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INFORMATION to USERS the Most Advanced Technology Has Been INFORMATION TO USERS The most advanced technology has been used to photo­ graph and reproduce this manuscript from the microfilm master. UMI films the original text directly from the copy submitted. Thus, some dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from a computer printer. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyrighted material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are re­ produced by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand comer and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. Each oversize page is available as one exposure on a standard 35 mm slide or as a 17" x 23" black and white photographic print for an additional charge. Photographs included in the original manuscript have been reproduced xerographically in this copy. 35 mm slides or 6" X 9" black and white photographic prints are available for any photographs or illustrations appearing in this copy for an additional charge. Contact UMI directly to order. WUMIAccessing the World's Information since 1938 300 North Zeeb Road. Ann Arbor. Ml 48106-1346 USA Order Number 8812239 Indian social movements: A case study in Cauca, Colombia, from a Marxist perspective Cortes, Pedro, Ph.D. The Ohio State University, 1988 UMI 300 N. Zeeb R i Ann Aibor, MI 48106 PLEASE NOTE: In all cases this material has been filmed in the best possible way from the available copy. Problems encountered with this document have been identified here with a check mark ■ £ _ 1. Glossy photographs or p a g e s. 2. Colored illustrations, paper or print______ 3. Photographs with dark background _____ 4. Illustrations are poor copy_______ 5. Pages with black marks, not original copy. 6. Print shows through as there is text on both sides of page. 7. Indistinct, broken or small print on several pages ________ 8. Print exceeds margin requirements ______ 9. Tightly bound copy with print lost in sp in e _______ 10. Computer printout pages with indistinct print. 11. Page(s)____________ lacking when material received, and not available from school or author. 12. Page(s)____________ seem to be missing in numbering only as text follows. 13. Two pages n um bered . Textfollo>ws. 14. Curling and wrinkled pages 15. Dissertation contains pages with print at a slant, filmed eis received 16. Other _____ ________ UMI INDIAN SOCIAL MOVEMENTS: A CASE STUDY IN CAUCA, COLOMBIA, FROM A MARXIST PERSPECTIVE DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Pedro Cortes, M.S. * * * * The Ohio State University 1988 Dissertatation Committee: Approved By William L. FI inn Linda Reif________________________ _ _______________ AdvWof David 0. Hansen Department of Agricultural Economics and Rural Sociology Lawrence Brown To William FI inn and in memory of A. Eugene Havens and to My wife, Teresa, and my children, Patricia, Javier, Ernesto & Rocio 11 AKNOWLEDGEMENTS I especially wish to acknowledge Professor William FI inn, who was my professor and advisor at the University of Wisconsin-Madison and currently my advisor at The Ohio State University. I am deeply indebted to him for providing intellectual guidance, economic support and encouragement during my graduate studies. I would not have obtained a Ph.d. without his support. For his friendship and solidarity I am forever grateful. In addition, I wish to thank the other members of my dissertation committee. Professors Linda Reif, David Hansen and Lawrence Brown, who provided valuable comments and support. A special thanks is also necessary for the moral support and assistance of the MUCIA staff: Don, Mark, Marcie, Linda, Rita, Nancy, Wannaporn, Leslie and Mitch. I am grateful to Carolyn Wenholz and Michael Sisson for the translation and editorial assistance of the dissertation. Acknowledgement is gratefully extended to the Fundacion para la Promocion de la Investigacion, la Ciencia y la Tecnologia, of the Banco de la Republica de Colombia, which financed part of the research; to the Universidad del Cauca which granted a leave of absence for finishing my dissertation; to LASPAU and The Ford Foundation which awarded me scholarships to conduct my graduate studies in the United States. Special thanks must also be given to my companeros and Indians of Cauca with whom I shared the most significant time of my life and from whom I learned so much and Teresa, my wife and companera. m VITA June 29, 1946 ................................................. Born - Bogota, Colombia 1973 ................................................................... M.S., The University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 1986-1988 .......................................................... Professor, School of Humanities, Universidad del Cauca, Popayan. 1984 - 1985 ...................................................... Coordinator of a Research Project on Indian Education, Universidad del Cauca and Ministry of Goverment. 1983 ....................................................................... Researcher, Fundacion para Promocion de Investigacion, Ciencia y Tecnologia, Banco de la Republica, Bogota. 1981-1982 .......................................................... Teaching Assistant, Department of Romance Languages, (Spanish), The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 1979 ................................................................... Researcher, Center for Social Research and Education, CINEP, Bogota. 1974-1978 .......................................................... Professor, School of Education, Universidad del Cauca, Popayan, Colombia FIELDS OF STUDY Major Field: Rural Sociology Studies in: Indian Matters and Education IV TABLE OF CONTENTS DEDICATION......................................................................................................................... ii AKNONLEDGEMENTS.................................................................................................................ill VITA..............................................................................................................................................IV LIST OF TABLES.....................................................................................................................x LIST OF FIGURES...................................................................................................................xi PREFACE..................................................................................................................................XIi CHAPTER I. THE RISE OF INDIAN MOVEMENTS....................................................................1 Introduction...............................................................................................1 Peasants and Indian Survival ...........................................................4 Considerations for a definition of an Indian Movement ....................................................................9 Collective Reaction ..................................................................11 C ontext ................................................................................11 Social B ase...................... 12 Organized Action for Attaining Objectives. 15 Organization...................................................................... 15 Objectives ...........................................................................21 II. THE PEASANTS AND THEIR STRUGGLES.........................................................23 Importance of the Peasants.............................................................23 The Peasants as a Social Class.....................................................25 Isolation........................................................................................25 Hetergeneity ............................................................................ 25 Ambiguity ........................................................................................27 Transitoriness ........................................................................ 28 Disintegration and Conservation ............................................. 31 The Peasant Struggles ................................................................... 33 The Social Impact of the Peasant Struggles . 37 Peasants Dependency and Participation in Social Movements ....................................................................... 40 Dependent Peasants ............................................................... 41 Independent Peasants .......................................................... 44 III. THE INDIANS AND THEIR STRUGGLES.............................................................46 Introduction............................................................................................46 Prevailing Approach to the Indian Question..........................47 Integrationism ....................................................................... 48 Class and Ethnicity..................................................................51 Ethnic and National Minorities .................................... 53 The Indian Struggles..........................................................................57 Social Impact of Indian Struggles...................................61 IV. GEOGRAPHIC SETTING AND HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF INDIANS IN CAUCA...............................................................................66
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