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Part 3 CENTENARY HIGHLIGHTS To celebrate its first hundred years, in April 2001 Treasury published The Centenary of Treasury 1901–2001, an informal history. The following extracts provide a glimpse at that history and at some key people and events. Preface 90 1901 - 1920 91 1921 - 1945 95 1946 - 1970 99 1971 - 1990 103 1991 - 2001 107 The future 110 87 Part 3: Centenary highlights Commonwealth Gazette notice establishing the Commonwealth Department of the Treasury. (National Archives of Australia) 89 Part 3: Centenary highlights Preface Treasury is one of the few departments which could claim a mention in the Constitution. Yet when January 1901 came around it was the smallest of the seven Commonwealth departments established at the time. It wasn’t until 9 July 1901 that the Executive Council appointed the five men who made up Treasury. Others joined them the following year, but numbers remained very low during the first fifty years. While they had initially trained as book-keepers, the Treasury leadership almost immediately found themselves dealing with issues of policy in all sorts of fields. Public service pay and conditions, inspectors and auditors, and bank notes were understandably within Treasury’s scope, so too the development of the then new tax system, land tax and later income tax; but what of pensions, postage stamps, a national bank, statistical collections? Treasury also addressed these issues. Over the years, associated with the growing complexity of government, the Treasury gave birth to separate agencies and new departments (Commonwealth Bank 1912, Ministry of Social Services 1939, Department of Finance 1976, among others). The work of the Treasury focused increasingly on matters of fundamental economic policy. Treasury has not merely reflected the national economy — its policy role has made it a key player and influence on the life of our nation. The birth of a federal public service Treasury and six other departments were foreshadowed in the Federal Constitution. The other departments were Attorney-General’s, Customs, Defence, External Affairs, Home Affairs, and Postmaster-General’s. These seven were the seed of the federal public service which was to develop from January 1901. First Commonwealth Public Service Permanent Heads Left to right: Back row: Capt. M. Collins (Defence), A. Hunt (External Affairs), Col. D. Miller (Home Affairs). Front row: R. Garran (Attorney General’s), Dr. H. Woolaston (Customs), R. Scott (Post Master General’s), G. Allen (Treasury) (National Library of Australia). 90 1901 - 1920 Key outcomes and developments 1901 u Customs duties no longer payable 1911 u Legislation enacted to establish the on products moving between Commonwealth Bank. States. u First Commonwealth coins issued. 1909 u Commonwealth Government 1912 u Commonwealth Bank opens for introduces pensions. Treasury has business. administrative responsibility for u Maternity allowances introduced. pensions. 1913 u First Commonwealth banknotes 1910 u Commonwealth-State financial issued. agreement for per capita payments to States signed. 1915 u Commonwealth introduces income taxes as a temporary war measure. u Commonwealth land tax introduced. u Land Tax Office is established. u Treasury given power to issue bank 1917 u Entertainment tax introduced. notes under Australian Bank Notes 1920 u Commonwealth Bank takes over Act. note-printing from Treasury. u Invalidity pensions introduced. u Royal Commission into taxation begins. Treasury building 1901, located on the corner of Spring and Collins Streets, Melbourne. (National Library of Australia) 1901-1920 Part 3: Centenary highlights Heads of Treasuries meeting 1901 The first Heads of Treasuries meeting in Melbourne in January 1901 discussed the “different systems of keeping books and accounts throughout the States, to decide upon a uniform system”. The States agreed on the need for a permanent Commonwealth Treasury. Using personnel seconded from State treasuries, Federal Treasurer, Sir George Turner, set about creating the Commonwealth Accounts — the work of Treasury had began before the department was formally established. Five men were appointed in July 1901 by the Executive Council. They were Mr George Allen, Secretary, Mr James Collins, Mr Francis Ross, Mr Charles Cerutty and Mr August Bolle. By January 1902, Treasury had taken on another four staff and all bookkeeping functions were then performed in-house. Sir George Turner (1851–1916) was the first Commonwealth Treasurer. He presented the first four Commonwealth Budgets. Turner recognised the practicalities of cooperating with the States. George Thomas Allen, first Secretary to the Treasury (1901–1916). Allen dedicated his entire career to Treasury, starting in the Victorian Treasury at 19. Although without formal qualifications, he worked his way to ‘Accountant’ by 1895. As Treasury grew, Allen became also commissioner for pensions as well. In 1910, he established the Land Tax Office (which became the Australian Taxation Office) to service the new federal taxes. The 1901-02 Budget Receipts for 1901-02 were estimated to be £10,339,750. Commonwealth expenditure was estimated at £3,777,207, leaving the balance of excess revenue to go to the States. Of the receipts, the major portion consisted of tariff and excise revenue (£8,009,000). Of the tariff receipts (£7,358,056) the major item (£2,975,374) was in respect of stimulants (alcoholic drinks) and narcotics (tobacco and opium products). First Commonwealth payment to the States Before 1901, a major source of revenue for the States was customs duty and excise. With Federation, the constitutional right to impose customs duty and excise was passed to the Commonwealth. The Commonwealth was required under the Constitution to pass surplus revenue back to the States. The States received £6.5 million from the first Commonwealth Budget. Above left: Sir George Turner. Above right: George Thomas Allen. 92 Part 3: Centenary highlights The Functions of Treasury in 1903 “The Department of the Treasury has the management of the Consolidated Revenue, Trust Funds, Loan Funds, Banking Business, Floating of Loans, Preparation of Estimates, Budget, Quarterly and Yearly Statements of Revenue and Expenditure. It administers the Audit Act, frames regulations thereunder, and controls the receipt and expenditure of all public Moneys throughout the Commonwealth. It is essentially an Executive Department. It originates the system of accounts, the form of the Estimates, and all financial statements published under the Audit Act. It corresponds with the Banking Institutions transacting business with the Commonwealth, and issues instructions to all Commonwealth Departments on the subject of collecting, expending and accounting for Public Moneys, preparation of Estimates and Returns. It prepares Orders in Council for the granting of Pensions or Compensation to Officers who have retired, and administers the business connected with Fidelity Guarantee. It also controls the Government Printer.” George Allen, Secretary to the Treasury, 16 January 1903. Treasury staff photo 1903. G.T. Allen on the right of Treasurer Turner (seated centre), along with future Secretaries J.R. Collins, J.T. Heathershaw, H.J. Sheehan and S.G. McFarlane who together covered nearly fifty years of leadership for Treasury. 93 Part 3: Centenary highlights James Richard Collins, second Secretary to the Treasury (1916–1926). Collins role involved overseeing of war, invalid and old age pensions and maternity allowances. He was the second signatory on Australian banknotes until 1923, and a delegate to the International Financial Conference and the Assembly of the League of Nations. Sir John Forrest, a founding father of the Commonwealth and Treasury. Sir John Forrest was the third Commonwealth Treasurer. Two issues dominated Forrest’s attention as Treasurer: financing the Commonwealth and taking over the States’ debts. This would leave the Commonwealth responsible for all Australian loan raising in the United Kingdom. “The Commonwealth, with its great and exclusive power over Customs taxation, is in a far stronger and better position to deal with this great financial matter than are the States, either collectively or separately.” A federal currency In August 1910, the Fisher Government legislated to establish an Australian paper currency with notes issued by the Federal Treasurer. The notes issued by private banks were driven out of circulation by the imposition of such a high tax (10 per cent) that banks found them unprofitable to issue. The effect of the ‘Great War’ on the economy The outbreak of World War I in 1914 interrupted economic development. The effects of the war were felt immediately as capital inflow stopped, bringing public construction and house building to a standstill. Population growth also abated as immigration ceased. With the advent of war, there was a sharp rise in inflation, coinciding with restrictions on imported goods. Significant economic instability followed the end of the war. Australia emerged from the war weakened by the loss of the maimed and dead and by the monstrous burden of a £350,000,000 war debt, although in other ways Australia had been strengthened by war. In 1915 the Commonwealth introduced income tax as a temporary measure to help the war effort. From top: James Richard Collins and Sir John Forrest. 94 1921 - 1945 Key outcomes and developments 1923 u The original Australian Loan 1937 u Royal Commission into Money and Council is set up. Banking. 1924 u Treasury Secretary becomes an 1939 u