 <50 Hellgrammites for Sale Permit permit for up to 5 years Aquaculture/ Class 3 misdemeanor Up to a Hold & Sell Permit $12.50 50>200 Herpetoculture $100 fine Personal None N/A Up to a $250 fine N/A Scientific Collection Permit— $20 <50 Non-listed Species Permit Revocation and possible legal action, which would be Scientific Scientific Collection Permit— determined based on the Endangered or Threatened $20 significance of the offense <50 Species

State of the Union 154 Association of Fish & Wildlife Agencies 155 Reporting Requirements: Confiscation & Unusual Circumstances There are no reporting requirements for personal collection. Confiscated Animals: Legal Authority: When determining the disposition of confiscated http://www.dgif.virginia.gov/wildlife/laws/buying- amphibians or reptiles, it is preferred to place the animals selling.asp 29.1-505 with appropriate care givers, but in certain instances the 4 VAC 15-360-60 animals may be euthanized. Scientific Collection Unusual Regulations: Additional uses of reptiles in Virginia include box turtle Methods of Take: races and handling snakes for religious purposes. Box turtle A Scientific Collection Permit for either non-listed races occur at local fairs, but the number of fairs and turtles species or endangered and threatened species is required used throughout Virginia are unknown. Religious snake to collect native amphibians or reptiles for scientific pur- handler groups are still active in the southwestern region of poses. Take methods are approved on a case by case basis Virginia, but the number of snakes removed from the wild by the Virginia Department of Game and Inland Fisheries is unknown. No permit is required for the aforementioned lead biologist. activities.

Limits and Seasons: Disease/Pathogen Testing: Limits and seasons are approved on a case by case basis Virginia does not require testing for disease or patho- by the Virginia Department of Game and Inland Fisheries gens for any native herpetofauna species. lead biologist. Nuisance or Urban Wildlife Issues: Reporting Requirements: Under Code 29.1-100, there are no officially desig- Persons issued a Scientific Collection Permit are required nated “nuisance species” of herpetofauna. However, by to submit an annual report for their permitted activities. definition any species of wildlife, excluding officially These reports are considered reliable and accurate enough protected species, may be deemed a nuisance if commit- to ascertain impacts from the permitted activity because the ting or about to commit property damage or health haz- permit reporting method has been improved and permitted ard. Code of Virginia allows for year-round open season scientific collectors are collecting data via scientifically and private landowners are allowed to deal with them defensible methods and with the intent to publish scientifi- as they see fit, but the Department does provide assis- cally meaningful results. tance on a case by case basis. For example, the Virginia Department of Game and Inland Fisheries does respond Legal Authority: to calls about state endangered canebrake rattlesnakes. http://www.dgif.virginia.gov/wildlife/laws/buying- Involvement of Animal Control with native wildlife selling.asp issues varies from county to county. Currently, there are 4 VAC 15-20-200 2007 no guidelines in place.

154 Association of Fish & Wildlife Agencies 155 State of the Union © L. J ones © BRENDAN CLIFFORD / NHFG © VICTOR YOUNG / NHFG © VICTOR

State of the Union 156 Association of Fish & Wildlife Agencies 157 WASHINGTON © PAUL BLOCK

General mitting process. The only legal way to do both is through the SCP (see above) process. However, within the SCP process, Classification and Conservation (See Appendix C): teachers in schools and zoo institutions must specify display Amphibians and reptiles are considered “wildlife” in reasons for a permit versus research reasons for one. Washington per the Revised Code of Washington (RCW) 77.08.010(63). Per RCW 16.30.010, certain animals in Regulatory Process: the Class Reptilia are classified as “potentially dangerous Regulation changes require legislative approval, whereas wild animals” and are illegal to possess. Per Washington changes in species status require Commission approval. Administrative Code (WAC) 220-12-090, certain amphibians and reptiles are classified as “prohibited aquatic animal spe- Commercial Collection

© L. J ones cies” and are illegal to possess, pursuant to RCW 77.15.253. Per RCW 77.15.120 and 77.15.130, it is illegal to possess Commercialization of wild native species is not allowed in animals designated as endangered or protected. WAC 232- Washington. 12-014 lists the endangered reptiles and amphibians. WAC Only American Zoological Association-accredited zoos and 232-12-011 lists the protected reptiles and amphibians. aquariums, and legitimate research institutions like universi- Endangered species, Protected species, potentially dan- ties and museums, are allowed to collect native wildlife for the purpose of trade. These agencies and institutions must first get gerous wild animals, and prohibited aquatic animal species a Scientific Collection Permit (SCP) to do this (see Scientific are protected in Washington from hunting, fishing, posses- Collection below). These agencies and institutions may not sell sion, importation, purchase, sale, propagation, transport, and wildlife taken under an SCP. release. If a person or authorized institution or organization applies for and receives a Scientific Collection Permit (SCP) Methods of Take: for educational or scientific purposes from the Washington N/A Department of Fish and Wildlife (WDFW), the person or organization may be given written permission to trade, trans- Limits (See Appendix A): port, propagate, display, euthanize, and/or study the animal. N/A However, WDFW will not allow the sale or release of any of these animals, even under an SCP. Seasons: Bullfrogs are classified as a game species under N/A Washington Administrative Code (WAC) 232-12-007, section 1; however, bullfrogs are also a prohibited aquatic ani- Reporting Requirements: N/A

© BRENDAN CLIFFORD / NHFG mal species (WAC 220-12-090), which cannot be possessed, imported, purchased, sold, propagated, transported, or released Farming/Aquaculture under the Revised Code of Washington (RCW 77.12.020, General section 8a). Members of the turtle families Trionychidae and Only by American Zoological Association-accredited zoos Chelydridae are also prohibited aquatic animal species (WAC and aquariums, and legitimate research institutions like univer- 220-12-090). Note also that no regulations currently exist sities and museums, that first apply for a Scientific Collection for the non-native populations of red-eared sliders, cooters Permit (SCP) for the specific purpose of breeding animals. The and green frogs in Washington, they are neither allowed nor Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife (WDFW) may disallowed under currently regulations. deny the SCP if the breeding does not contribute to environ- Protected status in Washington refers to species listed as mental teaching objectives, an educational program, or a legiti- endangered, threatened, sensitive or other protected wildlife mate research project. under WAC 232-12-011. Bullfrogs, a non-native species, are “technically” protected as a game species, but they have Wild Native Species: unlimited take without age or size restrictions. http://apps. Native amphibians and reptiles can be collected from the leg.wa.gov/wac/default.aspx?cite=232-12-011 wild for farming or aquacultural purposes only if a SCP identi- Washington does not distinguish between collection as fies this as the goal of the SCP and WDFW agrees the goal is removal from the wild and possession in their available per- valid and necessary. WASHINGTON

156 Association of Fish & Wildlife Agencies 157 State of the Union WASHINGTON

Agency with Regulatory Authority: Legal Authority: The Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife RCW 77.15.660 1998 (WDFW) is the regulatory authority for captive propagation http://apps.leg.wa.gov/RCW/default.aspx?cite=77.15.660 of native reptiles and amphibians. Report data vary enormously in quality and to be use- WAC 220-20-045 2006 ful in summaries often has to be downgraded to a higher http://apps.leg.wa.gov/WAC/default.aspx?cite=220-20-045 level of information content. Reliability of report data var- RCW 77.15.253 2007 ies in part because no vehicle exists for follow-up on report http://apps.leg.wa.gov/RCW/default.aspx?cite=77.15.253 submissions.

Legal Authority: Scientific Collection RCW 77.15.660 1998 General http://apps.leg.wa.gov/RCW/default. Only American Zoological Association-accredited zoos and aspx?cite=77.15.660 aquariums, and legitimate research institutions like universi- WAC 220-20-045 2006 ties and museums, are allowed to collect native wildlife for the purpose of trade. These agencies and institutions must first get http://apps.leg.wa.gov/WAC/default. a Scientific Collection Permit (SCP) to do this. These agencies aspx?cite=220-20-045 and institutions may not sell wildlife taken under an SCP. Personal Collection Methods of Take: If the agency or institution is taking a species for the pur- WDFW does not issue Scientific Collection Permits or pose of keeping the animal alive for display, any method of any other type of permit to allow people to collect native take is allowed as long as it does not harm the animal. If the amphibians and reptiles as pets. Bullfrogs, a non-native agency or institution is taking a species for the purpose of species, are allowed to be collected in unlimited numbers euthanizing it and then studying it, any legal method of take and at any size or age. RCW 77.15.253 allows a person to is allowed. SCP holders using equipment such as unattended release a prohibited aquatic animal species if the species was traps, unattended nets, or other unattended collection gear caught while fishing and it is being immediately returned to must have attached to the equipment a tag bearing, in legible the water from which it came. That is the only legal release English, the name and current address of the SCP holder or allowed. organization holding an SCP.

Methods of Take: Limits: Not specified. Limits are dictated by the number of animals the agency or institution says it needs, compared to the number of animals Limits (See Appendix B): in the local population. If a species is on the Endangered or Bullfrogs, a non-native species, are allowed to be col- Protected Species list, WDFW will greatly limit the number lected in unlimited numbers and at any size or age. of animals it allows an agency or institution to take, if any.

Seasons: Seasons: N/A All SCPs are good for the project period, but not to exceed 1 year from the date of issuance. Species approved for collection Reporting Requirements: in the permit can be collected while the permit is valid. Permits Not specified. for public-health purposes may be issued for up to 5 years.

Penalties for Avg. # Permits Issued/Yr Collection Type Permit Required Permit Fee Violation (based on last 10 yrs)

Up to $5,000 fine and Scientific Scientific Collection Permit $12 <50 up to 1 year in jail

State of the Union 158 Association of Fish & Wildlife Agencies 159 Reporting Requirements: safety or health risk. Pursuant to RCW 77.30.030, the per- A final report must be submitted to WDFW upon son must maintain veterinary records, acquisition papers, if completion of the research or display project, and WDFW available, and other documents establishing possession prior must receive it no later than 60 days after the SCP expires. to July 22, 2007, and present these records to an animal con- Renewable annual permit holders, such as zoos, must submit trol or law enforcement authority upon request. a report each year, and WDFW must receive the report within 60 days of the anniversary date of the initial issuance date of RCW 77.15.253 allows a person to transport a prohibited the permit. Interim reports may be required. Additional per- aquatic animal species to Washington Department of Fish mits or permit renewals are subject to the prior submission and Wildlife or another WDFW-designated destination to of a project report. If an agency or institution already has identify the species or to report the presence of the species; an SCP and wants to transfer animals to another agency or to possess a prohibited aquatic animal species if he/she is in institution that already has an SCP, they can do so as long as the process of removing it from a watercraft or equipment they include the information in their annual SCP reports and in a manner specified by WDFW; or to release a prohibited keep up-to-date records of loan/trade transactions. Individual aquatic animal species if the species was caught while fish- permit holders may not trade species except by written per- ing and it is being immediately returned to the water from mission of the WDFW director. which it came. RCW 77.15.253 does not apply to the transportation or release of organisms in ballast water. Regulations: Disease/Pathogen Testing: RCW 77.15.660 1998 The Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife does http://apps.leg.wa.gov/RCW/default.aspx?cite=77.15.660 not currently address testing for pathogens. Red-eared sliders RCW 77.15.194 2003 imported to the state are required to have a certificate indicating http://apps.leg.wa.gov/RCW/default.aspx?cite=77.15.194 they are “healthy”, but that is addressed through the Washington State Department of Agriculture, and the scope does not address WAC 220-20-045 2006 a number of pathogens that may present an issue. http://apps.leg.wa.gov/WAC/default.aspx?cite=220-20-045 Nuisance or Urban Wildlife Issues: Confiscation & Unusual Circumstances “Nuisance” or “urban” wildlife issues are currently not addressed in a formal way. Rather, individuals are referred Confiscated Animals: to a taxon-group expert for advice on a case by case basis. In Washington, animal control and law enforcement Advice typically follows policy guidelines, which are, no authorities cannot euthanize endangered or protected species translocation or re-release of animals to the environment unless absolutely necessary. For these species, potentially without special permit. dangerous wild animals and prohibited aquatic animal species, animal control and law enforcement authorities must try to release them to a facility such as a wildlife sanctuary, zoo, or other accredited or authorized facility. If all known reasonable placement options are unavailable, the animal control authority may euthanize the animal.

Unusual Regulations: Washington does not get requests from tribes or citizens to use amphibians or reptiles that are on the lists of endangered or threatened species, potentially dangerous wild animals, or prohibited aquatic animal species, in ceremonies or for races/derbies. If the Department did received such requests, they would be denied because the Department has no unusual regulations allowing for such things. RCW 16.30.040 allows a person to keep a potentially dangerous animal only if the person lawfully possessed the animal prior to July 22, 2007 (which is when chapter 16.30 RCW took effect), and the animal does not pose a public

158 Association of Fish & Wildlife Agencies 159 State of the Union WEST VIRGINIA © JOHN WHITE

General proposed herpetofauna use regulations would go before the Commission because they are establishing possession limits Classification and Conservation (See Appendix C): and seasons. Non-exempt rules are those which go before the Most amphibians and reptiles are considered non-game; legislature. For example, changing the wording of a rule has however, green frogs and bullfrogs may be taken under the to go before the legislature. current fishing regulations and have a set season. Turtles may also be taken by gigging, snagging or snaring (no specific species listed). Salamanders may be collected as “aquatic Commercial Collection life” (all with a fishing license). Non-game species in West Methods of Take: Virginia have no legal protection unless covered as an endan- Cast nets, minnow traps, dip nets and seines are the gered species. acceptable methods of take for harvesting native amphib- If a season is not listed for a species in the regulations, ians for commercial use. then the season is closed for that species/group. However, this is not enforced uniformly across the state. The term Limits (See Appendix A): “protected” is defined in the rule concerning definitions The aggregate limit is 250. Salamanders are included of terms used in hunting and trapping rules, and states that with crayfish and hellgrammites in this rule. Reptiles, “protected” means no open season; however, the below dis- including turtles, may not be commercially collected. cusses only protected mammals. Seasons: 58CSR46 There are no closed seasons for commercial collection http://apps.sos.wv.gov/csr/verify.asp?TitleSeries=58-46 of native amphibians in West Virginia.

West Virginia does distinguish between collection Reporting Requirements: (removal from the wild) and possession regulations for There are no reporting requirements associated with native amphibians and/or reptiles. The collection of turtles commercial collection permits of native amphibians in West requires a fishing license and adherence to possession limits Virginia. and seasons (100 turtles per person taken from Jan 1-May 15 and July 15-Dec 31). With a fishing license a person can Farming/Aquaculture collect 100 salamanders as “aquatic life.” More may be pos- General: sessed if purchased from a bait dealer. Farming and/or aquaculture of native amphibians and/or 58CSR58 reptiles is allowed in West Virginia, with a Fish Pond http://apps.sos.wv.gov/csr/verify.asp?TitleSeries=58-60 license.

Bait dealers may possess 250 salamanders, but can sell Wild Native Species: only 50 to a purchaser. 58CSR62 http://apps.sos.wv.gov/csr/ Wild native amphibians and/or reptiles are allowed to verify.asp?TitleSeries=58-62 be removed from the wild for farming and/or aquaculture Scientific collecting permits are issued for collection for purposes, provided they are legally collected. research, etc. Possession numbers vary and depend upon the Agency with Regulatory Authority: research The WVDNR, Wildlife Resources Section, is the lead 58CSR50 agency with regulatory authority over farming and/or http://apps.sos.wv.gov/csr/verify.asp?TitleSeries=58-42 aquaculture of West Virginia’s native herpetofauna. Regulations: Regulatory Process: West Virginia has “exempt” and “non-exempt” rules for WV Code 58-62 (sell/capture): http://apps.sos.wv.gov/ changing regulations. Exempt rules are those which can csr/verify.asp?TitleSeries=58-62 go before WVDNR Commissioners instead of the legis- WV Code 58-64 (bait dealer): lature (such as possession limit and season changes). Our http://apps.sos.wv.gov/csr/verify.asp?TitleSeries=58-64 WEST VIRGINIA

State of the Union 160 Association of Fish & Wildlife Agencies 161 WEST VIRGINIA

Personal Collection Reporting Requirements: There are no reporting requirements for personal use of Methods of Take: West Virginia’s native herpetofauna. Frogs (green and bull) and aquatic turtles may be taken by gigging, snagging and snaring. A seine can be used for aquatic Regulations: salamanders. A fishing license is required for taking. State Code 58-60: http://apps.sos.wv.gov/csr/verify. asp?TitleSeries=58-60 Limits (See Appendix B): Green frogs and bullfrogs have a daily limit of 10 and a Natural Resource Law 20-2-5(26) is used to “enforce” possession limit of 20. Aquatic salamanders and turtles may the “if there is no season it can’t be collected” regulation. be taken as “aquatic life” and a person may be in the posses- However, amphibians and reptiles are not included in the sion of 100 “aquatic life”. definitions of wild animals for this law. This regulation does not appear to be from the State Code. It may be from Seasons: Michie’s Jurisprudence. The open season for bullfrogs and green frogs is 9pm on the Saturday nearest June 15 to midnight on July 31. The Scientific Collection season is open for aquatic turtles January 1 through May 15 and July 15 through December 31. There is no closed sea- Methods of Take: son for aquatic salamanders. For the remaining allowable Methods of take vary depending on the research and reptiles and amphibians, the interpretation of seasons for associated approved permit. personal collection of native herpetofauna in West Virginia is somewhat controversial. One interpretation is that pos- Limits: session of a species is illegal if there is no established sea- Limits vary depending upon the research needs and jus- son in regulation for that species. Another interpretation is tification. Endangered species are to be released, as well as that any species without an established season (including rare species, unless justification is given. Most native herpe- “no closed season”) means open season/legal to posess. tofauna authorized under a scientific collection permit are This has not been clarified for enforcement purposes. released alive.

Penalties for Avg. # Permits Issued/Yr Collection Type Permit Required Permit Fee Violation (based on last 10 yrs) License to catch or sell bait $10 ($1 renewal) Up to $300 fine Commercial fish—salamanders and/or up to 100 days Not Known Fish Sale (bait dealer) license $10 in jail Up to $300 fine Fish Pond license—turtles & Aquaculture $10 and/or up to 100 days Not Known frogs in jail Up to $300 fine Personal None NA and/or up to 100 days NA in jail Scientific Collecting Permit—in- state researchers & non-profit $0 50>200 organizations Up to $300 fine Scientific Scientific Collecting Permit— and/or up to 100 days $25 50>200 out-of-state researchers in jail Scientific Collecting $200 50>200 Permit—consultants Points are assessed against their hunting, fishing and trapping license up to and including suspension of both their sporting licenses and their collection permit.

160 Association of Fish & Wildlife Agencies 161 State of the Union WEST VIRGINIA

Seasons: regulations currently allow the release of native reptiles and There are no established seasons for scientific collection amphibians at the discretion of the WVDNR. of native herpetofauna. Unusual Regulations: Reporting Requirements: There are no unusual uses pertaining to native herpeto- A report is required within 45 days of the permit expira- fauna regulated in West Virginia at this time. tion date and requires the permittee to list the numbers of each species observed, collected, locations, and dates. Report Disease/Pathogen Testing: data may provide new records for rare or uncommon species. Importation licenses require disease-free certification The data are useful if the researchers’ identification skills from pathologists or veterinarians. Importation permits are are adequate. Most permittees to date have had adequate required for “wildlife” which includes amphibians and rep- identification skills. The Department requires that permit- tiles (Natural Resources Laws 20-2-13). There are no disease tees report not only those specimens that are kept, but also testing requirements for animals used as bait. what is observed. Reports may give a somewhat accurate portrayal of harvests/assessments. Nuisance or Urban Wildlife Issues: Addressing “nuisance” or “urban” wildlife issues varies Regulations: with locality. Some areas use police or fire departments to han- WV Code 58-42: dle calls. Sometimes the DNR is called. Sometimes calls are http://apps.sos.wv.gov/csr/verify.asp?TitleSeries=58-42 turned over to a wildlife damage control agent. Wildlife damage control agents are not permitted to destroy dens, and they Confiscation & Unusual Circumstances are not permitted to control salamanders, frogs, turtles (except snapping), skinks, eastern ribbon snake, mountain earth snake, Confiscated Animals: corn snake, northern pine snake and eastern king snake. At this time, confiscated native animals are released at the capture site if known, or in areas of appropriate habi- 58CSR41 tat within the species’ range. Our proposed herpetofauna http://apps.sos.wv.gov/csr/verify.asp?TitleSeries=58-41 © VICTOR YOUNG / NHFG © VICTOR

State of the Union 162 Association of Fish & Wildlife Agencies 163 WISCONSIN © VICTOR YOUNG / NHFG

General Commercial Collection Classification and Conservation (See Appendix C): The sale of native amphibians and reptiles is generally Amphibians and Reptiles are not defined as fish or game prohibited. There is limited opportunity for commercial in Wisconsin, but do fall under the general definition of a collection of reptiles and amphibians in Wisconsin. Where Wild Animal. harvest for commercial purposes is allowed, a Small Game A protected species of wild animal in Wisconsin is gener- or Fishing License would be required of anyone age 16 or ally any species which is endangered, threatened, or for which older to collect/harvest amphibians or reptiles from the there is no open season, and also includes species with an wild. In addition, a Commercial Fishing Net License for the open season during the closed season for that species. (See Mississippi River would allow the incidental take of turtles. NR 10.02, NR 19.001(14) and NR 19.25, Wis. Adm. Code.) Methods of Take: http://www.legis.state.wi.us/rsb/code/nr/nr010.pdf No person may take frogs with the aid of a firearm or air http://www.legis.state.wi.us/rsb/code/nr/nr019.pdf gun. Taking frogs by hand, hook and line, spears or nets is allowed. Turtles may only be taken with hoop net turtle traps Wisconsin does distinguish between collection (removal (that meet Department specifications) or by hand, hook and from the wild) and possession regulations for native amphib- line or hooking. “Hooking” means any activity which uti- ians and/or reptiles. There are separate rules on collection lizes a dull-pointed, metal, barbless hook attached to a staff from the wild, such as seasons, harvest methods and daily to remove a turtle from a body of water. Legal vs. illegal bag limits, and additional rules on possession limits, regard- methods for other species of reptiles or amphibians are not less of whether or not the animal was collected from the wild, specified by law, except that it is illegal to use poisons or purchased or propagated in captivity. explosives for any species. http://www.legis.state.wi.us/rsb/code/nr/nr016.pdf http://www.legis.state.wi.us/rsb/code/nr/nr019.pdf Limits (See Appendix A): Only frogs, turtles, tiger salamanders and mud puppies http://www.legis.state.wi.us/rsb/code/nr/nr021.pdf may be collected from the wild and sold with limitations. http://www.legis.state.wi.us/rsb/code/nr/nr022.pdf Turtles taken incidentally in commercial fishing nets may be kept and sold dead. Regulatory Process: Some regulations changes require legislation, primarily Seasons: related to license requirements and fees. Regulations that The open season for snapping turtles, softshell turtles and apply to methods of collection, daily bag or possession lim- all other open season turtles (those not listed as endangered or its, seasons, etc., are normally done by Administrative Code threatened) is July 15 to November 30. There is no closed sea- changes by the Department of Natural Resources, but also son for incidental take of turtles on the Mississippi River by per- receive legislative review. In 1997, regulations were put in sons issued a commercial fishing license. The open season for place establishing seasons, methods of harvest and daily bag frogs is the Saturday nearest May 1 to December 31. There is no and possession limits for turtles under s. NR19.275 Wisconsin closed season for other species of reptiles or amphibians, unless Administrative Code. In 1998, the timber rattle snake, bull- classified as a protected, endangered, or threatened species. snake, black rat snake and the racer snake were designated as protected species under s. NR 10.02, WAC. In 2000, specific Reporting Requirements: possession limits were established for most other species of Commercial fisherman operating on the Mississippi reptiles and amphibians as well as rules on purchase and sale. River who harvest turtles incidental to commercial fishing These rules were initially created under s. NR 19.26, WAC. operations must report their harvest monthly along with their Effective January 1 2003, the State Legislature created a cap- commercial fish report. This report must include the species tive wildlife chapter in the Wisconsin State Statutes, which harvested and the following information for each specimen: included a s. 169.12, Wisconsin Statutes, titled “Sale and pur- harvest date, weight in pounds, method of harvest (type of chase of native wild reptiles and wild amphibians”. In 2003, nets or setlines), location of harvest and whom the turtles NR 19.26, WAC was repealed and recreated under s. NR 16.12 were sold to. The reliability or accuracy of commercial per-

WISCONSINand 16.13, WAC, to reflect changes made by the statutes. mit data is not known at this time.

162 Association of Fish & Wildlife Agencies 163 State of the Union WISCONSIN

Penalties for Avg. # Permits Issued/Yr Collection Type Permit Required Permit Fee Violation (based on last 10 yrs)

Commercial *Fishing License—Resident $20

*Fishing License—Disabled or $7 Junior (16-17 years old) Non-resident Fishing $50 Not Tracked License—annual Up to a $2,000 (Based on species the license holder fine and/or up to 6 Non-resident Fishing License— is collecting. Most are obtained for $24 months in jail 4 day fishing only.) Non-resident Fishing License— $28 15 day **Commercial Fishing Net License for Mississippi River ^See below (supplemental) <50 Class A Captive Wild Animal $200 ($100 (14, of which 7 are nonprofit Farm renewal) organizations)

Class B Captive Wild Animal <50 $50 ($25 renewal) Farm (3) >200 Up to a $2,000 (401 - This license authorizes harvest Aquaculture fine and/or up to 6 and sale of minnow, frogs and crayfish. Class A Bait Dealer $49.25 months in jail Most dealers do not deal in frogs for fishing bait.)

>200 (251 - This license authorizes harvest Class B Bait Dealer $9.25 and sale of minnow, frogs and crayfish. Most dealers do not deal in frogs for fishing bait.) Up to a $2,000 Personal †None N/A fine and/or up to 6 N/A months in jail

*License is not required for persons under 16 years of age. **License allows the incidental take of turtles; turtles may only be sold dead. ^29.563(7)(c)3. Mississippi and St. Croix rivers commercial fishing net licenses and tags: (a) Seine nets: $20 for the first 500 lineal feet of net, $10 for the 2nd 500 lineal feet and $2 for each additional 100 lineal feet or fraction thereof, plus 25 cents for each tag for each 500 lineal feet of net or fraction thereof. (b) Gill nets: $10 for the first 2,000 lineal feet of net and $1 for each additional 100 lineal feet or fraction thereof, plus 25 cents for each tag for each 2,000 lineal feet of net or fraction thereof. (c) Bait nets: $20, plus the tag for each bait net is 25 cents each. (d) Buffalo and frame nets: $10, plus the tag for each buffalo or frame net is 50 cents each. (e) Slat nets: $20, plus the tag for each slat net is 50 cents each, not to exceed 50 slat nets per licensee. (f) Trammel nets: $20 for each net, not to exceed 300 lineal feet, including one tag. (g) Inland waters set or bank pole: $2.25 including 5 tags, one for each set or bank pole allowed. †No license is required to keep a reptile or amphibian as a pet unless it is a protected, endangered or threatened species, provided the person does not exceed the possession limit for that species.

State of the Union 164 Association of Fish & Wildlife Agencies 165 Farming/Aquaculture: http://www/legis.state.wi.us/rsb/code.nr.nr040.pdf General: http://dnr.wi.gov/org/land/wildlife/captive/HerpsRegs.pdf There is very limited legal opportunity to take, possess, http://www.legis.state.wi.us/statutes/Stat0095.pdf or sell reptiles or amphibians in Wisconsin as a farming operation. It is only legal to possess more than the number http://www.legis.state.wi.us/rsb/code/atcp/atcp010.pdf of turtles listed in the limits (see Appendix A) in captivity if the person holds a current Captive Wild Animal Farm Personal Collection License (CWAFL), and that species is listed on their Methods of Take: license. The CWAFL would be needed to cover posses- No person may take frogs with the aid of a firearm or air sion of more than the normal possession limits allowed gun. Taking frogs by hand, hook and line, spears or nets is for native species of turtles, even if those turtles were allowed. Turtles may only be taken with hoop net turtle traps propagated in captivity. Without a CWAFL, it is not legal (that meet Department specifications) or by hand, hook and to sell or purchase live turtles. It would not be legal, and line or hooking. “Hooking” means any activity which uti- no license is available to propagate native species in cap- lizes a dull-pointed, metal, barbless hook attached to a staff tivity for sale as meat, pets, etc. to people in Wisconsin. A to remove a turtle from a body of water. Legal versus illegal permittee can only sell to in-state educational or research methods for other species of reptiles or amphibians are not institutions. specified by law, except that it is illegal to use poisons or explosives for any species. Wild Native Species: Leopard frogs, tiger salamanders and mud puppies may Limits (See Appendix B): be collected from the wild and sold (dead or live), only if A person may take or possess up to five individuals or eggs the person also holds a Class A Captive Wild Animal Farm of most species of native amphibian, lizard and snake that License, or a Bait Dealers license (required to sell frogs for are not endangered or threatened. For other limits specific to use as fishing bait). Turtles harvested from the wild may species, see Department Rules NR 10.02 and NR16.12 for only be sold as dead turtles, meat or shells. reptiles and amphibians. Agency with Regulatory Authority: Seasons: The Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources regu- The open season for snapping turtles, softshell turtles and lates the Possession of Captive Wild Animals such as reptiles all other open season turtles (those not listed as endangered and amphibians, but only native species and the non-native or threatened) is July 15 to November 30. There is no closed red-eared slider turtle with shells less than four inches. The season for incidental take of turtles on the Mississippi River Wisconsin Department of Agriculture regulates importa- by persons issued a Commercial Fishing License. The open tion of any species of wild animals, and may require an season for frogs is the Saturday nearest May 1 to December importation permit and a certificate of veterinary inspec- 31. There is no closed season for other species of reptiles or tion. But does not require a license to possess, or engage amphibians, unless classified as a protected, endangered, or in farming reptiles or amphibians. Individuals who hold a threatened species. Captive Wild Animal Farm License that authorizes possession, purchase and sale of reptiles or amphibians beyond Reporting Requirements: what is allowed without a license are required to submit a Reporting is not required to take an allowable possession report. limit and simply keep them as pets.

Regulations: Regulations: http://www.legis.state.wi.us/statutes/Stat0029.pdf http://www.legis.state.wi.us/statutes/Stat0029.pdf http://www.legis.state.wi.us/statutes/Stat0169.pdf http://www.legis.state.wi.us/statutes/Stat0169.pdf http://www.legis.state.wi.us/rsb/code/nr/nr010.pdf http://www.legis.state.wi.us/rsb/code/nr/nr010.pdf http://www.legis.state.wi.us/rsb/code/nr/nr016.pdf http://www.legis.state.wi.us/rsb/code/nr/nr016.pdf http://www.legis.state.wi.us/rsb/code/nr/nr019.pdf http://www.legis.state.wi.us/rsb/code/nr/nr019.pdf http://www.legis.state.wi.us/rsb/code/nr/nr021.pdf http://www.legis.state.wi.us/rsb/code/nr/nr021.pdf http://www.legis.state.wi.us/rsb/code/nr/nr022.pdf http://www.legis.state.wi.us/rsb/code/nr/nr022.pdf

164 Association of Fish & Wildlife Agencies 165 State of the Union WISCONSIN

Scientific Collection Seasons: Seasons are the same as for Personal Collection above. “Public zoo or aquarium” means a zoo or aquarium that However, different periods of collection may be speci- is operated by the state or by a city, village, or county or that fied when the collection is being done under a Scientific is an accredited member of the American Zoo and Aquarium Collectors Permit or Scientific Research License. Association. These institutions do not need a license from the state to possess reptiles or amphibians. Reporting Requirements: There are no reporting requirements for scientific collection Methods of Take: unless required as a condition of a scientific collectors permit. Methods of take are the same as for Personal Collection above. However, different methods may be specified when Regulations: the collection is being done under a Scientific Collectors http://www.legis.state.wi.us/statutes/Stat0029.pdf Permit or Scientific Research License. http://www.legis.state.wi.us/statutes/Stat0169.pdf http://www.legis.state.wi.us/rsb/code/nr/nr010.pdf Limits: Limits are the same as for Personal Collection above. http://www.legis.state.wi.us/rsb/code/nr/nr016.pdf However, different possession limits may be specified when http://www.legis.state.wi.us/rsb/code/nr/nr019.pdf the collection is being done under a Scientific Collectors http://www.legis.state.wi.us/rsb/code/nr/nr021.pdf Permit or Scientific Research License. http://www.legis.state.wi.us/rsb/code/nr/nr022.pdf Confiscation & Unusual Circumstances Confiscated Animals: Seized or confiscated amphibians or reptiles are dealt with on a case by case basis. If they came from the wild and can be released back to the wild, this is the preferred option. If they were captive raised or purchased, the state would likely try to find a home with a person or facility authorized for possession. The last resort would be to euthanasia. The state could sell these animals as well.

Unusual Regulations: Wisconsin does not regulate other uses of native amphibians or reptiles.

Disease/Pathogen Testing: The Wisconsin Department of Agriculture, Trade and Consumer Protection, regulates the importation of all animals into Wisconsin. Disease and health testing requirements will vary depending on species. Generally, a certificate of veterinary inspection is required as part of any import permit. Disease testing is not required for herpetofauna species sold or used as fishing bait if collected from within the state. http://www.datcp.state.wi.us/ah/agriculture/animals/ movement/index.jsp

Nuisance or Urban Wildlife Issues: The state Department of Natural Resources does not generally respond to most calls of “nuisance” and/or “urban” wildlife species unless the species is a protected, threatened or endangered species. Local law enforcement or animal control departments are the most likely agencies to respond

State of the Union 166 Association of Fish & Wildlife Agencies 167 WYOMING

General Reporting Requirements: No reports are required for a Chapter 10 permit. Classification and Conservation (See Appendix C): Amphibians and Reptiles are considered non-game Farming/Aquaculture: wildlife. This would include any parts thereof, their viable General: gametes, fertilized eggs, or any hybrid or transgenic product Captive propagation of native amphibians and reptiles is thereof. All non-game amphibians and reptiles are protected allowed in Wyoming. A Chapter 10 or Chapter 33 permit is from commercial harvest unless a Chapter 10 permit is required. issued. The Columbia spotted frog, wood frog, Wyoming toad, boreal toad, midget faded rattlesnake, rubber boa, Wild Native Species: Black Hills red-bellied snake, pale milksnake, and ornate Authorization for collection of native amphibians or rep- box turtle are protected from take without the possession of tiles from the wild to augment captive populations varies on a Chapter 10 or 33 permit. It is illegal to import any amphib- a case by case basis. However, permits are typically only ian or reptile into Wyoming for use as bait. Possession of the issued in order to advance the Department’s wildlife goals. Wyoming Toad is strictly prohibited. Reptiles and amphibians are not specifically “protected”, Agency with Regulatory Authority: so there is no definition listed in state law or regulations. In Wyoming’s state wildlife agency has regulatory authority general, however, a protected status means that you may not over captive propagation of native amphibians or reptiles. commercially harvest a native reptile or amphibian without a Chapter 33 permits reports are required on an annual basis. permit. You may not possess a Columbia spotted frog, wood Legal Authority: frog, Wyoming toad, boreal toad, midget faded rattlesnake, http://gf.state.wy.us/admin/regulations/pdf/Ch52.pdf rubber boa, Black Hills red-bellied snake, pale milksnake, or ornate box turtle without a permit. http://gf.state.wy.us/admin/regulations/pdf/Ch10.pdf There are no distinctions between collection (removal http://gf.state.wy.us/admin/regulations/pdf/Ch33.pdf from the wild) and possession regulations. Possession is the same as removal from the wild. http://legisweb.state.wy.us/statutes/statutes. aspx?file=titles/Title23/Title23.htm Regulatory Process: Regulations may be changed with approval from the Personal Collection Commission. Law requires statutory change through the legislature and may also result in or require changes to Commission Methods of Take: regulations. Regulations are revised on an “as needed” basis. There is no permit required for personal collection of In the case of nongame animals, the “as needed” seems to be amphibians or reptiles. However, a Chapter 10 permit is infrequently. CH10 – 09-09-03, CH52 12-08-98. required for the Columbia spotted frog, wood frog, Wyoming toad, boreal toad, midget faded rattlesnake, rubber boa, Black Hills red-bellied snake, pale milksnake, and ornate Commercial Collection box turtle. Chapter 10 permits are typically not issued for Methods of Take: personal use. There is no regulation restricting method of Method of take vary depending on the Chapter 10 permit. take specifically for amphibians and reptiles. This is determined on a case by case basis. Methods are typi- WYOMINGcally limited to techniques that minimally disturb habitat. Limits (See Appendix B): There is no limit established. However, Columbia spotted Limits (See Appendix A): frog, wood frog, Wyoming toad, boreal toad, midget faded Limits vary depending on the Chapter 10 permit. This is rattlesnake, rubber boa, Black Hills red-bellied snake, pale decided on a case by case basis. milksnake, and ornate box turtle are prohibited from collection without a permit. Seasons: There are no seasons established for the commercial take Seasons: of amphibian and reptiles. There are no established seasons.

166 Association of Fish & Wildlife Agencies 167 State of the Union WYOMING

Reporting Requirements: Seasons: There are no reporting requirements. Seasons are established on a case by case basis.

Legal Authority: Reporting Requirements: http://gf.state.wy.us/admin/regulations/pdf/Ch52.pdf Chapter 33 permits reports are required on an annual http://gf.state.wy.us/admin/regulations/pdf/Ch10.pdf basis. Permit reports are considered reliable and accurate. Many of the permits issued under Chapter 33 are granted to http://legisweb.state.wy.us/statutes/statutes.aspx?file= scientific institutions. Reports are typically well written and titles/Title23/Title23.htm concise. Impact to the resource can often not be judged, as information is not available on current populations. Chapter Scientific Collection 33 reports often provide the state with baseline data of Methods of Take: occurrence. This information should be used in the future A Chapter 33 permit is required for collections of sci- for management recommendations. entific or educational value. Although the Department has received requests to start zoo facilities in the past, the state Legal Authority: regulations make a zoo fairly prohibitive. Method of take is http://gf.state.wy.us/admin/regulations/pdf/Ch33.pdf typically not restricted. However this may vary on a case by http://legisweb.state.wy.us/statutes/statutes. case basis. aspx?file=titles/Title23/Title23.htm Limits: Confiscation & Unusual Circumstances Limits are established on a case by case basis. Confiscated Animals: Confiscated animals are dealt with on a case by case basis.

Unusual Regulations: There are no known unusual circumstances requiring specific regulation in Wyoming. Permits and penalties would be the same as other uses.

Disease/Pathogen Testing: Wyoming does not require testing for disease/pathogens. Reptiles and amphibians may not be sold or imported as bait into Wyoming.

Nuisance or Urban Wildlife Issues: Urban reptile and amphibian issues are typically not handled by the state. However, some instances are handled on a case by case basis. Local animal control organizations or members of the community are often utilized for this purpose. There are no guidelines produced by the state to

Penalties for Avg. # Permits Issued/Yr Collection Type Permit Required Permit Fee Violation (based on last 10 yrs) Commercial Chapter 10 Permit $0 <50

Aquaculture Chapter 33 Permit $0 Up to $1,000 and/or Not Known up to 6 months in jail Personal None N/A N/A Scientific Chapter 33 $0 50>200

State of the Union 168 Association of Fish & Wildlife Agencies 169

http://www.agfc.com/ pdfs/h_f/regulations/ ReptileAmphibian.pdf http://www.azgfd.gov/ oal.ca.gov/linkedslice/ default.asp?SP=CCR- see Title 14 Section 43 Title see com/watchable-wildlife/ 1000&Action=Welcome enforcement/Documents/ (14 CCR § 43); http://ccr. regulations/nongame.cfm Detailed Info (link to code or species list) http://www.outdooralabama. agfc_code_of_regulations.pdf NA NA Any Any Any NA NA Any Juvenile/Adults Any Size Age Class length Unlimited < 4 inch OR > 12 inch carapace NA NA NA NA Unlimited Unlimited Unlimited Unlimited NA NA 4 each of Unlimited Unlimited Unlimited Unlimited Unlimited Unlimited Rosy boa kingsnake and private waters. 10; No limit from gopher snake; 2 of California common California None None turtles shell turtles Native snakes turtles; Bullfrogs Open season aquatic Open season aquatic Open season common Species/Grouping Daily Bag Annual Bag Aggregate snapping turtles and soft- Summarized commercial collection limits, within each state’s legal and regulatory (i.e., permit requirement) provisions, for quick-reference and comparison. comparison. and quick-reference for provisions, requirement) permit (i.e., regulatory and legal state’s each within limits, collection commercial Summarized Arkansas California Arizona Alaska State Alabama For the purposesFor of this report, definewe commercial collection to be collection from the wild for trade any or use of amphibians native and/or reptiles (i.e., herpetofauna) for strictly commercial purposes (barter, trade or sale of collected Species wildlife groupingsinvolved). are as shown designated or described in the information to provided us states, by and additional detail on these groupings be may found in state individual accounts. In cases where states did not specificprovide language describing a species grouping, we use the phrase “Open Season” to refer to species that are not otherwise restricted by seasons or clarification For are not of otherwise prohibited category. or within restricted the from given take (e.g., protected status species), or whether not limits apply, is excluded here account. in and Hawaii the these elsewhere unprotected reporttypes very that of native, few they have limits, given see the state’s individual herpetofauna species. APPENDICES A . Commercial Collection Limits Summary by State A ppendi x

168 Association of Fish & Wildlife Agencies 169 State of the Union 28.html http://www.cga. HerpReport.pdf adopted/870.pdf asp?id=7379195 http://wildlife.state. Sale of wild-caught co.us/NR/rdonlyres/ http://law.justia.com/ turtles prohibited; see http://www.legislature. htm#Sec19a-102a.htm georgia/codes/27/27-1- also https://www.flrules. codes/27/27-2-23.html ; idaho.gov/idstat/Title36/ 6C826CC3-A017-41E8- 8616-E1634F79DA36/0/ http://dnr.state.il.us/legal/ T36CH2SECT36-201.htm org/Gateway/View_notice. Detailed Info (link to code or species list) http://regulations.delaware. gov/AdminCode/title7/3000/ ct.gov/2005/pub/Chap368a. 3900%20Wildlife/3900.shtml http://law.justia.com/georgia/ (section 312 IAC 9-5-7) http://www.in.gov/legislative/ iac/T03120/A00090.PDF (section 312 IAC 9-5-9 ) http://www.in.gov/legislative/ iac/T03120/A00090.PDF NA NA Any Any Any Any Any Any Any

Tadpoles

NA Any Any Any Any

Size Age Class length snakes Less than 5 salamanders At least 8 inch inch length for snake; Max. 28 snake; Max. 18 inches for other inches for a bull carapace length eastern hognose At least 1 inch tail Max. 15 inches for NA Unlimited Unlimited Unlimited Only captive bred As specified in COR Any

NA bred COR Unlimited Unlimited Unlimited Unlimited Unlimited Only captive As specified in 24 NA COR bullfrogs Unlimited Unlimited Unlimited Unlimited Unlimited Unlimited Unlimited Unlimited no limit for As specified in 50 salamanders; Only captive bred 25 in combination Unlimited 50 in combination

None turtles snakes bullfrog species) and reptiles and bullfrogs snapping turtle snapping turtles open season frogs Open season snakes open season frogs (2 Species/Grouping Daily Bag Annual Bag Aggregate larval tiger salamanders open season venomous open season freshwater Open season amphibians Open season amphibians and reptiles, except turtles (9 species) permit required open season spring lizards x A A ppendi x Delaware Indiana State Illinois Idaho Georgia Connecticut Florida Colorado

State of the Union 170 Association of Fish & Wildlife Agencies 171 species.htm getStatuteFile. org/legsrv-statutes/ md.us/comar/getfile. kar/301/001/058.htm http://www.dsd.state. http://www.kslegislature. do?number=/32-941.html http://www.lrc.state.ky.us/ http://www.maine.gov/ifw/ Detailed Info (link to code or species list) aspx?file=08.02.06.01.htm wildlife/species/unrestricted_ http://coolice.legis.state. ia.us/Cool-ICE/default. asp?category=billinfo&servic e=IowaCode http://www.legis.state. ia.us/aspx/ACODOCS/ DOCS/571.86.pdf Any Any Any Adult Adult Adult Juveniles/adult

Any Juveniles/adult Any Any Any Size Age Class inches inches At least 11 inch At least 11 Minimum SVL 3 Minimum SVL Minimum SVL 5 Minimum SVL carapace length inches; minimum Minimum SVL 1¾ Minimum SVL At least 18 inches Any total length 5 inches 5 thereof Unlimited frogs total Aggregate may possess 144 20 snakes or parts limit of 12 bullfrogs. License bait dealers 96 frogs total, with a Unlimited Unlimited Unlimited Unlimited Annual Bag 10 bullfrogs Unlimited Unlimited Unlimited Unlimited Daily Bag 48 frogs total, with a limit of 12

Green anole Rana grylio softshell turtle. Snapping turtle Prairie rattlesnakes Rana catesbeiana Species/Grouping Bullfrog and leopard frog painted turtle and smooth Open season amphibians Unlimited Unlimited Unlimited common snapping turtles, x A A ppendi x Louisiana Maine State Maryland Kansas Kentucky common snapping turtle 5 Iowa

170 Association of Fish & Wildlife Agencies 171 State of the Union

h.htm&cp 3c10-10.pdf 300.htm#305 rules/?id=6256 rules/?id=6256 statutes/?id=97C.601 com/mississippi/lpext. ?id=97A.015 (subd. 39) (subd. ?id=97A.015 http://www.sos.mo.gov/ http://michie.lexisnexis. adrules/csr/current/3csr/ dfw/regulations/cmr/cmr_ dll?f=templates&fn=main- Detailed Info (link to code or species list) http://data.opi.state.mt.us/ https://www.revisor.mn.gov/ https://www.revisor.mn.gov/ https://www.revisor.mn.gov/ https://www.revisor.mn.gov/ bills/mca/87/5/87-5-116.htm statutes/?id=97C.605 https:// statutes/?id=97C.605 http://www.mass.gov/dfwele/ www.revisor.mn.gov/statutes/ NA Any Any Any Any Any Any

Juveniles/adult

NA Any Any Any Any Size Age Class length and Spiny At least 6 inch At least 12 inch Softshells: >12” carapace length carapace length Snapping Turtles Turtles Snapping Turtles: <5.5” shell Turtles: shell length; Painted NA Unlimited Aggregate NA Unlimited Unlimited Unlimited Annual Bag

NA license Unlimited Unlimited Unlimited UnlimitedUnlimited < 6” (nose to toes) Unlimited Any Unlimited Unlimited Unlimited Unlimited Unlimited Unlimited Unlimited Daily Bag unlimited with a turtle seller’s special license Unlimited Unlimited >6” (nose to toes) Any Unlimited with a

None than bait Softshells for E or T species T for E or Turtles, and Spiny Turtles, Prairie rattlesnakes Unlimited Unlimited Unlimited

or T species taken for T or All other salamanders, and soft-shelled turtles species, for use as bait All other frogs except E Species/Grouping Frogs, except for E or T T Frogs, except for E or purposes other than bait taken for purposes other Common snapping turtle Snapping Turtles, Painted Turtles, Snapping snakes and lizards, except leopard frogs and bullfrogs x A A ppendi x State Mississippi Common snapping turtles Unlimited Unlimited Unlimited Montana Michigan Minnesota Missouri Massachusetts Snapping turlte

State of the Union 172 Association of Fish & Wildlife Agencies 173

htm http://leg.state. rules/?id=6256 outdoor/27801.html Chapter 2: Fisheries 002.05, 002.08, 005, nv.us/NAC/NAC-503. nv.us/NAC/NAC-503. nv.us/NRS/NRS-503. https://www.leg.state. https://www.leg.state. html#NAC503Sec080 html#NAC503Sec075 html#NRS503Sec380 Regulations, Sections http://www.dec.ny.gov/ http://www.wildlife.state. ngpc.state.ne.us/admin/ regulations/reglations.asp nm.us/conservation/index. Detailed Info (link to code or species list) 006.03P & 009 http://www. 006.03P https://www.revisor.mn.gov/

N/A Any Any Any Any Any Any Adult Adult Juvenile

Any N/A Any Any Any Any Any Any

Size Age Class ≥5” plastron ≥12” carapace 30 N/A 100 See list Aggregate

30 N/A 100 See list Annual Bag 5 N/A 100 None Unlimited Unlimited Unlimited Daily Bag None Reptile List & green frogs iger salamanders Snapping turtles open season frogs Unlimited Unlimited Unlimited Tiger salamandersTiger Unlimited Unlimited Unlimited T Unprotected Reptiles Unlimited Unlimited Unlimited Species/Grouping Unprotected AmphibiansUnprotected Unlimited Unlimited Unlimited Director’s Amphibian and Director’s Snapping turtles, bullfrogs Diamond-backed terrapins Unlimited Unlimited Unlimited Diamond-backed terrapins Unlimited Unlimited Unlimited Between 4-7 inches Adult

x A A ppendi x New York New State Nevada New Mexico New Hampshire New Jersey Nebraska

172 Association of Fish & Wildlife Agencies 173 State of the Union

s79.3.html OAC 800: 25-7-8 OAC 800: 25-7-9 1501%3A31-13-05 http://www.pacode. com/secure/data/058/ chapter79/s79.5.html; http://reports.oah.state. d%20natural%20resour %20environment%20an ces/chapter%2010%20- s%20and%20water%20 http://www.pacode.com/ safety/subchapter%20b/ %20wildlife%20resource 635-056-0080 http://www. http://codes.ohio.gov/oac/ regs/fishwild/hunt0910.pdf Detailed Info (link to code or species list) secure/data/058/chapter79/ http://www.dem.ri.gov/pubs/ dfw.state.or.us/OARS/56.pdf nc.us/ncac/title%2015a%20- Oregon Administrative Rules Oregon

N/A Any Any OAC 800: 15-9-1 thru 15-9-3 Any Any Any Adult permit permit permit Juvenile as specified on as specified on As specified on

N/A Any Any Any Any Any Any ≥13” Size Age Class permit permit permit as specified on As specified on as specified on

30 N/A permit permit permit Aggregate As specified on ≤4 without permit; >4 as specified on ≤24 without permit; >24 as specified on NS N/A permit permit permit ≤4 without ≤24 without specified on specified on permit; >4 as permit; >24 as Annual Bag As specified on N/A permit permit permit Unlimited Unlimited Unlimited Unlimited Unlimited Unlimited Unlimited Unlimited Unlimited ≤24 without specified on Daily Bag permit; >24 as As specified on ≤4 without permit; >4 as specified on

None

turtles Trionychidae Snapping turtles open season tiger salamander larvae except Emydidae & Open season reptiles, Species/Grouping Open season amphibians open season rattlesnakes Unlimited Unlimited Unlimited open season mudpuppies Unlimited Unlimited Unlimited Snapping turtles & softshell open season aquatic turtles Unlimited Unlimited Unlimited x A A ppendi x PennsylvaniaTurtle Common Snapping 15 Rhode Island Oklahoma State North Dakota As specified on permit Ohio Oregon North Carolina

State of the Union 174 Association of Fish & Wildlife Agencies 175

See White List http://wildlife.utah. http://wildlife.utah. amphibians_reptiles/ amphibians_reptiles/ Can remove unlimited gov/guidebooks/2007_ gov/guidebooks/2007_ private farm ponds and preauthorized_table.pdf numbers from the wild in from SC without a permit. Detailed Info (link to code or species list) courses), but cannot export http://state.tn.us/sos/ rules/1660/1660-01/1660- 01-17.20090321.pdf http://tn.gov/sos/pub/ proclamations/03-09-08.pdf Can only be collected from Reelfoot Lake Wildlife Area; Management http://tn.gov/sos/pub/ proclamations/09-32-10.pdf other private ponds (e.g. golf Any Any Any Any Any Any Any Any Any Any COR Adult As specified in

Any Any Any Any Any Any Any Any Any Any Size Age Class ≥12” carapace 9 20 Aggregate As specified in COR As specified in COR 20 COR 3 species As specified in Annual Bag 3/species, up to COR species Unlimited Unlimited Unlimited UnlimitedUnlimited Unlimited Unlimited Unlimited Unlimited Unlimited Unlimited Unlimited Unlimited Unlimited Unlimited 10/vehicle Daily Bag As specified in 3/species, up to 3 turtles leopard frog Controlled species Dusky salamander Unlimited Unlimited Unlimited Other open season Open Season TurtlesOpen Season 2/species 4/species 4/species & reptiles (White List) All other open season Tiger salamander and Tiger Non-controlled species Species/Grouping amphibians and reptiles amphibians and reptiles Open season freshwater yellow-bellied turtles and common snapping turtles Common Snapping TurtleCommon Snapping Unlimited Unlimited Unlimited Open season amphibians Other open season turtles Unlimited Unlimited Unlimited x A A ppendi x South Dakota Tennessee State Texas Utah South Carolina

174 Association of Fish & Wildlife Agencies 175 State of the Union

064 harvest methods. Same as Above, plus Same as rsb/code/nr/nr027.pdf rsb/code/nr/nr010.pdf rsb/code/nr/nr016.pdf rsb/code/nr/nr019.pdf rsb/code/nr/nr021.pdf Washington disallowed Washington 232-12-064, section 5). 22.13 for more restrictive 19.275, NR 21.13 and default.aspx?cite=232-12- Detailed Info (link to http://apps.sos.wv.gov/csr/ code or species list) and possession limits, animals under Washington animals under Washington See Department Rules NR Administrative Code (WAC Administrative Code (WAC species seasons, daily bag http://apps.leg.wa.gov/wac/ http://www.legis.state.wi.us/ http://www.legis.state.wi.us/ http://www.legis.state.wi.us/ http://www.legis.state.wi.us/ http://www.legis.state.wi.us/ 10.02, 16.12, NR 19.26, verify.asp?TitleSeries=58-62 commerical collection of wild N/A Any Any Any Adult Adult permit As specified on N/A Any Size Age Class permit ≥9” carapace As specified on carapace length Between 12-16 inch N/A 250 permit 13 (possession As specified on limit; 10 Mississippi River, 3 other rivers) other 3 River, 5 5 (possession limit) Any 8 8 (possession limit) Any 13 N/A permit As specified on 5 N/A rivers permit waters Unlimited Unlimited Unlimited Unlimited Unlimited 5 Mississippi River; 3 other River; 3 other 10 Mississippi As specified on

None turtles Softshell turtle Snapping turtle Snapping turtle All other open season As specified on permit Species/Grouping Daily Bag Annual Bag Aggregate x A A ppendi x Wisconsin State West VirginiaWest Open season amphibians Washington Vermont Virginia

State of the Union 176 Association of Fish & Wildlife Agencies 177

mudpuppies. harvest methods. Bait Dealers license rsb/code/nr/nr021.pdf rsb/code/nr/nr022.pdf rsb/code/nr/nr027.pdf 21.13 and NR 22.13 for required to take and sell License required to take and sell leapord frogs (for bait), tiger salamanders & more than 5 frogs for sale Detailed Info (link to code or species list) and possession limits, specific seasons, daily bag purposes other than fishing See Department Rules NR as use fishing bait.Class http://www.legis.state.wi.us/ http://www.legis.state.wi.us/ http://www.legis.state.wi.us/ A Captive Wild Animal Farm Captive Wild A Any Any permit Chapter 10 Determined on a case by case basis for Any Any Size Age Class permit for Chapter 10 Determined on a case by basis permit for Chapter 10 Determined on a case by basis 10 permit Determined on a case by basis for Chapter Unlimited Unlimited Unlimited Unlimited Unlimited Unlimited 10 permit Determined on a case by basis for Chapter permit puppies Species/Grouping Daily Bag Annual Bag Aggregate Incidentally taken turtles on Mississippi River with tiger salamanders & mud Determined on a case by case basis for Chapter 10 commercial fishing license open season leopard frogs, x A A ppendi x State Wyoming Wisconsin ( cont inued)

176 Association of Fish & Wildlife Agencies 177 State of the Union

pdf Commission Orders services/Title_12/12- http://www.agfc.com/ ), 04.htm#ARTICLE_4 R12-4-406 link ( http:// link ( http://www.azgfd. default.asp?SP=CCR- ReptileAmphibian.pdf ) com/watchable-wildlife/ www.azsos.gov/public_ 1000&Action=Welcome gov/pdfs/h_f/regulations/ enforcement/Documents/ regulations/nongame.cfm See Title 14, section 5.05 Title See ccr.oal.ca.gov/linkedslice/ Detailed Info (link to code or species list) agfc_code_of_regulations. http://www.outdooralabama. for species provisions; http:// Any Any Any Any Any Any Any See and 43 (reptiles). Orders 41 Commission (amphibians) Any Any Any Any Any Any Any At least 12 inch carapace length 36 household Maximum of 6 individuals/ species/ 36 species/ unlimited 1 box turtle unlimited unlimited Unlimited Unlimited Unlimited Unlimited household Maximum of 6 individuals/ 18 COR waters. bullfrogs Unlimited Unlimited Unlimited Orders 41 Maximum of 43 (reptiles). 6 individuals/ for others; No As specified in 4; unlimited for 1 box turtle, 10 limit from private See Commission (amphibians) and species/ household Bullfrogs and reptiles and reptiles Other open season Open season turtles Open season reptiles Species/Grouping Daily Bag Annual Bag Aggregate Size Age Class amphibians and reptiles Open season amphibians Open season amphibians Open season amphibians UnlimitedOpen season amphibians unlimited Unlimited Summarized personal collection limits, within each state’s legal and regulatory (i.e., permit requirement) provisions, for quick-reference and comparison. For the the For comparison. and quick-reference for provisions, requirement) permit (i.e., regulatory and legal state’s each within limits, collection personal Summarized Arkansas California State Alabama Alaska Arizona purposes of this report, we define personal collection as any removal of native herpetofauna from the wild for personal or hobby use (including use for personal bait, bait, personal for use (including use hobby or personal for wild designated the as from shown are herpetofauna groupings native of Species pets. removal as any as did states collection collection/possession where wild personal cases In define personal we for accounts. or report, this state barter) of or purposes trade individual in sale, found not be are commercial may or for not seasons groupings but by these skins, on or restricted detail food, otherwise additional not of and subsistence are types that states, these by of species us to to refer clarification to provided For Season” information “Open the category. in phrase the given use described the or we species. within grouping, herpetofauna species apply, a unprotected limits not describing or native, few language whether very specific species), have provide status they not that protected given (e.g., report take the in from elsewhere restricted or and here prohibited excluded is otherwise Hawaii account. state’s individual the see limits, A ppendi x B . Personal Collection Limits Summary by State

State of the Union 178 Association of Fish & Wildlife Agencies 179

code) HerpReport.pdf See Chapter 10, asp?id=7379195 idapa13/0110.pdf co.us/NR/rdonlyres/ (page 4 of 16, section Gateway/View_notice. codes/27/27-1-28.html https://www.flrules.org/ codes/27/27-2-23.html, #1000(A)(6) for species lists; http://wildlife.state. 6C826CC3-A017-41E8- 13.01.06(b)) http://adm. 8616-E1634F79DA36/0/ Detailed Info (link to regulations/76-connecticut http://regulations.delaware. idaho.gov/adminrules/rules/ gov/AdminCode/title7/3000/ 3900%20Wildlife/3900.shtml http://law.justia.com/georgia/ http://law.justia.com/georgia/ http://www.neherp.com/state- Any Any Any Any Adult Adult Juvenile/adult

Any Any Any Any Juvenile/adult Any Any inch carapace Any; At least 8 Any; length for turtles

newt combined combined) for terrapin musk turtles; 1 Escambia map Unlimited, but 2 and loggerhead limit for common snapping turtles; 12 (of all species 12 (of all species backed terrapins, each of diamond- on Chapter 10 list on Chapter 10 list 6 rattlesnakes; no turtles, box Florida pine snake 3 salamanders; no limit for red-spotted 1 of each species; 4

1 1 of each snake Any unlimited unlimited unlimited Unlimited spotted newt no limit for red- 3 salamanders;

1 4 list) newt others 3 prairie unlimited unlimited unlimited 1; 4 for terrapin rattlesnakes; no 4 (of Chapter 10 limit for common snapping turtles; 4 1 turlte; no limit for (of Chapter 10 list) 3 salamanders; no limit for red-spotted turtles snakes and reptiles and reptiles. Open season

open season frogs Open season snakes Open season reptiles reptiles and amphbians Species/Grouping Daily Bag Annual Bag Aggregate Size Age Class Open season (common) salamanders and newts open season venomous open season freshwater

Open season amphibians Open season amphibians Open season amphibians open season spring lizards A ppendi x B Connecticut Georgia State Colorado Delaware Florida Idaho

178 Association of Fish & Wildlife Agencies 179 State of the Union

65)) 65)) A00090.PDF private property adopted/880.pdf ADOPTED/1010.pdf kar/301/002/081.htm (section 312 IAC 9-5-1 if hand captured on own and 115-15-2 (pages 63- and 115-15-2 http://dnr.state.il.us/legal/ http://www.lrc.state.ky.us/ Enforcement/Regulations Detailed Info (link to pdf, see sections 115-15-1 pdf, see sections 115-15-1 code or species list) news/Other-Services/Law- http://dnr.state.il.us/LEGAL/ Open season frog exception through 9-5-11) http://www. through 9-5-11)

in.gov/legislative/iac/T03120/ http://www.kdwp.state.ks.us/ (click All Regulations 9-01-09 (click

any Any Any Any Any Any Any Any Any Adult Adult

any Any Juvenile/adult Any Any Any Any Any Juvenile/adult Any Any Any Any inches inches Minimum SVL 5 Minimum SVL 3 Minimum SVL 4

4 5 5 24 16 25 30 24 turtles Unlimited combined or 50 lbs dressed 50 turtles and frogs 100 lbs of live turtle

4 50 unlimited unlimited unlimited unlimited Unlimited Unlimited Unlimited Unlimited 1 2

4 8 8 5 5 8 25 25 15 unlimited unlimited unlimited 100 lbs of live turtle or 50 lbs dressed turtles

turtles Bullfrogs Bullfrogs and reptiles and reptiles temmincki Rana grylio Salamanders: softshell turtles Macroclemys Desmognathus other open season Other open season Box turtles, terrapins Rana catesbeiana game turtles and frogs common snapping and Snapping and softshell Species/Grouping Daily Bag Annual Bag Aggregate Size Age Class amphibians and reptiles amphibians and reptiles Open season snakes and Open season amphibians Open season amphibians turtles. Open season frogs A ppendi x B Iowa Louisiana Indiana Kansas Kentucky State Illinois

State of the Union 180 Association of Fish & Wildlife Agencies 181 ; species.htm 300.htm#305 02_182417_7.pdf title12sec12152.html org/legis/Statutes/12/ documents/dnr/FO-224- http://www.michigan.gov/ dfw/regulations/cmr/cmr_ the wild and limit is 0. http://www.maine.gov/ifw/ Detailed Info (link to code or species list) wood and terrapin) are not allowed to be removed from http://www.mainelegislature. wildlife/licenses/captive.asp See http://dnr.maryland.gov/ Some List B turtles (spotted, wildlife/species/unrestricted_ http://www.mass.gov/dfwele/ Any Any Any Any Any Any Any COR Juvenile/adult Juvenile/adult Juvenile/adult Juvenile/adult As specified in Any Juvenile/adult Any AnyAny Juvenile/adult Any Any Any Any

COR inches inches length; Any length; At least 4 inch As specified in Turtles, at least Turtles, At least 13 inch Minimum SVL 3 Minimum SVL 4 inch carapace carapace length carapace length Minimum SVL 2.5 Minimum SVL for snapping turlte

1 10 in any possession 12 each, no combination turtle species. more than 24 in of either species each frog or toad 6 in combination, 4 in combination, 4 adults each, 25 than 2 of any one eggs or tadpoles of turtles and no more and no more than 2 with no more than 4 As specified in COR

COR unlimited Unlimited 10 per day Unlimited Unlimited Unlimited 2 each As specified in 2 1 10 COR 1 each Unlimited 1 each 12 each Unlimited unlimited unlimited Unlimited Unlimited Unlimited Unlimited frog or toad 1 of any spp As specified in 2 turtles and no 4 adult, 25 eggs 3 in combination, 2 in combination, one turtle species and no more than with no more than more than 1 of any or tadpoles of each

turtles reptiles green frog and reptiles Snapping turtle Snapping turtle American bullfrog and reptiles, List and reptiles, List B List A, color mutatedList Unlimited Unlimited Unlimited Open season reptiles American bullfrog and Snapping and softshell Species/Grouping Daily Bag Annual Bag Aggregate Size Age Class amphibians and reptiles. Open season amphibians Open season amphibians Open season amphibians 10 Open season amphibians Bait frogs (family Ranidae) 10 in possession Unlimited 10 in possession Restricted amphibians and Open season (not listed as endangered or threatened) A ppendi x B Massachusetts Michigan State Maine Maryland

180 Association of Fish & Wildlife Agencies 181 State of the Union h.htm&cp 3c10-6.pdf rules/?id=6256 rules/?id=6256 statutes/?id=97C.605 statutes/?id=97C.601 49-5-119) http://michie. 49-5-119) http://www.sos.mo.gov/ adrules/csr/current/3csr/ https://www.revisor.mn.gov/ https://www.revisor.mn.gov/ lexisnexis.com/mississippi/ (Sections 49-5-101 through Detailed Info (link to code or species list) https://www.revisor.mn.gov/ https://www.revisor.mn.gov/ https://www.revisor.mn.gov/ lpext.dll?f=templates&fn=main- statutes/?id=97A.015 (subd. 39) Any Any Any Any Any Any Any Any Any Any Any Any Any Any Any Any Any Any toes) and spiny and Spiny shell length; shell length; painter turtles: softshells: >12” At least 24 inch Softshells: >12” Painted Turtles: Turtles: Painted carapace length Snapping Turtles Turtles Snapping Snapping Turtles Turtles Snapping <6” long (nose to <5.5” shell length <5.5” shell length 1 5 5 5 reptiles 16 in any combination 20 amphibians, unlimited unlimited unlimited unlimited Unlimited Unlimited Unlimited Unlimited Unlimited Unlimited 4 1 5 8 5 5 Unlimited Unlimited Unlimited Unlimited Unlimited Unlimited Unlimited Unlimited Unlimited >6” (nose to toes) Any Unlimited Unlimited Unlimited license; others license; others with an angling species unlimited species unlimited with a recreational <3 snapping turtles <3 snapping turtles turtles than bait cricket frog and reptiles E or T species T E or commercial gear Snapping Turtles, Turtles, Snapping Turtles, and Spiny Turtles, Other open season (MO residents only) Painted Turtles, and Turtles, Painted Frogs, except E or T T Frogs, except E or All other salamanders, Other frogs, except for Southern leopard frog, Snapping and softshell Bullfrog and green frog species, for use as bait Plains leopard frog and Species/Grouping Daily Bag Annual Bag Aggregate Size Age Class Alligator snapping turtle amphibians and reptiles purposes other than bait E or T species, taken for T E or taken for purposes other Spiny Softshells taken by Snapping Turtles, Painted Turtles, Snapping Open season amphibians Softshells taken by means snakes and lizards, except leopard frogs and bullfrogs other than commercial gear A ppendi x B Mississippi Missouri State Minnesota

State of the Union 182 Association of Fish & Wildlife Agencies 183

pdf , select species regulations.asp Chapter 4: Wildlife Chapter 2: Fisheries 002.05, 002.08, 005, http://www.ndow.org/ Regulations, Sections http://www.ngpc.state. support/16_CR09-04_ nh.us/rules/fis800.html use only learn/com/mtg/020609_ ngpc.state.ne.us/admin/ ne.us/admin/regulations/ http://www.njfishandwildlife. bills/mca_toc/87_5_1.htm Regulations, Section 010; http://www.gencourt.state. http://data.opi.state.mt.us/ Detailed Info (link to MCA 87-5-104 & 87-5-105 MCA code or species list) for scientific or educational regulations/regulations.asp 006.03P & 009; http://www. 006.03P Personal collection by permit Hobby_Herp_2009-10_PMC. com/pdf/2010/digfsh10-regs.pdf Any Any Any Any Any Any Any Any Any Any Any Any Any Any Any Any Any Adult Any Any Any Any Any Any Any Any Any Any Any Any Any Any Any Any ≥4.5” SVL ≥5” plastron

3 2 1 5 2 5 4 5 10 16 20 5/week 3 species 24 snakes Reptile List Amphibian & See Director’s Any combination of

3 2 1 5 5 4 2 10 16 20 260 100 unlimited unlimited Unlimited Unlimited Reptile List Amphibian & See Director’s 3 8 2 1 3 5 2 5 5 2 10 10 100 5/week Unlimited Unlimited Unlimited Unlimited

Amphibians mass Reptiles bullfrogs 010.03A3 010.03A4 salamanders & green frogs snapping turtles Permitted reptiles Chapter 4 Section Species in Need of Other open season Other open season reptiles: Category 2 reptiles: Category 1 Category 1 Reptiles Uta stansburiana Conservation (SNC): Permitted amphibians Northern leopard frogs, Category 1 Amphibians Category 1 SNC Chapter 4 Section Species/Grouping Daily Bag Annual Bag Aggregate Size Age Class Reptiles and Permitted amphibian egg Open season amphibians 4 Snapping turtles, bullfrogs Diamond-backed terrapins Unlimited Unlimited Unlimited Unprotected Amphibians & Unprotected plains leopard frogs & tiger A ppendi x B Nevada Nebraska New Jersey State Montana New Hampshire New York New New Mexico

182 Association of Fish & Wildlife Agencies 183 State of the Union

OARS/56.pdf OAC 800: 25-7-9 OAC 800: 25-7-8 1501%3A31-25-01 d%20natural%20resour http://reports.oah.state. %20environment%20an ces/chapter%2010%20- s%20and%20water%20 safety/subchapter%20b/ %20wildlife%20resource http://codes.ohio.gov/oac/ http://www.dfw.state.or.us/ Detailed Info (link to code or species list) Division 44 & 56 http://www. dfw.state.or.us/OARS/44,pdf dfw.state.or.us/OARS/44,pdf nc.us/ncac/title%2015a%20- Oregon Administrative Rules Oregon

Any Any Any Any Any Any Any Any permit permit permit As specified on As specified on As specified on

4 6 15 permit permit permit Unlimited 4/species As specified on ≤4 without permit; >4 as specified on ≤24 without permit; >24 as specified on 4 6 15 15 permit permit permit 4/species ≤4 without ≤24 without specified on specified on permit; >4 as permit; >24 as As specified on 4 6 15 15 permit permit Unlimited Unlimited Unlimited Unlimited Unlimited Unlimited on permit As specified on >24 as specified ≤4 without permit; >4 as specified on ≤24 without permit; species Bullfrogs amphibians talpoideum) Trionychidae Frogs from genera except Emydidae & (except R. areolata) Woodhouse’s toad & Woodhouse’s genera Necturus and Open season reptiles Pseudacris and Rana All other open-season Open season reptiles, aquatic salamaners of Ambystoma (except A. Ambystoma (except Species/Grouping Daily Bag Annual Bag Aggregate Size Age Class Non-State listed Species 4/species Non-game non-Protected

Open season amphibians

Open season rattlesnakes Unlimited Unlimited Unlimited A ppendi x B Ohio Oregon North Dakota As specified on permit Oklahoma State North Carolina

State of the Union 184 Association of Fish & Wildlife Agencies 185

s79.3.html fishguide.pdf handbook.pdf Permit is required. Permit is required. boating/docs/fishing- http://tn.gov/sos/pub/ http://www.pacode.com/ pwd_lf_w7000_1667.pdf http://gfp.sd.gov/fishing- regs/fishwild/hunt0910.pdf Detailed Info (link to code or species list) proclamations/11-04-09pdf http://www.tpwd.state.tx.us/ secure/data/058/chapter79/ http://www.tn.gov/twra/pdfs/ http://www.dem.ri.gov/pubs/ publications/pwpubs/media/ No collection on public roads. Any Any Any Any Any Any Any Any Any Any Any Any Any Any Any Any Any Any Any Any Any Any Any Any Any Any Any Any Any Any Any be any size & at least 21 42 inches SVL 42 inches SVL must be at least subcaudal scales; copperheads may Timber rattlesnakes Timber 9 6 2 30 30 20 NS NS NS NS 1 9 6 2 30 20 NS NS NS 1 9 6 1 15 15 species) Unlimited Unlimited Unlimited Unlimited Unlimited Unlimited Unlimited Unlimited Unlimited Unlimited Unlimited Unlimited 2/species 4/species 4/species 10/vehicle 24/species 24/species 24/species 15 (combined

tadpoles Bullfrogs leopard frog salamanders copperheads herpetofauna Spotted turtle Snapping turtles frogs & bullfrogs except false map freshwater turtles Amphibian eggs & Other open season Other open season Other open season Other open season Tiger salamander & Tiger Open season dusky Open season turtles, & reptiles (Commercial Bullfrogs & green frogs 10 (combined) NS Timber rattlesnake and Timber Snapping turtles, green Species/Grouping Daily Bag Annual Bag Aggregate Size Age Class amphibians and reptiles amphibians and reptiles Diamond-backed terrapin 2 Collection Prohibited List) Open season amphibians A ppendi x B Tennessee Rhode Island State Pennsylvania Texas South Carolina South Dakota

184 Association of Fish & Wildlife Agencies 185 State of the Union

http://wildlife.utah. http://wildlife.utah. Otter salamander). are also a prohibited amphibians_reptiles/ amphibians_reptiles/ cannot be possessed, salamander, diamond- salamander, Bullfrogs are classified gov/guidebooks/2007_ gov/guidebooks/2007_ wood turtle, canebrake aquatic animal species 77.12.020, section 8a). lizard, barking treefrog, preauthorized_table.pdf backed terrapin, spotted species listed in VAC 15- species listed in VAC as a game species under turtle, hellbender and any Code (WAC) 232-12-007, Code (WAC) salamander and Peaks of rattlesnake, eastern glass (WAC 220-12-090), which (WAC Collection is prohibited for Detailed Info (link to 20-130 or VAC 15-360-10. 20-130 or VAC Agreements (Shenandoah tiger salamander, Mabee’s Mabee’s tiger salamander, code or species list) Washington Administrative Washington imported, purchased, sold, Code of Washington (RCW Code of Washington propagated, transported, or Collection is also prohibited released under the Revised section 1; however, bullfrogs section 1; however, for species with Conservation

Any Any COR Adult permit As specified in As specified on

Any Any COR permit As specified in As specified on carapace length At least 11.5 inch At least 11.5 5 9 15 permit As specified on As specified in COR 5 15 COR permit 3 species As specified in As specified on 3/species, up to 5 COR permit species Unlimited Unlimited Unlimited for others As specified in As specified on 15 for bullfrogs; 5 3/species, up to 3 Bullfrogs Snapping turtle Controlled species amphibian or reptile Open season native As specified on permit Non-controlled species Species/Grouping Daily Bag Annual Bag Aggregate Size Age Class A ppendi x B Virginia Washington State Utah Vermont

State of the Union 186 Association of Fish & Wildlife Agencies 187

regulations. harvest methods. families Trionychidae Trionychidae families Same as Above, plus Same as Members of the turtle rsb/code/nr/nr010.pdf rsb/code/nr/nr016.pdf rsb/code/nr/nr019.pdf rsb/code/nr/nr021.pdf rsb/code/nr/nr022.pdf rsb/code/nr/nr027.pdf 22.13 for more restrictive and Chelydridae are also prohibited aquatic animal eared sliders, cooters and 19.275, NR 21.13 and currently exist for the non- disallowed under currently Detailed Info (link to http://apps.sos.wv.gov/csr/ code or species list) and possession limits, they are neither allowed or native populuations of red- See Department Rules NR green frogs in Washington, green frogs in Washington, species seasons, daily bag http://www.legis.state.wi.us/ http://www.legis.state.wi.us/ http://www.legis.state.wi.us/ http://www.legis.state.wi.us/ http://www.legis.state.wi.us/ http://www.legis.state.wi.us/ species (WAC 220-12-090). species (WAC 10.02, 16.12, NR 19.26, verify.asp?TitleSeries=58-60 Note also that no regulations Any Any Any Any Any Any Adult Any Any Any Any length inch carapace Between 12-16 20 of 10) species 100; any of species combination of 13 (possession which has a limit Mississippi River all waters except limit - 3 is from 50; any combination 5 5 (possession limit) Any 8 8 (possession limit) Any 13 20 50; any species species 100; any combination of combination of 5 10 rivers 50; any species species 100; any Unlimited Unlimited Unlimited River; 3 other 10 Mississippi 3 other waters combination of combination of 5 Mississippi River;

turtles Bullfrogs Salamanders Softshell turtle Aquatic turtles Snapping turtle All other open season Bullfrogs & green frogs Species/Grouping Daily Bag Annual Bag Aggregate Size Age Class A ppendi x B Wisconsin West Virginia West State Washington (continued)

186 Association of Fish & Wildlife Agencies 187 State of the Union

details; wild in Wisonsin. rsb/code/nr/nr010.pdf rsb/code/nr/nr016.pdf rsb/code/nr/nr019.pdf rsb/code/nr/nr021.pdf rsb/code/nr/nr022.pdf rsb/code/nr/nr027.pdf 10.02, 16.12, NR 19.26, regulations/pdf/Ch10.pdf daily bag and possession NR 19.275, 21.13, 22.13 and NR 27 for more Detailed Info (link to code or species list) http://gf.state.wy.us/admin/ See Department Rules NR Some species may only be collected with a Chapter 10 restrictive species seasons, http://www.legis.state.wi.us/ http://www.legis.state.wi.us/ http://www.legis.state.wi.us/ http://www.legis.state.wi.us/ http://www.legis.state.wi.us/ http://www.legis.state.wi.us/ limits, and harvest methods. Cannot be collected from the permit, see State Account for permit, see State Any Any Any state As restricted from originating Any Any Any originating state As restricted from of state obtained from out 2/species if legally 0 0 Unlimited Unlimited Unlimited Unlimited Unlimited Unlimited 2/species 2/species 2/species triangulum and reptiles and reptiles Elaphe vulpina vulpina, Species/Grouping Daily Bag Annual Bag Aggregate Size Age Class Pituophis melanoleucus Lampropeltis triangulum sayi, Coluber constrictor, sayi, Coluber constrictor, Elaphe obsoleta Open season amphibians Open season amphibians A ppendi x B Wisconsin (continued) State Wyoming Specific authorizations and/or restrictions may not be listed in this summary table. Refer individual state’s account for required permits or licenses and various restrictions imposed on certain Specific authorizations and/or restrictions may not be listed in this summary table. Refer individual state’s individual code or regulations for the most up-to-date information. As this is a compilation that only periodically updated, always check a given state’s species for commercial and/or personal use.

State of the Union 188 Association of Fish & Wildlife Agencies 189 ID, MT VA, WI VA, VA, WV VA, TX, UT, WY TX, UT, OH, OK, PA, OH, OK, PA, NM, NC, OH, MS, MO, NE, ME, MD, MA, MN, MS, MO, GA, IL, IN, IA, IN, IA, KY, LA, IN, IA, KY, AL, FL, GA, LA, AL, AR, DE, FL, AL, SC, SD, TX, VT, TX, VT, SC, SD, MS, NC, SC, VA AL, AR, DE, GA, AL, AZ, CA, IA,, MN, OK, SC, SD, TX, OK, SC, SD, NH, NY, NC, ND, NH, NY, MO, MT, NE, NV, NE, NV, MO, MT, NM, ND, OK, SD, KS‡, KY, LA, MD, KS‡, KY, ID WY ID, NV NV CA, ID, MT, SC, SD NC, SC Allowed for Collection? AL, FL, GA, AL, GA, LA, ND, SD, TX, ND, SD, LA, NM, NC, MN, NV, NM, MN, NV, ME, MN, NC, Commercial Personal AL, FL, GA, LA, ND, SC, SD, VT TN CA CA WA WY WV, WI WV, DC, MO CO, MT, CO, MT, CO, DC, SC‡, SD, SGCN? IA, KS, MN, IA, MO, NV, IA, MO, NV, NM, UT, WY NM, UT, MO, NY, PA, PA, MO, NY, NM, UT, WY, WY, UT, NM, CA CA CO CO, KSTX NM, TX AZ, NM, OK, MS WY NE, TX NE, MT, UT MT, UT, WA UT, ID, OR, WA WA CA, OR, WA CA Protected CO, MT, OR, CO, MT, DC, MN, MS, CO, MN, MO, Other State Designation MN, NE, NY, TX MN, NE, NY, CO, DC, IN, MS, MI KS NE, UT State WI CO, NM UT MN, NY, PA, PA, MN, NY, Federal X X Endangered Threatened Endangered Threatened CA CA WY Yes No WV, WI WV, OK, TX OK, UT, WY, WA WY, UT, Native to your state? SD, TX, UT, WY TX, UT, SD, TN, TX, VT, VA, VA, TX, VT, TN, PA, RI, SC, SD, PA, DC, FL, GA, IL, NE, NH, NJ, NY, NE, NH, NJ, NY, TX, VA, WV, WI WV, TX, VA, AL, AR, DE, DC, AL, NV, NM, ND, OK, NV, KY, LA, ME, MD, KY, MN, MO, MT, NE, MN, MO, MT, PA, SC, SD, TN, SC, SD, PA, NC, ND, OH, OK, ID, MT, OR, WA ID, MT, NC, SC, TN, VA NC, SC, AL, AR, CO, DE, AL, AK, CA, CO, ID, NY, NC, OH, OK, NY, MD, MI, MN, MS, MA, MN, MS, MO, MO, NE, NJ, NM, CT, GA, IN, IA, KS, CT, AZ, CO, KS, NM, MT, NV, NM, OR, NV, MT, AZ, CA, CO, IA, KS, AL, FL, GA, LA, MS, IN, IA, KS, KY, LA, IN, IA, KS, KY, *=Extirpated †=Possibly ‡=Applies to one subspecies or population only; see state’s species matrix for more details. ^=Proposed *=Extirpated †=Possibly ‡=Applies to one subspecies or population only; see state’s Green Toad Green Arroyo Toad Arroyo Western Toad Western Yosemite Toad Yosemite Wyoming Toad Wyoming American Toad American Great Plains Toad Great Plains Coastal Tailed FrogTailed Coastal CA, OR, WA Common Name Northern Cricket Frog Southern Cricket Frog (Crother et al 2008) Rocky Mountain Tailed Frog Tailed Rocky Mountain FROGS

americanus californicus Acris gryllus

Acris crepitans Ascaphus truei Bufo (Anaxyrus) Bufo (Anaxyrus)

Scientific Name Ascaphus montanus

Summary by species showing native and non-native occurrence, Federal and State threatened or endangered status listing, states with other regulatory occurrence, Federal and non-native native species showing Summary by Bufo (Anaxyrus) debilis Bufo (Anaxyrus) baxteri Bufo (Anaxyrus) boreas

(Crother et al 2008) Bufo (Anaxyrus) canorus Bufo (Anaxyrus) cognatus protection status, occurrence on State Wildlife Action Plan Species of Greatest Conservation Need (or analogous) list, and states with legal allowances for allowances list, and states with legal Need (or analogous) Action Plan Species of Greatest Conservation protection status, occurrenceWildlife on State to subspecies. See pertain only distribution, protections, or collection allowances The “‡” symbol designates when commercial or personal collection. clarification For on protection types and definitionsadditional notations at the bottom of each page this table. of protection designations, see the individual unprotected herpetofauna native, species. very few have that they in the report given here and elsewhere is excluded account. Hawaii state’s A ppendi x C . Conservation and Protection Status by Species

188 Association of Fish & Wildlife Agencies 189 State of the Union AZ AZ TX TX TX TX SC, VT, VA SC, VT, OK, TX, UT OK, NC, SC, VA AZ, NM, TX AZ, NM, GA, IN, IA, KY, GA, IN, IA, KY, AL, FL, GA, LA, AL, AR, DE, FL, AL, AZ, CA, CO, ID, SD, TX, UT, WY TX, UT, SD, MS, NC, SC, VA IA, MO, MT, NE, IA, MO, MT, FL, GA, LA, MS, AZ, CA, NV, NM, AZ, CA, NV, NV, NM, ND, OK, NV, LA, MD, MA, MS, MO, NY, NC, OH, MO, NY, TX LA, TXLA, TX LA, MS, UT, WY UT, NM, TXNM, TX NM, OK, NC, SC NC, SC NV, NMNV, AZ, NM Allowed for Collection? NC, SC, VT FL, GA, LA, ID, NV, NM, ID, NV, ND, SD, TX, ND, SD, Commercial Personal AL, FL, GA, LA, AL, FL, GA, LA, TX TX UT NV ND MN, ND, SD MN, ND, SD WY PA, VT PA, SGCN? NH, NJ, NY, NH, NJ, NY, ID, MO, ND, AZ, NV, NM, AZ, NV, CT, DC, MO, DC, CT, TX AZ, NM TX TX TX UT CA CA, NM NV MS MS NC, VA MN CO, KS KSTX, UT NM, NV, CO, NE, OR Protected Other State Designation DC, MS, NH, NJ UT MS NM State TX Federal X Endangered Threatened Endangered Threatened LA TX TX TX NV Yes No NC, SC, VA Native to your state? IA, KS, KY, LA, IA, KS, KY, AZ, CA, CO, KS, DC, FL, GA, IN, TN, VT, VA, WV VA, TN, VT, OH, PA, RI, SC, OH, PA, AL, AR, CT, DE, AR, CT, AL, AL, FL, GA, LA, NH, NJ, NY, NC, NH, NJ, NY, AZ, CA, CO, ID, IA, KS, MO, MT, IA, KS, MO, MT, MS, NC, SC, VA FL, GA, LA, MS, TX, UT, WA, WY WA, TX, UT, OK, OR, SD, TN, OK, OR, SD, NE, NV, NM, ND, NE, NV, MD, MA, MS, MO, NV, NM, OK, TX, UT TX, OK, NM, NV, *=Extirpated †=Possibly ‡=Applies to one subspecies or population only; see state’s species matrix for more details. ^=Proposed *=Extirpated †=Possibly ‡=Applies to one subspecies or population only; see state’s Oak Toad Oak Texas Toad Texas TX NM, OK, Barking FrogTX AZ, NM, Arizona ToadArizona NM, UT AZ, NV, Houston Toad Houston Fowler’sToad Southern Toad Southern Canadian ToadCanadian MN, ND, SD Amargosa Toad Amargosa Gulf Coast Toad Gulf Coast Toad Gulf Coast TX LA, MS, Red-spotted Toad Red-spotted Cliff Chirping Frog Cliff Woodhouse’s Toad Woodhouse’s Common Name Colorado River ToadColorado River AZ, CA, NM Sonoran Green ToadSonoran Green AZ Spotted Chirping Frog TX (Crother et al 2008) Rio Grande Chirping Frog TX A ppendi x C

(alvaria)

FROGS (nebulifer) woodhousii

houstonensis (Syrrhophus) microscaphus cystignathoides Bufo (Anaxyrus) Bufo (Anaxyrus) Bufo (Anaxyrus) Eleutherodactylus Eleutherodactylus Eleutherodactylus Eleutherodactylus

Scientific Name (Craugastor) augusti Bufo (Ollotis) alvarius Bufo (Ollotis) valliceps (Syrrhophus) gutillatus Bufo (Anaxyrus) fowleri (Syrrhophus) marnockii Bufo (Anaxyrus) nelsoni (Crother et al 2008) Bufo (Anaxyrus) terrestris Bufo (Anaxyrus) valliceps Bufo (Anaxyrus) retiformis Bufo (Anaxyrus) punctatus Bufo (Anaxyrus) quercicus Bufo (Anaxyrus) speciosus Bufo (Anaxyrus) hemiophrys (Anaxyrus) Bufo

State of the Union 190 Association of Fish & Wildlife Agencies 191 NC VA, WI VA, TX, VA OK, TX OK, AZ, NM NC, OK, TX NC, OK, NC, OK, SC, MS, MO, NE, MS, MO, NH, MD, MA, MN, MD, MS, MO, AR, DE, IN, IA, GA, IN, IA, KS, SD, TX, VA, WI TX, VA, SD, GA, IN, KY, LA, GA, IN, KY, AL, FL, GA, KY, AL, FL, GA, KY, AL, FL, GA, LA, AL, FL, GA, LA, AL, AR, DE, FL, AL, AL, AR, DE, FL, AL, MS, NC, TX, VA MS, NC, OK, PA, TX, VT, TX, VT, OK, PA, AL, AR, FL, GA, AL, AR, FL, GA, KY, AR, FL, GA, KY, MS, NC, SC, VA KS, KY, LA, ME, KS, KY, LA, MS, NC, SC LA, MS, OK, SC KY, LA, MD, MN, KY, KY, LA, MS, MO, KY, AZ, AR, KS, MO, AZ, NY, NC, ND, OH, NY, NC, OH, OK, SC, NC NM LA, NC SC, SD NC, SC NC, SC NC, SC Allowed for Collection? NC, SC, TX NC, SC, AL, FL, GA, AL, FL, GA, NC, ND, VT LA, MN, NC, LA, ME, MN, FL, GA, LA, SC Commercial Personal AL, FL, GA, LA, AL, FL, GA, LA, AL, FL, GA, LA, AL, FL, GA, LA, AZ TX SC SD NC, SC NC, NC, TN NC, MD, MO SGCN? AL, FL, NJ, NJ, FL, AL, NC, TN, VA NC, AR, KY, OK, AR, KY, CT, KY, MO, KY, CT, AZ, AR, CO, AZ, DE, KY, MD, DE, KY, DE, MO, NJ, MS MS AL, FL MS, TX MS, DC, MS MO DC, KY, CO, NE, TX CO, NE, MN, MS, TX MN, MS, Protected Other State Designation MN, MS, NE, TX MN, MS, NE, IL MS, OK TX UTTX, UT CO, AZ, CO NM NV, TX, UT AZ, NM, SC State NJ NJ MD IL, KSTX MS, KS, MD, MO NM DE, MD VA Federal Endangered Threatened Endangered Threatened WV TX Yes No TX, UT SC, TN SC, OK, TX OK, VA, WV, WI WV, VA, LA, MD, MS, Native to your state? MO, NC, OK, MO, NE, NM, MN, MS, MO, FL, GA, IN, IA, IL, KS, KY, LA, IL, KS, KY, IN, IA, KS, KY, IN, IA, KS, KY, OK, TN, TX, VA TN, OK, FL, GA, IN, KY, FL, GA, IN, KY, AR, FL, GA, IL, VT, VA, WV, WI WV, VA, VT, SC, TN, TX, VA TN, SC, AL, AR, FL, GA, AL, RI, SD, TN, TX, TN, RI, SD, NC, SC, TX, VA NC, SC, NC, SC, TN, VA NC, SC, KS, KY, LA, MD, KS, KY, SC, SD, TN, TX, TN, SC, SD, AL, AR, DE, DC, AL, AL, DE, FL, GA, NC, OH, SC, VA NH, NJ, NY, NC, NH, NJ, NY, KY, LA, MS, OK, KY, NJ, NC, OH, OK, AL, AR, DE, DC, AL, AR, CT, DE, DC, AR, CT, AZ, AR, CO, KS, AZ, KY, LA, MD, MS, KY, AZ, CO, NV, NM, AZ, CO, NV, ND, OH, OK, PA, ND, OH, OK, PA, LA, ME, MD, MA, MN, MS, MO, NE, AL, FL, GA, LA, MS, AL, FL, GA, LA, MS, MD, MS, MO, NC, MO, MS, MD, AL, FL, NJ, NC, SC *=Extirpated †=Possibly ‡=Applies to one subspecies or population only; see state’s species matrix for more details. ^=Proposed *=Extirpated †=Possibly ‡=Applies to one subspecies or population only; see state’s Toad Toad Sheep Frog Gray Treefrog Gray Green Treefrog Treefrog Green Barking Treefrog Barking Squirrel Treefrog Squirrel Canyon Treefrog Canyon Arizona Tree FrogTree Arizona AZ, NM Common Name Bird-voiced Treefrog Treefrog Bird-voiced Pine Woods Treefrog Pine Woods Cope’s Gray Treefrog Treefrog Gray Cope’s Pine Barrens Treefrog Pine Barrens (Crother et al 2008) Eastern Narrow-mouthed Western Narrow-mouthed Western A ppendi x C FROGS

Hyla avivoca Hyla cinerea Hyla gratiosa Hyla squirella Hyla femoralis Hyla arenicolor Hyla versicolor Hyla andersonii Hyla wrightorum Hyla chrysoscelis Scientific Name

Gastrophryne olivacea Hypopachus variolosus (Crother et al 2008) Gastrophryne carolinensis

190 Association of Fish & Wildlife Agencies 191 State of the Union ID CA AZ, LA TX, VA SC, VA WI, WY AR, MO VT, VA, WI VA, VT, NC, SC, VA KS, OK, TX KS, OK, DE, MD, VA MS, NC, SC NC, OK, SC, KS, MN, MO, MN, MS, MO, GA, IN, IA, KY, GA, IN, IA, KY, AR, CO, ID, IA, AL, FL, GA, IN, AL, FL, GA, LA, AL, AR, DE, FL, AL, AL, FL, GA, NC, AL, FL, GA, MS, OK, PA, SC, TX, SC, OK, PA, NH, NY, NC, OH, NH, NY, MT, NE, NM, SD, MT, LA, ME, MD, MA, KY, MD, MS, MO, KY, ID LA NV OR CA, NV, GA MS, VA GA, KY, SC, VT NC, SC NC, SC NC, SC NC, SC SD, WY Allowed for Collection? AL, FL, GA, AL, FL, GA, AL, FL, GA, ID, MN, NM, ME, MN, NC, Commercial Personal AL, FL, GA, LA, AL, FL, GA, LA, VA AZ UT NC GA, NC, SC GA, NC, SC, VA AL, VA MD, PA VA, WV VA, DC, MO GA, MD, DC, MO, PA, SC‡, PA, SGCN? NC, PA, TN, NC, PA, TX AR, KS LATX AR, LA, OK, TX UT MS NC, VA MS , NC FL MO AR, MO NY, TX NY, MS, NC DC, MS, TX DC, MS, CO, MN, NE WY MO, VT, Protected DC, MN, MS, Other State Designation IL TX UT KS KS State PA VT MD Federal Endangered Threatened Endangered Threatened AK TX Yes No PA, VA PA, SC, VA OK, TX OK, WI, WY VA, WV VA, VA, WV VA, VA, WV, WI WV, VA, AR, KS, LA, OR, UT, WA OR, UT, MS, NC, SC DE, MD, NJ, Native to your state? ME, MD, MA, MN, MS, MO, CA, MT†, NV, CA, MT†, NV, IA, KS, KY, LA, IA, KS, KY, AR, CO, ID, IA, DC, FL, GA, IN, AL, FL, GA, LA, NC, SC, TN, VA NC, SC, SC, TN, TX, VT, TX, VT, TN, SC, AL, AR, CT, DE, AR, CT, AL, OH, OK, PA, RI, OH, OK, PA, PA, SC, TN, TX, TN, SC, PA, IN, KY, MD, MS, IN, KY, AL, DC, FL, GA, AL, FL, GA, NC, AL, FL, GA, MS, NH, NJ, NY, NC, NH, NJ, NY, AL, GA, KY, MD, AL, GA, KY, NE, NM, SD, VT, NE, NM, SD, VT, MS, NC, PA, TN, MS, NC, PA, MO, NJ, NC, OK, KS, MN, MO, MT, KS, MN, MO, MT, *=Extirpated †=Possibly ‡=Applies to one subspecies or population only; see state’s species matrix for more details. ^=Proposed *=Extirpated †=Possibly ‡=Applies to one subspecies or population only; see state’s Frog Frog Spring Peeper Little Grass Frog Illinois Chorus Frog AR, IL, MO Boreal Chorus Frog California Tree FrogTree California CA Ornate Chorus Frog Common Name Upland Chorus Frog Sierran Chorus Frog ID Spotted Chorus FrogTX KS, OK, Mexican White-lipped Brimley’s Chorus FrogBrimley’s GA, NC, SC, VA Southern Chorus Frog Mountain Chorus Frog Strecker’s Chorus Frog Baja California TreefrogBaja California AZ, LA Northern Pacific Chorus (Crother et al 2008) New Jersey Chorus Frog A ppendi x C FROGS

Pseudacris kalmi Pseudacris clarkii Pseudacris sierra Pseudacris nigrita Pseudacris ornata Pseudacris regilla Pseudacris brimleyi Pseudacris crucifer Pseudacris ocularis Pseudacris feriarum

Scientific Name Pseudacris streckeri Leptodactylus fragilis Pseudacris maculata Pseudacris illinoensis Pseudacris cadaverina

(Crother et al 2008) Pseudacris brachyphona

Pseudacris hypochondriaca

State of the Union 192 Association of Fish & Wildlife Agencies 193 AZ NM SD, TX SD, WV, WI WV, WV, WI, WY WV, CA, NM, TX CA, NM, NH, NJ, NY, NH, NJ, NY, OK, UT, WV OK, UT, NE, NM, OK, ME, MD, MA, MN, MS, MO, GA, IN, IA, LA, OK, OR, PA, RI, OK, OR, PA, UT, VT, VA, WA, WA, VA, VT, UT, KS, KY, LA, ME, KS, KY, SC, SD, TN, TX, TN, SC, SD, AZ, IN, KY, ND, AZ, IN, KY, AL, AR, CA, CO, AL, NJ, NM, NY, NC, NJ, NM, NY, SC, TX, VT, VA, VA, TX, VT, SC, AR, IA, KY’, LA, AL, AR, DE, FL, AL, NC, OK, PA, RI, NC, OK, PA, AR, IA, KS, MO, MO, MT, NE, NH, MO, MT, MS, MO, OK, TX MS, MO, OK, MD, MA, MN, MS, FL, GA, ID, IN, IA, NE, NM, NY, ND, NE, NM, NY, LA NV NE, SD SC, VT Allowed for Collection? IN, LA, ME, TX, VT, WY TX, VT, AL, FL, GA, ND, UT AL, AR, CA, AL, MN, NV, NJ, MN, NV, CO, FL, GA, NC, SC, SD, MN, NJ, NC, ID, IN, LA, ME, Commercial Personal AZ CA NM WY NC, TN NC, PA, WV PA, MO, NE, DC, MO, SGCN? AR, IN, IA, OK, TN, TX TN, OK, AZ, CO, IN, AL, FL, GA, AZ, NM, NY, AZ, NM, NY, KS, KY, MO, KS, KY, AZ AZ, NM CA AZ, TX AZ, NE, TX NE, OK, TX OK, NE, NY CA, OR CA CA, OR CA CA, OR CA AZ, CO, IN, MS, NE, TN MS, NE, Protected KS, MS, MO, CO, DC, MN, Other State Designation KSTX MN, MS, KS, MO NC AL, FL, GA State SC IN, IA X X Federal Endangered Threatened Endangered Threatened WA WA CO, ID, MT, NV, NV, MT, AZ, CA, OR, UT, OR, UT, AZ CA WV Yes No WV, WI WV, SC, TN SC, CA, OR OK, TN, TX TN, OK, Native to your state? MS, MO, NH, FL, GA, IN, IA, IA, KS, KY, LA, IA, KS, KY, AR, IN, IA, KS, TN, TX, VT, VA, VA, TX, VT, TN, DC, FL, GA, IN, OK, PA, RI, SC, OK, PA, OK, PA, RI, SC, OK, PA, SD, TN, TX, VT, TX, VT, TN, SD, AZ, IN, KY, ND, AZ, IN, KY, AL, AR, CT, DE, AR, CT, AL, AL, AR, CT, DC, AR, CT, AL, KS, KY, LA, ME, KS, KY, VA, WV, WI, WY WV, VA, AZ, AR, CO, IN, AZ, NJ, NY, NC, OH, NJ, NY, OK, PA, TN, UT, TN, UT, OK, PA, AL, FL, GA, NC, IA, KS, MO, NE, NM, OK, SD, TX NM, OK, SD, MO, NE, NH, NJ, NM, NY, NC, OH, NM, NY, KY, LA, MS, MO, KY, NE, NM, NY, ND, NE, NM, NY, MD, MA, MN, MS, MN, MA, MD, ME, MD, MA, MN, MA, MD, ME, *=Extirpated †=Possibly ‡=Applies to one subspecies or population only; see state’s species matrix for more details. ^=Proposed *=Extirpated †=Possibly ‡=Applies to one subspecies or population only; see state’s Frog Frog Treefrog Green Frog Gopher Frog Crawfish Frog Cascades Frog CA, OR, WA American Bullfrog Lowland Burrowing Common Name Plains Leopard Frog Western Chorus Frog Western California Red-legged Foothill Yellow-legged Yellow-legged Foothill (Crother et al 2008) Chiricahua Leopard Frog AZ, NM Rio Grande Leopard FrogTX NM, AZ, CA Northern Red-legged Frog CA, OR, WA AK, NV* A ppendi x C

fodiens

FROGS clamitans berlandieri (areolatus) Rana boylii Rana aurora

chiricahuensis Rana draytonii Rana cascadae

Rana (Lithobates) Rana (Lithobates) Rana (Lithobates) Rana (Lithobates)

Scientific Name Pseudacris triseriata Pternohyla (Smilisca)

Rana (Lithobates) blairi Rana (Lithobates) capito (Crother et al 2008)

Rana (Lithobates) areolata catesbeiana (catesbeianus)

192 Association of Fish & Wildlife Agencies 193 State of the Union VT, WI VT, ID, MT TX, VA SC, TX SC, WV, WI, WY WV, ME, MD, MN, IN, IA, KS, LA, GA, IN, IA, KS, AR, CA, ID, IN, VT, VA, WV, WI WV, VA, VT, SD, UT, VT, VA, VA, VT, SD, UT, AL, AR, CA, FL, AL, IA, KY, ME, MN, IA, KY, FL, GA, LA, MS, OK, PA, SC, TX, SC, OK, PA, AL, AR, DE, GA, AL, NY, ND, OH, PA, ND, OH, PA, NY, KY, LA, MD, MO, KY, ME, MN, NH, NY, ME, MN, NH, NY, MO, NH, NY, NC, MO, NH, NY, NC, OH, OK, SC, MO, MT, NE, NM, NE, MT, MO, ID SC, VT NC, SC Allowed for Collection? VT, WI, WY VT, AL, GA, LA, ID, ME, MN, NE, ND, SD, ME, MN, NC, Commercial Personal AL, FL, GA, LA, FL AL CA WY AZ, CA, WA, WY WA, MO, MT, MO, MT, DC, MN, WA, WV, WV, WA, SGCN? ID, NV, UT, UT, ID, NV, IN, KY, MA, IN, KY, CO, CT, ID, CO, CT, NM, RI, UT, NM, RI, UT, MO, SC, WI NE, NV, NH, NE, NV, FL AL CA CA CA, NV NV MN NH, WI ME, MN, VT MS, TXMS, TX FL, GA, LA, SC MS, TXMS, PA MO, NY, CA, OR CA, WA AL, MS, NC AL, NC FL, GA FL, GA Protected MN, MO, MT, MN, MO, MT, AZ, CA‡, CO, Other State Designation NE, NV, NH, UT NE, NV, CT, IN, ME, MA, CT, DC, MN, MS, TX DC, MN, MS, UT UT AZ, NV, UT AZ, NV, UT WA OR, UT, NV, State PA WA WA RI, UT LA, MS Federal CA‡ AL‡, MS, LA Endangered Threatened Endangered Threatened CA FL CA Yes No VT, WI VT, WV, WI WV, NC, SC CA, NV* MS, SC, TX MS, SC, Native to your state? ME, MA, MN, ID, IN, IA, KY, ID, IN, IA, KY, TN, TX, VT, VA, VA, TX, VT, TN, OK, PA, RI, SC, OK, PA, AL, AR, CT, DE, AR, CT, AL, FL, GA, IN, IA, NJ, NY, NC, OH, NJ, NY, KY, LA, ME, MD, KY, SC, TN, TX, VA TN, SC, AK, ID, MT, NV, NV, AK, ID, MT, SD, UT, VT, VA, VA, VT, SD, UT, AL, FL, GA, LA, OH, OR, PA, RI, OH, OR, PA, MN, MS, MO, NH, KS, KY, LA, MD, KS, KY, AL, FL, GA, MS, AZ, CA, CO, CT, AZ, CA, CO, CT, AL, AR, CA, DC, AL, MS, MO, NJ, NY, MS, MO, NJ, NY, OR, UT, WA, WY WA, OR, UT, MO, MT, NE, NV, NE, NV, MO, MT, WA, WV, WI, WY WV, WA, NC, OH, OK, PA, NC, OH, OK, PA, NH, NM, NY, ND, NH, NM, NY, ME, MN, NH, NY, ME, MN, NH, NY, DC, GA, IN, IA, KS, DC, *=Extirpated †=Possibly ‡=Applies to one subspecies or population only; see state’s species matrix for more details. ^=Proposed *=Extirpated †=Possibly ‡=Applies to one subspecies or population only; see state’s Pig Frog Mink Frog River Frog legged Frog Pickerel Frog Florida Bog Frog Dusky Gopher Frog AL, LA, MS Relict Leopard Frog UT AZ, NV, Common Name Oregon Spotted Frog CA, OR, WA Sierra Nevada Yellow- Sierra Nevada Northern Leopard Frog Columbia Spotted Frog Southern Leopard Frog (Crother et al 2008) Mountain Yellow-legged Frog Yellow-legged Mountain A ppendi x C

FROGS (sevosus) okaloosae heckscheri

Rana sierrae Rana pretiosa septentrionalis Rana muscosa sphenocephala Rana luteiventris Rana (Lithobates) Rana (Lithobates) Rana (Lithobates) Rana (Lithobates) (sphenocephalus) Scientific Name

Rana (Lithobates) onca Rana (Lithobates) grylio (Crother et al 2008) Rana (Lithobates) pipiens Rana (Lithobates) sevosa Rana (Lithobates) palustris

State of the Union 194 Association of Fish & Wildlife Agencies 195 TX, UT SC, VA OK, TX OK, WV, WI WV, NC, SC, VA TX, UT, WY TX, UT, OR, UT, WY OR, UT, FL, GA, NC, AR, MO, OK AZ, CA, NM, AZ, NM, OK, ND, OH, OK, MD, MA, MN, MD, MS, MO, ID, IN, KY, ME, ID, IN, KY, GA, IN, KY, LA, GA, IN, KY, AZ, CA, ID, NV, AZ, CA, ID, NV, AZ, AR, CO, IA, AZ, AL, AR, DE, FL, AL, SC, SD, VT, VA, VA, SC, SD, VT, AL, AR, DE, GA, AL, KS, MO, MT, NE, KS, MO, MT, MO, NH, NY, NC, MO, NH, NY, NM, ND, OK, SD, NM, TX NM, NC, SC TX, WY Allowed for Collection? SC, SD, VT NM, ND, SD, MN, NC, ND, Commercial Personal AL, FL, GA, LA, FL, GA, NC, SC AL, GA, ID, ME, AZ CA NJ, VA FL, GA TN, WV WV OH, WV IN, KY, SC, WY MA, MO, SGCN? RI, VA, WV RI, VA, DC, ID, KY, DC, ID, KY, IN, KY, MD, IN, KY, MO, PA, RI, MO, PA, AR, IA, MO, NY, NC, PA, NC, PA, NY, ND, UT, WY ND, UT, AR, CT, DE, AR, CT, DE, FL, MD, AR, CO, CT, AR, CO, CT, NJ AZ TXTX AR, OK, LATX AR, LA, OK, CA CO AZ, WY WY UT, ID, NV, AZ, CA AZ, CA, NM CA, CO CA, COTX NM, MO, OK AR, MO, OK Protected Other State Designation CO, DC, MN, MO MN, DC, CO, TX TX UT NE, UT CO, MT, UT CO, UT State NM FL, GA CT, OH, PACT, MA, RI IN, MA, MS, MO Federal X Endangered Threatened Endangered Threatened AZ, CA AZ TX TX Yes No FL, GA TX, UT OK, TX OK, TX, UT, WY TX, UT, UT, WA, WY WA, UT, Native to your state? MT†, NV, OR, MT†, NV, VA, WV, WI, WY WV, VA, AL, AR, AK, CO, AR, AL, NH, NJ, NY, NC, NH, NJ, NY, CT, DE, DC, GA, CT, ND, OH, OK, PA, ND, OH, OK, PA, NJ, NC, SC, VA AZ, AR, CO, IA, AZ, AL, AR, CT, DE, AR, CT, AL, AZ, CA, CO, ID, NC, OH, PA, RI, NC, OH, PA, SC, TN, VA, WV TN, VA, SC, DC, FL, GA, IN , KY, LA, MD, MA, KY, DE, FL, GA, MD, MS, MO, NJ, NY, MS, MO, NJ, NY, KS, MO, MT, NE, KS, MO, MT, MA, MN, MO, MT†, AZ, CA, CO, NM, AZ, CO, NM, OK, NM, ND, OK, SD, IN, KY, OH, TN, WV OH, IN, KY, RI, SC, SD, TN, VT, TN, VT, RI, SC, SD, ID, IN, KY, ME, MD, ID, IN, KY, *=Extirpated †=Possibly ‡=Applies to one subspecies or population only; see state’s species matrix for more details. ^=Proposed *=Extirpated †=Possibly ‡=Applies to one subspecies or population only; see state’s Wood Frog Wood Salamander Carpenter Frog Burrowing Toad Burrowing Plains Spadefoot Tarahumara Frog Tarahumara Mexican Treefrog Mexican Eastern Spadefoot Hurter’s SpadefootTX AR, LA, OK, Couch’s Spadefoot Couch’s African clawed frog Western SpadefootWestern CA Mexican Spadefoot Ringed Salamander AR, MO, OK Common Name Reticulated Flatwoods Lowland Leopard Frog AZ, CA, NM Great Basin Spadefoot Streamside Salamander (Crother et al 2008) A ppendi x C

FROGS virgatipes (sylvaticus) tarahumarae yavapaiensis

Xenopus laevis Smilisca baudinii Spea bombifrons Spea hammondii Spea multiplicata Rana (Lithobates) Rana (Lithobates) Rana (Lithobates) Spea intermontana Scaphiopus couchii Scaphiopus hurterii Ambystoma bishopi Scientific Name Ambystoma barbouri SALAMANDERS Rhinophrynus dorsalis Scaphiopus holbrookii Ambystoma annulatum (Crother et al 2008)

Rana (Lithobates) sylvatica

194 Association of Fish & Wildlife Agencies 195 State of the Union VT, WI VT, WV, WI WV, VT, WV VT, CA, OR TX, UT, WI TX, UT, TX, VA, WV TX, VA, OK, TX, WV OK, OH, OK, PA, OH, OK, PA, NM, OK, WY MD, MS, MO, MD, MN, MO, AL, AR, IN, KY, AR, IN, KY, AL, GA, IN, KY, LA, GA, IN, KY, IN, KY, LA, MS, IN, KY, IN, KY, LA, ME, IN, KY, AL, AR, CT, FL, AR, CT, AL, IN, KY, NY, OH, NY, IN, KY, SC, TX, VT, VA, VA, TX, VT, SC, AL, AR, FL, GA, AL, MO, SC, TX, VA MO, SC, AL, AR, CT, GA, AR, CT, AL, IN, ME, MN, NY, IN, ME, MN, NY, IN, KY, MS, MO, IN, KY, MT, NV, ND, OH, NV, MT, MS, NH, NY, NC, MS, NH, NY, OK, OR, SC, SD, AL, AZ‡, AR, GA, AZ‡, AL, NC, OH, OK, SC, LA, MS, MO, OH, AZ‡, CO, ID, MN, ID, CO, AZ‡, ID OR CA, ID, MT, UT, WI UT, LA, SC VT, WV VT, Allowed for Collection? AL, FL, GA, SC, VT, WV SC, VT, AL, GA, LA, ME, MN, VT SC, SD, TX, SC, SD, AL, GA, NE, NM, OK, WY OK, NM, NC, SC, WV NV, ND, OK, NV, ME, MN, NC, Commercial Personal AL, FL, GA, LA, CO, ID, MN, NE, NE, MN, ID, CO, CA PA, RI PA, TX, VA NC, VA NC, SC NC, SC NC, VT NC, OK, MO, NH, MD, MO, MN, MO, AZ‡, AR, AZ‡, SGCN? CT, IN, IA, CT, NJ, NY, VT NJ, NY, FL, GA, SC NH, NJ, NY, NH, NJ, NY, SC, VA, WA SC, VA, NJ, NY, NC, NJ, NY, NJ, NY, NC, NJ, NY, DE, FL, IA^, CT, DE, DC, CT, CT, DC, MA, CT, AR, KY, MO, AR, KY, CT, MD, MA, CT, PA, VT, VA, WV VA, VT, PA, ME, MA, NH, MA, ME, NH CA‡ CA‡ NJ, TX NJ, NY, TX NY, OK, TX OK, NE, NY CO, NE NM, WY MS, NE, TXMS, NE, IA, MO, WV AL, LA, WV Protected DC, MA, MS, DC, MA, MS, MS, MO, NC, AZ‡, MS, MO, Other State Designation CT, IN, ME, MA, CT, IL MA, NH, NJ CT, VA CA NC MA State IL SC FL, GA NH CA‡ NY, VA NY, DE, MD, NJ, IA, NJ, OH, PA CT X Federal CA‡ CA‡ Endangered Threatened Endangered Threatened AZ‡ CA, NV AZ‡

CA Yes No OR, WA TX, VA, WV TX, VA, Native to your state? OH, OK, OR, MO, NE, OH, MO, NC, OK, AL, AR, CT, DE, AR, CT, AL, NJ, NY, NC, OH, NJ, NY, AL, AR, IN, IA, AL, FL, GA, IN, IA, MN, NH, NJ, NY, NY, NJ, NH, MN, LA, ME, MD, MA, SC, TN, TX, VA TN, SC, IN, KY, LA, MS, IN, KY, PA, RI, SC, TN, RI, SC, PA, UT, VA, WA, WI WA, VA, UT, DC, FL, GA, IN, AK, CA, ID, MT, AK, CA, ID, MT, MN, MS, MO, NH, AL, AR, CT, DE, AR, CT, AL, AL, AR, FL, GA, AL, KS, KY, LA, MS, KS, KY, KS, KY, LA, MD, KS, KY, OK, TN, TX, WV TN, OK, NJ, NY, NC, ND, NJ, NY, CO, ID, KS, MN, DC, GA, IL, IN, KY, DC, GA, IL, IN, KY, MA, NH, NJ, NY, KY, LA, MD, MA, KY, CT, IL, IN, KY, MD, IL, IN, KY, CT, TX, VT, VA, WV, WI WV, VA, TX, VT, OH, PA, VT, VA, WI VA, VT, PA, OH, NY, NC, OH, OK, NY, CT, IN, IA, ME, MA, MA, ME, IA, IN, CT, PA*, SC, SD, TX, SC, SD, PA*, NE, NM, OK, WY AL, AZ‡, AR, DE, AZ‡, AL, MS, MO, NH, NJ, OK, PA, RI, SC, TN, RI, SC, OK, PA, OH, PA, VT, VA, WV VA, VT, OH, PA, MS, MO, MT, NE, MS, MO, MT, *=Extirpated †=Possibly ‡=Applies to one subspecies or population only; see state’s species matrix for more details. ^=Proposed *=Extirpated †=Possibly ‡=Applies to one subspecies or population only; see state’s Salamander Small-mouthed Mole Salamander Tiger Salamander Tiger Common Name Spotted Salamander Marbled Salamander Mabee’s SalamanderMabee’s NC, SC, VA Jefferson Salamander Jefferson Long-toed Salamander Flatwoods Salamander FL, GA, SC (Crother et al 2008) Barred Tiger Salamander Tiger Barred Blue-spotted Salamander Northwestern Salamander AK, CA, OR, WA California Tiger Salamander Tiger California A ppendi x C

Ambystoma gracile Ambystoma laterale Ambystoma mabeei Scientific Name Ambystoma opacum Ambystoma tigrinum

SALAMANDERS Ambystoma texanum Ambystoma mavortium Ambystoma cingulatum Ambystoma maculatum Ambystoma talpoideum

(Crother et al 2008) Ambystoma californiense

Ambystoma jeffersonianum macrodactylum Ambystoma

State of the Union 196 Association of Fish & Wildlife Agencies 197 FL CA CA CA CA CA CA SC KY, VA KY, AL, AR, KY, LA, AR, KY, AL, FL, GA, LA, NC, MS, MO, OK, TX MS, MO, OK, WV AL, LA NC, SC Allowed for Collection? FL, GA, LA, Commercial Personal CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA NM CA‡ OK, TX OK, VA, WV VA, KY, MO, KY, SGCN? AL, GA, IN, PA, SC, TN, SC, PA, KY, MD, NC, KY, AL CA GA FL, GA FL OR OR OR MO, OK, TX MO, OK, Protected Other State Designation PA AL, GA NM State MS OH CA‡ IN, MD, MS, Federal Endangered Threatened Endangered Threatened CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA NM Yes No VA, WV VA, CA, OR NC, SC, VA Native to your state? MD, MS, NC, MO, OK, TN, TX TN, MO, OK, AL, GA, IN, KY, AL, GA, IN, KY, AL, FL, GA, LA, OH, PA, SC, TN, SC, OH, PA, AL, AR, KY, LA, MS, LA, KY, AR, AL, *=Extirpated †=Possibly ‡=Applies to one subspecies or population only; see state’s species matrix for more details. ^=Proposed *=Extirpated †=Possibly ‡=Applies to one subspecies or population only; see state’s Salamander Salamander Salamander Salamander Salamander Salamander Salamander Salamander Salamander Salamander Inyo Mountains Garden Slender Sequoia Slender California Slender Black Salamander CA, OR Gabilan Mountains Green Salamander Gregarious Slender Hell Hollow Slender Common Name Slender Salamander Two-toed Amphiuma Two-toed Slender Salamander Slender Salamander San Simeon Slender One-toed AmphiumaOne-toed FL, GA, MS Black-bellied Slender Clouded Salamander CA, OR Arboreal Salamander CA Three-toed Amphiuma Three-toed San Gabriel Mountains Santa Lucia Mountains Sacramento Mountains Wandering SalamanderWandering CA Channel Islands Slender (Crother et al 2008) Lesser Slender Salamander Slender Lesser CA A ppendi x C

Aneides hardii Aneides aeneus Aneides ferreus Aneides lugubris Aneides vagrans Amphiuma means Amphiuma pholeter Batrachoseps kawia Batrachoseps major Batrachoseps minor Scientific Name Batrachoseps campi Batrachoseps luciae

SALAMANDERS Batrachoseps gabrieli Amphiuma tridactylum Aneides flavipunctatus Batrachoseps pacificus Batrachoseps gregarius Batrachoseps diabolicus Batrachoseps diabolicus Batrachoseps incognitus (Crother et al 2008) Batrachoseps attenuatus Batrachoseps nigriventris Batrachoseps gavilanensis

196 Association of Fish & Wildlife Agencies 197 State of the Union CA NC NC WV TX, VA AR, OK VT, VA, WV VA, VT, MS, NC, SC, KY, LA, NC, SC KY, AL, FL, GA, LA, DE, IN, KY, ME, DE, IN, KY, AL, AR, FL, GA, AL, NC, PA, SC, VA, SC, VA, NC, PA, FL, GA, KY, MD, FL, GA, KY, NC, OH, PA, SC, NC, OH, PA, MD, MA, NH, NY, MD, MA, NH, NY, NC NC NC, SC NC, SC SC, WV MS, SC, WV KY, SC, WV Allowed for Collection? TN, VT, WV TN, VT, FL, GA, NC, ME, NC, SC, Commercial Personal AL, FL, GA, LA, AL, GA, FL, LA, FL FL, GA FL, GA CA CA CA CA CA OK WV KY, RI KY, NC, SC GA, SC GA, NC, SC GA, NC, SC CT, DC, CT, SGCN? AR, FL, KY IN, KY, MD, IN, KY, NC, SC, VA GA, NC, SC GA, NC, SC, VA PA, SC, VA, SC, VA, PA, AL, FL, GA, AL, AR, GA, AL, GA, NC, TNGA, NC, GA, NC GA, NC MO, NY, NC, MO, NY, AL FL, MD CA NC OK OR MS, TX MS, DC, NY Protected Other State Designation AL, AR, MS, MO, AL, CA CA GA State OH IN, MD, MO, Federal Endangered Threatened Endangered Threatened CA CA CA CA NC OR Yes No TX, VA TN, VA FL, GA SC, TN SC, AR, OK KY, LA, NC, KY, TN, VA, WV TN, VA, TN, VA, WV TN, VA, GA, NC, SC GA, NC, SC, MS, NC, SC, Native to your state? OH, PA, SC†, OH, PA, AL, AR, GA, IL, AL, IN, KS, KY, MD, IN, KS, KY, AL, FL, GA, KY, AL, FL, GA, KY, CT, DE, DC, IN, CT, AL, FL, GA, LA, TN, VT, VA, WV VA, TN, VT, OH, PA, RI, SC, OH, PA, AL, AR, FL, GA, AL, NH, NJ, NY, NC, NH, NJ, NY, MD, NC, PA, SC, MD, NC, PA, MS, MO, NY, NC, MS, MO, NY, KY, ME, MD, MA, KY, *=Extirpated †=Possibly ‡=Applies to one subspecies or population only; see state’s species matrix for more details. ^=Proposed *=Extirpated †=Possibly ‡=Applies to one subspecies or population only; see state’s Hellbender Salamander Salamander Salamander Salamander Salamander Salamander Salamander Salamander Salamander Salamander Salamander Salamander Shovel-nosed Spotted Dusky Northern Dusky Oregon Slender Southern Dusky Relictual Slender Seal Salamander Tehachapi Slender Tehachapi Dwarf Black-bellied Apalachicola Dusky Kings River Slender Common Name Imitator SalamanderTN NC, Kern Canyon Slender Seepage SalamanderTN GA, NC, (Crother et al 2008) Carolina Mountain Dusky Kern Plateau Salamander CA Ouachita Dusky Salamander Dusky Ouachita A ppendi x C

alleganiensis apalachicolae Desmognathus Cryptobranchus

Scientific Name Batrachoseps regius

SALAMANDERS Batrachoseps relictus Batrachoseps simatus Desmognathus fuscus Batrachoseps robustus Desmognathus conanti Batrachoseps stebbinsi Desmognathus aeneus Desmognathus folkertsi Desmognathus imitator

(Crother et al 2008) Batrachoseps wrightorum Desmognathus monticola Desmognathus auriculatus Desmognathus brimleyorum Desmognathus Desmognathus carolinensis marmoratus Desmognathus

State of the Union 198 Association of Fish & Wildlife Agencies 199 TX CA GA NC WV VT, VA VT, ID, MT ID, MT SC, VA NC, VA NC, VA VA, WV VA, CA, OR CA‡, OR OH, SC, VA LA, MS, NC, DE, ME, MD, AL, FL, GA, IN, AL, AR, GA, IN, AL, AL, FL, GA, KY, AL, FL, GA, KY, OH, OK, PA, VA OH, OK, PA, KY, NY, OH, PA, OH, PA, NY, KY, KY, LA, MS, NC, KY, GA, NC, SC, VA, GA, NC, SC, VA, MA, NH, NY, OH, MA, NH, NY, KY, MD, MS, MO, KY, ID GA NC NC WV WV AL, GA NC, SC NC, SC Allowed for Collection? GA, NC, SC, Commercial Personal AL, FL, GA, LA, AL, FL, GA, LA, AL, GA, NC, SC AL, GA, NC, SC ID VA TX TX KY CA NC WV NY, NC NY, KY, WVKY, WV WV VA, KY, DE, KS, MD, MO, SGCN? NC, TN, VANC, NC FL, GA, SC FL, GA, NC, SC FL, GA, NC, SC TX CA NY MT MS OR MS NC KY, DC, NY, PADC, NY, DC, PA ME, VT Protected Other State Designation TX KS MS, NC NC State Federal Endangered Threatened Endangered Threatened TX CA WV Yes No TN, VA SC, TN SC, NC, TN NC, VA, WV VA, NC, TN, VA NC, AL, GA, NC, CA, OR, WA Native to your state? PA, TN, VA, WV VA, TN, PA, GA, IN, KS, KY, KY, KS, IN, GA, AL, FL, GA, IN, PA, TN, VA, WV VA, TN, PA, NY, OH, PA, RI, OH, PA, NY, AL, FL, GA, KY, AL, FL, GA, KY, TN, VT, VA, WV VA, TN, VT, KY, TN, VA, WV TN, VA, KY, FL, GA, NC, SC AL, AR, DE, DC, DC, DE, AR, AL, KY, LA, MS, NC, KY, OH, SC, TN, VA, TN, VA, OH, SC, NY, NC, OH, OK, OK, OH, NC, NY, CT, DE, DC, ME, CT, LA, MS, NC, SC, GA, NC, SC, TN, GA, NC, SC, MD, MS, MO, NJ, NJ, MO, MS, MD, MD, MA, NH, NJ, KY, MD, NJ, NY, OH, OH, NY, NJ, MD, KY, *=Extirpated †=Possibly ‡=Applies to one subspecies or population only; see state’s species matrix for more details. ^=Proposed *=Extirpated †=Possibly ‡=Applies to one subspecies or population only; see state’s Ensatina Salamander Salamander Salamander Salamander Salamander Salamander Santeetlah Dusky Blue Ridge Dusky Cascade Caverns Northern Two-lined Two-lined Northern Dusky Salamander Southern Two-lined Two-lined Southern Ocoee Salamander Pygmy SalamanderTN, VA NC, Salado Salamander TX Allegheny Mountain Common Name Chamberlain’s Dwarf Chamberlain’s Junaluska Salamander TN NC, Long-tailed Salamander Three-lined Salamander Idaho Giant Salamander ID, MT (Crother et al 2008) Black-bellied Salamander Cope’s Giant SalamanderCope’s OR, WA Brown-backed Salamander Salamander Brown-backed GA California Giant Salamander Black Mountain Salamander Mountain Black SalamanderGiant Coastal CA, OR, WA A ppendi x C

ochrophaeus

Desmognathus Desmognathus Eurycea latitans quadramaculatus Eurycea aquatica Eurycea cirrigera Eurycea bislineata Eurycea junaluska Dicamptodon copei Eurycea longicauda Scientific Name Eurycea guttolineata SALAMANDERS Dicamptodon ensatus Eurycea chamberlaini Desmognathus ocoee Desmognathus welteri Desmognathus wrighti Ensatina eschscholtzii Desmognathus orestes Dicamptodon aterrimus Eurycea chisholmensis

(Crother et al 2008) Dicamptodon tenebrosus Desmognathus santeetlah

198 Association of Fish & Wildlife Agencies 199 State of the Union TX TX TX VA, WI VA, AR, OK MS, SC, TX MS, SC, AR, KS, MO OH, SC, VT, OH, SC, VT, MN, MS, MO, AL, AR, GA, IN, AL, SC, VT, VA, WV VA, SC, VT, AL, AR, FL, GA, AL, AL, AR, FL, GA, AL, KY, MS, MO, VA KY, AL, GA, KY, ME, AL, GA, KY, KY, LA, ME, MD, KY, MD, NC, OH, PA, MD, NC, OH, PA, WV AL, GA VT, WV VT, Allowed for Collection? NC, SC, VT, NC, SC, VT, ME, MN, SC, AL,L GA, ME, AL,L Commercial Personal AL, FL, GA, LA, VA GA, NC, SC GA, NC, SC, VA TX TX TX TX TX TX TX TX TX TX TX OK WV NJ, RI CT, MA, CT, OK, WV KS, MO, MN, MO, SGCN? TN, VT, WI TN, VT, PA, RI, SC, PA, IN, KY, MA, IN, KY, AR, DE, FL, NY, NC, OK, NY, AR, KS, MO, OK MO, KS, AR, FL FL, GA TX TX TX OK NY, RI NY, MS, OK MS, NC, TXMS, NC, AR, NC AL, FL, GA, SC ME, MA, NJ, Protected MA, MN, MS, Other State Designation MO, NY, NC, OK MO, NY, IL TX TX TX CT GA GA, TNGA, AL AL, GA State IN TX TX MS KS, OH X Federal X X Endangered Threatened Endangered Threatened TX TX TX WV Yes No TN, VA AL, GA, TN AL, GA, GA, NC, SC, Native to your state? MD, MA, MN, OK, TN, VA, WV TN, VA, OK, TN, VT, VA, WV VA, TN, VT, AL, CT, GA, KY, GA, KY, AL, CT, KY, MS, MO, OH, KY, DC, FL, GA, IL, VT, VA, WV, WI WV, VA, VT, IN, KY, LA, ME, IN, KY, OH, PA, RI, SC, OH, PA, PA, RI, SC, TN, RI, SC, PA, NH, NJ, NY, NC, NH, NJ, NY, AL, AR, CT, DE, AR, CT, AL, AL, AR, FL, GA, AL, MS, NC, SC, TX MS, NC, SC, NY, NC, OH, OK, NY, MS, MO, NH, NJ, ME, MD, MA, MS, AL, AR, GA, IN, KS, AL, *=Extirpated †=Possibly ‡=Applies to one subspecies or population only; see state’s species matrix for more details. ^=Proposed *=Extirpated †=Possibly ‡=Applies to one subspecies or population only; see state’s Salamander Salamander Salamander Tennessee Cave Tennessee Cave Salamander Dwarf Salamander Texas Salamander Texas Spring Salamander Common Name West Virginia Spring Virginia West Blue Ridge Two-lined Two-lined Blue Ridge Four-toed Salamander Oklahoma Salamander Oklahoma Salamander AR, KS, MO, OK Fern Bank Salamander TX Berry Cave Salamander TN Texas Blind SalamanderTexas TX Austin Blind Salamander TX San Marcos Salamander TX (Crother et al 2008) Comal Blind Salamander TX Georgetown Salamander TX Many-ribbed Salamander AR, OK Blanco Blind Salamander TX Valdina Farms Salamander Valdina Barton Springs Salamander Springs Barton TX Jollyville Plateau Salamander Plateau Jollyville Salamander Blind Georgia FL, GA A ppendi x C

Eurycea nana

Eurycea robusta Eurycea lucifuga Eurycea rathbuni Eurycea sosorum Eurycea wilderae Eurycea naufragia Eurycea neotenes Eurycea pterophila Eurycea tonkawae Eurycea tridentifera Eurycea tynerensis Eurycea multiplicata Eurycea troglodytes Scientific Name Haideotriton wallacei SALAMANDERS Eurycea quadridigitata Eurycea waterlooensis Gyrinophilus palleucus Hemidactylium scutatum (Crother et al 2008) Gyrinophilus gulolineatus Gyrinophilus porphyriticus Gyrinophilus subterraneus

State of the Union 200 Association of Fish & Wildlife Agencies 201 FL AL AR NC NC WV, WI WV, MS, TX MS, AR, MO AR, MO, OK MA, MN, MS, MN, MS, MO, FL, GA, IN, KY, FL, GA, IN, KY, VT, VA, WV, WI WV, VA, VT, AL, AR, GA, IN, AL, AL, FL, GA, LA, AL, AR, CT, DE, AR, CT, AL, KS, KY, LA, ME, KS, KY, VA, OK, SD, VT, OK, PA, SC, TX, SC, OK, PA, NH, NY, NC, OH, NH, NY, LA, ME, MD, MA, MO, NY, ND, OH, MO, NY, AL NC WV Allowed for Collection? VT, WV, WI WV, VT, NC, SC, VT, NC, SC, VT, AL, ND, GA, LA, ME, MN, LA, ME, MN, ND, OK, SD, Commercial Personal AL, CT, FL, GA, AL, CT, AL AL VA GA, NC, SC GA, NC, SC, VA TX CA CA CA CA AR NC GA, NC GA, NC NC FL, GA FL NC, TNNC, NC KS, MD, MN, MO, SGCN? VT, VA, WI VA, VT, GA, IN, IA, CT, DC, IA, CT, KS, MO, RI NY, NC, PA, NC, PA, NY, AL CA CA OK MO, OK NC MS NY, NC NY, OK, TXOK, MO, OK MS, TXMS, TX AL, FL, GA, LA Protected Other State Designation IN, MD, MS, MO, IA TX CA CA CA GA IA, KSTX DC, MS, NY, State IL X Federal Endangered Threatened Endangered Threatened ME, MA AL AR NC Yes No FL, GA MS, TX MS, GA, NC VA, WV, WI WV, VA, Native to your state? ME, MD, MA, MN, MS, MO, LA, MD*, MN, IA, KS, KY, LA, IA, KS, KY, VT, VA, WV, WI WV, VA, VT, PA, RI, SD, TN, RI, SD, PA, DC, FL, GA, IN, AL, FL, GA, LA, SC, TN, TX, VT, TX, VT, TN, SC, AL, AR, CT, DE, AR, CT, AL, OH, OK, PA, RI, OH, OK, PA, AL, AR, CT, GA, AR, CT, AL, NH, NJ, NY, NC, NH, NJ, NY, AR, MO, OK, TX AR, MO, OK, MS, MO, NH, NY, MS, MO, NH, NY, NC, ND, OH, OK, IL, IN, IA, KS, KY, KY, KS, IA, IN, IL, *=Extirpated †=Possibly ‡=Applies to one subspecies or population only; see state’s species matrix for more details. ^=Proposed *=Extirpated †=Possibly ‡=Applies to one subspecies or population only; see state’s Waterdog Waterdog Mudpuppy Salamander Salamander Salamander Salamander Striped Newt Eastern Newt Western Slimy Western Dwarf Waterdog GA, NC, SC, VA Caddo Mountain Tellico Salamander Tellico TN NC, Black Warrior River Black Warrior Black-spotted Newt TX Shasta Salamander CA Common Name Gulf Coast Waterdog Chattahoochee Slimy Red Hills Salamander AL Scott Bar Salamander CA Neuse River Waterdog Neuse River Waterdog NC Limestone Salamander CA Mount Lyell SalamanderMount Lyell CA (Crother et al 2008) Bay Springs Salamander MS Blue Ridge Gray-cheeked Ozark Zigzag Salamander AR, MO, OK A ppendi x C

Necturus lewisi Necturus beyeri

Plethodon amplus Plethodon asupak Necturus punctatus Plethodon albagula Plethodon aureolus

Scientific Name Necturus maculosus Hydromantes brunus Plethodon ainsworthi SALAMANDERS Hydromantes shastae Necturus alabamensis Plethodon caddoensis Phaeognathus hubrichti

(Crother et al 2008) Plethodon angusticlavius Plethodon chattahoochee Notophthalmus perstriatus Notophthalmus viridescens Hydromantes platycephalus Hydromantes meridionalis Notophthalmus

200 Association of Fish & Wildlife Agencies 201 State of the Union LA AR AR NC NC NC KY, VA KY, ID, MT OH, VA MD, VA CA, OR IN, KY, VA IN, KY, MD, NY, NC, MD, NY, MD, MA, MN, PA, VT, VA, WI VA, VT, PA, AL, GA, IN, KY, AL, GA, IN, KY, DE, IN, KY, ME, DE, IN, KY, NH, NY, NC, OH, NH, NY, LA NC NC NC WV WV OH IN, KY, WV VT, WV VT, Allowed for Collection? AL, FL, GA AL, FL, GA GA, NC, SC GA, NC, SC, VA AL, GA, NC, NC, SC, WV NC, SC, VA ME, MN, NC, Commercial Personal VA VA PA PA TN AR WA KY, VAKY, WV SGCN? VA NY NC CT, MT ID, MT ID OK AR, OK WA DC, NY MN DC, KY, CA, OR CA OR, WA WA Protected Other State Designation CT State Federal Endangered Threatened Endangered Threatened LA AR NC WV Yes No ID, MT WV, WI WV, AR, OK OR, WA AL, FL, GA KY, ME, MD, KY, Native to your state? RI, TN, VT, VA, VA, TN, VT, RI, IN, KY, OH, PA, OH, PA, IN, KY, CT, DE, DC, IN, CT, KY, TN, VA, WV TN, VA, KY, PA, TN, VA, WV TN, VA, PA, IN, KY, MD, NH, IN, KY, GA, NC, SC, VA AL, CT, DC, GA, AL, CT, MD, PA, VA, WV VA, MD, PA, NC, SC, VA, WV NC, SC, VA, NJ, NY, NC, OH, NJ, NY, NY, NC, OH, PA, NC, OH, PA, NY, MA, MN, NH, NJ, TN, VA IN, KY, *=Extirpated †=Possibly ‡=Applies to one subspecies or population only; see state’s species matrix for more details. ^=Proposed *=Extirpated †=Possibly ‡=Applies to one subspecies or population only; see state’s Salamander Salamander Salamander Salamander Salamander Salamander Salamander Salamander Salamander Salamander Salamander Salamander Coeur d’Alene Kiamichi Slimy Northern Slimy Louisiana Slimy Northern Ravine Valley and Ridge Valley Fourche Mountain Southeastern Slimy Dunn’s SalamanderDunn’s CA, OR, WA Atlantic Coast Slimy White-spotted Slimy Common Name Eastern Red-backed Cumberland Plateau cheeked Salamander South Mountain Gray- Del Norte Salamander CA, OR (Crother et al 2008) Cheoah Bald Salamander NC Peaks of Otter Salamander Otter of Peaks VA Red-cheeked SalamanderTN NC, Larch Mountain Salamander Mountain Larch Northern Zigzag Salamander A ppendi x C

Plethodon dunni Plethodon jordani Plethodon larselli Plethodon cheoah Plethodon dorsalis Plethodon kentucki Plethodon kiamichi Plethodon cinereus Plethodon hoffmani Plethodon hubrichti Plethodon kisatchie

Scientific Name Plethodon grobmani Plethodon elongatus Plethodon glutinosus SALAMANDERS Plethodon idahoensis Plethodon meridianus Plethodon fourchensis Plethodon cylindraceus Plethodon chlorobryonis (Crother et al 2008) Plethodon electromorphus

State of the Union 202 Association of Fish & Wildlife Agencies 203 VA AR GA GA OK OR NC, VA MS, VA AL, GA, KY, AL, GA, KY, AL, AR, GA, NC, AL, GA GA NC AL, LA LA, MS AL, KY, GA, SC GA, SC Allowed for Collection? Commercial Personal VA CA GA GA, NC, SC GA, NC, SC GA GA, NC GA, NC GA GA GA, NC, SC GA, NC, SC OK WA NM WV NC, TNNC, NC, WV NC, VA KY, VA, WVVA, WV MO, OK AL, GA, NC SGCN? GA OK AR, OK OK MS OR WA MS, NC NC AL, GA Protected Other State Designation CA State VA NM X Federal X Endangered Threatened Endangered Threatened GA GA GA OK NM WV WV Yes No GA, SC AR, OK CA, OR OR, WA NC, TN, VA NC, NC, TN, VA NC, GA, NC, SC MO, NC, OK Native to your state? AL, KY, LA, MS AL, KY, AL, AR, GA, LA, AL, KY, NC, TN, VA, TN, VA, NC, KY, GA, NC, SC, TN GA, NC, SC, AL, GA, KY, MS, AL, GA, KY, *=Extirpated †=Possibly ‡=Applies to one subspecies or population only; see state’s species matrix for more details. ^=Proposed *=Extirpated †=Possibly ‡=Applies to one subspecies or population only; see state’s salamander Salamander Salamander Salamander Salamander Salamander Salamander Salamander Salamander Salamander Salamander Salamander Salamander Salamander Salamander Salamander Salamander Rich Mountain Cheat Mountain Savannah Slimy Sequoyah Slimy Ocmulgee Slimy Southern Zigzag Southern Ravine Pigeon Mountain Mississippi Slimy Jemez Mountains Western Redback Western Siskiyou Mountains Common Name South Carolina Slimy Southern Red-backed Southern Appalachian Southern Cow Knob Salamander WV VA, Big Levels Salamander VA Northern Gray-cheeked Southern Gray-cheeked Van Dyke’s Salamander Dyke’s Van OR, WA Red-legged Salamander GA, NC (Crother et al 2008) Shenandoah Salamander VA A ppendi x C

Plethodon stormi Plethodon nettingi Plethodon metcalfi Plethodon serratus Plethodon petraeus Plethodon ventralis Plethodon shermani Plethodon vandykei Scientific Name Plethodon sherando Plethodon variolatus Plethodon montanus Plethodon ocmulgee Plethodon ouachitae Plethodon punctatus Plethodon richmondi Plethodon savannah Plethodon sequoyah Plethodon teyahalee Plethodon vehiculum SALAMANDERS Plethodon mississippi Plethodon shenandoah

(Crother et al 2008) Plethodon neomexicanus

202 Association of Fish & Wildlife Agencies 203 State of the Union FL VA VA CA CA CA CA OR MO WV TX, VA SC, VA SC, VA NC, VA VA, WV VA, FL, GA, NC, MS, NC, SC, MD, MS, NC, IN, KY, LA, MS, IN, KY, AL, FL, GA, KY, AL, FL, GA, KY, AL, FL, GA, KY, AL, FL, GA, KY, AL, AR, FL, GA, AL, AL, FL, GA, NC, OH, PA, SC, VA, SC, VA, OH, PA, MO, NC, OK, SC, OK, NC, MO, ID OR CA, ID, MT, FL WV VA PA, NY, KY, FL, GA FL, GA NC, SC NC, SC Allowed for Collection? AL, FL, GA, AL, FL, GA, AL, FL, GA, NC, SC, WV NC, SC, WV Commercial Personal AL, FL, GA, LA, FL, GA, NC, SC TN CA SC GA, SC GA, SC WV SC, VA NC, VA VA, WV VA, VA, WVVA, WV MD, NJ, DE, DC, SC‡, TN, SC‡, SGCN? OK, TX, VA OK, IN, MD, NY, IN, MD, NY, FL, GA, NC, KY, MD, NC, KY, KY, MO, NC, MO, KY, FL††, GA, SC GA, FL††, CA NC NC, VA MS GA, SC AL, GA AL, GA, MS WA NC‡TN, VA NC‡, NC MS, NY CA, OR CA OR, WA WA OR, WA WA MS, OK, TX MS, OK, AR, MO, OK KS, MO OK Protected Other State Designation SC NC MD, NY State IN PA NJ, OH DC, MS KS SC Federal Endangered Threatened Endangered Threatened CA CA Yes No SC, VA VA, WV VA, CA, OR OR, WA OR, WA OR, WA TN, VA, WV TN, VA, FL, GA, NC, Native to your state? MO, NC, OK, AL, DE, DC, FL, FL, DC, DE, AL, GA, KY, LA, MD, MD, LA, KY, GA, MS, NJ, NC, OH, OH, NC, NJ, MS, GA, IN, KY, LA, GA, IN, KY, SC, TN, TX, VA TN, SC, IN, KY, LA, MS, IN, KY, NC, SC, TN, VA NC, SC, AL, AR, FL, GA, AL, PA, TN, VA, WV TN, VA, PA, AL, DE, DC, FL, AL, DC, FL, GA, KY, MD, NY, NC, MD, NY, KY, MD, MS, NJ, NY, MD, MS, NJ, NY, NC, OH, PA, SC, NC, OH, PA, PA, SC, TN, VA, WV VA, TN, SC, PA, AL, GA, LA, MS, SC MS, LA, GA, AL, *=Extirpated †=Possibly ‡=Applies to one subspecies or population only; see state’s species matrix for more details. ^=Proposed *=Extirpated †=Possibly ‡=Applies to one subspecies or population only; see state’s Salamander Salamander Salamander Lesser Siren Greater Siren California Newt Cascade Torrent Torrent Cascade Southern Torrent Torrent Southern Red Salamander Red-bellied Newt Mud Salamander Grotto Salamander AR, KS, MO, OK Common Name Weller’s Salamander NC, VA Rough-skinned Newt AK, CA, OR, WA ID, MT Northern Dwarf Siren FL, GA, SC Wehrle’s Salamander Wehrle’s Southern Dwarf Siren FL Shenandoah Mountain Webster’s Salamander Many-lined Salamander (Crother et al 2008) Patch-nosed Salamander GA, SC Yonahlossee SalamanderYonahlossee TN, VA NC, Columbia Torrent Salamander Torrent Columbia Salamander Torrent Olympic A ppendi x C

Siren lacertina torosa Taricha Taricha rivularis Taricha Siren intermedia Plethodon welleri Plethodon virginia Plethodon wehrlei granulosa Taricha Pseudotriton ruber Plethodon websteri Rhyacotriton kezeri spelaeus (spelaea) Urspelerpes brucei Scientific Name SALAMANDERS (Eurycea) Typhlotriton Pseudotriton montanus Rhyacotriton cascadae Plethodon yonahlossee Rhyacotriton olympicus Rhyacotriton variegatus Stereochilus marginatus

(Crother et al 2008) Pseudobranchus striatus Pseudobranchus axanthus

State of the Union 204 Association of Fish & Wildlife Agencies 205 AZ AZ AZ TX TX CA NM SC, TX SC, NM, TX NM, AZ, NM AZ, NM MS, NC, OK, AL, AR, FL, LA, AL, NV NM AZ, NV, NM NMTX AZ, NM, NM SC, TX SC, NM, TXNM, TX AZ, NM, NM, TXNM, TX NM, NM, TXNM, TX NM, OK, Allowed for Collection? FL, LA, TXFL, LA, AR, FL, GA, MS Commercial Personal AL, FL, LA, NC, FL AZ UT TN CA CA NM SC, TX SC, AZ, NM NC, OK, SGCN? TX TX TX TXTX NM, UT CA CA MS AZ, CA AZ,CA OK, TX OK, Protected Other State Designation AL, AR, FL, MS, AL, UT NM AR, NC, SC State FL NM X X Federal Endangered Threatened Endangered Threatened Yes No NM, UT SC, TN, TX TN, SC, SC, TN, TX TN, SC, AZ, NM, TX AZ, NM, AZ, CA, NV, AZ, CA, NV, Native to your state? AL, AR, FL, GA, AL, AL, AR, FL, GA, AL, LA, MS, NC, OK, LA, MS, NC, OK, *=Extirpated †=Possibly ‡=Applies to one subspecies or population only; see state’s species matrix for more details. ^=Proposed *=Extirpated †=Possibly ‡=Applies to one subspecies or population only; see state’s Whiptail Green Anole Green Marbled WhiptailTX NM, American Alligator American Zebra-tailed Lizard American Crocodile FL Little White Whiptail NM Common Name Chihuahuan Spotted Coast Horned LizardRegal Horned Lizard CA AZ, NM New Mexico WhiptailTX NM, AZ Gila Spotted Whiptail AZ, NM Little Striped WhiptailTX NM, Laredo Striped Whiptail TX Arizona Striped Whiptail AZ Flat-tailed Horned Lizard AZ, CA California Legless Lizard CA Canyon Spotted Whiptail AZ, NM (Crother et al 2008) Gray Checkered WhiptailTX NM, Orange-throated Whiptail CA Common Spotted WhiptailTX NM, OK, A ppendi x C LIZARDS neomexicana (Aspidoscelis)

Anniella pulchra Cnemidophorus Cnemidophorus Cnemidophorus Cnemidophorus Cnemidophorus Cnemidophorus Cnemidophorus Cnemidophorus Cnemidophorus Cnemidophorus Cnemidophorus Cnemidophorus

Crocodylus acutus Anolis carolinensis (Aspidoscelis) burti (Aspidoscelis) gypsi Scientific Name (Aspidoscelis) dixoni CROCODILIANS (Aspidoscelis) gularis (Aspidoscelis) inornata (Aspidoscelis) arizonae Callisaurus draconoides

(Crother et al 2008) Alligator mississippiensis (Aspidoscelis) exsanguis (Aspidoscelis) hyperythra (Aspidoscelis) marmorata (Aspidoscelis) laredoensis (Aspidoscelis) flagellicauda Anota (Phrynosoma) coronatum (Phrynosoma) Anota Anota (Phrynosoma) mcallii Anota (Phrynosoma) solare

204 Association of Fish & Wildlife Agencies 205 State of the Union AZ AZ AZ WI, WY AZ, NM NM, UT OK, TX, UT OK, NM, NC, OK, MS, MO, NE, AL, AR, FL, IN, AL, AZ, CO, ID, NV, AZ, CO, ID, NV, SC, SD, TX, VA, TX, VA, SC, SD, KY, LA, MD, MN, KY, AZ, AR, MO, NM, AZ, NMTX AZ, NM, NM NM AZ, NM, UT NM, TXNM, TX AZ, NM, NV, NMNV, NM AZ, NV, Allowed for Collection? NM, TX, UT NM, SD, TX, WY SD, NM, NC, SC, Commercial Personal AL, FL, LA, MN, ID UT ID, NV, UT AZ, ID, NV, TX AZ AZ TX CA NM, UT ID, NV, CA CO NMTX NM, TX NM, NM NV, UT NV, AR, MO, MN, MO, AZ‡, CA, SGCN? DC, IA, KY, DC, IA, KY, WV, WI, WY WV, TX UT CO CO OR CO, OK OKTX NM, TX NM, CO, MO Protected Other State Designation CO, DC, MS, NE TX TX UT CO, UT UT UT CA State Federal Endangered Threatened Endangered Threatened WA TX CA CO Yes No TX, UT WI, WY OR, UT NM, UT AZ, CA, NV, AZ, CA, NV, Native to your state? MO, NM, OK, FL, GA, IN, IA, AZ, CA, ID, NV, AZ, CA, ID, NV, TN, TX, VA, WV, WV, TX, VA, TN, AL, AR, CO, DC, AL, KY, LA, MD, MN, KY, AZ, CA, CO, ID, NC, OK, SC, SD, NV, NM, OR, UT NV, AZ, AR, CO, KS, AZ, CO, NM, OK, TX CO, NM, OK, MS, MO, NE, NM, *=Extirpated †=Possibly ‡=Applies to one subspecies or population only; see state’s species matrix for more details. ^=Proposed *=Extirpated †=Possibly ‡=Applies to one subspecies or population only; see state’s Lizard Lizard Whiptail Whiptail Tiger Whiptail Tiger Reticulated Gecko Pai Striped Whiptail AZ Common Name Common Checkered Colorado Checkered Red-backed Whiptail AZ Great Basin Collared Six-lined Racerunner Texas Banded GeckoTexas TX NM, Greater Earless LizardTX AZ, NM, Eastern Collared Lizard Baja California Collared Switak’s Banded GeckoSwitak’s CA Western Banded Gecko Western Plateau Striped Whiptail AZ, CO, NM, UT OR Sonoran Collared Lizard AZ (Crother et al 2008) Sonoran Spotted Whiptail AZ, NM Reticulate Collared Lizard TX Desert Grassland WhiptailTX AZ, NM, A ppendi x C

LIZARDS (sexlineata)

Cnemidophorus Cnemidophorus Cnemidophorus Cnemidophorus Cnemidophorus Cnemidophorus Cnemidophorus Cnemidophorus Cnemidophorus Coleonyx brevis Coleonyx switaki (Aspidoscelis) pai (Aspidoscelis) tigris (Aspidoscelis) velox Crotaphytus collaris Crotaphytus nebrius Scientific Name Coleonyx reticulatus Coleonyx variegatus Cophosaurus texanus Crotaphytus vestigium (Aspidoscelis) sonorae Crotaphytus reticulatus (Aspidoscelis) tesselata Crotaphytus bicinctores (Aspidoscelis) uniparens (Crother et al 2008) (Aspidoscelis) sexlineatus (Aspidoscelis) xanthonota (Aspidoscelis) neotesselata

State of the Union 206 Association of Fish & Wildlife Agencies 207 AZ AZ AZ OR TX, VA AZ, NV NM, TX NM, AZ, NM TX, WY OK, TX, VA OK, NC, SC, VA AZ, NM, TX AZ, NM, AL, AR, FL, IN, AL, AL, AR, FL, IN, AL, SD, TX, VA, WI TX, VA, SD, AL, AR, FL, KY, AR, FL, KY, AL, FL, KY, LA, MS, FL, KY, KY, LA, MD, MS, KY, KY, LA, MD, MN, KY, OH, OK, PA, SC, OH, OK, PA, AZ, NE, NM, SD, AZ, AR, OK, MO, AZ, LA, MS, MO, NC, MS, MO, NY, NC, MS, MO, NY, MO, NC, OK, SC, OK, NC, MO, NV NC, SC Allowed for Collection? AL, FL, LA, AL, FL, LA, NC Commercial Personal AL, FL, LA, MN, NC, SC, SD, TX NC, SC, SD, KY FL, LA, NC, SC NV UT ID, NV, UT AZ, ID, NV, NM NM AZ, NM PA, WV PA, MO, VT TX, WV MO, NY, MO, NY, AZ‡, NV NV MO, NC, SGCN? AL, FL, GA, NC, PA, TN, NC, PA, KS, KY, MD, KS, KY, CT, DC, MN, CT, DE, KS, MD, KS, DE, UT UT NV, NV CA CA, NV NV MS OR FL‡ FL, GA AL, FL AL, FL SC, TX SC, MT, NVMT, ID, NV ID OR ID, MT, NE, NY CO, OK, TXCO, OK, TX CO, OK, CO, MO, NE AR, IA, MOTX NM, Protected MS, NY, OH, MS, NY, DC, MN, MS, Other State Designation UTTX, UT CO, NE, WY SD, UT, NM, SD, WY CT UT KSTX MS, PA, NM FL‡ State IA VT MD, SC FL‡ Federal Endangered Threatened Endangered Threatened Yes No WV, WI WV, OK, TX OK, OR, UT OR, WA TX, VA, WV TX, VA, NM, OK, TX NM, OK, AZ, CO, NM, KS, MO, NE, Native to your state? MO, NC, OH, TN, TX, VT, VA, VA, TX, VT, TN, AL, AR, CT, DC, AR, CT, AL, NJ, NY, NC, OH, NJ, NY, OK, PA, SC, SD, OK, PA, FL, GA, IN, KS, AZ, CA, ID, NV, AZ, CA, ID, NV, CA, ID, MT, NV, NV, CA, ID, MT, AZ, AR, CO, IA, AZ, NC, SC, TN, VA NC, SC, KY, LA, MD, MA*, KY, AL, AR, FL, GA, AL, TN, TX, VA, WV TX, VA, TN, SD, TX, UT, WY TX, UT, SD, KS, KY, LA, MD, KS, KY, MN, MS, MO, NE, AL, AR, DE, DC, AL, OK, PA, SC, TN, SC, OK, PA, KY, LA, MD, MS, KY, OH, OK, PA, SC, OH, OK, PA, FL, GA, IN, IA, KS, AZ, CO, NE, NM, MS, MO, NY, NC, MS, MO, NY, FL, GA, KY, LA, MS, FL, GA, KY, *=Extirpated †=Possibly ‡=Applies to one subspecies or population only; see state’s species matrix for more details. ^=Proposed *=Extirpated †=Possibly ‡=Applies to one subspecies or population only; see state’s Skink Lizard Coal Skink Mole Skink AL, FL, GA Desert Iguana UT AZ, CA, NV, Gilbert’s SkinkGilbert’s AZ, CA, NV Mountain Skink AZ, NM Many-lined Skink Great Plains Skink Common Name Broad-headed Skink Round-tailed Horned Desert Horned Lizard Goode’s Horned LizardGoode’s AZ Southeastern Five-lined Northern Alligator Lizard Northern Madrean Alligator LizardMadrean AZ, NM Southern Alligator LizardSouthern CA, OR, WA NV (Crother et al 2008) Panamint Alligator LizardPanamint CA, NV Common Five-lined Skink

A ppendi x C

goodei laticeps fasciatus obsoletus modestum platyrhinos

LIZARDS anthracinus Elgaria kingii callicephalus inexpectatus multivirgatus

Elgaria coerulea

Elgaria panamintina

Scientific Name Elgaria multicarinata Dipsosaurus dorsalis Eumeces (Plestiodon) Eumeces (Plestiodon) Eumeces (Plestiodon) Eumeces (Plestiodon) Eumeces (Plestiodon) Eumeces (Plestiodon) Eumeces (Plestiodon) (Crother et al 2008)

Doliosaurus (Phrynosoma) Doliosaurus (Phrynosoma) Doliosaurus (Phrynosoma) Eumeces (Plestiodon) egregius gilberti (Plestiodon) Eumeces

206 Association of Fish & Wildlife Agencies 207 State of the Union TX TX TX TX WY TX, WI TX, UT AR, NV AZ, NM AR, FL, IN, KS, AZ, CA, ID, MT, AZ, CA, ID, MT, OK, SC, TX, VA OK, SC, AZ, ID, NV, NM, AZ, ID, NV, NV, OR, UT, WY OR, UT, NV, KY, LA, MS, NC, KY, NM, SD, TX, UT, TX, UT, NM, SD, AZ, CO, KS, NE, ND, NE, OK, AR, LA, MN, MO, TX NV ND Allowed for Collection? ID, NV, NM ID, NV, SD, TX, WY SD, LA, MN, ND, Commercial Personal FL, LA, NC, SC FL AZ TX TX UT UT CA SC FL, SC FL, SC VA, WI VA, ND, WI TX, WY AR, MO, MO, NC, SGCN? AR, IA, KY, AR, IA, KY, SC, TN, TX, TN, SC, CO, NV, TX, CO, NV, KS, OK, SD, CA, NV, NM, CA, NV, TX TX TX CA GA, NC GA, NC, SC FL, SC FL, SC MO, NE, TX MO, NE, Protected Other State Designation IATX MS, NE, FL UT UT CA, MT, WY CA, UT, WY ID, NV, UTTX, UT CO, OR, UT UT AZ, CA, NV, UT CO, NE, OK, UT State WI CA MS MS NM X Federal X Endangered Threatened Endangered Threatened SC, VA NV, NC, NV, AR, CA, FL TX CA WY Yes No TX, WI TX, UT UT, WY UT, NC, SC NM, UT TX, VA, WI TX, VA, AZ, CA, NV, AZ, CA, NV, ND, OK, SD, Native to your state? NV, NM, OR, NV, MN, MO, NE, IN, IA, KS, KY, IN, IA, KS, KY, AR, IA, KS, LA, AZ, CA, ID, MT, AZ, CA, ID, MT, AZ, CA, CO, ID, AL, AR, FL, GA, AL, AL, FL, GA, MS, AZ, CO, KS, NE, NV, OR, UT, WA, WA, OR, UT, NV, NC, OK, SC, TN, NC, OK, SC, NM, OK, SD, TX, NM, OK, SD, LA, MS, MO, NE, *=Extirpated †=Possibly ‡=Applies to one subspecies or population only; see state’s species matrix for more details. ^=Proposed *=Extirpated †=Possibly ‡=Applies to one subspecies or population only; see state’s Lizard Lizard Lizard Prairie Skink Gila Monster Western Skink Western Four-lined Skink Florida Sand Skink Mimic Glass Lizard Island Glass Lizard FL, GA, SC Common Name Long-nosed Leopard Slender Glass Lizard Blunt-nosed Leopard Mediterranean gecko Texas Alligator Lizard Texas TX Keeled Earless Lizard TX Elegant Earless Lizard AZ, NM Cope’s Leopard LizardCope’s CA Common Lesser Earless (Crother et al 2008) Spot-tailed Earless Lizard TX A ppendi x C

reynoldsi

LIZARDS skiltonianus

tetragrammus septentrionalis Gambelia copeii

Gambelia wislizenii Holbrookia elegans Holbrookia lacerata Scientific Name Gambelia silus (sila) Holbrookia maculata Ophisaurus mimicus Holbrookia propinqua Neoseps (Plestiodon) Eumeces (Plestiodon) Eumeces (Plestiodon) Eumeces (Plestiodon) Gerrhonotus infernalis Hemidactylus turcicus Heloderma suspectum Ophisaurus attenuatus Ophisaurus compressus (Crother et al 2008)

State of the Union 208 Association of Fish & Wildlife Agencies 209 FL TX TX TX TX TX UT AZ, NV UT, WY UT, AZ, NM AZ, NM AZ, NM AZ, NM NC, SC TX, WY AZ, CO, NM, MO, NM, OK, AL, AZ, FL, GA, AL, AL, FL, LA, MS, AZ, CA, CO, ID, CA, ID, NV, OR, CA, ID, NV, OR, SD, UT, WY OR, SD, UT, AR, CO, KS, LA, MT, NV, NM, ND, NV, MT, KS, MO, NM, NC FL NM NM NM WY WY NM, TXNM, TX NM, NC, SC NM, UTTX, UT AZ, NM, Allowed for Collection? ID, NV, UT ID, NV, AL, FL, LA, ID, NV, NM, ID, NV, LA, NM, TX, LA, NM, ND, SD, UT, ND, SD, UT, AL, FL, GA, NC Commercial Personal VA GA WY NM, WY OK, TX OK, AZ, NM CA, ND, WA, WY WA, KS, MO, SGCN? AZ, CA, CO, TX TX TXTX NM, TX TX UT UT NV, NV CO MS CO MO, WY CO, TX CO, NE, OK Protected CA, CO, MO, Other State Designation CO, MT, NE, WA CO, MT, TX UT NM State VA NM Federal Endangered Threatened Endangered Threatened IN†, OH AL, FL, GA TX TX TX CA Yes No TX, UT UT, WA UT, AZ, NM TX, WY NC, OK, TX NC, OK, NM, UT, WY NM, UT, UT, WA, WY WA, UT, Native to your state? MO, NE, NM, MO, NM, OK, AZ, CO, NV†, AL, FL, GA, LA, AZ, CA, CO, ID, CA, ID, NV, OR, CA, ID, NV, MS, NC, SC, VA AR, CO, KS, LA, AZ, CA, CO, KS, MT, NE, NV, NM, NE, NV, MT, ND, OR, SD, TX, ND, OR, SD, AZ, CA, CO, NM, *=Extirpated †=Possibly ‡=Applies to one subspecies or population only; see state’s species matrix for more details. ^=Proposed *=Extirpated †=Possibly ‡=Applies to one subspecies or population only; see state’s Lizard Lizard Prairie Lizard Canyon Lizard Leaf-toed Gecko Blue Spiny Lizard Texas Spiny Lizard Texas Desert Spiny Lizard Clark’s Spiny LizardClark’s AZ, NM Common Name Florida Worm LizardFlorida Worm FL, GA Banded Rock Lizard CA Granite Spiny Lizard CA Crevice Spiny LizardTX NM, Common Sagebrush Texas Horned Lizard Texas Southwestern Fence Common Wall Lizard Common Wall Eastern Glass Lizard Graphic Spiny LizardTX NM†, Common Chuckwalla UT AZ, CA, NV, Plateau Fence Lizard Yarrow’s Spiny LizardYarrow’s AZ, NM Western Fence Lizard Western Dunes Sagebrush LizardTX NM, (Crother et al 2008) Twin-spotted Spiny LizardTwin-spotted TX AZ, NM, Slevin’s Bunchgrass Lizard Bunchgrass Slevin’s AZ, NM A ppendi x C LIZARDS

Podarcis muralis Sceloporus clarkii Sceloporus orcutti Rhineura floridana Sceloporus jarrovii Sceloporus slevini Sceloporus cowlesi Phyllodactylus xanti Scientific Name Ophisaurus ventralis Petrosaurus mearnsi Sceloporus magister Sceloporus merriami Sceloporus poinsettii Sceloporus tristichus Sceloporus graciosus Sceloporus olivaceus Sceloporus arenicolus Phrynosoma cornutum Sceloporus grammicus Sceloporus cyanogenys Sceloporus occidentalis Sceloporus bimaculosus Sceloporus consobrinus (Crother et al 2008) Sauromalus obesus (ater)

208 Association of Fish & Wildlife Agencies 209 State of the Union FL FL AZ AZ AZ AZ TX NV WY UT, VA UT, TX, UT AZ, NV AZ, CO AZ, NM NV, NM, OR, NV, AR, FL, IN, KY, AR, FL, IN, KY, AL, DE, FL, IN, AZ, CA, CO, ID, NC, OK, SC, TX NC, OK, SC, AZ, ID , MT, NM, AZ, ID , MT, NC, SC, SD, TX, NC, SC, SD, KY, MD, MS, NE, KY, LA, MD, MS, MO, MS, MD, LA, FL FL NV NV NM TX, UT SC, TX SC, Allowed for Collection? FL, LA, NC, ID, NV, NM, ID, NV, ID, NV, UT, WY UT, ID, NV, ID, NV, ND, SDID, NV, ID, ND, SD Commercial Personal SC, SD, TX, UT SC, SD, AL, FL, NV, NC, AL, FL, NV, FL AZ AZ AZ AZ CA CA CA NV WA WY WV DE, MO, SGCN? AZ, NV, TX, AZ, NV, NV, ND, SD, NV, TX CA CA CA AZ, CA OR CO CO, OK OK MS, OH Protected Other State Designation TX CO, MT NY MS, NE, NY PA NY, State CA X Federal Endangered Threatened Endangered Threatened TN FL CA CA CA NV WY Yes No VA, WV VA, TX, UT, WA TX, UT, Native to your state? MD, MS, MO, GA, IN, KY, LA, GA, IN, KY, AZ, CA, CO, ID AZ, CO, ID, MT, AZ, CO, ID, MT, SD, TN, TX, UT, TX, UT, TN, SD, GA, IN, KY, MD, GA, IN, KY, AL, DE, DC, FL, SC, TN, TX, WV TN, SC, NV, NM, TX, UT, TX, UT, NM, NV, NY, NC, PA, SC, NC, PA, NY, AR, DE, DC, FL, MS, NE, NV, NJ, MS, NE, NV, ND, OR, SD, WA NJ, NC, OH, OK, CA, ID, MT†, NV, CA, ID, MT†, NV, NV, NM, OK, OR, NV, *=Extirpated †=Possibly ‡=Applies to one subspecies or population only; see state’s species matrix for more details. ^=Proposed *=Extirpated †=Possibly ‡=Applies to one subspecies or population only; see state’s Lizard Lizard Lizard Lizard Lizard Lizard Reef Gecko Little Brown Skink Ornate Tree LizardTree Ornate AZ, CA, CO Moorish wall gecko CA Bezy’s Night LizardBezy’s AZ Rose-bellied Lizard TX Granite Night Lizard CA Common Name Florida Scrub Lizard FL Arizona Night Lizard AZ Pygmy Short-horned Yellow-backed Spiny Yellow-backed Baja California Brush Greater Short-horned Eastern Fence Lizard Coachella Fringe-toed Striped Plateau Lizard AZ, NM Sandstone night lizard CA Common Side-blotched Long-tailed Brush Lizard AZ, CA, NV (Crother et al 2008) Yuman Fringe-toed LizardYuman AZ Colorado Fringe-toed Lizard Fringe-toed Colorado Mohave Fringe-toed Lizard Fringe-toed Mohave AZ, CA A ppendi x C

douglasii

hernandesi

LIZARDS Uma notata

Uma inornata Uma scoparia Xantusia bezyi Xantusia gracilis Scincella lateralis Uta stansburiana Sceloporus woodi Uma rufopunctata Xantusia arizonae Urosaurus ornatus Xantusia henshawi Sceloporus virgatus Scientific Name Sceloporus uniformis Sceloporus variabilis Urosaurus graciosus Sceloporus undulatus (Phrynosoma) Tapaja (Phrynosoma) Tapaja mauritanica Tarentola Urosaurus nigricaudus

(Crother et al 2008) Sphaerodactylus notatus

State of the Union 210 Association of Fish & Wildlife Agencies 211 AZ UT SC, VA OK, WI OK, TX OK, SC, TX, VA SC, OH, SC, VA AR, LA, MO, AL, AR, KY, FL, AR, KY, AL, IN, KY, LA, MS, IN, KY, AL, AR, DE, IN, AL, OK, SC, TX, VA OK, SC, ID, MT, NV, OR, NV, ID, MT, AL, AR, FL, GA, AL, AL, AR, FL, GA, AL, KY, LA, MS, NC, KY, KY, LA, MD, NC, KY, AZ, NE, NV, NM, AZ, NE, NV, NC, OH, OK, PA, NC, OH, OK, PA, LA, MO, NC, OK, NV AZ, CA, NV NC, SC Allowed for Collection? AL, FL, LA, NC, SC, TX NC, SC, NC, SC, TX NC, SC, AL, LA, NC, SC Commercial Personal AL, FL, GA, LA, AL, FL, GA, LA, TX UT CA WV AZ, CA CA‡ DE, DC, AR, DC, MO, NC, SGCN? FL, IA, MA, OK, TX, VA OK, IN, KY, MD, IN, KY, AZ, CA, NV, AZ, CA, NV, MA, NY, PA, PA, MA, NY, CT, DE, DC, CT, MO, NJ, NY, MO, NJ, NY, UT WY UT, ID, NV UT CA NE IA, MO, WI LA NJ, NY MS, MO IN, KS, KY Protected Other State Designation DC, MA, MS, NE, MS, MA, DC, IA TX DC, MS, MO, OK UT UT CO, KS, NE, UT KS, UTTX NM, NV, UT MA DC, MA, MS, RI CA‡ State IN IN IA, MA X Federal Endangered Threatened Endangered Threatened CA CA Yes No TX, VA TX, UT VA, WV VA, VA, WV VA, LA, MD, MS, NC, OH, OK, LA, MS, MO, Native to your state? KA, IL, IN, KY, KA, IL, IN, KY, IN, IA, KS, KY, IN, IA, KS, KY, FL, GA, IN, KY, FL, GA, IN, KY, DC, FL, GA, IL, AR, IA, KS, LA, SC, TN, TX, VA TN, SC, PA, RI, SC, TN, RI, SC, PA, CA, ID, MT, NV, NV, CA, ID, MT, DC, GA, IN, KY, DC, GA, IN, KY, AL, AR, CT, DE, AR, CT, AL, PA, SC, TN, TX, TN, SC, PA, AL, AR, CT, DE, AR, CT, AL, AL, AR, DE, DC, AL, MO, NE, OK, WI MO, NE, NJ, NY, MO, NE, NJ, NY, NJ, NY, NC, OH, NJ, NY, AL, AR , FL, GA, AL, AZ, CA, CO, KS, NC, OK, SC, TN, NC, OK, SC, OR, UT, WA, WY WA, OR, UT, NE, NV, NM, OK, NE, NV, LA, MD, MA, MS, MO, NJ, NC, OK, LA, MD, MA, MS, *=Extirpated †=Possibly ‡=Applies to one subspecies or population only; see state’s species matrix for more details. ^=Proposed *=Extirpated †=Possibly ‡=Applies to one subspecies or population only; see state’s Rosy Boa AZ, CA, NV† Copperhead Cottonmouth Scarletsnake Glossy Snake Sierra Night Lizard Island Night Lizard Desert Night Lizard UT AZ, CA, NV, Common Name Eastern Wormsnake Western Wormsnake Western Wiggins’ Night LizardWiggins’ CA Northern Rubber Boa (Crother et al 2008) A ppendi x C

trivirgata SNAKES LIZARDS

Xantusia vigilis Charina bottae Xantusia sierrae Arizona elegans Xantusia wigginsi Xantusia riversiana Carphophis vermis Charina (Lichanura) Scientific Name Cemophora coccinea Agkistrodon contortrix Carphophis amoenus Agkistrodon piscivorus (Crother et al 2008)

210 Association of Fish & Wildlife Agencies 211 State of the Union AZ AZ KY AZ, NV OK, TX OK, AZ, NM VA, WY VA, MS, SC AZ, AR, NM, AZ, PA, SC, VA‡ PA, OH, OK, OR, DE, ID, IN, KY, DE, ID, IN, KY, AL, FL, GA, LA, PA, SD, TX, UT, TX, UT, SD, PA, AL, AR, FL, GA, AL, AL, AZ, AR, CO, AZ, AL, KY, LA, MS, OK, KY, NV, NM, NC, ND, NV, LA, MD, MA, MN, NE, MS, MO, MT, TX NV NM LA, SC UT, WY UT, OK, SC Allowed for Collection? AL, FL, GA, ND, SD, TX, ND, SD, NV, NM, NC, NV, NV, NM, OK, NV, AL, ID, LA, MN, Commercial Personal AL, FL, GA, LA, PA AZ UT SC OK WY AZ‡ AZ‡, NV AZ, NV WV, WI WV, KY, ME, KY, WA, WI, WA, ME, MA, MD, MA, MN, MO, MN, MO, SC‡, TN, SC‡, SGCN? IN, IA, KS, IN, KY, MO, IN, KY, CT, DC, FL, CT, NH, NY, VT, VT, NH, NY, AZ, CT, DC, AZ, CT, NY, NC, PA, NC, PA, NY, NE, NH, NJ, FL, GA, NC, AR, NV, NM, AR, NV, TX, VT, VA‡, VA‡, VT, TX, UT MS MO RI, WI OR, WA WA Protected CO, DC, MN, Other State Designation MS, NE, NY, WI MS, NE, NY, NE, NY, NC, PA, NC, PA, NE, NY, DC, KS, MA, MS, TX UT OH IL, MN, NY, IL, MN, NY, State IN NC ME NH, VT VT, VA‡ VT, CT, IN, MA, CT, NH, NJ, OH, Federal Endangered Threatened Endangered Threatened AZ TX Yes No PA, TN PA, WI, WY AZ, CA, NV NM, OK, TX NM, OK, MS, NC, SC Native to your state? NC, ND, OH, MA, MN, MS, MN, MS, MO, ME*, MD, MA, GA, ID, IN, IA, FL, GA, IL, IN, IA, KS, KY, LA, IA, KS, KY, VT, VA, WV, WI WV, VA, VT, AL, FL, GA, LA, AL, AZ, AR, CA, AZ, AL, SD, TN, TX, UT, TX, UT, TN, SD, AL, AR, CT, DC, AR, CT, AL, AZ, AR, CA, NV, AR, CA, NV, AZ, IN, KY, MO, OH, IN, KY, NE, NH, NJ, NY, NE, NH, NJ, NY, RI*, SC, TN, TX, TN, RI*, SC, NH, NJ, NM, NY, NH, NJ, NM, NY, KY, LA, ME, MD, KY, VT, VA, WA, WV, WV, WA, VA, VT, CO, CT, DE, DC, CO, CT, OK, OR, PA, SC, OK, OR, PA, MO, MT, NE, NV, NE, NV, MO, MT, NC, OH, OK, PA, NC, OH, OK, PA, *=Extirpated †=Possibly ‡=Applies to one subspecies or population only; see state’s species matrix for more details. ^=Proposed *=Extirpated †=Possibly ‡=Applies to one subspecies or population only; see state’s Snake Snake Snake Sidewinder UT AZ, CA, NV, Rattlesnake Rattlesnake Kirtland’s Snake Kirtland’s Sharp-tailed Snake CA, OR, WA Timber Rattlesnake Timber Regal Black-striped Common Name Burrowing Sandsnake AZ North American Racer North Western Shovel-nosed Western Sonoran Shovel-nosed (Crother et al 2008) Eastern Diamond-backed Western Diamond-backed Western Arizona Black Rattlesnake AZ, NM A ppendi x C SNAKES (stramineus) Contia tenuis Crotalus atrox

Crotalus horridus Crotalus cerastes Crotalus cerberus Clonophis kirtlandii Coluber constrictor

Scientific Name Chionactis occipitalis Chionactis palarostris Crotalus adamanteus Chilomeniscus cinctus Coniophanes imperialis (Crother et al 2008)

State of the Union 212 Association of Fish & Wildlife Agencies 213 TX AZ TX NV AZ, NV VT, VA, WI VA, VT, NM, OK, TX NM, OK, AR, NE, MO, ME, MD, MA, MN, MS, MO, ID, IN, KY, LA, ID, IN, KY, AZ, CO, ID, KS, PA, SD, TX, UT, TX, UT, SD, PA, AL, AZ, AR, DE, AZ, AL, OK, SD, TX, WY OK, SD, NE, NH, NM, NY, NE, NH, NM, NY, MT, NE, NM, ND, MT, NC, OH, OK, OR, OK, OH, NC, TX NV NV SD, VT NM, TXNM, TX NM, NM, TXNM, TX AZ, NM, TX, WY Allowed for Collection? ND, OK, SD, NV, NM, NC, NV, AL, ID, LA, MN, Commercial Personal ID, KS, MT, NM, ID, KS, MT, AZ TX TX UT UTTX NM, NV, TX NM, AZ, NV, CA CA NMTX NM, MO, WI TX, WY SGCN? AZ, IA, KS, CA, DC, ID, AZ AZ AZ, NM AZ UT UT CA CA CO AZ, CO, WY ID, NV OR AZ, ID, NV, CO, NE NY, TX, UT NY, Protected Other State Designation CO, DC, MS, NE, MS, DC, CO, TX TX UT CO, NE, UT MO, UT TX UT UT UT OH NM State IL IA MS FL, GA AL AL, FL, GA NM X X Federal Endangered Threatened Endangered Threatened TX TX TX OH Yes No TX, UT WV, WI WV, OK, TX, UT OK, TX, UT, WY TX, UT, CO, CT, DE, CO, CT, Native to your state? ME, MD, MA, MO, NE, NM, MN, MS, MO, IA, KS, KY, LA, IA, KS, KY, DC, GA, ID, IN, IA, KS, MT, NE, IA, KS, MT, AR, CO, IL, KS, AZ, CO, ID, NV, AZ, CO, ID, NV, AZ, CA, CO, ID, AL, AZ, AR, CA, AZ, AL, OK, OR, PA, RI, OK, OR, PA, UT, VT, VA, WA, WA, VA, VT, UT, NE, NV, NH, NJ, NE, NV, SC, SD, TN, TX, TN, SC, SD, AZ, CA, NV, NM, AZ, CA, NV, OR, UT, WA, WY WA, OR, UT, NM, NY, NC, OH, NM, NY, NM, ND, OK, SD, *=Extirpated †=Possibly ‡=Applies to one subspecies or population only; see state’s species matrix for more details. ^=Proposed *=Extirpated †=Possibly ‡=Applies to one subspecies or population only; see state’s Snake Speckled Racer Baird’s Ratsnake Baird’s Tiger RattlesnakeTiger AZ, NM† Rock RattlesnakeTX AZ, NM, Eastern Foxsnake Prairie Rattlesnake Ring-necked Snake Common Name Mohave Rattlesnake Western Rattlesnake Western Eastern Indigo Snake AL, FL, GA, MS Speckled Rattlesnake UT AZ, CA, NV, Panamint Rattlesnake NV Great Plains Ratsnake Trans-Pecos RatsnakeTrans-Pecos TX NM, Central American Indigo Central Black-tailed RattlesnakeTX AZ, NM, Baja California Ratsnake CA (Crother et al 2008) Twin-spotted RattlesnakeTwin-spotted AZ Ridge-nosed Rattlesnake AZ, NM Red Diamond Rattlesnake CA A ppendi x C

emoryi rosaliae

SNAKES subocularis (melanurus) Crotalus tigris Crotalus ruber Crotalus pricei Crotalus viridis Crotalus lepidus Crotalus willardi Crotalus mitchellii Crotalus molossus Crotalus oreganus Crotalus stephensi Crotalus scutulatus Drymarchon corais

Scientific Name Diadophis punctatus Drymarchon couperi Elaphe (Bogertophis) Elaphe (Bogertophis) Elaphe (Pantherophis)

(Crother et al 2008) Drymobius margaritiferus

Elaphe (Pantherophis) bairdi (Pantherophis) Elaphe gloydi (Pantherophis) Elaphe

212 Association of Fish & Wildlife Agencies 213 State of the Union AZ TX MS SC, VA SD, WI OK, TX OK, IN, MN, NE, OK, TX, WY OK, MD, MN, NC, MS, MD, NM, CO, MN, MO, FL, IN, KY, LA, FL, IN, KY, AL, AR, FL, IN, AL, AL, FL, KY, LA, AL, FL, KY, AL, CT, DE, FL, AL, CT, NC, SC, TX, VA NC, SC, OK, PA, SC, VA OK, PA, OK, SC, TX, VA OK, SC, AL, FL, LA, NC, KY, LA, MS, NC, KY, MT, NE, NM, ND, MT, TXTX AZ, NM, NMTX AZ, NM, LA, TXLA, TX LA, NC, SC NC, SC NC, SC TX, WY Allowed for Collection? AL, FL, LA, AL, FL, LA, NC, SC, TX NC, SC, AL, FL, MN, MN, NM, ND, Commercial Personal AL, FL, LA, NM, VT AZ MOTX LA, TX AR, LA, NE, NC, VA OK, VA ND, WY KS, MN, MO, MT, MO, MT, DC, MA, SGCN? MN, NY, RI, MN, NY, IN, KY, MO, IN, KY, AL, FL, MD, NJ, NC, WV DE, KY, MD, DE, KY, TX TX NE MOTX MO, TX OH, RI FL, MS OK, TX OK, MS, WI WI FL, IN, LA MO, NE MN, MO IN, MN, SD MO, MT, NE MO, MT, IN, MS, MO, Protected CO, KS, MN, Other State Designation DC, MA, MN, NY, DC, MA, MN, NY, IL VT State MA DE, NJ MD, MS Federal Endangered Threatened Endangered Threatened AZ TX Yes No SC, VA NE, TX NE, NE, SD, WI VT, VA, WV VA, VT, AZ, NM, TX AZ, NM, AZ, NM, TX AZ, NM, SD, TX, WY SD, AR, LA, MO, Native to your state? MD, MS, NC, MO, NC, OK, MN, MO, MT, MN, MO, MT, CO, IL, IA, KS, FL, GA, IN, KY, FL, GA, IN, KY, SC, TN, TX, VA TN, SC, FL, GA, IA, KS, IN, KY, LA, MS, IN, KY, PA, RI, SC, TN, RI, SC, PA, LA, MS, TN, WI LA, MS, AL, FL, GA, LA, IN, IA, MN, MO, AL, AR, FL, GA, AL, TN, TX, VA, WV TX, VA, TN, AL, DE, FL, GA, AL, CT, DE, DC, AL, CT, KY, LA, MD, MS, KY, NJ, NM, NC, SC, NY, NC, OH, OK, NY, NE, NM, ND, OK, MD, MA, MN, NJ, *=Extirpated †=Possibly ‡=Applies to one subspecies or population only; see state’s species matrix for more details. ^=Proposed *=Extirpated †=Possibly ‡=Applies to one subspecies or population only; see state’s Snake Snake Snake Snake Gray Ratsnake Red Cornsnake Rainbow Snake Texas Ratsnake Texas Eastern Ratsnake Western Foxsnake Western Mexican Hog-nosed Common Name Red-bellied Mudsnake Slowinski’s CornsnakeSlowinski’s TX LA, Thornscrub Hook-nosed Tamaulipan Hook-nosed Tamaulipan Dusty Hog-nosed SnakeTX MO, OK, Plains Hog-nosed Snake (Crother et al 2008) Chihuahuan Hook-nosed A ppendi x C

spiloides obsoletus SNAKES

Ficimia streckeri guttata (guttatus) Heterodon gloydi vulpina (vulpinus) Farancia abacura Gyalopion canum Heterodon nasicus Heterodon kennerlyi Scientific Name

Elaphe (Pantherophis) Elaphe (Pantherophis) Elaphe (Pantherophis) Elaphe (Pantherophis) Elaphe (Pantherophis) obsoleta (alleganiensis) Farancia erytrogramma

(Crother et al 2008) Gyalopion quadrangulare

Elaphe (Pantherophis) slowinskii (Pantherophis) Elaphe

State of the Union 214 Association of Fish & Wildlife Agencies 215 FL TX VA, WI VA, VA, WI VA, SC, TX SC, OR, UT AZ, NM AZ, NM CA, NM NE, NM, NC, MS, MO, MT, MS, MO, MT, MD, MA, MN, MD, MS, MO, MN, MS, MO, NV, NM, NC‡, NV, IN, KS, KY, LA, IN, KS, KY, AZ, AR, FL, IN, AZ, AR, IN, KS, KY, AR, IN, KS, KY, IN, KY, LA, MD, IN, KY, OK, SC, TX, VA OK, SC, AL, AR, DE, FL, AL, AZ, ID, NV, NM, AZ, ID, NV, AZ, AR, CA, FL, AZ, SC, SD, TX, VT, TX, VT, SC, SD, KS, KY, LA, ME, KS, KY, OH, OK, SC, TX, OH, OK, SC, NE, NH, NM, NY, NE, NH, NM, NY, NC, OH, OK, PA, NC, OH, OK, PA, LA, MS, MO, NC, FL FL TX NM NM SC, TX SC, SC, TX SC, Allowed for Collection? SD, TX, VT SD, IN, LA, NC, NM, NC, SC, MN, NC, SC, NV, NM, NC‡, NV, AL, FL, IN, LA, CA, FL, IN, LA, IN, FL, LA, MN, Commercial Personal AZ UT SC NM UT, WY UT, MO, MT, MO, MT, NC, VA‡ AL, AZ‡, AL, MD, MA, MN, MO, KY*, MN, OK, SC‡, SGCN? NM, NC‡, FL, IA, KS, PA, RI, SD, PA, IA, MO, NJ, TN, VA, WV TN, VA, AZ, DE, KS, FL, GA, NC, DE, CO, FL, CT, DE, DC, CT, AZ, NV, NM, AZ, NV, NH, NY, NC, NH, NY, TX OR, UT CO, KS CO, KSTX NM, TX NM, OK, MS, NE IA, MO, NC MS, NE, RI CA, OR, WA CA, NM, WA Protected NJ, NC‡, OH, Other State Designation NE, NY, OK, UT NE, NY, CT, DC, KS, MA, CT, AL, CO, MS, NE, AZ, CO, MS, MT, AZ, CO, MS, MT, UT UT NV, UT UT CO, UT CO, UT NM ID, NV, IA, UT GA, SC AL, NC State NM IA, NH SD Federal Endangered Threatened Endangered Threatened Yes No WV, WI WV, VA, WV VA, TN, TX TN, OK, TX OK, UT, WA UT, NC, SC NV, NM, OR, NV, Native to your state? CO, KS, NM, PA, RI, SC, SD, PA, AL, AZ, AR, CA, AZ, AL, OK, PA, RI, SC, OK, PA, SC, TN, TX, UT, TX, UT, TN, SC, AL, AR, CT, DE, AR, CT, AL, CT, DE, DC, FL, CT, AL, AZ, AR, CO, AZ, AL, KS, KY, LA, MD, KS, KY, VA, WV, WI, WY WV, VA, NE, NV, NJ, NM, NE, NV, CO, DE, DC, FL, NE, NH, NJ, NM, NY, NC, OH, OK, NY, TN, TX, VT†, VA, TX, VT†, VA, TN, AR, GA, IN, IA, NM, NY, NC, OH, NM, NY, LA, ME, MD, MA, LA, MD, MS, MO, NC, OH, OK, OR, MN, MS, MO, MT, MN, MS, MO, MT, NE, NV†, NH, NJ, AZ, CA, CO, ID, AZ, NV, NM, UT AZ, NV, MA, MN, MS, MO, KS, KY, LA, MS, KS, KY, AL, FL, GA, MS, GA, IN, IA, KS, KY, GA, IN, IA, KS, KY, GA, IN, IA, KS, KY, GA, IN, IA, KS, KY, DC, FL, GA, IN, IA, CA, NM, OR, WA MO, NE, NC, SC, SD, TN, TX, UT, VT, VT, TX, UT, TN, SD, *=Extirpated †=Possibly ‡=Applies to one subspecies or population only; see state’s species matrix for more details. ^=Proposed *=Extirpated †=Possibly ‡=Applies to one subspecies or population only; see state’s Snake Milksnake Kingsnake Kingsnake Coast Nightsnake AZ, NM Sonoran Mountain Desert Nightsnake California Mountain Common Name Common Kingsnake Southern Hog-nosed Chihuahuan Nightsnake Gray-banded KingsnakeTX NM, Yellow-bellied Kingsnake Yellow-bellied (Crother et al 2008) Eastern Hog-nosed Snake Hog-nosed Eastern A ppendi x C SNAKES

(chlorophaea) (ochrorhyncha) Heterodon simus

Hypsiglena torquata Hypsiglena torquata Lampropeltis getula Scientific Name Lampropeltis alterna Lampropeltis zonata Heterodon platirhinos

Lampropeltis calligaster Lampropeltis triangulum (Crother et al 2008) Hypsiglena torquata (jani) Lampropeltis pyromelana

214 Association of Fish & Wildlife Agencies 215 State of the Union TX TX, VA AR, LA SC, TX SC, AZ, NM AZ, NM LA, MS, TX LA, MS, OK, TX, UT OK, OR, TX, UT OR, AZ, NM, OK MS, NM, SC LA, MD, MS, AL, AR, FL, KY, AR, FL, KY, AL, AL, AR, FL, KY, AR, FL, KY, AL, AL, AR, FL, KS, AL, AL, FL, GA, LA, AZ, AR, FL, KS, AZ, AZ, ID, NV, NM, AZ, ID, NV, KY, LA, MS, MO, KY, NE, NV, NM, NC, NE, NV, LA, MS, MO, NC, MO, NC, OK, SC, OK, NC, MO, TX NM TX, UT SC, TX SC, SC, TX SC, NC, TX NC, NM, SC Allowed for Collection? AL, FL, LA ID, NV, NM, ID, NV, Commercial Personal AL, FL, LA, NC, AL, FL, LA, NC, AL, FL, GA, LA, FL, LA, NV, NM, NV, LA, FL, TX TX TN SC , SC AL, FL , SC AL, FL COTX NM, TX NM, OK, TN‡ CA‡ AZ, KS AR, TXAR, LA TN, UT MO, NC, MO, NM, KY*, MD, SGCN? DE, IN, IA, AZ, CA, KY, AZ, CA, KY, FL, KY, MO, FL, KY, MS MO KY, CO MS AL, NC, SC NE, UT KY, MS KY, CO, WA WA AL, MS, TXAL, MS, TX FL, FL, LATX FL, LA, MS, Protected Other State Designation AL, CA, CO, MS, ILTX MS, MO, TX TX TX TX UT UT TX, UT AZ‡, UT NM NV, TX NM, AZ, NV, KS CA‡ State IL NC MO IN, IA, NM, OH NM, IA, IN, X FL‡ FL†† CA‡ OH‡ IN‡, MI‡, Federal Endangered Threatened Endangered Threatened KY TX CA Yes No TX, VA TX, UT TX, UT TN, TX TN, UT, WA UT, NC, SC, TX NC, SC, NE, NV, NM, NE, NV, Native to your state? MO, NM, NC, AL, AR, FL, IL, AL, GA, IN, IA, KS, CO, FL, GA, IL, AL, FL, GA, LA, AL, AR, DE, FL, AL, AZ, CA, CO, ID, AL, AZ, AR, CA, AZ, AL, AL, AR, FL, GA, AL, KY, LA, MD, MS, KY, AZ, CA, NV, NM, AZ, CA, NV, KY, LA, MS, MO, KY, KY, LA, MS, MO, KY, NC, OK, SC, TN, NC, OK, SC, MS, NM, NC, SC NV, NM, OR, TX, NM, OR, NV, OH, OK, SC, TN, OH, OK, SC, KS, LA, MS, MO, AL, FL, LA, MS, TX MS, LA, FL, AL, *=Extirpated †=Possibly ‡=Applies to one subspecies or population only; see state’s species matrix for more details. ^=Proposed *=Extirpated †=Possibly ‡=Applies to one subspecies or population only; see state’s Coachwhip Watersnake Striped Racer Cat-eyed Snake Mississippi Green Texas CoralsnakeTexas TX AR, LA, Striped Whipsnake Texas Threadsnake Texas TX CO, NM, OK, Schott’s WhipsnakeSchott’s TX Common Name Sonoran Whipsnake AZ, NM Concho Watersnake TX Sonoran Coralsnake AZ, NM Harlequin Coralsnake Southern Watersnake Western Threadsnake Western Saltmarsh Watersnake Plain-bellied Watersnake (Crother et al 2008) Brazos River Watersnake TX New Mexico ThreadsnakeNew Mexico AZ, KS, NM, OK Florida Green Watersnake AL, FL, GA, SC Baja California CoachwhipCalifornia Baja CA A ppendi x C

flagellum bilineatus taeniatus fuliginosus SNAKES

Micrurus tener Nerodia clarkii Nerodia harteri Micrurus fulvius Nerodia fasciata Nerodia floridana Nerodia cyclopion

Scientific Name Leptotyphlops dulcis Leptotyphlops humilis Masticophis (Coluber) Masticophis (Coluber) Masticophis (Coluber) Masticophis (Coluber) Nerodia erythrogaster Nerodia paucimaculata Leptotyphlops dissectus Micruroides euryxanthus (Crother et al 2008) Leptodeira septentrionalis Masticophis (Coluber) lateralis (Coluber) Masticophis schotti (Coluber) Masticophis

State of the Union 216 Association of Fish & Wildlife Agencies 217 VA AZ AZ SC, VA OK, TX OK, VA, WI, WY VA, TX, UT, WY TX, UT, AL, FL, NC, LA, MS, MO, MO, NV, NM, MO, NV, MN, MO, MT, MN, MO, MT, MS, MO, NE, MS, MO, NC, MD, MA, MN, NH, NY, NC‡, NH, NY, AL, AR, FL, IN, AL, SD, VT, VA, WI VA, SD, VT, AR, IN, KS, KY, AR, IN, KS, KY, AR, DE, FL, IN, FL, KY, LA, SC, FL, KY, OK, SC, TX, VA OK, SC, AZ, CA, CO, ID, KS, KY, LA, ME, KS, KY, IN, KS, MN, NE, KS, KY, LA, MD, KS, KY, NM, ND, SD, VT, NM, ND, SD, VT, OH, OK, PA, SC, OH, OK, PA, ND, OK, OR, SD, KS, ME, MD, MA, MD, ME, KS, VT NV UT AZ, NV, WY LA, SC SC, TX SC, Allowed for Collection? FL, LA, MN, ND, SD, VT, ND, SD, VT, NV, NM, ND, NV, MN, ND, NM, NC‡, SC, SD, AL, FL, NC, SC CA, ID, IN, MN, Commercial Personal AL, FL, LA, NC, SD, TX, UT, WY TX, UT, SD, VT AZ UT WV WV KS, MN, MO, MT, MO, MT, WI, WY‡ MO, WA, MO, WA, SGCN? MO, NC‡, CT, IN, IA, CT, VT, VA, WY VA, VT, DE, DC, IN, AL, FL, GA, CA, IA, MN, ND, PA, UT, UT, ND, PA, SC, TN, VA, TN, VA, SC, NH, NY, NC, NH, NY, KY, MD, NC, KY, KS, MO, PA, KS, MO, PA, UT MS MO IA, KY, TX LA, NC‡ NE, WI OH, UT Protected Other State Designation DC, IN, MS, OH CO, IA, MO, MT, CO, IA, MO, MT, CA, CO, IA, MN, NE, NH, NY, NC, NE, NH, NY, CO, MS, NE, NY, CO, MS, NE, NY, IA UT State IN TX, UT PA MSTN NJ, AL, FL, NC OH‡ Federal Endangered Threatened Endangered Threatened CA AZ AZ Yes No SC, VA SC, WI, WY WI, WY VA, WV VA, VA, WV VA, VA, WV, WI WV, VA, OK, TN, TX TN, OK, MS, MO, NJ, Native to your state? ND, OK, OR, MA, MN, MO, LA, MD†, MS, AL, FL, GA, NC, NC, GA, FL, AL, IA, KS, KY, LA, IA, KS, KY, FL, GA, IN, IA, IN, IA, KS, MN, DC, FL, GA, IN, OK, PA, RI, SC, OK, PA, AR, IN, IA , KS, AR, IN, IA SD, TN, TX, VT, TX, VT, TN, SD, RI, SC, TN, TX, TN, RI, SC, AZ, CA, NV, UT AZ, CA, NV, AL, FL, GA, KY, AL, FL, GA, KY, CO, CT, DC, IN, CO, CT, AZ, CA, CO, ID, UT, VT, VA, WV, WV, VA, VT, UT, NJ, NY, NC, OH, NJ, NY, AR, CO, CT, DE, AR, CO, CT, KS, KY, LA, MD, KS, KY, IA, KS, ME, MD, NJ, NC, SC, TN, NJ, NC, SC, MT, NE, NH, NJ, MT, AL, AR, DE, DC, AL, OH, PA, SD, TX, SD, OH, PA, SD, TX, UT, WA, WA, TX, UT, SD, KY, LA, MS, MO, KY, NC, OH, OK, PA, NC, OH, OK, PA, NM, NY, NC, ND, NM, NY, MS, MO, NE, NH, MO, NE, NV, NM, MO, NE, NV, ME, MD, MA, MN, MA, MD, ME, *=Extirpated †=Possibly ‡=Applies to one subspecies or population only; see state’s species matrix for more details. ^=Proposed *=Extirpated †=Possibly ‡=Applies to one subspecies or population only; see state’s Snake Snake Pinesnake Watersnake Gophersnake Diamond-backed Brown Vinesnake Brown Watersnake Rough Greensnake Spotted Leaf-nosed Common Name Saddled Leaf-nosed Smooth Greensnake Northern Watersnake (Crother et al 2008) Yellow-bellied Sea SnakeYellow-bellied CA A ppendi x C SNAKES

Nerodia sipedon Oxybelis aeneus Pelamis platurus Nerodia rhombifer Nerodia taxispilota Pituophis catenifer Opheodrys vernalis Opheodrys aestivus Scientific Name

Phyllorhynchus browni Pituophis melanoleucus (Crother et al 2008) Phyllorhynchus decurtatus

216 Association of Fish & Wildlife Agencies 217 State of the Union FL FL LA AZ SC VA, WI VA, TX, VA SC, TX SC, OK, TX, UT OK, OK, TX, UT OK, MO, OK, TX MO, OK, MS, NC, SC, MO, NV, NM, MO, NV, AR, FL, IN, KY, AR, FL, IN, KY, AZ, AR, ID, KS, AZ, AL, AR, FL, LA, AL, AZ, ID, NV, NM, AZ, ID, NV, AL, AR, FL, GA, AL, FL, LA, MS, NC, KY, LA, MS, OK, KY, AR, KS, LA, MS, MD, MS, NC, SC, NC, MS, MD, FL FL LA SC, TX SC, NC, SC Allowed for Collection? AL, FL, LA, FL, NC, SC NM, OK, TXNM, OK, TX KS, NM, OK, ID, NV, NM, TX NM, ID, NV, ID, NV, NM, TX NM, ID, NV, Commercial Personal AL, FL, GA, LA, FL AZTX NM, TX AZ, NM, TX UT TN, TX TN, OK, VA OK, UT NC, SC FL, NC, SC FL, NC, SC AZ, NM AR, NC, MO, NE, SGCN? PA, VA, WI VA, PA, PA, TX, WI PA, AZ, CO, IN, CO, ID, KS, IA, KS, MN, ID, KS, MO, MD, NJ, NY, MD, NJ, NY, AR, DE, DC, KY, MO, NC, MO, KY, NM, NY, OK, NY, NM, MS NC, SC FL, LA, NC, SC NE, NY MS, NE, TXMS, NE, AR, MO LA MS, OK, TX MS, OK, Protected AZ, CO, MO, Other State Designation DC, MS, NY, OH DC, MS, NY, FL TX UT CO, OR, UT UT CA, UT CA, UT NM NV, NM, UT AZ, NV, TN MS, NC NE NM KS, UT CO, OK, UT State PA, WI PA, NJ, NY, WI NJ, NY, IN, IA, MN, MO, NY, OH, MO, NY, Federal Endangered Threatened Endangered Threatened FL Yes No TX, UT TX, UT TN, TX TN, OK, TX OK, NM, UT SC, TX, VA SC, AZ, NM, TX AZ, NM, AZ, CA, NV, AZ, CA, NV, MS, NC, SC NC, OK, SC, Native to your state? NM, OK, OR, MS, MO, NE, KS, MN, MO, AZ, CO, IN, IA, FL, GA, IN, KY, FL, GA, IN, KY, AR, IA, KS, LA, OK, PA, TX, WI OK, PA, TN, VA, WV, WI WV, TN, VA, AL, FL, GA, LA, AZ, CA, CO, ID, AL, AR, FL, GA, AL, AL, AR, FL, GA, AL, ID, KS, MO, NV, ID, KS, MO, NV, AL, AR, DE, DC, AL, AZ, AR, CA, CO, AZ, MD, MS, NJ, NY, MD, MS, NJ, NY, KY, LA, MS, MO, KY, NC, OH, PA, SC, NC, OH, PA, LA, MS, NC, OK, KS, NV, NM, OK, KS, NV, NE, NM, NY, OH, NE, NM, NY, *=Extirpated †=Possibly ‡=Applies to one subspecies or population only; see state’s species matrix for more details. ^=Proposed *=Extirpated †=Possibly ‡=Applies to one subspecies or population only; see state’s Snake Snake Massasauga Queen Snake Green Ratsnake AZ, NM Short-tailed Snake Long-nosed Snake Pygmy Rattlesnake Black Swampsnake FL, GA, NC, SC Common Name Louisiana PinesnakeTX LA, Eastern Patch-nosed Western Patch-nosed Western Western Groundsnake Western Glossy Crayfish Snake Striped Crayfish Snake FL, GA Pine Woods Littersnake Pine Woods (Crother et al 2008) Graham’s Crayfish Snake Graham’s A ppendi x C

SNAKES extenuatum Regina alleni Regina rigida

Regina grahamii Senticolis triaspis Pituophis ruthveni Sistrurus miliarius Seminatrix pygaea Rhadinaea flavilata Sistrurus catenatus

Scientific Name Salvadora hexalepis Regina septemvittata Rhinocheilus lecontei Salvadora grahamiae Sonora semiannulata

(Crother et al 2008) Stilosoma (Lampropeltis)

State of the Union 218 Association of Fish & Wildlife Agencies 219 FL AZ TX NY OH OR VA, WI VA, VA, WI VA, OK, TX OK, AZ, NM TX, WY OH, OK, PA, OH, OK, PA, AR, LA, MO, MA, MN, MO, MA, MN, MO, AL, AR, FL, IN, AL, AL, AR, FL, IN, AL, AL, FL, KY, LA, AL, FL, KY, SC, SD, TX, VT, TX, VT, SC, SD, SC, SD, TX, VT, TX, VT, SC, SD, MS, NC, SC, VA KY, LA, ME, MD, KY, KY, LA, ME, MD, KY, NE, NH, NY, NC, NE, NH, NY, NH, NY, NC, ND, NH, NY, AZ, KS, NM, OK, ND, OH, OK, PA, ND, OH, OK, PA, TX, VT SD, VT NC, SC Allowed for Collection? AL, FL, LA, NC, SC, SD, NC, ND, SC, Commercial Personal AL, FL, LA, MN, AL, FL, LA, MN, FL VA VT AZ MOTX LA, IN, WI AZ, NM DE, KS, MO, ND, SD‡, WY FL††, GA FL SGCN? IN, KY, NC, IN, KY, DC, FL, MO, TX MS NY, OHNY, PA NY, CO, NE AZ, WYTX, WY NM, Protected Other State Designation IL FL WI TX UT CO, UT AZ, CO, UTTX NM, NV, TX NM, AZ, NV, KSTX NE, NY, FL†† DC, ME, NE, NY State IN IN Federal Endangered Threatened Endangered Threatened AZ TX TX CA Yes No AZ, NM SC, TN, VA SC, NY, OH, PA NY, NM, TX, UT NM, MO, OK, TX MO, OK, Native to your state? MD, MA, MN, TX, VT, VA, WI VA, TX, VT, IA, KY, LA, ME, IA, KY, FL, GA, IN, IA, DC, FL, GA, IN, RI, SC, SD, TN, RI, SC, SD, AR, IL, KS, LA, AL, AR, CT, DE, AR, CT, AL, AL, FL, GA, IN, NE, NH, NJ, NY, NE, NH, NJ, NY, OK, PA, RI, SC, OK, PA, SD, TN, TX, VT, TX, VT, TN, SD, AL, AR, CT, DE, AR, CT, AL, KS, KY, LA, ME, KS, KY, NC, OH, OK, PA, NC, OH, OK, PA, VA, WV, WI, WY WV, VA, KY, LA, MS, NC, KY, AZ, CA, CO, NV, AZ, CA, CO, NV, AZ, CO, KS, NE, NM, OK, TX, WY NM, OK, NY, NC, ND, OH, NY, MO, NE, NH, NJ, MD, MA, MN, MO, *=Extirpated †=Possibly ‡=Applies to one subspecies or population only; see state’s species matrix for more details. ^=Proposed *=Extirpated †=Possibly ‡=Applies to one subspecies or population only; see state’s Snake Snake Snake Snake Snake headed Snake headed Snake Red-bellied Snake Chihuahuan Black- Flat-headed Snake Trans-Pecos Black- Trans-Pecos Florida Brownsnake FL, GA Common Name Plains Black-headed Aquatic Gartersnake CA, OR Butler’s Gartersnake IN, OH, WI Dekay’s Brownsnake Dekay’s Smith’s Black-headed Smith’s Western Black-headed Western Mexican Black-headed Southeastern Crowned Florida Crowned Snake FL, GA (Crother et al 2008) Yaqui Black-headed Snake Yaqui Rim Rock Crowned SnakeCrowned Rock Rim FL Gartersnake Short-headed A ppendi x C SNAKES

Storeria victa Tantilla relicta Tantilla Tantilla wilcoxi Tantilla yaquia Tantilla Storeria dekayi gracilis Tantilla oolitica Tantilla Tantilla atriceps Tantilla Tantilla coronata Tantilla cucullata Tantilla nigriceps Tantilla Tantilla planiceps Tantilla

Thamnophis butleri Tantilla hobartsmithi Tantilla Thamnophis atratus Scientific Name

(Crother et al 2008) Storeria occipitomaculata Thamnophis brachystoma

218 Association of Fish & Wildlife Agencies 219 State of the Union NV OR TX, UT OK, TX OK, UT, WY UT, WI, WY SC, VT, VA SC, VT, VA, WI, WY VA, AZ, NM, OK, LA, MS, MO, ME, MD, MA, MN, MS, MO, ID, IN, KS, KY, ID, IN, KS, KY, FL, IN, KY, LA, FL, IN, KY, AR, IN, KS, KY, AR, IN, KS, KY, SD, TX, UT, VT, VT, TX, UT, SD, AZ, CO, ID, MT, AZ, CO, ID, MT, AL, AR, DE, FL, AL, CO, IN, KS, MN, MT, NE, NV, NH, NE, NV, MT, ND, OK, SD, TX, ND, OK, SD, MS, NY, NC, OH, MS, NY, NM, NY, NC, ND, NM, NY, OH, OK, OR, PA, OH, OK, OR, PA, NV, NM, OR, SD, NV, LA, ME, MD, MA, MO, MT, NE, NM, NE, MT, MO, NV LA, TX LA, SC, VT VT, WY VT, NM, TX NM, UT, WY UT, SD, WY Allowed for Collection? FL, LA, NC, NC, ND, SD, MN, NV, NM, MN, NV, MN, NM, ND, AL, FL, ID, LA, Commercial Personal ID, NV, NM, SD, ID, NV, UT CA KSTX NM, TX AZ, NM, OK, CA WY NM, WI DC, KS, CA, CO, MO, NM, SGCN? PA, RI, VT, RI, VT, PA, VA, WV, WI WV, VA, IN, KY, MO, IN, KY, CT, DE, DC, CT, NH, NY, NC, NH, NY, AZ, CO, OK, KY, MD, MA, MD, KY, AZ AZ, NM AZ AZ, NM CA NY, RI NY, CO, NE, TXCO, NE, MO, WY CO, NE, OK OK, WY Protected Other State NE, NY, TX, UT NE, NY, Designation CT, DC, ME, MS, CT, CA, CO, DC, MS, DC, CO, CA, UT CO, OK, UT KS CA NM NM CO, IN, MS, NE State WI FL†† WI OH NM CA‡ UT X Federal CA‡ Endangered Threatened Endangered Threatened CA Yes No TX, UT OK, TX OK, WI, WY AZ, NM WA, WY WA, WV, WI, WY WV, Native to your state? NE, NM, ND, MN, MO, MT, MN, MO, MT, MO, NE, NM, MD, MA, MN, MA, MS, NH, GA, ID, IN, IA, FL, GA, IL, IN, CO, IN, IA, KS, AR, CO, IN, IA, VT, VA, WV, WI WV, VA, VT, PA, RI, SC, TN, RI, SC, PA, OK, TN, TX, WI TN, OK, AZ, CA, CO, ID, OK, OR, PA, RI, OK, OR, PA, CT, DE, DC, FL, CT, UT, VT, VA, WA, WA, VA, VT, UT, KS, KY, LA, MS, KS, KY, KS, KY, LA, ME, KS, KY, AL, CT, DE, DC, AL, CT, SC, SD, TN, TX, TN, SC, SD, NJ, NY, NC, OH, NJ, NY, AL, AR, CA, CO, AL, KY, LA, ME, MD, KY, NV, NH, NJ, NM, NV, AZ, CA, KS, NM, OK, OR, SD, UT, OK, OR, SD, UT, MT, NE, NV, NM, NE, NV, MT, OH, OK, SD, TX, OH, OK, SD, NY, NC, ND, OH, NY, AZ, CO, NM, OK, MS, MO, MT, NE, MS, MO, MT, *=Extirpated †=Possibly ‡=Applies to one subspecies or population only; see state’s species matrix for more details. ^=Proposed *=Extirpated †=Possibly ‡=Applies to one subspecies or population only; see state’s Gartersnake Gartersnake Black-necked Narrow-headed Giant Gartersnake Sierra Gartersnake CA, NV Plains Gartersnake Common Name Mexican Gartersnake AZ, NM Eastern Ribbonsnake Western Ribbonsnake Western Common Gartersnake Terrestrial Gartersnake Terrestrial Checkered Gartersnake Two-striped GartersnakeTwo-striped CA (Crother et al 2008) Northwestern GartersnakeNorthwestern CA, OR, WA A ppendi x C SNAKES

Thamnophis radix Thamnophis gigas Thamnophis eques Thamnophis sirtalis Thamnophis couchii Scientific Name Thamnophis elegans Thamnophis sauritus Thamnophis cyrtopsis Thamnophis proximus Thamnophis marcianus Thamnophis ordinoides Thamnophis hammondii (Crother et al 2008) Thamnophis rufipunctatus

State of the Union 220 Association of Fish & Wildlife Agencies 221 NM TX, VA WV, WI WV, WI, WY NM, OK, TX NM, OK, NC, OK, SC, NE, NM, ND, NM, ND, OH, AL, AZ° , AR, AZ° , AL, MN, MS, MO, IN, IA, KS, KY, IN, IA, KS, KY, IA, KS, KY, LA, IA, KS, KY, AL, AR, FL, IN, AL, AL, AR, FL, IN, AL, CA, FL, GA, IL, OK, SC, TX, VA OK, SC, AL, AR, FL, KS, AL, TX, UT, VA, WV, WV, VA, TX, UT, LA, MI, MN, MS, OK, PA, SC, SD, OK, PA, KY, LA, MS, MO, KY, OH, OK, SD, TX, OH, OK, SD, MO, MT, NE, NV, NE, NV, MO, MT, LA, MS, MO, NC, KS, MN, MO, NE, MO, MN, KS, SC, TX SC, NC, SC Allowed for Collection? AL, FL, LA, AL, AR, CA, AL, MN, NM, TX MN, NM, TX, WI°, WY LA, MO, NM, ND, OH, OK, MN, MO, NV, MN, MO, NV, NM, ND, OH, TN‡, TX, WI° TX, WI° TN‡, OK, SC, TN‡, OK, SC, AL, AR, IA, KY, AR, IA, KY, AL, GA, IA, KY, LA, GA, IA, KY, Commercial Personal AL, FL, LA, NC, TX TN SD WV‡ WV, WI WV, VA, WY VA, KY, MN, KY, MO, NC, MD, MA, PA‡, VA, VA, PA‡, MD, MO, MO, NM, MN, MO, SGCN? DE, FL††, SC, TX, VA SC, IL, IA^, KS, IA, KS, MD, AL, CT, DE, AL, CT, FL, GA, LA, OK, SC, VT, OK, SC, VT, MT, NY, NC, NY, MT, MS, NY, NC, MS, NY, KS, MO, PA, KS, MO, PA, ND, OK, SD, OK, ND, UT UT NV, NM NV, AZ, NM MS AL, SC SC AL, GA, SC AL, FL, GA, SC NE, TX NE, AL, MA, NY CO, MN, NE Protected AL, MN, MS, Other State Designation NY, NC, SC, TX NC, SC, NY, AZ, AL, CO, MD, AZ, MN, MS, MT, NE, MN, MS, MT, VT TX UT TX, WA CT, FL, LA, CT, MD, MA, NY, MD, MA, NY, NC, OR, SC, State IL NJ SD MD‡ KSTX MS, OH, DE, GA, MS, X Federal Endangered Threatened Endangered Threatened WA UT, VA, VA, UT, NV, NJ, NV, AZ, CA, Yes No WV, WI WV, WI, WY NM, UT TN, TX, VA TN, AZ, CA, NV, AZ, CA, NV, LA, MN, MS, Native to your state? NC, ND, OH, ND, OH, OK, MN, MO, NE, MO, NE, NM, GA, IL, IN, IA, IN, IA, KS, KY, IN, IA, KS, KY, AL, AR, FL, IL, AL, FL, GA, IN, IA, CO, IL, IA, KS, SC, TX, VA, WA TX, VA, SC, AL, AR, FL, GA, AL, TN, TX, VA, WV TX, VA, TN, NY, NC, OR, RI, NY, AL, CA, CT, DE, AL, CA, CT, AL, AR, CO, FL, AL, TN, TX, VT, WV, WV, TX, VT, TN, KS, KY, LA, MD, KS, KY, KS, KY, LA, MD, KS, KY, NM, OK, SD, TX NM, OK, SD, AL, AR, DE, DC, AL, FL, GA, LA, MD, OK, PA, SC, SD, OK, PA, MT, NE, NM, NY, NE, NM, NY, MT, PA, NC, OK, SC, PA, OH, OK, PA, SC, OH, OK, PA, PA*, SD, TN, TX, TN, SD, PA*, KS, LA, MS, MO, MA, ME, MS, NJ, MI, MN, MS, MO, MS, MO, NJ, NC, *=Extirpated †=Possibly ‡=Applies to one subspecies or population only; see state’s species matrix for more details. ^=Proposed *=Extirpated †=Possibly ‡=Applies to one subspecies or population only; see state’s Lined Snake Spiny Softshell Florida Softshell AL, FL, GA, SC WA Texas LyresnakeTexas TX NM, Smooth Softshell Rough Earthsnake Western Lyresnake Western Smooth Earthsnake Common Name Loggerhead Sea Turtle Loggerhead Sea (Crother et al 2008) A ppendi x C SNAKES TURTLES Apalone ferox Caretta caretta Virginia striatula Virginia valeriae Virginia Apalone mutica Apalone spinifera Scientific Name

Trimorphodon vilkinsonii Trimorphodon lineatum Tropidoclonion

(Crother et al 2008) biscutatus Trimorphodon

220 Association of Fish & Wildlife Agencies 221 State of the Union SC, TX SC, OK, TX OK, WV, WI, WY WV, LA, MS, NC, IN, IA, KS, KY, IN, IA, KS, KY, DE, GA, ID, IL, AL, AR, GA, IL, AL, SD, TX, UT, VT, VT, TX, UT, SD, SD, TX, UT, VT, VT, TX, UT, SD, CT, DE, GA, ID, CT, OK, PA, RI, SC, OK, PA, AL, AR, FL, GA, AL, VA, WV, WI, WY WV, VA, FL, NC, SC, WV AL, AZ, CA, CO, AL, KY, LA, MS, MO, KY, NE, NH, NJ, NM, MI, MN, MO, MT, MI, MN, MO, MT, ND, OH, OK, PA, ND, OH, OK, PA, NY, NC, ND, OH, NY, ME, MD, MA, MI, NH, NM, NY, NC, NH, NM, NY, AL, AZ°, AR, CO, AZ°, AL, LA, ME, MD, MA, IL, IN, IA, KS, KY, IL, IN, IA, KS, KY, MN, MO, MT, NE, MT, MO, MN, WI°, WY WI°, WY Allowed for Collection? NJ, NM, NY, NJ, NM, NY, TN‡, UT, VT, VT, TN‡, UT, LA, MD, MA, NC, ND, OH, MN, NM, ND, MN, MS, MO, GA, ID, IA, KY, GA, ID, IA, KY, AL, GA, ID, IA, Commercial Personal AL, GA, LA, SC TN, TX, VT, VA, VA, TX, VT, TN, OK, PA, RI, SC, OK, PA, AL, AR, CT, DE, AR, CT, AL, TX, VA SC, TX SC, SC, WY SC, WY AZ, DC, OK, SC, ME, MD, MD, MA, MO, NC, MO, NM, MN, MO, SGCN? GA, IL, IN, AL, CT, FL, AL, CT, PA, RI, SC, PA, VT, VA, WV VA, VT, NC, SC, TX NC, SC, CT, DC, FL, CT, AL, CA, CT, AL, CA, CT, FL, GA, LA, NJ, NY, NC, NJ, NY, NJ, NY, NC, NJ, NY, MT, NY, ND, NY, MT, MA, MI, NH, AR, FL, MS, GA, LA, MD, MA, MS, NY, NY, MS, MA, NY, RI NY, SC, TX SC, SC, TX SC, MS, TXMS, MO KY, AR, GA, LA AL, CA, OR WA CA, NV, NV AL, MA, NY NE, NY, OR, NE, NY, Protected MS, MO, OK, Other State NY, SC, TX, VA SC, NY, Designation CO, DC, ID, MN, AL, AZ, CO, MN, AL, MS, MT, NE, NV, NE, NV, MS, MT, DC, GA, MA, NJ, LA AL, MA, NY WA OH, SC MA, NJ, NY, MA, NJ, NY, ME, MI, NH, NC, SC, TX, NC, SC, CT, GA, MD, CT, State WA VA, WA VA, MO, VA MS, OR IL, IN, VT DE, FL, LA, CT, FL, GA, CT, NJ, NY, NC, NJ, NY, SC, OR, TX, SC, OR, MD, MA, MS, X Federal X FL‡ Endangered Threatened Endangered Threatened UT CA, UT NV, OR, NV, AZ, CA, ID, WV Yes No VA, WA VA, OK, TN, TX TN, OK, TX, VA, WA TX, VA, Native to your state? OK, PA, RI, SC, OK, PA, TN, TX, VT, VA, VA, TX, VT, TN, PA, RI, SC, SD, PA, SD, TN, TX, VT, TX, VT, TN, SD, AL, AZ, CO, CT, AZ, CO, CT, AL, AL, AR, CO, CT, AR, CO, CT, AL, VA, WV, WI, WY WV, VA, NJ, NM, NY, NC, NJ, NM, NY, NE, NH, NJ, NM, NY, NC, ND, OH, NY, RI, SC, VT, VA, VA, RI, SC, VT, ME, MD, MA, MI, WA, WV, WI, WY WV, WA, IL, IN, ME, MD, MD, MA, MI, MN, AL, CA, CT, FL, AL, CA, CT, MO, MT, NE, NH, MO, MT, OK, SC, TX, VA OK, SC, ND, OH, OK, OR, MN, MS, MO, MT, MN, MS, MO, MT, AL, AR, FL, GA, AL, AL, CA, CT, DE, AL, CA, CT, CT, DC, FL, GA, CT, MA, MI, NH, NJ, NC, OR, RI, SC, IN, IA, KS, KY, LA, IN, IA, KS, KY, FL, GA, LA, MD, AL, AR, GA†, IL, AL, NY, NC, OH, PA, NC, OH, PA, NY, ME, MS, NJ, NY, ME, MS, NJ, NY, MA, MS, NJ, NY, MA, MS, NJ, NY, KY, LA, MS, MO, KY, NC, OR, SC, TX, NC, OR, SC, IN, IA, KS, KY, ME, IN, IA, KS, KY, GA, LA, MD, MA, LA, MS, MO, NC, DE, DC, GA, ID, IL, DE, DC, FL, GA, IL, GA, FL, DC, DE, *=Extirpated †=Possibly ‡=Applies to one subspecies or population only; see state’s species matrix for more details. ^=Proposed *=Extirpated †=Possibly ‡=Applies to one subspecies or population only; see state’s Painted Turtle Painted Spotted Turtle Spotted Chicken Turtle Chicken Snapping Turtle Snapping Green Sea Turtle Green Sea Common Name Western Pond Turtle Pond Western OR, WA CA, NV, Leatherback Sea Turtle Leatherback Sea Southern Painted Turtle Southern Painted (Crother et al 2008) A ppendi x C

marmorata TURTLES

Chelonia mydas Chrysemys picta Clemmys guttata

Chrysemys dorsalis

Scientific Name Chelydra serpentina

Clemmys (Actinemys) Deirochelys reticularia Dermochelys coriacea (Crother et al 2008)

State of the Union 222 Association of Fish & Wildlife Agencies 223 VA SD MS LA, MS ME, WV VT, VA, WI VA, VT, MS, MO, OH, AL, AR, IL, IN, AL, AR, IL, IN, KY, AR, IL, IN, KY, OK, TX, WV, WI TX, WV, OK, KS, KY, LA, MN, KS, KY, NY, NC, OH, PA, NC, OH, PA, NY, MI, MN, MS, MO, LA WI° Allowed for Collection? AR, VT, WI° AR, VT, Commercial Personal AL, AR, LA, OK, AL, FL LA VA TX TX MS MS MS LA, SC SC, TX SC, OK, WV GA, KS, LA, MO, MA, MD, MN, MO, MD, MO, IL, IN, IA, SGCN? RI, TN, VT, TN, VT, RI, CT, DC, IA, CT, VA, WV, WI WV, VA, NJ, NY, PA, PA, NJ, NY, PA, SC, VA PA, PA, SD, WI PA, DE, FL, LA, AL, FL, GA, MI, MN, NH, NJ, NY, NC, NJ, NY, NJ, NY, NC, NJ, NY, NY, OK, PA, OK, PA, NY, CT, DE, DC, CT, NE, NH, NY, NE, NH, NY, ME, MA, MI, GA, MD,MA, GA, ME, MD, MA, MD, ME, AL AL MS MS NY, RI NY, NY, OK NY, MN, MS, TX MN, MS, MA, MS, NY CT, DC, ME, CT, Protected GA, MN, MS, Other State Designation NE, NY, OH, PA^ NE, NY, MA, MI, MN, NH, MA, MI, MN, MO, LA TX TX KS GA AL, FL FL, GA NY, WI NY, TN, VA CA, NV, UTCA, NV, UT AZ, NV, AZ, CA, NV IA, MA, MN, MN, NJ, WI, MD, NC, SC DC, MA, NY State MS MS MS MD PA, VA PA, NC, TX NC, MO, NH IL, IN, ME, MA, NJ, NY, MA, NJ, NY, MS, NJ, NY, MS, NJ, NY, DE, FL, GA, CT, DE, GA, CT, LA, MA, MD, X X X NV‡, UT‡ AZ‡, CA‡, AL, LA, MS MS, SC FL, GA, LA AL Federal X Endangered Threatened Endangered Threatened NJ TX MS Yes No TX, VA TN, VA WV, WI WV, WV, WI WV, MS, SC PA, SD, WI PA, OK, TN, TX, TN, OK, LA, MA, MD, Native to your state? CT, DE, DC*, CT, CT, DC†*, IA, CT, MS, MO, OH, IL, IN, IA, ME, KS, KY, MD, MI, KS, KY, AL, AR, IL, IN, AL, PA, RI, VT, VA, VA, RI, VT, PA, NC, OH, OK, PA, NC, OH, OK, PA, MS, MN, MO, NY, MS, MN, MO, NY, AL, FL, GA, LA, AR, GA, IL, IN, IA, NJ, NY, NC, SC, NJ, NY, KS, KY, LA, MN, KS, KY, NY, NC, PA, SC, NC, PA, NY, CA, DE, FL, GA, MN, NH, NJ, NY, MN, NH, NJ, NY, NE, NH, NY, OH, NE, NH, NY, ME, MD, MA, MI, GA, MD, MA, NJ, TN, VT, VA, WV, WI WV, VA, TN, VT, MA, MI, MN, MO, *=Extirpated †=Possibly ‡=Applies to one subspecies or population only; see state’s species matrix for more details. ^=Proposed *=Extirpated †=Possibly ‡=Applies to one subspecies or population only; see state’s Bog Turtle Bog Wood Turtle Wood Texas Tortoise Texas Desert TortoiseDesert UT AZ, CA, NV, Gopher Tortoise Gopher Blanding’s Turtle Blanding’s Ringed Map TurtleRinged Map LA, MS Cagle’s Map Turtle Map Cagle’s TX TN, Northern Map Turtle Northern Map Common Name Ouachita Map Turtle Turtle Ouachita Map Hawksbill Sea Turtle Hawksbill Sea Barbour’sTurtle Map AL, FL, GA Escambia Map TurtleEscambia Map AL, FL Pearl River Map TurtlePearl River Map LA, MS Pascagoula Map TurtlePascagoula Map MS (Crother et al 2008) Black-knobbed Map TurtleBlack-knobbed Map AL, MS Yellow-blotched Map Turtle Map Yellow-blotched A ppendi x C TURTLES

Graptemys caglei Graptemys ernsti Gopherus agassizii Glyptemys insculpta Graptemys barbouri Graptemys gibbonsi Graptemys oculifera Scientific Name Graptemys nigrinoda Emydoidea blandingii Gopherus berlandieri Graptemys pearlensis Gopherus polyphemus Eretmochelys imbricata Glyptemys muhlenbergii Graptemys geographica Graptemys ouachitensis

(Crother et al 2008) Graptemys flavimaculata

222 Association of Fish & Wildlife Agencies 223 State of the Union AZ TX MS TX, VA TX, WI SC, VA NJ, SC OK, TX OK, LA, MS, UT FL, GA, NC, DE, LA, MS, NC, OK, SC, MO, NC, OK, MO, ND, OK, MD, MS, MO, AR, IL, IN, KS, IL, KS, KY, LA, IL, KS, KY, AL, AR, GA, IN, AL, KS, KY, LA, MS, KS, KY, AL, AR, DE, GA, AL, KY, LA, MN, MS, KY, AZ, KS, NE, NM, SC‡, TX, VA, WV WV TX, VA, SC‡, TN‡ NM, OK OK, WI° Allowed for Collection? LA, NJ, NY GA, NC, SC AR, LA, ND, NC, OK, SC, OK, SC‡, TN‡ OK, SC‡, Commercial Personal AL, AR, GA, LA, AL, AL, AR, GA, LA, AL, TX AZ SC SC‡ IA, MO OK, SD DE, DC, MD, MA, MO, OK, FL‡, NC, SGCN? FL, IL, IN, IL, IN, KS, SC, TX, VA SC, NJ, NC, RI, FL‡, IL, IN, AL, CT, DE, AL, CT, FL, GA, LA, AZ, CO, IL, NC, SC, TX NC, SC, AL, CT, DE, AL, CT, AL, FL, GA, FL, GA, LA, KY, MO, NY KY, KY, LA, MS, KY, MS, NJ, NY, MS, NJ, NY, MO, OK, TX MO, OK, MD, MA, MS, MA, MD, KY, MO, ND, MO, KY, AL AL, MS TX CA AZ, CA, NM NM NV, AZ, NM SC, VA OH, TX OH, AL, MA, NY AL, GA, MS AL, GA, MS Protected MS, SC‡, TX MS, SC‡, MN, MS, NE, Other State NJ, NY, NC, RI, NJ, NY, Designation AL, AR, FL, KS, AL, DC, MS, NY, TX DC, MS, NY, CO, MO, NE, TX CO, MO, NE, KY, MS, MO, OK KY, AL, GA, MA, MS, TX SD MA State MS OR FL‡ IL, INTX GA, IL, IN IN, NY TX, VA IL, IA, MO CT, DE, FL, CT, NY, NC, SC, NY, GA, LA, MD, MA, MS, NJ, X Federal X X Endangered Threatened Endangered Threatened VA UT WA AZ TX Yes No TX, VA TN, VA AL, MS TN, TX, VA TN, TN, TX, WI TN, OK, TN, TX TN, OK, TX, VA, WV TX, VA, NM, OK, TX NM, OK, GA, LA, MD, KS, MO, NE, Native to your state? MS, MO, NE, OK, SC‡, TN, OK, SC‡, AR, IL, IN, IA, IL, IN, KS, KY, IL, IN, KS, KY, FL, GA, IL, IN, AZ, CO, IL, IA, RI, SC, TX, VA RI, SC, IL, IN, IA†, KS, AL, CT, DE, FL, AL, CT, AL, CT, DE, FL, AL, CT, NY, NC, RI, SC, NY, AL, AR, FL, GA, AL, AL, AR, FL, GA, AL, KS, KY, LA, MN, KS, KY, AL, AR, DE, DC, AL, MS, NJ, NY, NC, MS, NJ, NY, FL, GA, NC, SC, NC, OK, PA, SC, NC, OK, PA, KY, LA, MS, MO, KY, MS, MO, NJ, NY, MS, MO, NJ, NY, KS, KY, LA, MD, KS, KY, GA, LA, MD, MA, MA, ME, MS, NJ, ND, OH, OK, SD, LA, MS, MO, NC, *=Extirpated †=Possibly ‡=Applies to one subspecies or population only; see state’s species matrix for more details. ^=Proposed *=Extirpated †=Possibly ‡=Applies to one subspecies or population only; see state’s River Cooter False Map Turtle False Map Texas Map Turtle Map Texas Yellow Mud Turtle Turtle Mud Yellow Striped Mud Turtle Striped Mud Arizona Mud Turtle Arizona Mud Eastern Mud Turtle Turtle Eastern Mud Sonoran Mud TurtleSonoran Mud AZ, CA, NM NV Common Name Alabama Map TurtleAlabama Map AL, GA, MS Olive Ridley Sea TurtleOlive Ridley Sea CA, OR Alligator Snapping Turtle Alligator Snapping (Crother et al 2008) Rough-footed Mud TurtleRough-footed Mud TX Kemp’s Ridley Sea Turtle Ridley Sea Kemp’s Diamond-backed Terrapin Diamond-backed Alabama Red-Bellied Cooter A ppendi x C

Graptemys TURTLES

Graptemys versa Kinosternon baurii Graptemys pulchra pseudogeographica Kinosternon hirtipes Malaclemys terrapin Scientific Name Lepidochelys kempii Pseudemys concinna Lepidochelys olivacea Kinosternon flavescens Kinosternon subrubrum Kinosternon arizonense Kinosternon sonoriense Macrochelys temminckii

(Crother et al 2008) Pseudemys alabamensis

State of the Union 224 Association of Fish & Wildlife Agencies 225 TX TX GA TX, VA SD, TX SD, MS, VA OK, TX OK, WV, WI WV, NM, TX NM, VA, WV VA, VA, WV VA, NC, OK, SC, DE, MD, NC, NE, NM, OK, MS, MO, NH, MD, MS, MO, IL, IN, KS, KY, IL, IN, KS, KY, FL, GA, ID, IL, IL, KS, KY, LA, IL, KS, KY, IN, KS, KY, LA, IN, KS, KY, AL, FL, GA, LA, SC, TX, VT, VA, VA, TX, VT, SC, AL, AR, DE, FL, AL, AL, AR, LA, MS, AL, OK, SC, TX, UT, TX, UT, OK, SC, AR, DE, FL, GA, LA, ME, MD, MI, NY, NC, OK, PA, NC, OK, PA, NY, AL, AZ°, AR, CA, AZ°, AL, CO, KS, LA, MO, MT, NE, NM, NC, MT, MA, MI, MS, MO, SC GA NM Allowed for Collection? AL, AR, CA, AL, AR, GA, LA, TN‡, TX, UT TN‡, NC, OK, SC, NM, OK, SC, TN‡, VT, WI° TN‡, VT, GA, ID, LA, NV, GA, ID, LA, NV, Commercial Personal FL AL WY FL‡ AL, GA AL, GA VA‡ TX, VA NY, VT NY, DC, MD, MO, SC, ME, MD, DC, FL‡, MO, NM, SGCN? IN, IA, LA, AZ, AR, IL, AZ, NC, PA, RI, NC, PA, AL, CT, DE, AL, CT, SD, TX, WI, SD, NH, NJ, NY, NH, NJ, NY, DC, IA, MO, MA, PA, WV MA, PA, MA, MI, MO, FL AL TXTX NM, TX TXTX NM, SC, TX SC, NE, TX NE, MS, TXMS, AL, OKAR, LA AL, MS, NC‡ LA, NC, VA AL, GA, LA MS, NE, TX MS, NE, MA, MI, MS, AZ, AR, CO, AZ, Protected Other State AL, CT, DC, IN, AL, CT, Designation NH, NJ, OH, RI, IATX DC, MS, NY, PA DC, MA NM State MA ME IN, WI IL, IA X Federal Endangered Threatened Endangered Threatened NY MA‡ NV, NJ, NV, WI WA, NY, OR, NY, MA, MT, MA, MT, ME, MD, RI, UT, VA, VA, RI, UT, AZ, CA, ID, FL TX WY Yes No OK, TX OK, VA, WV VA, VA, WV VA, TX, WV Native to your state? DE, DC, MD, MO, NE, NM, IL, IN, IA, KS, IL, IN, IA, KS, FL, GA, IL, IN, IA, KS, KY, LA, IA, KS, KY, IN, KS, KY, LA, IN, KS, KY, DC, FL, GA, IL, VT, VA, WV, WI WV, VA, VT, PA, RI, SC, TX, RI, SC, PA, RI, SC, TN, TX, TN, RI, SC, KY, LA, MI, MS, KY, AL, FL, GA, LA, AL, AR, CT, DE, AR, CT, AL, AL, AR, FL, GA, AL, MS, NC, TN, VA MS, NC, AL, AR, LA, MS, AL, OK, SD, TX, WI, OK, SD, MA, NJ, NC, PA, MA, NJ, NC, PA, AR, CT, DE, DC, AR, CT, MO, NH, NJ, NY, MO, NH, NJ, NY, AZ, AR, CO, DC, AZ, NC, OK, SC, TN, NC, OK, SC, NY, NC, OH, OK, NY, NC, OH, OK, PA, NC, OH, OK, PA, ME, MD, MA, MI, ME, MD, MI, MS, MS, MO, NH, NJ, LA, MO, NE, NM, *=Extirpated †=Possibly ‡=Applies to one subspecies or population only; see state’s species matrix for more details. ^=Proposed *=Extirpated †=Possibly ‡=Applies to one subspecies or population only; see state’s Cooter Pond Slider Texas Cooter Texas Suwanee Cooter FL, GA Peninsula Cooter Ornate Box Turtle Ornate Box Eastern Box Turtle Eastern Box Rio Grande CooterTX NM, Eastern Musk Turtle Eastern Musk Common Name Northern Red-bellied Flattened Musk TurtleFlattened Musk AL Mexican Plateau SliderTX NM, Loggerhead Musk Turtle Loggerhead Musk (Crother et al 2008) Florida Red-bellied Cooter AL†, FL, GA Razor-backed Musk Turtle Razor-backed Musk A ppendi x C TURTLES

Terrapene ornata Terrapene Terrapene carolina Terrapene gaigae Trachemys scripta Trachemys Pseudemys texana Sternotherus minor Pseudemys gorzugi Pseudemys nelsoni Scientific Name

Sternotherus carinatus Sternotherus odoratus Pseudemys rubriventris Sternotherus depressus Pseudemys peninsularis (Crother et al 2008) Pseudemys suwanniensis

The Voice of Fish and Wildlife Agencies 444 North Capitol Street, NW Suite 725 Washington, DC 20001 Phone: 202/624-7890 Fax: 202/624-7891 Email: [email protected] www.fishwildlife.org