DOCSLIB.ORG

Patent Foramen Ovale—A Not So Innocuous Septal Atrial Defect in Adults

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Patent Foramen Ovale—A Not So Innocuous Septal Atrial Defect in Adults Journal of Cardiovascular Development and Disease Review Patent Foramen Ovale—A Not So Innocuous Septal Atrial Defect in Adults Veronica Romano 1, Carlo Maria Gallinoro 1, Rosita Mottola 1, Alessandro Serio 1, Franca Di Meglio 1, Clotilde Castaldo 1, Felice Sirico 1,* and Daria Nurzynska 2,* 1 Department of Public Health, University of Naples “Federico II”, 80131 Naples, Italy; [email protected] (V.R.); [email protected] (C.M.G.); [email protected] (R.M.); [email protected] (A.S.); [email protected] (F.D.M.); [email protected] (C.C.) 2 Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry “ScuolaMedicaSalernitana”, University of Salerno, 84081 Baronissi, Italy * Correspondence: [email protected] (F.S.); [email protected] (D.N.) Abstract: Patent foramen ovale (PFO) is a common congenital atrial septal defect with an incidence of 15–35% in the adult population. The development of the interatrial septum is a process that begins in the fourth gestational week and is completed only after birth. During intrauterine life, the foramen ovale allows the passage of highly oxygenated blood from the right to the left atrium and into the systemic arteries, thus bypassing the pulmonary circulation. In 75% of the general population, the foramen ovale closes after birth, and only an oval depression, called fossa ovalis, remains on the right side of the interatrial septum. Patent foramen ovale can be associated with various clinically important conditions, including migraine and stroke, or decompression illness in divers. The aim Citation: Romano, V.; Gallinoro, of this review is to summarize the PFO developmental and anatomical features and to discuss the C.M.; Mottola, R.; Serio, A.; Di clinical risks associated with this atrial septal defect in adults. Meglio, F.; Castaldo, C.; Sirico, F.; Nurzynska, D. Patent Foramen Keywords: foramen ovale; patent foramen ovale; atrial septal defect; diving; decompression illness Ovale—A Not So Innocuous Septal Atrial Defect in Adults. J. Cardiovasc. Dev. Dis. 2021, 8, 60. https://doi.org/ 10.3390/jcdd8060060 1. Introduction Academic Editor: Maurice Van den Patent foramen ovale (PFO) is a common defect of the interatrial septum, with an Hoff incidence of 15–35% in the adult population [1]. During intrauterine life, the existence of the foramen ovale allows the placental oxygen-rich blood entering the right atrium Received: 16 April 2021 to be shunted into the fetal arterial systemic circulation. During fetal life, the lungs are Accepted: 22 May 2021 collapsed and filled with amniotic fluid, the pressure in the pulmonary circulation is low, Published: 25 May 2021 and the amount of blood required is low [2]. The placental oxygenated blood reaches the right atrium through the inferior vena cava, where it mixes with a small amount of poorly Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral oxygenated blood coming from the venae cavae, and is introduced through the foramen with regard to jurisdictional claims in ovale into the left atrium and then ventricle, thus bypassing the pulmonary circulation [3]. published maps and institutional affil- Once the oxygenated blood has reached the left ventricle, it will preferentially be directed iations. into the coronary arteries and the carotids, while only a small amount will be directed into the descending aorta, thus favoring a greater development of the heart, brain, and head than the rest of the body. When pressures in the systemic and pulmonary circulation increase after birth, the Copyright: © 2021 by the authors. greater pressure in the left atrium allows the closure of the foramen ovale by coalescence of Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. the septum primum and septum secundum, producing a depression called fossa ovalis on This article is an open access article the right atrial surface [1,3]. In 15–35% of the population, it does not occur and the foramen distributed under the terms and ovale persists. In most cases, the PFO is completely asymptomatic. In some subjects, conditions of the Creative Commons however, it can be associated with stroke due to paradoxical embolization [1,4–9], migraine Attribution (CC BY) license (https:// with aura [10], decompression sickness [11,12], or hypoxemic medical conditions, such as, creativecommons.org/licenses/by/ sleep apnea, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and pulmonary hypertension [13,14]. 4.0/). J. Cardiovasc. Dev. Dis. 2021, 8, 60. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcdd8060060 https://www.mdpi.com/journal/jcdd J. Cardiovasc. Dev. Dis. 2021, 8, 60 2 of 10 2. Development of Interatrial Septum and Foramen Ovale The heart begins to develop from the splanchnic mesoderm of the first heart field, which gives origin to two heart tubes that merge to form a single primitive heart tube. It is composed of a layer of myocardium and a layer of acellular matrix, called cardiac jelly, lined by endocardium. In the early stages of development, the primitive heart tube is attached to the pharyngeal mesoderm by a dorsal mesocardium. The pharyngeal mesoderm, indeed, will give origin to the second wave of cardiac progenitor cells (second heart field), which contribute to the elongation of the heart tube at its poles and the formation of the right ventricle wall [15]. During the fourth gestational week, as the heart tube begins to loop, most of the dorsal mesocardium will disappear, leaving a dorsal mesenchymal protrusion at the cardiac venous pole [16]. With the onset of ballooning, leading to the partitioning of the atrioventricular canal, the cardiac jelly protrudes at the ventricular outflow tract and at the atrioventricular junction. The atrioventricularendocardial cushions, formed at the latter location as a result of epithelial–mesenchymal transition, contribute to the formation of the valves and membranous parts of the cardiac septa [17]. Directly prior to the partitioning of the primordial atrium, the heart detaches from the dorsal mesocardium, and the cardiac jelly of the atria begins to retract so that the endocardium adheres to the myocardium, except at a small ridge of mesenchyme that crosses the atrial roof from the ventral part of the atrioventricular cushions to the dor- sal mesenchymal protrusion [18]. This mesenchymal bridge, with a cap expressing the transcription factor Tbx3 at the leading edge, grows caudally towards the atrioventricular cushions to form the primary septum [19]. The gap between the atrioventricular cushions and the leading edge of the septum primum is the primary foramen (or foramen primum), which shrinks as the septum grows (Figure1A). Around the fifth gestational week, the mesenchymal cap arrives in contact with the atrioventricular cushions, and the growth of the septum primum terminates. At the same time, however, the cranial part of the septum primum develops one or several fenestrations, which coalesce to form the secondary foramen (or foramen secundum, Figure1B). This ensures right-to-left shunting of oxygenated blood that would have been otherwise impossible with the closure of the septum primum. During fetal life, this shunt to the left atrium is responsible for about 20–30% of the total cardiac output. During the sixth week, a folding of the right atrial roof begins between the primary septum and the ostium of the superior vena cava, which represents the first step of the development of the dorsocranial margin of the septum secundum, gradually overlapping the foramen secundum in the septum primum (Figure1B). During the last 20 weeks of gestation, fetal growth occurs very quickly; nonetheless, the foramen ovale, which now includes a gap between the primary septum and the secondary septum, remains proportional to the size of the right atrium (Figure1C) [ 20]. The upper part of the septum primum degenerates, while its lower part acts as a one-way flap, called valve of the foramen ovale (Figure1D). In fact, as can be seen by echocardiography, this flap closes the foramen ovale for about 20% of the cardiac cycle duration [21]. Occasionally, the foramen ovale closes during intrauterine life; this results in sig- nificant hypertrophy of the right atrium and ventricle, which can lead to arrhythmias, pleural effusion, right heart failure, ascites, and hydrops. Death usually occurs shortly after birth [20]. J. Cardiovasc. Dev. Dis. 2021, 8, 60 3 of 10 J. Cardiovasc. Dev. Dis. 2021, 8, x 3 of 10 FigureFigure 1. 1.Development Development ofof thethe interatrialinteratrial septumseptum and foramenforamen ovale at at the the end end of of the the fourth fourth week week (A(A),), during during the the sixth sixth week week (B (),B), and and at at the the beginning beginning of of the th seventhe seventh gestational gestational week week (C,D (C,D). Modified). Modified with permission [22]. with permission [22]. 3.3. Foramen Foramen Ovale Ovale after after Birth Birth AfterAfter birth,birth, thethe pressurepressure ofof thethe pulmonarypulmonary circulationcirculation drops,drops, thethe pressurepressure ofof thethe systemicsystemic circulation circulation increases, increases, and and this this pressure pressure gradient gradient causes causes the the adhesion adhesion of of the the valve valve ofof the the foramen foramen ovale ovale to to the the septum septum secundum secundum [ 17[17].]. In In 75% 75% of of the the general general population, population, the the foramenforamen ovale ovale closes closes within within a few a few months, months, and onlyand anonly oval an depression, oval depression, called fossacalled ovalis, fossa remainsovalis, remains on the righton the side right of side the interatrialof the interatrial septum, septum, slightly slightly above above and to and the to left the of left the of J.J. Cardiovasc. Cardiovasc. Dev. Dev. Dis. Dis.2021 2021, ,8 8,, 60 x 4 ofof 1010 orificethe orifice of the of inferior the inferior vena cavavena [1cava]. It is[1]. surrounded It is surrounded by a raised by a muscularraised muscular rim, called rim, limbus called fossaelimbus ovalis, fossae and ovalis, its floor and isits formed floor is by formed the septum by the primum.septum primum.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Embryology and Anatomy of Fetal Heart
    Prof. Saeed Abuel Makarem Dr. Jamila El Medany Objectives • By the end of this lecture the student should be able to: • Describe the formation, sit, union divisions of the of the heart tubes. • Describe the formation and fate of the sinus venosus. • Describe the partitioning of the common atrium and common ventricle. • Describe the partitioning of the truncus arteriosus. • List the most common cardiac anomalies. • The CVS is the first major system to function in the embryo. • The heart begins to beat at (22nd – 23rd ) days. • Blood flow begins during the beginning of the fourth week and can be visualized by Ultrasound Doppler Notochord: stimulates neural tube formation Somatic mesoderm Splanchnic mesoderm FORMATION OF THE HEART TUBE • The heart is the first functional organ to develop. • It develops from Splanchnic Mesoderm in the wall of the yolk sac (Cardiogenic Area): Cranial to the developing Mouth & Nervous system and Ventral to the developing Pericardial sac. • The heart primordium is first evident at day 18 (as an Angioplastic cords which soon canalize to form the 2 heart tubes). • As the Head Fold completed, the developing heart tubes change their position and become in the Ventral aspect of the embryo, Dorsal to the developing Pericardial sac. • . Development of the Heart tube • After Lateral Folding of the embryo, the 2 heart tubes approach each other and fuse to form a single Endocardial Heart tube within the pericardial sac. • Fusion of the two tubes occurs in a Craniocaudal direction. What is the • The heart tube grows faster than shape of the the pericardial sac, so it shows 5 alternate dilations separated by Heart Tube? constrictions.
    [Show full text]
  • Te2, Part Iii
    TERMINOLOGIA EMBRYOLOGICA Second Edition International Embryological Terminology FIPAT The Federative International Programme for Anatomical Terminology A programme of the International Federation of Associations of Anatomists (IFAA) TE2, PART III Contents Caput V: Organogenesis Chapter 5: Organogenesis (continued) Systema respiratorium Respiratory system Systema urinarium Urinary system Systemata genitalia Genital systems Coeloma Coelom Glandulae endocrinae Endocrine glands Systema cardiovasculare Cardiovascular system Systema lymphoideum Lymphoid system Bibliographic Reference Citation: FIPAT. Terminologia Embryologica. 2nd ed. FIPAT.library.dal.ca. Federative International Programme for Anatomical Terminology, February 2017 Published pending approval by the General Assembly at the next Congress of IFAA (2019) Creative Commons License: The publication of Terminologia Embryologica is under a Creative Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-ND 4.0) license The individual terms in this terminology are within the public domain. Statements about terms being part of this international standard terminology should use the above bibliographic reference to cite this terminology. The unaltered PDF files of this terminology may be freely copied and distributed by users. IFAA member societies are authorized to publish translations of this terminology. Authors of other works that might be considered derivative should write to the Chair of FIPAT for permission to publish a derivative work. Caput V: ORGANOGENESIS Chapter 5: ORGANOGENESIS
    [Show full text]
  • MDCT of Interatrial Septum
    Diagnostic and Interventional Imaging (2015) 96, 891—899 PICTORIAL REVIEW /Cardiovascular imaging MDCT of interatrial septum ∗ D. Yasunaga , M. Hamon Service de radiologie, pôle d’imagerie, CHU de Caen, avenue de la Côte-de-Nacre, 14033 Caen Cedex 9, France KEYWORDS Abstract ECG-gated cardiac multidetector row computed tomography (MDCT) allows precise Cardiac CT; analysis of the interatrial septum (IAS). This pictorial review provides a detailed description of Interatrial septum; the normal anatomy, variants and abnormalities of the IAS such as patent foramen ovale, con- Patent foramen genital abnormalities such as atrial septal defects as well as tumors and tumoral-like processes ovale; that develop on the IAS. Secundum ASD © 2015 Published by Elsevier Masson SAS on behalf of the Éditions françaises de radiologie. Introduction Major technical advances in computed tomography (CT) in recent years have made it pos- sible to use multidetector row CT (MDCT) in the field of cardiac imaging. Besides coronary arteries, ECG-gated cardiac MDCT provides high-resolution images of all cardiac structures. It is therefore important for radiologists to understand and be able to analyze the normal anatomical structures, variants and diseases of these different structures. This article provides an analysis of the interatrial septum (IAS) based on a pictorial review. After a short embryological and anatomical description, we will illustrate the nor- mal anatomy and variants of the IAS, anomalies such as patent foramen ovale (PFO), congenital diseases such as atrial septal defects (ASD) as well as tumors and tumoral-like processes that develop on the IAS. Abbreviations: ASA, atrial septal aneurysm; ASD, atrial septal defect; ECG, electrocardiogram; IAS, interatrial septum; IVC, inferior vena cava; IVS, interventricular septum; LV, left ventricle; M, myxoma; PFO, patent foramen ovale; RSPV, right superior pulmonary vein; RV, right ventricle; SVC, superior vena cava; MIP, maximal intensity projection; TEE, transesophageal echocardiography; TV, tricuspid valve.
    [Show full text]
  • Development of HEART 4-VEINS
    Development of brachiocephalic veins 1. Right brachiocephalic vein is formed by cranial part of right anterior cardinal vein and 2. Left brachiocephalic is formed by cranial part of left anterior cardinal vein and the interant.cardinal anastomosis. Development of superior vena cava 1. The part up to the opening of vena azygos develops from caudal part of right ant.cardinal vein and 2. The part below the opening (intrapericardial part) is formed by the right common cardinal vein. Development of azygos and hemiazygos veins A. 1. Vena azygos develops from right azygos line vein and 2. The arch of vena azygos is formed by the cranial end of right postcardinal vein. B. Hemiazygos veins are formed by the left azygos line vein. Development of Inferior vena cava Inferior vena cava is formed, from below upwards by: 1. Begins by the union of the two common iliac veins (postcardinal veins), 2. Right supracardinal, 3. Right supra-subcardinal anastomosis, 4. Right subcardinal, 5. New formation (hepatic segment) and 6. Hepatocardiac channel (terminal part of right vitelline vein). Congenital anomalies • Double inferior vena cava • Absence • Left SVC • Double SVC DEVELOPMENT OF PORTAL VEIN 1. The portal vein is formed behind the neck of pancreas by the union of superior mesentric and splenic vein to the left vitelline vein. 2. The part of the portal vein which is behind the Ist part of duodenum is formed by middle dorsal transverse anastomosis. 3. Part of portal vein which is in the free margin of lesser omentum is formed by cranial or distal part of right vitelline vein.
    [Show full text]
  • 4B. the Heart (Cor) 1
    Henry Gray (1821–1865). Anatomy of the Human Body. 1918. 4b. The Heart (Cor) 1 The heart is a hollow muscular organ of a somewhat conical form; it lies between the lungs in the middle mediastinum and is enclosed in the pericardium (Fig. 490). It is placed obliquely in the chest behind the body of the sternum and adjoining parts of the rib cartilages, and projects farther into the left than into the right half of the thoracic cavity, so that about one-third of it is situated on the right and two-thirds on the left of the median plane. Size.—The heart, in the adult, measures about 12 cm. in length, 8 to 9 cm. in breadth at the 2 broadest part, and 6 cm. in thickness. Its weight, in the male, varies from 280 to 340 grams; in the female, from 230 to 280 grams. The heart continues to increase in weight and size up to an advanced period of life; this increase is more marked in men than in women. Component Parts.—As has already been stated (page 497), the heart is subdivided by 3 septa into right and left halves, and a constriction subdivides each half of the organ into two cavities, the upper cavity being called the atrium, the lower the ventricle. The heart therefore consists of four chambers, viz., right and left atria, and right and left ventricles. The division of the heart into four cavities is indicated on its surface by grooves. The atria 4 are separated from the ventricles by the coronary sulcus (auriculoventricular groove); this contains the trunks of the nutrient vessels of the heart, and is deficient in front, where it is crossed by the root of the pulmonary artery.
    [Show full text]
  • A 29-Year-Old Man with Acute Onset Blurry Vision, Weakness, and Gait Abnormality
    Journal of the Louisiana State Medical Society CLINICAL CASE OF THE MONTH A 29-Year-Old Man With Acute Onset Blurry Vision, Weakness, and Gait Abnormality Deepu Thoppil, MD; Murtuza J. Ali, MD; Neeraj Jain, MD; Sanjay Kamboj, MD; Pramilla Subramaniam, MD; and Fred A. Lopez, MD (Section Editor) A 29-year-old man, with no significant past medical history, was in his usual state of health until the afternoon of admission. The patient was seated at work eating lunch when he suddenly noticed that his vision became blurry. He covered his right eye and had no visual difficulty but noted blurry vision upon covering his left eye. At this point, the patient tried to stand up, but had difficulty walking and noticed he was “falling toward his left.” Facial asymmetry when smiling was also appreciated. The patient denied any alteration in mental status, confusion, antecedent or current headaches, aura, chest pains, or shortness of breath. He was not taking any prescribed medications and had no known allergies. The patient denied any prior hospitalization or surgery. He denied use of tobacco, alcohol, or illicit drugs, and worked as a maintenance worker in a hotel. His family history is remarkable for his father who died of pancreatic cancer in his 50s and his mother who died of an unknown heart condition in her late 40s. Vital signs on presentation to the emergency department included temperature of 97.6oF; respiratory rate of 18 per minute; pulse of 68 per minute; blood pressure of 124/84 mmHg; pulse oximetry of 99% on ambient air.
    [Show full text]
  • Development of Right Ventricle
    DEVELOPMENT OF THE HEART II. David Lendvai M.D., Ph.D. Mark Kozsurek, M.D., Ph.D. • Septation of the common atrioventricular (AV) orifice. • Formation of the interatrial septum. • Formation of the muscular interventricular septum. • Appearance of the membranous interventricular septum and the spiral aorticopulmonary septum. right left septum primum septum primum septum primum septum primum septum primum septum primum foramen primum foramen primum septum primum septum primum foramen primum foramen primum septum primum septum primum foramen secundum foramen secundum foramen primum foramen primum septum primum foramen secundum septum primum foramen secundum foramen primum foramen primum septum primum septum primum foramen secundum foramen secundum septum secundum septum secundum foramen secundum foramen ovale foramen ovale septum primum septum primum septum secundum septum secundum foramen secundum foramen ovale foramen ovale septum primum septum primum septum secundum septum secundum foramen secundum septum primum foramen ovale foramen ovale septum primum SUMMARY • The septation of the common atrium starts with the appearance of the crescent-shaped septum primum. The opening of this septum, the foramen primum, becomes progressively smaller. • Before the foramen primum completly closes, postero-superiorly several small openings appear on the septum primum. These perforations coalesce later and form the foramen secundum. • On the right side of the septum primum a new septum, the septum secundum, starts to grow. The orifice of the septum secundum is the foramen ovale. • Finally two crescent-like, incomplete, partially overlapping septa exist with one hole on each. Septum secundum is more rigid and the septum primum on its left side acts as a valve letting the blood flow exclusively from the right to the left.
    [Show full text]
  • Fetal Circulation
    The Fetal Circulation Dr. S. Mathieu, Specialist Registrar in Anaesthesia Dr. D. J. Dalgleish, Consultant Anaesthetist Royal Bournemouth and Christchurch Hospitals Trust, UK Questions 1. In the fetal circulation: a) There are two umbilical arteries and one umbilical vein? b) Over 90% of blood passes the liver via the ductus venosus c) The foramen ovale divides the left and right ventricle d) The umbilical artery carries oxygenated blood from the placenta to the fetus e) The foramen ovale allows oxygenated blood to bypass the pulmonary circulation 2. In the fetal circulation: a) The oxygen dissociation curve of fetal haemoglobin is shifted to the left compared with adult haemoglobin ensuring oxygen delivery to the fetus despite low oxygen partial pressures b) It is the presence of the ductus arteriosus and large pulmonary vascular resistance which ensures most of the right ventricular output passes into the aorta c) The patency of the ductus arteriosus is maintained by high oxygen tensions d) The patency of the ductus arteriosus is maintained by the vasodilating effects of prostaglandin G2 e) 2,3-DPG levels are higher in fetal haemoglobin compared with adult haemaglobin 3. Changes at birth include: a) a fall in pulmonary vascular resistance b) a rise in systemic vascular resistance with clamping of the cord c) an increase in hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction d) a rise in left atrial pressure e) closure of the ductus arteriosus within 24 hours 4. The following congenital heart lesions are cyanotic: a) Ventricular septal defect b) Atrial septal defect c) Patent ductus arteriosus d) Tetralogy of Fallot e) Transposition of the great arteries MCQ answers at end Key points • The fetal circulation supplies the fetal tissues with oxygen and nutrients from the placenta.
    [Show full text]
  • Abnormally Enlarged Singular Thebesian Vein in Right Atrium
    Open Access Case Report DOI: 10.7759/cureus.16300 Abnormally Enlarged Singular Thebesian Vein in Right Atrium Dilip Kumar 1 , Amit Malviya 2 , Bishwajeet Saikia 3 , Bhupen Barman 4 , Anunay Gupta 5 1. Cardiology, Medica Institute of Cardiac Sciences, Kolkata, IND 2. Cardiology, North Eastern Indira Gandhi Regional Institute of Health and Medical Sciences, Shillong, IND 3. Anatomy, North Eastern Indira Gandhi Regional Institute of Health and Medical Sciences, Shillong, IND 4. Internal Medicine, North Eastern Indira Gandhi Regional Institute of Health and Medical Sciences, Shillong, IND 5. Cardiology, Vardhman Mahavir Medical College (VMMC) and Safdarjung Hospital, New Delhi, IND Corresponding author: Amit Malviya, [email protected] Abstract Thebesian veins in the heart are subendocardial venoluminal channels and are usually less than 0.5 mm in diameter. The system of TV either opens a venous (venoluminal) or an arterial (arterioluminal) channel directly into the lumen of the cardiac chambers or via some intervening spaces (venosinusoidal/ arteriosinusoidal) termed as sinusoids. Enlarged thebesian veins are reported in patients with congenital heart disease and usually, multiple veins are enlarged. Very few reports of such abnormal enlargement are there in the absence of congenital heart disease, but in all such cases, they are multiple and in association with coronary artery microfistule. We report a very rare case of a singular thebesian vein in the right atrium, which was abnormally enlarged. It is important to recognize because it can be confused with other cardiac structures like coronary sinus during diagnostic or therapeutic catheterization and can lead to cardiac injury and complications if it is attempted to cannulate it or pass the guidewires.
    [Show full text]
  • Echocardiographic Follow-Up of Patent Foramen Ovale and the Factors Affecting Spontaneous Closure
    Acta Cardiol Sin 2016;32:731-737 Brief Report doi: 10.6515/ACS20160205A Echocardiographic Follow-Up of Patent Foramen Ovale and the Factors Affecting Spontaneous Closure Ali Yildirim,1 Alperen Aydin,2 Tevfik Demir,1 Fatma Aydin,2 Birsen Ucar1 and Zubeyir Kilic1 Background: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the echocardiographic follow-up of patent foramen ovale, which is considered a potential etiological factor in various diseases, and to determine the factors affecting spontaneous closure. Methods: Between January 2000 and June 2012, records of 918 patients with patent foramen ovale were retrospectively reviewed. Patency of less than 3 mm around the fossa ovalis is called patent foramen ovale. Patients with cyanotic congenital heart diseases, severe heart valve disorders and severe hemodynamic left to right shunts were excluded from the study. The patients were divided into three groups based on age; 1 day-1 monthingroup1,1month-12monthsingroup2,andmorethan12monthsingroup3. Results: Of the 918 patients, 564 (61.4%) had spontaneous closure, 328 (35.8%) had patent foramen ovale continued, 15 (1.6%) patients had patent foramen ovale enlarged to 3-5 mm, 6 patients were enlarged to 5-8 mm, and in one patient patent foramen ovale reached to more than 8 mm size. Defect was spontaneously closed in 65.9% of the patients in group 1, 66.7% of the patients in group 2, and 52.3% of the patients in group 3. There was a negative correlation between the age of diagnosis and spontaneous closure (p < 0.05). Gender, prematurity and coexisting malformations such as patent ductus arteriosus and atrial septal aneurysm did not have any effect on spontaneous closure of patent foramen ovale (p > 0.05).
    [Show full text]
  • Anatomy of the Heart
    Anatomy of the Heart DR. SAEED VOHRA DR. SANAA AL-SHAARAWI OBJECTIVES • At the end of the lecture, the student should be able to : • Describe the shape of heart regarding : apex, base, sternocostal and diaphragmatic surfaces. • Describe the interior of heart chambers : right atrium, right ventricle, left atrium and left ventricle. • List the orifices of the heart : • Right atrioventricular (Tricuspid) orifice. • Pulmonary orifice. • Left atrioventricular (Mitral) orifice. • Aortic orifice. • Describe the innervation of the heart • Briefly describe the conduction system of the Heart The Heart • It lies in the middle mediastinum. • It is surrounded by a fibroserous sac called pericardium which is differentiated into an outer fibrous layer (Fibrous pericardium) & inner serous sac (Serous pericardium). • The Heart is somewhat pyramidal in shape, having: • Apex • Sterno-costal (anterior surface) • Base (posterior surface). • Diaphragmatic (inferior surface) • It consists of 4 chambers, 2 atria (right& left) & 2 ventricles (right& left) Apex of the heart • Directed downwards, forwards and to the left. • It is formed by the left ventricle. • Lies at the level of left 5th intercostal space 3.5 inch from midline. Note that the base of the heart is called the base because the heart is pyramid shaped; the base lies opposite the apex. The heart does not rest on its base; it rests on its diaphragmatic (inferior) surface Sterno-costal (anterior)surface • Divided by coronary (atrio- This surface is formed mainly ventricular) groove into : by the right atrium and the right . Atrial part, formed mainly by ventricle right atrium. Ventricular part , the right 2/3 is formed by right ventricle, while the left l1/3 is formed by left ventricle.
    [Show full text]
  • The American Society of Echocardiography
    1 THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY RECOMMENDATIONS FOR CARDIAC CHAMBER QUANTIFICATION IN ADULTS: A QUICK REFERENCE GUIDE FROM THE ASE WORKFLOW AND LAB MANAGEMENT TASK FORCE Accurate and reproducible assessment of cardiac chamber size and function is essential for clinical care. A standardized methodology creates a common approach to the assessment of cardiac structure and function both within and between echocardiography labs. This facilitates better communication and improves the ability to compare results between studies as well as differentiate normal from abnormal findings in an individual patient. This document summarizes key points from the 2015 ASE Chamber Quantification Guideline and is meant to serve as quick reference for sonographers and interpreting physicians. It is designed to provide guidance on chamber quantification for adult patients; a separate ASE Guidelines document that details recommended quantification methods in the pediatric age group has also been published and should be used for patients <18 years of age (3). (1) For details of the methodology and the rationale for current recommendations, the interested reader is referred to the complete Guideline statement. Figures and tables are reproduced from ASE Guidelines. (1,2) Table of Contents: 1. Left Ventricle (LV) Size and Function p. 2 a. LV Size p. 2 i. Linear Measurements p. 2 ii. Volume Measurements p. 2 iii. LV Mass Calculations p. 3 b. Left Ventricular Function Assessment p. 4 i. Global Systolic Function Parameters p. 4 ii. Regional Function p. 5 2. Right Ventricle (RV) Size and Function p. 6 a. RV Size p. 6 b. RV Function p. 8 3. Atria p.
    [Show full text]