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Reproduction Methods
1336 Chapter 43 | Animal Reproduction and Development fertilization. Seahorses, like the one shown in Figure 43.1, provide an example of the latter. Following a mating dance, the female lays eggs in the male seahorse’s abdominal brood pouch where they are fertilized. The eggs hatch and the offspring develop in the pouch for several weeks. 43.1 | Reproduction Methods By the end of this section, you will be able to do the following: • Describe advantages and disadvantages of asexual and sexual reproduction • Discuss asexual reproduction methods • Discuss sexual reproduction methods Animals produce offspring through asexual and/or sexual reproduction. Both methods have advantages and disadvantages. Asexual reproduction produces offspring that are genetically identical to the parent because the offspring are all clones of the original parent. A single individual can produce offspring asexually and large numbers of offspring can be produced quickly. In a stable or predictable environment, asexual reproduction is an effective means of reproduction because all the offspring will be adapted to that environment. In an unstable or unpredictable environment asexually-reproducing species may be at a disadvantage because all the offspring are genetically identical and may not have the genetic variation to survive in new or different conditions. On the other hand, the rapid rates of asexual reproduction may allow for a speedy response to environmental changes if individuals have mutations. An additional advantage of asexual reproduction is that colonization of new habitats may be easier when an individual does not need to find a mate to reproduce. During sexual reproduction the genetic material of two individuals is combined to produce genetically diverse offspring that differ from their parents. -
Sex-Specific Spawning Behavior and Its Consequences in an External Fertilizer
vol. 165, no. 6 the american naturalist june 2005 Sex-Specific Spawning Behavior and Its Consequences in an External Fertilizer Don R. Levitan* Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, a very simple way—the timing of gamete release (Levitan Tallahassee, Florida 32306-1100 1998b). This allows for an investigation of how mating behavior can influence mating success without the com- Submitted October 29, 2004; Accepted February 11, 2005; Electronically published April 4, 2005 plications imposed by variation in adult morphological features, interactions within the female reproductive sys- tem, or post-mating (or pollination) investments that can all influence paternal and maternal success (Arnqvist and Rowe 1995; Havens and Delph 1996; Eberhard 1998). It abstract: Identifying the target of sexual selection in externally also provides an avenue for exploring how the evolution fertilizing taxa has been problematic because species in these taxa often lack sexual dimorphism. However, these species often show sex of sexual dimorphism in adult traits may be related to the differences in spawning behavior; males spawn before females. I in- evolutionary transition to internal fertilization. vestigated the consequences of spawning order and time intervals One of the most striking patterns among animals and between male and female spawning in two field experiments. The in particular invertebrate taxa is that, generally, species first involved releasing one female sea urchin’s eggs and one or two that copulate or pseudocopulate exhibit sexual dimor- males’ sperm in discrete puffs from syringes; the second involved phism whereas species that broadcast gametes do not inducing males to spawn at different intervals in situ within a pop- ulation of spawning females. -
Needham Notes
Lesson 26 Lesson Outline: Exercise #1 - Basic Functions Exercise #2 - Phylogenetic Trends Exercise #3 - Case Studies to Compare • Reproductive Strategies- Energy Partitioning • External versus Internal Fertilization • Sexual Dimorphism o Functional Characteristics o Aids to Identification o Copulatory Organs • Timing - Copulation, Ovulation, Fertilization, Development Objectives: Throughout the course what you need to master is an understanding of: 1) the form and function of structures, 2) the phylogenetic and ontogenetic origins of structures, and 3) the extend to which various structures are homologous, analogous and/or homoplastic. At the end of this lesson you should be able to: Describe the advantages and disadvantages of internal and external fertilization Describe sexual dimorphism and the selection pressures that lead to it Describe the trends seen in the design of copulatory organs Describe the various forms of reproductive strategy for delaying development of the fertilized egg and the selective advantage of them References: Chapter 15: 351-386 Reading for Next Lesson: Chapter 16: 387- 428 Exercise #1 List the basic functions of the urogenital system: The urinary system excretes the waste products of cellular digestion, ions, amino acids, salts, etc. It also plays a key role in water balance along with numerous other structures in different species living in different environments (i.e. gills, skin, salt glands). The primary function of the system is to give rise to offspring, - to reproduce. Exercise #2 Describe the evolutionary trends that we see in the urogenital systems of the different vertebrate groups: The phylogenetic trends that we see throughout the chordates were covered in detail in lectures (lecture 31 and 32) and are summarized schematically in the next figures: Exercise #3 – Comparisons – Case 1 Reproductive Strategies - Energy Partitioning Some would argue that the primary reason that organisms exist is to reproduce and make more organisms. -
Coral Reproduction
UNIT 5: CORAL REPRODUCTION CORAL REEF ECOLOGY CURRICULUM This unit is part of the Coral Reef Ecology Curriculum that was developed by the Education Department of the Khaled bin Sultan Living Oceans Foundation. It has been designed for secondary school students, but can be adapted for other uses. The entire curriculum can be found online at lof.org/CoralReefCurriculum. Author and Design/Layout: Amy Heemsoth, Director of Education Editorial assistance provided by: Andrew Bruckner, Ken Marks, Melinda Campbell, Alexandra Dempsey, and Liz Rauer Thompson Illustrations by: Amy Heemsoth Cover Photo: ©Michele Westmorland/iLCP ©2014 Khaled bin Sultan Living Oceans Foundation. All rights reserved. Unless otherwise noted, photos are property of the Khaled bin Sultan Living Oceans Foundation. The Khaled bin Sultan Living Oceans Foundation and authors disclaim any liability for injury or damage related to the use of this curriculum. These materials may be reproduced for education purposes. When using any of the materials from this curriculum, please include the following attribution: Khaled bin Sultan Living Oceans Foundation Coral Reef Ecology Curriculum www.lof.org The Khaled bin Sultan Living Oceans Foundation (KSLOF) was incorporated in California as a 501(c)(3), public benefit, Private Operating Foundation in September 2000. The Living Oceans Foundation is dedicated to providing science-based solutions to protect and restore ocean health through research, outreach, and education. The educational goals of the Khaled bin Sultan Living Oceans Foundation -
Evolution of the Two Sexes Under Internal Fertilization and Alternative Evolutionary Pathways
vol. 193, no. 5 the american naturalist may 2019 Evolution of the Two Sexes under Internal Fertilization and Alternative Evolutionary Pathways Jussi Lehtonen1,* and Geoff A. Parker2 1. School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Sydney, Sydney, 2006 New South Wales, Australia; and Evolution and Ecology Research Centre, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, 2052 New South Wales, Australia; 2. Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB, United Kingdom Submitted September 8, 2018; Accepted November 30, 2018; Electronically published March 18, 2019 Online enhancements: supplemental material. abstract: ogy. It generates the two sexes, males and females, and sexual Transition from isogamy to anisogamy, hence males and fl females, leads to sexual selection, sexual conflict, sexual dimorphism, selection and sexual con ict develop from it (Darwin 1871; and sex roles. Gamete dynamics theory links biophysics of gamete Bateman 1948; Parker et al. 1972; Togashi and Cox 2011; limitation, gamete competition, and resource requirements for zygote Parker 2014; Lehtonen et al. 2016; Hanschen et al. 2018). survival and assumes broadcast spawning. It makes testable predic- The volvocine green algae are classically the group used to tions, but most comparative tests use volvocine algae, which feature study both the evolution of multicellularity (e.g., Kirk 2005; internal fertilization. We broaden this theory by comparing broadcast- Herron and Michod 2008) and transitions from isogamy to spawning predictions with two plausible internal-fertilization scenarios: gamete casting/brooding (one mating type retains gametes internally, anisogamy and oogamy (e.g., Knowlton 1974; Bell 1982; No- the other broadcasts them) and packet casting/brooding (one type re- zaki 1996; da Silva 2018; da Silva and Drysdale 2018; Han- tains gametes internally, the other broadcasts packets containing gametes, schen et al. -
Equinodermos Del Caribe Colombiano II: Echinoidea Y Holothuroidea Holothuroidea
Holothuroidea Echinoidea y Equinodermos del Caribe colombiano II: Echinoidea y Equinodermos del Caribe colombiano II: Holothuroidea Equinodermos del Caribe colombiano II: Echinoidea y Holothuroidea Autores Giomar Helena Borrero Pérez Milena Benavides Serrato Christian Michael Diaz Sanchez Revisores: Alejandra Martínez Melo Francisco Solís Marín Juan José Alvarado Figuras: Giomar Borrero, Christian Díaz y Milena Benavides. Fotografías: Andia Chaves-Fonnegra Angelica Rodriguez Rincón Francisco Armando Arias Isaza Christian Diaz Director General Erika Ortiz Gómez Giomar Borrero Javier Alarcón Jean Paul Zegarra Jesús Antonio Garay Tinoco Juan Felipe Lazarus Subdirector Coordinación de Luis Chasqui Investigaciones (SCI) Luis Mejía Milena Benavides Paul Tyler Southeastern Regional Taxonomic Center Sandra Rincón Cabal Sven Zea Subdirector Recursos y Apoyo a la Todd Haney Investigación (SRA) Valeria Pizarro Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution David A. Alonso Carvajal Fotografía de la portada: Christian Diaz. Coordinador Programa Biodiversidad y Fotografías contraportada: Christian Diaz, Luis Mejía, Juan Felipe Lazarus, Luis Chasqui. Ecosistemas Marinos (BEM) Mapas: Laboratorio de Sistemas de Información LabSIS-Invemar. Paula Cristina Sierra Correa Harold Mauricio Bejarano Coordinadora Programa Investigación para la Gestión Marina y Costera (GEZ) Cítese como: Borrero-Pérez G.H., M. Benavides-Serrato y C.M. Diaz-San- chez (2012) Equinodermos del Caribe colombiano II: Echi- noidea y Holothuroidea. Serie de Publicaciones Especiales Constanza Ricaurte Villota de Invemar No. 30. Santa Marta, 250 p. Coordinadora Programa Geociencias Marinas (GEO) ISBN 978-958-8448-52-7 Diseño y Diagramación: Franklin Restrepo Marín. Luisa Fernanda Espinosa Coordinadora Programa Calidad Ambiental Impresión: Marina (CAM) Marquillas S.A. Palabras clave: Equinodermos, Caribe, Colombia, Taxonomía, Biodiversidad, Mario Rueda Claves taxonómicas, Echinoidea, Holothuroidea. -
The Complete Devewpment of the Deep-Sea Cidaroid Urchin
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by University of Oregon Scholars' Bank THE COMPLETE DEVEWPMENT OF THE DEEP-SEA CIDAROID URCHIN CIDARIS BLAKEI (AGASSIZ, 1878) WITH AN EMPHASIS ON THE HYALINE LAYER by KATHLEEN BENNETT A THESIS Presented to the Department ofBiology and the Graduate School ofthe University ofOregon in partial fulfillment ofthe requirements for the degree of Master ofScience December 2009 11 "The Complete Development ofthe Deep-Sea Cidaroid Urchin Cidaris blakei (Agassiz, 1878) With an Emphasis on the Hyaline Layer," a thesis prepared by Kathleen Bennett in partial fulfillment ofthe requirements for the Master ofScience degree in the Department ofBiology. This thesis has been approved and accepted by: Al 'Sb1ilAld;, C air ofthe Examining Committee Date Committee in Charge: Alan Shanks, Chair Richard Emlet Craig Young Accepted by: Dean ofthe Graduate School III © 2009 Kathleen Bennett IV An Abstract ofthe Thesis of Kathleen Bennett for the degree of Master ofScience in the Department ofBiology to be taken December 2009 Title: THE COMPLETE DEVELOPMENT OF THE DEEP-SEA CIDAROID URCHIN CIDARIS BLAKEI(AGASSIZ, 1878) WITH AN EMPHASIS ON THE HYALINE LAYER Approved: Alan Shanks Living echinoids comprise two major sister clades, the Euechinoidea and the Cidaroidea. Cidaroids first appeared during the lower Permian (~255 mya) and are considered to represent the primitive form ofall other living echinoids. The present study ofCidaris blakei, a deep-sea planktotrophic cidaroid urchin, provides a description ofdevelopment from fertilization through early juvenile stages and is the first report ofa deep-sea organism reared through metamorphosis. -
Reproduction and Sex in Invertebrates - Alan N
REPRODUCTION AND DEVELOPMENT BIOLOGY - Reproduction and Sex in Invertebrates - Alan N. Hodgson REPRODUCTION AND SEX IN INVERTEBRATES Alan N. Hodgson Department of Zoology & Entomology, Rhodes University, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa Keywords: Asexual reproduction, copulation, courtship, fertilization, genitalia, gonochorism, hermaphroditism, iteroparity, mate guarding, parthenogenesis, paternity assurance, semelparity, sexual conflict, spermatophores, spermatozoa Contents 1. Introduction 2. Asexual reproduction 3. Sexual reproduction 3.1. Sexuality 3.2. Environment of Fertilization 3.2.1. Broadcast Spawning and External Fertilization 3.2.2 Spermcast Mating 3.2.3. Internal Fertilization 3.2.4. Sperm Heteromorphism and Paraspermatozoa. 3.3. Copulatory Organs, Copulation and Sperm Transfer 4. Mating behaviors of internal fertilizers: pre- and postcopulatory behaviors, selection and sexual conflict. 5. Frequency of Reproduction (Iteroparity and Semelparity) Glossary Bibliography Biographical Sketch Summary Whilst asexual reproduction is common in many invertebrate taxa, and the sole means of producing the next generation in some, sexual reproduction is the predominant reproductive method. In the majority of sexually reproducing species the sexes are separate (gonochoristic), however, hermaphroditism occurs in many phyla and some are exclusively so. Sexual reproduction requires that haploid gametes are brought together and in speciesUNESCO that inhabit aquatic environm – entsEOLSS this can occur either outside the body of the parents (external -
43.2 Fertilization.Pdf
Chapter 43 | Animal Reproduction and Development 1339 Figure 43.5 Many snails are hermaphrodites. When two individuals mate, they can produce up to one hundred eggs each. (credit: Assaf Shtilman) Sex Determination Mammalian sex determination is determined genetically by the presence of X and Y chromosomes. Individuals homozygous for X (XX) are female and heterozygous individuals (XY) are male. The presence of a Y chromosome causes the development of male characteristics and its absence results in female characteristics. The XY system is also found in some insects and plants. Avian sex determination is dependent on the presence of Z and W chromosomes. Homozygous for Z (ZZ) results in a male and heterozygous (ZW) results in a female. The W appears to be essential in determining the sex of the individual, similar to the Y chromosome in mammals. Some fish, crustaceans, insects (such as butterflies and moths), and reptiles use this system. The sex of some species is not determined by genetics but by some aspect of the environment. Sex determination in some crocodiles and turtles, for example, is often dependent on the temperature during critical periods of egg development. This is referred to as environmental sex determination, or more specifically as temperature-dependent sex determination. In many turtles, cooler temperatures during egg incubation produce males and warm temperatures produce females. In some crocodiles, moderate temperatures produce males and both warm and cool temperatures produce females. In some species, sex is both genetic- and temperature- dependent. Individuals of some species change their sex during their lives, alternating between male and female. -
Early Development Ofthe Deep-Sea Echinoid Cidaris Blake; (A
Early Development ofthe Deep-Sea Echinoid Cidaris blake; (A. Aggasiz, 1878) Katie Bennett Introduction The order ofechinoids known as Cidaroida has been relatively well-studied, as an example ofboth shallow and deep-water fauna extending from about looN to the far south ofthe Antarctic Ocean (Emlet 1987). The extant population ofCidaroids is comprised ofat least 27 genera and 148 species and subspecies (Mortensen 1938). In the time since Mortensen's tabulations, a number ofnew Cidaroid species have been described, increasing the known number ofgenera and species (e.g. Holland 1967, Tyler & Gage 1984). Examples ofCidaroids are found in the fossil record as far back as the Cretaceous, and they are widely considered to be living representatives of"primitive" urchins and evolutionary precursors to modem sea urchins, or "euechinoids" (Schroeder 1981). Although the development of Cidaroids in general is well documented, the embryology ofthe deepwater urchin Cidaris blakei (A.Agassiz, 1878) has not been described. In his study ofthe development ofthe shallow-water Cidaroid Eucidaris tribuloides, Schroeder (1981) noted that there were major differences between traditional Euechinoid development and that ofE. tribuloides. Most notably, he cites a lack of primary mesenchyme (which gives rise to the larval skeleton in other echinoids), a virtual absence ofa hyaline layer or apical tuft, and small, irregular numbers ofmicromeres. In a detailed description oflarval form and metamorphosis ofEucidaris thouarsi, Emlet (1988) described differences between rudiment development in Cidaroids and Euechinoids. There is great variation in embryonic development among genera of Cidaroids. Additional descriptions ofCidaroid species will allow us to construct a more complete phylogeny, and therefore better infer relationships between this ancient lineage and the Euechinoids. -
Divergence of Ectodermal and Mesodermal Gene Regulatory Network Linkages in Early Development of Sea Urchins
Divergence of ectodermal and mesodermal gene PNAS PLUS regulatory network linkages in early development of sea urchins Eric M. Erkenbracka,1,2 aDivision of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125 Edited by Neil H. Shubin, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, and approved October 5, 2016 (received for review August 3, 2016) Developmental gene regulatory networks (GRNs) are assemblages of to study in sea urchins, whose lineages have undergone multiple gene regulatory interactions that direct ontogeny of animal body changes in life history strategies (8). Importantly, an excellent fossil plans. Studies of GRNs operating in the early development of record affords dating of evolutionary events (9), which has established euechinoid sea urchins have revealed that little appreciable change has that the sister subclasses of sea urchins—cidaroids and euechinoids— occurred since their divergence ∼90 million years ago (mya). These diverged at least 268 million years ago (mya) (10). Differences in observations suggest that strong conservation of GRN architecture the timing of developmental events in embryogenesis of cida- was maintained in early development of the sea urchin lineage. Test- roids and euechinoids have long been a topic of interest, but ing whether this holds for all sea urchins necessitates comparative have become the subject of molecular research only recently analyses of echinoid taxa that diverged deeper in geological time. (11–18). Recent studies highlighted extensive divergence of skeletogenic me- Research on the early development of the euechinoid purple soderm specification in the sister clade of euechinoids, the cidaroids, sea urchin Strongylocentrotus purpuratus (Sp) has brought into suggesting that comparative analyses of cidaroid GRN architecture high resolution the players and molecular logic directing devel- may confer a greater understanding of the evolutionary dynamics of opmental GRNs that specify Sp’s early embryonic domains developmental GRNs. -
Océano Profundo 2018: Exploring Deep-Sea Habitats Off Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands Cruise Report
EX-18-11 Expedition Report Océano Profundo 2018: Exploring Deep-Sea Habitats off Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands EX-18-11: Puerto Rico and U.S. Virgin Islands (ROV & Mapping) October 30 - November 20, 2018 San Juan, Puerto Rico to San Juan, Puerto Rico Report Contributors: Daniel Wagner, Expedition Coordinator, NOAA Office of Ocean Exploration & Research Derek Sowers, Mapping Lead, NOAA Office of Ocean Exploration & Research Stacey M. Williams, Science Co-Lead, Institute for Socio-Ecological Research Steven Auscavitch, Science Co-Lead, Temple University Debi Blaney, Web Coordinator, NOAA Office of Ocean Exploration & Research Megan Cromwell, Sample Data Manager, NOAA National Centers of Environmental Information 1, 2019 March 2 NOAA Office of Ocean Exploration and Research 1315 East-West Highway, SSMC3 RM 10210 Silver Spring, MD 20910 ` Abstract Between October 30 and November 20, 2018, the Office of Ocean Exploration and Research (OER) of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) and partners conducted a 22-day telepresence-enabled expedition on NOAA Ship Okeanos Explorer to collect critical baseline information about unknown and poorly understood deep-water areas surrounding Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands. The goal of the expedition was to use remotely operated vehicle (ROV) dives in combination with mapping operations to increase our understanding of deep-sea ecosystems of this poorly studied region, as well as to provide a foundation of publicly-accessible data to spur further exploration, research, and management activities. Using OER’s dual-body ROV the expedition completed 19 successful dives ranging in depth from 250 to 5,000 meters that explored a wide diversity of habitats and geological features, including deep-sea fish habitats, deep-sea coral and sponge communities, midwater habitats, submarine canyons, submarine landslides, and more.