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CONTINUITY and CHANGE in the FUNERAL RITES of ABATIRICHI of WESTERN KENYA C

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CONTINUITY and CHANGE in the FUNERAL RITES of ABATIRICHI of WESTERN KENYA C CONTINUITY AND CHANGE IN THE FUNERAL RITES OF ABATIRICHI OF WESTERN KENYA c. 1850-1960 SHIYUKA, ELVIS KARANI C50/CE/21063/2012 A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE SCHOOL OF HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS DEGREE OF KENYATTA UNIVERSITY APRIL 2017 ii DECLARATION This is my original work and has never been presented in any other university anywhere for a degree; and all sources herein quoted or used have been acknowledged and indicated by the use of complete references. Signature………………………………………………. Date………………..………… Shiyuka, Elvis Karani - C50/CE/21063/2012 Department of History, Archaeology and Political Studies SUPERVISORS We confirm that the work reported in this thesis was carried out by the candidate under our supervision as University supervisors. Signature………………………………………………. Date………………..………… Dr. Gimode, Edwin Atianyi Department of History, Archaeology and Political Studies Signature………………………………………………. Date………………..………… Dr. Kakai, Pius Wanyonyi Department of History, Archaeology and Political Studies iii DEDICATION To my dear mother, Mary Musimbi Sweka, I dedicate this thesis. iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS A thesis is both an individual and a corporate affair. Therefore, so many people directly or inadvertently have contributed towards the development of this project, such that their names cannot fit into this limited space provided for acknowledgments. However, few of them deserve special recognition. First and foremost my sincere gratitude goes out to Dr. Gimode Edwin Atianyi, my first supervisor and mentor in as far as scholarship is concerned. His constructive criticism, scholarly advice and above all his magnum opus under the rubric of the syncretising dialectic in the historical development of religion in Western Kenya inspired and helped to shape the ideas expressed in this thesis. This work literally inspired me to venture into the study of History of Religion. Secondly, Iam highly indebted to my second supervisor, Dr. Kakai Pius Wanyonyi, a man whom we referred to each other by the Abaluyia word of endearment between grandfather and grandson, Kuka. I thank Kuka for his advice during the entire project and his efforts to procure for me secondary material sources which could not be found in the Post Modern Library of Kenyatta University. And for the endless hours you devoted to reading my work and discussing the corrections with me I thank you. I owe much to you Kuka. My gratitude goes to Mrs Andaje Fridah of Kenyatta Primary school and Edwin Sigei of Kenyatta University. These Good Samaritans helped me to relay information to my supervisors while I was far away in Western Kenya. Iam also deeply indebted to all my respondents and research assistants for taking their time to avail the information which has been instrumental in shaping the narrative presented herein. I also wish to thank the staff of the libraries and archives which I visited in the course of collecting data for this project. In this connection I wish to thank the staff of the Kenya National Archives (KNA) for their sincere support. I also extend my gratitude to the staff at the Post Modern Library of Kenyatta University, the University of Nairobi Library, the Moi University’s Margaret Thatcher Library and the Kenya v National Library in Eldoret, the Kaimosi and the Nyang’ori theological colleges’ libraries for their excellent service. I wish also to extend my sincere gratitude to all the individuals who helped to shape my academic growth and development. In this connection, I wish to thank my parents for taking and keeping me in school. They have sacrificed much of their comfort and time to see me attain the present intellectual heights. Special recognition goes out to the History Department of Moi University where I attended my under graduate studies. It was in this humble academic hot-spot that my desire for History was nurtured and developed. Iam deeply indebted to professors Nicolas Makana and Ann Kisaka Nangulu in particular, their academic elegance smoted me with great envy that I have always aspired to achieve the same academic prowess. I wish to thank professor emeritus Ogot Bethwel Allan. His books served as my basic historical literary diet and in a big way helped to shape my English language and historical thinking. Lastly my gratitude goes to my dear wife, Sitienei Emmah Cherotich, and my daughter, Karani Musimbi Cherop. They struggled with the hardship of my absence while on the field, archives and Libraries conducting research. A large chunk of our family budget was also directed towards the completion of this project. To all of you I sincerely say thank you a great deal. I could not have made without you. vi TABLE OF CONTENTS DECLARATION ......................................................................................................................... ii DEDICATION ............................................................................................................................ iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT .......................................................................................................... iv TABLE OF CONTENTS ............................................................................................................ vi LIST OF FIGURES ..................................................................................................................... xi LIST OF TABLES ..................................................................................................................... xii ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS ................................................................................. xiii ABSTRACT .............................................................................................................................. xiv 1.0 CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION............................................................................1 1.2 Statement of the problem ...................................................................................... 7 1.3 Research questions ............................................................................................... 9 1.4 Research objectives .............................................................................................. 9 1.5 Research premises ............................................................................................. 10 1.6 Justification and significance of the study............................................................ 10 1.7 The scope and limitations of the study................................................................. 12 1.8 Literature review ................................................................................................ 13 1.9 Theoretical frame work ....................................................................................... 21 1.10 Research Methodology ..................................................................................... 28 1.10 Research design ............................................................................................... 28 1.12 Study locale .................................................................................................... 28 1.13 Sampling techniques ........................................................................................ 31 1.14 Sample population ........................................................................................... 31 1.15 Research instruments ........................................................................................ 31 vii 1.16 Research validity ............................................................................................. 32 1.17 Research reliability .......................................................................................... 32 1.18 Data collection ................................................................................................ 32 1.19 Data recording ................................................................................................ 34 1.20 Data analysis ................................................................................................... 34 1.21 Ethical considerations in research .................................................................... 35 1.22 Summary ....................................................................................................... 35 2.0 CHAPTER TWO: THE PRISTINE ABATIRICHI RELIGIOUS CONCEPTS EXPRESSED IN THEIR MORTUARY CULTURE BY c.1850 ..........................................36 2.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................. 36 2.2The establishment of Abatirichi ................................................................................. 36 2.3 The Abatirichi Pristine religion of ancestor worship ................................................... 39 2.4 Types of burial rituals conducted by Abatirichi by C.E 1850 ....................................... 44 2.5 The Abatirichi concept of cattle drive dances of mourning the dead or shilemba .......... 56 2.6 The hair shaving ritual of olubego ............................................................................. 61 2.7 Abatirichi concept of “taking back the shadow” or khuhira shihinini ........................... 64 2.8 Indigenous post–burial memorial ceremonies (khwitsulitsa) ........................................ 68 2.9 Summary ................................................................................................................. 71
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