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The Social, Cultural and Economic Impact of Ethnic Violence in Molo Division, 1969 – 2008

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The Social, Cultural and Economic Impact of Ethnic Violence in Molo Division, 1969 – 2008 THE SOCIAL, CULTURAL AND ECONOMIC IMPACT OF ETHNIC VIOLENCE IN MOLO DIVISION, 1969 – 2008. BY MUIRU PAUL NJOROGE REG. NO. C50/10046/2006 A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE SCHOOL OF HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS OF KENYATTA UNIVERSITY. NOVEMBER 2012 ii DECLARATION This thesis is my original work and has not been submitted for a degree in any other university. ______________________Signature Date_______________ Muiru Paul Njoroge Department of History, Archaeology and Political Studies This thesis has been submitted for examination with our knowledge as university supervisors _____________________Signature Date____________________ Dr. Samson Moenga Omwoyo Department of History, Archaeology and Politics Studies ___________________Signature Date____________________ Dr. Peter Wafula Wekesa Department of History, Archaeology and Political Studies iii DEDICATION To my parents, Salome Wanjiru and James Muiru, my brothers and sisters as well was my dear wife, Sharon Chemutai. iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This study would not have been possible without the assistance of several people and institutions. My gratitude first goes to Kenyatta University for awarding me a postgraduate scholarship, and to colleagues at Naivasha Day Secondary School for their moral support. I am eternally indebted to my supervisors Dr Peter Wekesa Wafula and Dr. Samson Moenga Omwoyo who spared no efforts to iniate me into the world of scholarship. I would also like to thank all members of the Department of History, Archaeology and Political Studies for their academic guidance since my undergraduate days (1998-2002). I cannot forget to thank the staff of the Post Modern Library of Kenyatta University, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences Library of Egerton University for their assistance in the course of writing this work. Special thanks goes to my research guides, David Mwaura, Samuel Koech, Meshack Kosgey and Kiboss Letio and all the informants who freely shared information during field research; to you all I say, thank you. My friends Walter Lisutza, Patrick Karanja and Dan Mainye provided me with some very resourceful reading materials, God Bless you. I cannot fail to mention my colleague Peter Mbugua Nyoro (Mla Jasho), Nelson Yego, Dan Kirwa and Eric Kemboi for their support and kind remarks. In a very special way, I wish to acknowledge my parents, Salome Wanjiru and James Muiru for their immense sacrifice to secure for me a better future. Finally, I thank the Almighty God for his providential guidance in my life. Great is His faithfulness. v TABLE OF CONTENTS Declaration and Recommendation ................................................................ii Dedication ......................................................................................................iii Acknowledgment ...........................................................................................iv Table of Contents ...........................................................................................v List of Abbreviations .....................................................................................ix List of Tables .................................................................................................x Definition of Terms........................................................................................xi Abstract ..........................................................................................................xii CHAPTER ONE 1.0 INTRODUCTION..................................................................................1 1.1 Preamble ..................................................................................................1 1.2 Context of the Problem ............................................................................1 1.3 Statement of the Problem .........................................................................9 1.4 Objectives of the Study ............................................................................9 1.5 Research Premises ..................................................................................9 1.6 Justification and Significance of the Study ..............................................10 1.7 Scope and Limitation of the Study ..........................................................11 1.8 Literature Review ....................................................................................12 1.9 Theoretical Framework ............................................................................17 1.10 Methodology ..........................................................................................32 1.10.1 Research Design..................................................................................32 1.10.2 Study Locale .......................................................................................33 1.10.3 A Map showing the Area of Study .....................................................35 1.10.4 Research Instrument............................................................................36 1.10.5 Data Collection ...................................................................................36 1.10.6 Data Analysis and Presentation ..........................................................38 1.10.7 Challenges Encountered during Research ..........................................38 1.10.8 Conclusion ..........................................................................................40 CHAPTER TWO 2.0 The Causes of Ethnic Violence in Molo Division (1992-2008) ...........41 2.1 Introduction .............................................................................................41 vi 2.2 Ethnic Relations Before 1969 ..................................................................42 2.2.1 The Olenguruone Crisis of 1947 ...........................................................42 2.2.2 The Legacy of Mau Mau on Inter-Ethnic Relations .............................46 2.2.3 The Formation of KANU and KADU ..................................................47 2.2.4 Activities of the Regional Boundaries Commission .............................49 2.2.5 The Activities of the Kenya Land and Freedom Army .........................49 2.2.6 The Assassination of Tom Mboya ........................................................51 2.3 The 1992-1993 Ethnic Violence ..............................................................52 2.4 The 1997-1998 Ethnic Violence ..............................................................61 2.5 The 2007-2008 Violence..........................................................................68 2.6 Conclusion ...............................................................................................86 CHAPTER THREE 3.0 The Social Consequences of Violence ..................................................88 3.1 Introduction ..............................................................................................88 3.2 Social Consequences of Ethnic Violence ................................................88 3.2.1 Deaths ...................................................................................................88 3.2.2 Establishment of two Homes ................................................................92 3.2.3 Impact on Education .............................................................................93 3.2.4 Early and late Marriages .......................................................................96 3.2.5 Increase in Social Distance ...................................................................98 3.2.6 Marital Infidelity ...................................................................................106 3.2.7 Family Discord......................................................................................107 3.2.8 Humiliation as a result of Displacement ...............................................109 3.2.9 Disruption of inter-ethnic Social Activities ..........................................110 3.3 Conclusion ...............................................................................................110 CHAPTER FOUR 4.0 Cultural Consequences of Ethnic Violence..........................................112 4.1 Introduction ..............................................................................................112 4.2 Impact on Initiation Ceremonies ..............................................................113 4.3 Renaming of Places after Conflict Periods ..............................................116 4.4 Erosion of Men‟s Traditional Authority ..................................................117 4.5 Culture and the Conduct of Warfare ........................................................119 vii 4.6 Adjustments regarding the relations between In-Laws ............................122 4.7 Disruption of Family Values ....................................................................123 4.8 Impact on Religious Beliefs .....................................................................124 4.9 The rise of Mungiki .................................................................................125 4.10 Conclusion .............................................................................................126 CHAPTER FIVE 5.0 The Economic Impact of Ethnic Violence ...........................................128 5.1 Introduction ..............................................................................................128 5.2 Economic impacts of Violence 1992 – 2008 ...........................................129
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