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The Ideology of a Greater Serbia in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries

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The Ideology of a Greater Serbia in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries IT-03-67-T 27065 D27065 - D26809 22 January 2008 MC THE INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL TRIBUNAL FOR THE FORMER YUGOSLAVIA Case No. IT-03-67-T IN TRIAL CHAMBER III Before: Judge Jean-Claude Antonetti, presiding Judge Frederik Harhoff Judge Flavia Lattanzi Registrar: Mr. Hans Holthuis Date filed: 22 January 2008 THE PROSECUTOR v. VOJISLAV ŠEŠELJ PUBLIC ____________________________________________________________________ PROSECUTION’S NOTICE OF FILING OF THE REVISED TRANSLATIONS OF EXPERT REPORT OF YVES TOMI] AND C.V. _____________________________________________________________________ The Office of the Prosecutor: Ms. Christine Dahl The Accused: Vojislav Šešelj 27064 THE INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL TRIBUNAL FOR THE FORMER YUGOSLAVIA THE PROSECUTOR v. VOJISLAV ŠEŠELJ Case No. IT-03-67-PT _____________________________________________________________________ PROSECUTION’S NOTICE OF FILING OF THE REVISED TRANSLATIONS OF EXPERT REPORT OF YVES TOMI] AND C.V. _____________________________________________________________________ 1. The Prosecution herewith files the CLSS revised translations of the Report of Yves Tomić in English and B/C/S. This filing relates to the original Expert Report of Yves Tomić in the French language filed on 14 January 2008 (appearing at Registry Pages D26641-D26617). 2. Also, Mr. Tomić has provided an updated C.V., attached hereto. Word Count: 55 Dated This 22nd Day of January 2008 The Hague, The Netherlands IT-03-67-T 1 22 January 2008 27063 0463-7876-0463-7990-ET-1/ The Ideology of a Greater Serbia in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries Expert Report Yves Tomic (Bibliothèque de documentation internationale contemporaine, Université de Paris X-Nanterre) International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia 27062 0463-7876-0463-7990-ET-1/ Table of Contents Introduction..........................................................................................................................4 1. Serbian national ideology in the nineteenth century: between Serbism and Yugoslavism .....................................................................................................................7 1.1. The work of Vuk STEFANOVIĆ KARADŽIĆ (1787-1864)....................................7 1.2. The formulation of a national programme: the Načertanije of Ilija GARAŠANIN (1812-1874)...............................................................................................................12 1.3. Characteristic features of the Serbian national ideology at the close of the nineteenth century ...................................................................................................18 2. The Serbian national ideology in the first Yugoslavia (1918-1941): from Yugoslavism to the ideology of a Greater Serbia................................................................................24 2.1. The position of the Serbs in the first Yugoslavia ....................................................24 2.2. The Serbian Cultural Club......................................................................................26 3. The Chetnik movement during World War II ..............................................................34 3.1. General context........................................................................................................34 3.2. The origins of the Chetnik movement.....................................................................38 3.3. The Ravna Gora Movement ....................................................................................40 3.3.1 The structure of the movement..........................................................................40 3.3.2 The ideology and programme of the movement................................................44 3.3.3 The practice of ethnic cleansing.........................................................................53 4. The emergence of the Serbian national movement in the 1980s and the ideology of a Greater Serbia................................................................................................................58 4.1. The confederating of Yugoslavia and the dissatisfaction of the leaders of the Socialist Republic of Serbia.....................................................................................58 4.2. Opening the Serbian national question...................................................................60 4.3. The ideological transformation of the League of Communists of Serbia ..............63 4.4. The political ideas of Vojislav ŠEŠELJ...................................................................66 5. The Serbian Radical Party (SRS): the Greater Serbia party........................................79 5.1. From small Chetnik groups to Serbian Radical Party ...........................................79 5.2. The Serbian Radical Party ......................................................................................85 5.3. The political positions of the SRS during the war (1991-1995)..............................87 5.4. The electoral weight of the Serbian Radical Party and its ambiguous relationship with the Socialist Party of Serbia............................................................................93 Conclusion ..........................................................................................................................97 Annexes.............................................................................................................................100 Map 1 - Military boundaries in the eighteenth century ..............................................101 Map 2 - Serbia according to geographer Vladimir KARIĆ........................................102 Map 3 - Yugoslav territorial demands and the final boundaries, 1918-1921 .............103 Map 4 - The administrative breakdown of Yugoslavia and the Croatian banovina (1939)......................................................................................................................104 Map 5 - The partition of Yugoslavia in 1941 ...............................................................105 Map 6 - Distribution of nationalities in partitioned Yugoslavia (1941)......................106 Map 7 - Map of Greater Serbia as drawn by Stevan MOLJEVIĆ.............................107 Map 8 - Travels of the JVUO High Command during World War II........................108 Map 9 - Map of territorial negotiations for the Treaty of London .............................109 Map 10 – Map of Greater Serbia published in Velika Srbija, organ of the Serbian Chetnik Movement, in August 1990......................................................................110 Quotations/statements by Vojislav ŠEŠELJ on Greater Serbia.....................................111 Abbreviations....................................................................................................................114 2 27061 0463-7876-0463-7990-ET-1/ Bibliography .....................................................................................................................115 Index of Names .................................................................................................................122 3 27060 0463-7876-0463-7990-ET-1/ Introduction The Serbian medieval state originated in the region of Rascia (Raška). As it developed, it spread towards the south (Kosovo, Macedonia), until it reached its apex during the reign of Tsar Dušan (1308-1355), who enlarged Serbia by adding to it the regions of Macedonia, Albania, Epirus, and Thessaly. As a result of the advance of the Ottomans from the south of the Balkan Peninsula towards the north in the second half of the fourteenth century, the Serbian state ceased to exist and the Serbian population of the more southerly regions (Macedonia, Kosovo, Metohija) moved towards the north along the Morava-Vardar (Skopje-Belgrade) axis and towards the northwest (along a line that connects Skopje, Kosovo, Sjenica, and Sarajevo). The Ottoman conquests changed the ethnic structure of the conquered regions. As the Catholic Croats and Hungarians withdrew to the north, the Ottomans, anxious not to leave unpopulated these border regions important for the defence of the empire, replaced them with Orthodox Christian and Muslim settlers. Thus in the sixteenth century the Orthodox population increased significantly in northern Bosnia (the region of Bosanska Krajina), but also in Slavonia. This population was charged with the defence of the northern frontier of the Ottoman Empire. The consequence of all these population movements was a growing dispersal of the Serbs in what would become in the twentieth century the territory of Yugoslavia.1 A Serbian territorial complex was thus constituted in the east, connecting Serbia itself, situated in the valleys of the Morava and Vardar, with Vojvodina, which consisted of the provinces of Banat, Bačka, and Srem, in the Pannonian plain.2 This complex extended westwards to the Dinaric regions: the sandžak of Novi Pazar, corresponding to the territory of what used to be Rascia, the cradle of the medieval Serbian kingdom of the NEMANJIĆ dynasty, Montenegro, and Herzegovina. Another territorial complex emerged in the west, consisting of northern Dalmatia, the Lika, Kordun, and Banija regions, western Slavonia (area 1 Desimir TOŠIĆ, Srpski nacionalni problemi /Serbian National Problems/ (Paris: Oslobodjenje, 1952), p. 27. 2 Part of Hungarian territory until the beginning of the twentieth century. 4 27059 0463-7876-0463-7990-ET-1/ along the Military Frontier of the Habsburg Empire,3 see Map 1 in Annex), and western
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