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Universidade Federal De Goiás Faculdade De História Programa De Pós-Graduação Em História UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DE GOIÁS FACULDADE DE HISTÓRIA PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM HISTÓRIA FAGNER ENRIQUE FONSECA DE OLIVEIRA INTERNACIONALISMO E NACIONALISMO EM MÁRIO PEDROSA: UM ESTUDO SOBRE SUA OBRA POLÍTICA (1925-1966) Goiânia 2016 UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DE GOIÁS FACULDADE DE HISTÓRIA PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM HISTÓRIA FAGNER ENRIQUE FONSECA DE OLIVEIRA INTERNACIONALISMO E NACIONALISMO EM MÁRIO PEDROSA: UM ESTUDO SOBRE SUA OBRA POLÍTICA (1925-1966) Dissertação apresentada ao Programa de Pós- Graduação em História da Universidade Federal de Goiás como requisito parcial para obtenção do grau de Mestre em História. Área de concentração: Culturas, Fronteiras e Identidades. Linha de pesquisa: Poder, Sertão e Identidades. Orientador: Prof. Dr. David Maciel Goiânia 2016 Aos trabalhadores de todo o mundo, fonte da riqueza mas dela despojados, fonte do poder mas dele despojados, que tomem em suas mãos o destino de sua própria existência... Unidos contra os usurpadores. AGRADECIMENTOS A lista de pessoas a quem devo agradecer é certamente muito longa. Seriam muitos os nomes a mencionar, e há também aqueles que posso ter esquecido mas que sem dúvida deram sua contribuição ao presente trabalho. Começando pelas pessoas diretamente envolvidas na produção desta dissertação, devo agradecer em primeiro lugar aos professores David Maciel, João Alberto e Walmir Barbosa. As observações, sugestões e críticas feitas pelos três professores foram indispensáveis para que eu chegasse ao final da empreitada, fazendo certamente algumas correções de curso. Devo agradecer especialmente ao meu orientador, David Maciel, por sua paciência e por ter sempre me estimulado, mesmo que discordando das minhas ideias em muitos momentos. Outro agradecimento especial vai para o professor João Alberto, que me apresentou o objeto e me orientou durante os primeiros estágios da pesquisa. Esta pesquisa foi financiada pela CAPES, e por isso sou também especialmente grato. A bolsa de pesquisa da CAPES me permitiu adquirir diversas obras importantes e viajar para o Rio de Janeiro para consultar a maior parte dos documentos em que se baseia o texto a seguir. Devo também um agradecimento especial a Ana, Rodrigo e a Phillipe e sua família, que me acolheram no Rio de Janeiro durante minha estadia para consultar o acervo da Biblioteca Nacional: sua amizade e apoio jamais serão esquecidos. Ana e Rodrigo merecem um agradecimento adicional por terem conferido para mim, quando eu já estava de volta, uma página de um documento que pensei ter esquecido de reproduzir: afinal era a página que faltava, não eu que a tinha esquecido. E um outro agradecimento vai para Alex, que fez-me o favor de obter informações sobre outro acervo. Quero agradecer também aos funcionários da Biblioteca Nacional, especialmente da seção de manuscritos, que fizeram tudo ao seu alcance para facilitar o meu trabalho e garantir o meu acesso à maior parte dos documentos consultados. Um agradecimento especial deve ser dedicado também à filha de Mário Pedrosa, Sra. Vera Pedrosa, que me deu autorização para reproduzir parte do acervo sobre seu pai na Biblioteca Nacional. Agradeço também aos meus companheiros de luta, que comigo sonharam e lutaram — e ainda sonham e lutam — por um mundo sem exploração e opressão. Meu agradecimento especial vai para os companheiros do Tarifa Zero Goiânia, da Frente de Luta, do Movimento Passe Livre, das ocupações de escolas e para aqueles que se dedicam a noticiar, apoiar e pensar sobre as lutas. Devo também um agradecimento ao camarada João Bernardo, sempre disposto a conversar sobre diversos assuntos e sempre apontando para questões estimulantes: sua contribuição é imensurável. Se este trabalho significa alguma coisa, é um esforço de análise e compreensão de certa trajetória da esquerda — que precisa se reformular urgentemente — para que possamos reavaliar as nossas trajetórias no presente. A escolha de um militante entre outros leva em conta que não apenas ele mas muitos outros seguiram pelo mesmo caminho ou por caminhos semelhantes. Estudar a obra de um militante é estudar a obra da esquerda, é claro que observando as mediações. Devo também agradecer aos meus amigos Carlos, Everton e Marcos. São amigos de longa data que ocupam um espaço importante em minha vida. Não posso deixar de mencionar os meus amigos e colegas da Graduação em História da UFG, que fizeram parte de um momento crucial em minha vida. Devo me lembrar também dos meus amigos e colegas do Programa de Pós-Graduação em História da UFG, alguns dos quais conversaram comigo sobre minha pesquisa e deram importantes sugestões. Por fim, meu maior agradecimento vai para um pequeno conjunto de pessoas muito especiais: minha mãe, Lúcia, meu pai, Israel, meu irmão, Ramón, e toda a minha família. Esta dissertação faz parte das dificuldades e sacrifícios por que passamos, e espero que represente uma das inúmeras conquistas da nossa família. E faz parte desse pequeno grupo de pessoas especiais a minha amada companheira, Nayara, a quem entrego meu coração para sempre... E mais um dia. Mão esquerda contra a direita. Tua alma e minha alma ― rentes. Fusão, beatitude que abrasa. Direita e esquerda — duas asas. Roda o tufão, o abismo fez-se Da asa esquerda à asa direita. MARINA TZVIETÁIEVA (1918) RESUMO OLIVEIRA, Fagner Enrique Fonseca de. Internacionalismo e nacionalismo em Mário Pedrosa: um estudo sobre sua obra política (1925-1966). 2016. 257 f. Dissertação (Mestrado em História). Programa de Pós-Graduação em História, Universidade Federal de Goiás. Goiânia. 2016. Esta pesquisa tem como objeto a obra política de Mário Pedrosa de 1925 a 1966. O estudo faz uso do modelo teórico-metodológico proposto por João Bernardo, e acompanha o percurso de Pedrosa por diversos grupos sociais, buscando compreender a evolução intelectual do autor a partir das ideologias expressas por tais grupos. O objetivo da obra é apresentar e fornecer uma explicação para a transição de Pedrosa do internacionalismo proletário para o nacionalismo terceiro-mundista. Essa explicação é centrada na trajetória institucional do autor, primeiro passando por grupos sociais vinculados à classe trabalhadora, depois passando por grupos sociais vinculados a várias classes, o que é interpretado como a porta de entrada para o nacionalismo terceiro-mundista. Este estudo vem para preencher uma lacuna na produção acadêmica sobre o autor, trazendo textos desconhecidos da autoria de Pedrosa, sobretudo dos anos 1950, que o situam no campo do nacionalismo anti-imperialista brasileiro, ao lado de intelectuais vinculados por exemplo ao ISEB e outras instituições. Pedrosa é mais conhecido por sua trajetória no âmbito das artes, no âmbito da cultura. E sua obra política mais conhecida, e para a qual há uma historiografia satisfatória, é a dos anos 1920. Assim, por meio desta dissertação, pretendemos apresentar uma evolução intelectual desconhecida no âmbito acadêmico. Palavras-chave: Marxismo. Internacionalismo. Nacionalismo. Terceiro Mundo. Estruturalismo. ABSTRACT OLIVEIRA, Fagner Enrique Fonseca. Internationalism and nationalism in Mario Pedrosa: a study of his political work (1925-1966). 2016. 257 f. Thesis (MA in History). Graduate Program in History, Federal University of Goiás. Goiânia. 2016. This research has as its object Mário Pedrosa's political work from 1925 to 1966. The study makes use of the theoretical and methodological model proposed by João Bernardo, and follows Pedrosa's course through several social groups, seeking to understand the intellectual evolution of the author from the ideologies expressed by such groups. The work's objective is to present and provide an explanation to Pedrosa's transition from proletarian internationalism to the Third World nationalism. That explanation centers on the author's institutional trajectory, first through social groups linked to the working class, then through social groups linked to various classes, which is interpreted as the gateway to the Third World nationalism. This study comes to fill a gap in academic research on the author, bringing unknown writings from Pedrosa, mostly from the 1950's, that set him within the field of Brazilian anti-imperialist nationalism, alongside intellectuals linked for instance to the ISEB and other institutions. Pedrosa is best known for his trajectory within the ambit of the arts, the ambit of culture. And his best known political work, and for there is a satisfactory historiographic production, is that one of the 1920's. Thus, through this thesis, we intend to present an intellectual evolution that is unknown in the academic ambit. Keywords: Marxism. Internationalism. Nationalism. Third World. Structuralism. SUMÁRIO INTRODUÇÃO.............................................................................................................................................1 1. Objeto e problemática........................................................................................................................1 2. Referencial teórico-metodológico.......................................................................................................2 3. O nacionalismo na esquerda............................................................................................................12 4. Fontes consultadas e plano da obra................................................................................................23 CAPÍTULO 1: Do início da militância à oposição......................................................................................26 1. O Brasil em transformação...............................................................................................................26
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