Themes Expressed in the Rhetoric of Two Women's Rights Movements
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South Dakota State University Open PRAIRIE: Open Public Research Access Institutional Repository and Information Exchange Electronic Theses and Dissertations 1974 Themes Expressed in the Rhetoric of Two Women's Rights Movements Ann Holt Logan Follow this and additional works at: https://openprairie.sdstate.edu/etd Recommended Citation Logan, Ann Holt, "Themes Expressed in the Rhetoric of Two Women's Rights Movements" (1974). Electronic Theses and Dissertations. 4731. https://openprairie.sdstate.edu/etd/4731 This Thesis - Open Access is brought to you for free and open access by Open PRAIRIE: Open Public Research Access Institutional Repository and Information Exchange. It has been accepted for inclusion in Electronic Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Open PRAIRIE: Open Public Research Access Institutional Repository and Information Exchange. For more information, please contact [email protected]. THEMES EXPRESSED IN THE RHETORIC OF 'NO WOMEN'S RIGHTS MOVEMENTS This thesis is approved as a creditable and independent investigation by a candidate for the degree, Master of Arts, and is acceptable for meeting the thesis requirements for this degree. Acceptance of this thesis. does not imply that the conclusions reached by the candidate are necessarily the conclusions of the major department. Thesis.A¥sor ate ---ltead, Speechtl5epartment (}'· �te7 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Sincere gratitude and thanks are extended to my advisor, Dr. Wayne E. Hoogestraat, for his guidance, understanding and patience during the course of this study. I also wish to extend my thanks to the personnel at the Lincoln Memorial Library at South Dakota State University, the Mikkelsen Library at Augustana College, and the Sioux Falls Public Library for their help in the location of material vital to my study. Many friends have been especially helpful to me during this study and I particularly wish to thank Dr. Lois Widvey, Ila Asmus, and Carol and Joel Hefling. Finally, I wish to thank my husband, Dale, and my parents, Mr. and Mrs . Robert Holt, for their love, confidence, and occasional prodding throughout my graduate study. AHL TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter Page I • INTRODUCTION . • • • • • 1 Origin and Statement of the Problem • • • • • • • 1 Justification for this Study • • • • • • • • • 2 Procedures Followed • • • • • • • • • • • • • 2 Definitions • • • • ••••••••• . 7 Abbreviations • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • . 8 Scope and Limitations • • • • • ••••• 8 Footnotes • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 10 II. EVENTS AND INFLUENCES eURROUNDING THE WOMAN'S SUFFRAGE I•IOVE11ENT Alm THE WONEN"S LIBERATION MOVEMENT 11 Introduction • • • • • • • • • • • • 11 The Suffrage Movement • • • • • • • • • 11 F'urt11e..c Ii:1pe-tus of tlie !·Iovement • • • 13 Movement Toward Suffrage • • • 17 The Suffrage Amendment • • • • • • • 19 Principal Women Contributors • • • • • • 22 Lucretia Mott • • • • • • • • • • • • • 22 Elizabeth Cady Stanton • • • 23 Susan B. Anthony • • • • • • • • 25 Lucy Stone Blackwell • • • • • • • 27 Carrie Chapman Catt • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 29 Mary Putnam Jacobi • • • • • • • • • • • • • 30 Jeannette Rankin, M.C. • •• • • • • • 31 The Liberation Movement • • • • • • • • • • • • • Jl Nat ional Organ ization for Women • • • • • • • . 33 Equal Rights Amendment · • • • • • • . 35 Other Liberat ion Causes • • • • • • • • . • • 37 Abortion • • • • • • • • • • • • • 37 Principal Women Contributors • • • • • • • • • 38 Betty Friedan • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 38 Gloria Steinem • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 39 Caroline Bird • • • • • • • • • • • • • . 40 Arvonne Fraser • • • • • • • . • • • • • • • • 40 Louise Bushnell • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 40 Katie Loucheim • • • • • • ••• • • 41 Dr. Lillian O'Connor •••••••••• • • • • 41 Other Contributors • • • • • • • . 42 . • • • • • • Summary • • • • • • • • . • • 42 Footnotes • • • • • • • . 44 III. THEMES AND RECURRENCE OF THEMES WITHIN AND BETWEEN THE RHETORIC OF THE WOMAN'S SUFFRAGE MOVEMENT AND THE WOMEN'S LIBERATION MOVEMENT • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 51 Introduction • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 51 Woman• s Suffrage Speeches • • • • • • • • • • • • • 51 Elizabeth Cady Stanton • • • • • • • • • • • • • 51 Susan Brownell Anthony. • • • • • • • • • • • • 52 Mary Putnam Jaco bi • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 5J • Carrie Chapman Catt • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 54 Jeannette Rankin • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 55 Women's Liberation Speeches ••••••••••••• 55 Mrs. Katie Loucheiin • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 55 · Dr. Lillian 0 'Connor • • • • • • • • • • • • • • .56 Caroline Bird • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 57 Louise Bushnell • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 58 Arvonne S. Fraser • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 59 Wilma Scott Heide • • • • • • • • • . • • • • • • • 60 Bernice Sandler • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 61 Dr. Jacqueline St. John • • • • • • • • • · • • • • 62 Wilma Scott Heide • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 6J Theme Recurrence . � . 64 Suffrage 'E'1emes • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 64 Liberation Themes • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 66 Recurrence of Specific Themes • • • • • • • • 71 Categorical Analysis of Themes • • • • • • • • ?2 Recurrence of Categories Between the Two Movements • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 80 Footnotes • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 81 IV. SUM!t"!ARY AND CONCLUSIONS . • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 86 Summary • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 86 Chronological Summary of Events • • • • • • • • • • 86 The Suffrage i1ovement • • • • • • • • • • • • • 86 The Liberation Movement • • • • • • • • • • • • • 88 Summary of the Participants • • • • • • • • • • • • 89 The Suffrage Hovement • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 89 The Liberation Movement • • • • • • • • • • • • • 89 Summary of the Rhetorical Themes • • • • • • • • • 90 Conclusions • • • • • � • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 90 • • • • • • • • • • • • BIBLIOGRAPHY • • • • • • • • • • • 92 � CHAPrER I INTRODUCTION Origin and Statement of the Problem Throughout American history, the question of women's rights initiated a substantial body of rhetoric. It appears that an 1de�t1fication of the specific themes involved in this body of -discourse would be valuable to rhetorical scholars. The two most - prominent women's�rights movements seem to be the woman's suffrage movement from 1848 to 1920 and the current women's liberation movement. The recurrence of organized movements on the �ubjec t of ·women's equal rights raises the question whether the themes expressed in the rhetoric of each movement are similar. Therefore, the purpose in this inv�stigation was to discover the extent to which speaking on behalf of women's rights by women utilized recurring themes. In order to determine the recurrence of themes, answers to the following questions were soughti (1) What events and influences surrounded the development of the woman's suffrage movement? (2 ) What events and influences surrounded the development of the women's liberation movement? (J) What themes were present in selected women's rights speeches from 1848 to 1920? (4) What themes were present in selected women's rights speeches from October 15, 1963, through October 1, 1973? (5) How frequently did 2 themes recur within the rhetoric of.each period? (6) To what extent did the t�emes recur from the former period to the latter period? Justification for this Study Although the preceding questions are not the only ones · which apply to the rhetoric of the two women's rights movements , they do provide for the identification and recording of observations which might be of value to prospective scholars in communication . The investigation into the �ecurrence of themes will also indicate whether the two movements being considered in this study are two individually unique movements. Finally , it is hoped that a value to historians will be found in this study since the women's rights movement will be likely to have a lasting political , social , and economic impact on the United States . Procedures Followed In completing this study , the following steps were takena A. Appropriate publications , listed below , were surveyed to determine if any previous inquiries had been made· relating to the subject under consideration: Auer , J. Jeffery , "Doctoral Dissertations in Speecha Work in Progress ," Speech Monographs, annual issues , 1951-1969. Dow , Clyde W., •'Abstracts of Theses in the Field of Speech ," Speech i'fonographs , annual issues, 1935-1969. 3 Index to American Doctoral Dissertations, Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan, 1968-1973. Knower, Franklin H., "An Index to Graduate Work in Speech," Speech Monographs, annual index, 19.35-1969. Nelson, Max, "Abstracts of Dissertations in the Field of Speech," Speech Honographs, annual issues, 1966-1969. Shearer, Ned A., "Abstracts of Doctoral Dissertations in the Field of Speech Communication," Bibliographic Annual in Speech Communication, annual issues, 1970-1972. Shearer, Ned A., "An Index to Graduate Research in Speech Communication," Bibliographic Annual in Speech Communication, annual issues, 1970-1972. A survey of the literature mentioned previously yielded two studies which needed further examination to ensure the originality of the current research. The first study, "A Historical Survey of the Rhetorical Proofs used by the Women Speakers of the 1 Suffrage Organizations: 1869-1919" by Ronald George Coleman,. was initially discovered in "An Index to Graduate Work in Speech," Franklin H. Knower; Speech Monographs, August, 1969. With further investigation,