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University of Groningen the Biology and Impacts of Oreochromis University of Groningen The biology and impacts of Oreochromis niloticus and Limnothrissa miodon introduced in Lake Kariba Chifamba, Chiyedza Portia IMPORTANT NOTE: You are advised to consult the publisher's version (publisher's PDF) if you wish to cite from it. Please check the document version below. Document Version Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Publication date: 2019 Link to publication in University of Groningen/UMCG research database Citation for published version (APA): Chifamba, C. P. (2019). The biology and impacts of Oreochromis niloticus and Limnothrissa miodon introduced in Lake Kariba. Rijksuniversiteit Groningen. Copyright Other than for strictly personal use, it is not permitted to download or to forward/distribute the text or part of it without the consent of the author(s) and/or copyright holder(s), unless the work is under an open content license (like Creative Commons). The publication may also be distributed here under the terms of Article 25fa of the Dutch Copyright Act, indicated by the “Taverne” license. More information can be found on the University of Groningen website: https://www.rug.nl/library/open-access/self-archiving-pure/taverne- amendment. Take-down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. Downloaded from the University of Groningen/UMCG research database (Pure): http://www.rug.nl/research/portal. For technical reasons the number of authors shown on this cover page is limited to 10 maximum. Download date: 04-10-2021 The biology and impacts of Oreochromis niloticus and Limnothrissa miodon introduced in Lake Kariba Portia C. Chifamba 528794-L-bw-Chifamba Processed on: 6-2-2019 PDF page: 1 The research presented in this thesis was conducted at the University Lake Kariba Research Station and the Department of Biological Sciences of the University of Zimbabwe and at the Lake Kariba Fisheries Research Institute, Zimbabwe, according to the requirements of the Graduate School of Science, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Institute of Evolutionary Life Sciences (GELIFES), University of Groningen. This research was funded by Nuffic grant (grant number NFP-PhD.11/ 858) awarded to Portia Chifamba, International Foundation for Science (IFS) Grant awarded to Portia Chifamba (grant number A/3159-1, Tonolli Memorial Fund Fellowship of the International Society of Limnology (SIL), and University of Zimbabwe Research Grant. The printing was supported by the University of Groningen (RUG). The preferred citation for this thesis is: Chifamba PC (2017) The biology and impacts of Oreochromis niloticus and Limnothrissa miodon introduced in Lake Kariba. PhD thesis, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands. Cover design: Portia C. Chifamba & Jan H. Wanink Lay‐out: Jan H. Wanink & Portia C. Chifamba Figures: Portia C. Chifamba Pictures including cover: Portia C. Chifamba, Jan H. Wanink, social media Printed by: Ipskamp Printing, Enschede, The Netherlands ISBN: 978‐94‐034‐1472‐0 ISBN: 978‐94‐034‐1471‐3 (electronic version) © 2019 Portia C. Chifamba ([email protected]) 528794-L-bw-Chifamba Processed on: 6-2-2019 PDF page: 2 The biology and impacts of Oreochromis niloticus and Limnothrissa miodon introduced in Lake Kariba Proefschrift ter verkrijging van de graad van doctor aan de Rijksuniversiteit Groningen op gezag van de rector magnificus prof. dr. E. Sterken en volgens besluit van het College voor Promoties. De openbare verdediging zal plaatsvinden op maandag 4 maart 2019 om 16.15 uur door Chiyedza Portia Chifamba geboren op 2 augustus 1963 te Guruve, Zimbabwe 528794-L-bw-Chifamba Processed on: 6-2-2019 PDF page: 3 Promotores Prof. dr. H. Olff Prof. dr. B.D.H.K. Eriksson Beoordelingscommissie Prof. dr. ir. C. Both Prof. dr. E. van Donk Prof. dr. P.F.M. Verdonschot 528794-L-bw-Chifamba Processed on: 6-2-2019 PDF page: 4 This thesis is dedicated to my parents who made it all possible. Oh, ik ben zo blij Urombo by Jane Eugenia Chifamba Urombo Urombo Urombo Urombo Mwanasikana muka utarire Nyika yaugere igungwa rebvura Nyatotarira rinoda kukunyudza Vakomana venyika vanokunyengedza Vanokufurira unyangadze vakuseke Uri chirombe, chifuza, chinzenza chamakoko Urombo Urombo Urombo Urombo Ambuya vangu vakafa, havakasiya mari Nambuya vako vakafa, havakasiya mari Taivakirwe chikoro chevanasikana Vaidzidzira kuchengeta nhaka dzavapwere vavo Nzvimbo dzacho dzotinetsza Hwangova urombo O urombo. O urombo. O urombo. O urombo 528794-L-bw-Chifamba Processed on: 6-2-2019 PDF page: 5 528794-L-bw-Chifamba Processed on: 6-2-2019 PDF page: 6 Table of Contents Chapter 1 Introduction 9 PART I BIOLOGY AND IMPACTS OF OREOCHROMIS NILOTICUS Chapter 2 Replacement of the indigenous Oreochromis mortimeri by the 25 invader Oreochromis niloticus in the Southern-African Lake Kariba: in relation to differences in their reproductive potential Chapter 3 Growth rates of alien Oreochromis niloticus and indigenous 41 Oreochromis mortimeri in Lake Kariba, Zimbabwe Chapter 4 Diet overlap between a native and an invasive tilapia species in 57 the Southern-African Lake Kariba Chapter 5 Comparative aggression and dominance of Oreochromis 77 niloticus (Linnaeus, 1758) and Oreochromis mortimeri (Trewavas, 1966) from paired contest in aquaria PART II BIOLOGY AND IMPACTS OF LIMNOTHRISSA MIODON Chapter 6 Developing a sustainable pelagic fishery in an African reservoir: 93 trends in the catches of the introduced freshwater sardine Limnothrissa miodon and associated species in Lake Kariba, Zimbabwe Chapter 7 Growth of the freshwater sardine, Limnothrissa miodon 117 (Boulenger 1906) estimated from diurnal increments in otoliths Chapter 8 Synthesis 139 References 165 Authors affiliations and addresses 193 List of publications 197 Summary 201 Samenvatting (Dutch summary) 207 Curriculum Vitae 213 Acknowledgements 217 528794-L-bw-Chifamba Processed on: 6-2-2019 PDF page: 7 528794-L-bw-Chifamba Processed on: 6-2-2019 PDF page: 8 Introduction Chapter 1 Portia C. Chifamba 528794-L-bw-Chifamba Processed on: 6-2-2019 PDF page: 9 528794-L-bw-Chifamba Processed on: 6-2-2019 PDF page: 10 Introduction World-wide introduction of exotic fish species in waterbodies has had both beneficial 1 and adverse ecological, social and economic outcomes of varying magnitude (Reynolds & Greboval 1988; Welcomme 1988, Balirwa 1992; Witte et al. 1995). Thus, informa- tion on impacts of introduced species and how well they have adapted to their new conditions, is essential when considering management options both to protect indigenous species and to enhance fisheries. In addition, information on the ecological impacts can enhance our understanding of ecological processes caused by introductions. Differences in the modes of introduction might have some bearing on the type of impacts arising from the introduction. Fish introductions are either deliberate or planned, in order to fill a vacant niche or accidental, as a result of escapees invading an already occupied niche (De Silva & Sirisena 1987; Welcomme 1988; Balirwa 1992; van Zwieten et al. 2011). The deliberate introduction of a large predator, Nile perch (Lates niloticus), has well established negative ecological impacts, having caused the extinction of many haplochromine species from Lake Victoria. At the same time, Nile perch brings about large economic benefits from harvesting (Reynolds & Greboval 1988; Witte et al. 1995; Twongo 1995). Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus (Linnaeus 1758), was also deliberately introduced into Lake Victoria. Oreochromis niloticus is today one of the three commercially important species caught in the lake but has caused the disappearance of some native tilapias (Goudswaard et al. 2002; Njiru et al. 2005). The introduction of O. mossambicus increased fish catches in reservoirs in Sri Lanka (De Silva & Sirisena 1987), just as the deliberate introduction of Limno- thrissa miodon in Lake Kivu (de Iongh et al. 1995). Lake Kariba provides a typical case study both for planned introductions of fish into supposedly open ecological niches as well as accidental, unplanned introduc- tions into occupied niches. This was possible as the creation of Lake Kariba, a reservoir in the Zambezi River, created a completely new lacustrine ecosystem whose physical attributes such as oxygen concentration, water depth and distance from the lake margin differed profoundly from the lotic system to which the native riverine species were adapted (Jackson et al. 1988). This new, complex matrix not only presented economic opportunities for fisheries development and fish farming but also raised ecological challenges. First, the newly created and therefore vacant pelagic niche was filled by a freshwater sardine, Limnothrissa miodon (Boulenger 1906). Limnothrissa miodon is native to Lake Tanganyika and was introduced to improve fish production (Bell- Cross & Bell-Cross 1971). Physical and environmental conditions in Lake Kariba were unlike those in Lake Tanganyika, and therefore changes in L. miodon’s bio- logical characteristics were anticipated. For example, L. miodon in Lake Kariba was considered stunted (Marshall 1987a) until studies on growth rate using otoliths showed that the fish in Lake Kariba follows the same growth trajectory as in the 11 528794-L-bw-Chifamba Processed on: 6-2-2019 PDF page: 11 BIOLOGY AND IMPACTS OF OREOCHROMIS NILOTICUS AND LIMNOTHRISSA MIODON native Lake Tanganyika (Chifamba 1992). However, patterns appear to suggest that L. miodon may have inhibited
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