Japanese Honeysuckle (Lonicera japonica) Background

•Native to Japan and East Asia •Introduced to New York in the early 1800’s for erosion control and decoration. •Resilient in most climates; leading to its movement to the Squam Lakes region. •Found along roadways, disturbed areas, forest edges, and fencerows.

Source: Bill Johnson https://www.invasive.org/alien/pubs/midatlantic/loja.htm How to Identify it

www.nature.mdc.mo.gov

www.garden.org www.tnipc.org Evergreen twining vine reaching Oppositely arranged, ovate Most recognizable by their sweet lengths up to 80 – 120 feet. shaped leaves with slightly smelling, white or yellow flowers pubescent reddish stems. (flowering April-July) Identification (cont’d)

Berries and stem in the fall Emerging growth in the spring

• Smooth, black-purplish berries, 0.2 inches in diameter • 2-3 seeds per berry, spread by wildlife • Retains its leaves in the winter • Shade tolerant

https://extension.unh.edu/blog/invasive-spotlight- https://courses.missouristate.edu/pbtrewatha/japanese_h japanese-honeysuckle oneysuckle.htm Similar Species

Non-native: Bell’s, Morrow’s, and Tatarian Honeysuckle Bell’s

Morrow’s Tatarian

Images: Invasive.org Why is it an Issue?

• Smothers native species by spreading over them • Steals light, moisture, and nutrients. • Forms dense mats in canopies • Can collapse vegetation by its sheer weight • Roots grow in a variety of soil types

https://patch.com/new-york/newrochelle/bp--invasive-plants-japanese-honeysuckle Methods for removal (mechanical)

• The key for successful removal is being consistent. • For a small-medium patches: Hand pull to remove trailing vines, roots and shoots (spring or fall). • Remove and contain all the plant material • Minimize soil disturbance • For larger patches; prescribed burning in accordance with your local laws, but roots may continue growth • Do not mow, it will spread the seeds Chemical removal

• Not advised • Cut vine to ground level, apply 25% solution of Glyphosate (roundup) or triclopyr directly using an applicator. • Cover the outside of the stump • Works best in the late fall

https://www.flickr.com/photos/35820285@N05/3 8494110025/in/album-72157662948231768/ Disposal

Let contents sit in a Plant low growing Call your town to trash bag or native plants over see if incineration is container until stems the area, reducing possible are dry sunlight Sources

• Removal: https://homeguides.sfgate.com/rid-japanese-honeysuckle-90667.html • https://www.agriculture.nh.gov/publications-forms/documents/japanese- honeysuckle.pdf • https://extension.unh.edu/blog/invasive-spotlight-japanese-honeysuckle • https://www.eddmaps.org/species/subject.cfm?sub=3039 • http://plants.ifas.ufl.edu/plant-directory/lonicera-japonica/ • https://cipwg.uconn.edu/japanese-honeysuckle/# Autumn Olive

Photo: University of New Hampshire How It Got Here ❖ Origin: East Asia ❖ Introduced to the U.S. in 1830 as an ornamental plant ❖ It was planted throughout North America in the 1960s and 70s to shelter and food to wildlife provide ❖ It is drought tolerant and can thrive in dry and low nutrient soils because it is able to create its own usable for of nitrogen, so it was often used to restore deforested or degraded lands, as windbreaks and to combat erosion.

DISTRIBUTION OF AUTUMN OLIVE IN THE UNITED STATES (EDDMAPS 2018) Why is it a problem?

⮚ Autumn Olive puts its leaves out early and retains them late into the fall, shading other native plants and preventing growth ⮚ It has an abundance of berries, lasting into winter, that are readily available Bill Johnson source of nutrients to birds and mammals, who scatter the seeds and help it spread quickly. How to Identify Autumn Olive

Smooth-edged elliptical leaves that are dark green on top and covered with silver scales on the bottom

NH Department of Agriculture

Trumpet shaped, pale yellow flowers in the Spring and Summer that cluster in groups of 4-6

Peter M. Dziuk

Red berries from August to October clustered and flecked with silver scales Dave Jackson Similar Species: Russian Olive Young plants have leaves that appear silver on both sides as opposed to only the bottom. Paul Nelson Paul Nelson Leaves are narrower and longer as well.

Mature plants produce berries that are tan to yellow rather than the red berries that

Pennsylvania DCNR Forestry Autumn Olive produces. Columbia University Young Plants How to get rid of Autumn OliveYoung plants with delicate roots can be pulled out of the ground. Once pulled, seedlings should be left to dry out.

Missouri State University More established shrubs should be dug out of the ground. If this isn’t possible, the bush can be cut at the root crown and then mulched or covered with tarp to prevent further growth. If the bush is cut to a stump this will only stimulate new, denser growth without the application of herbicides.

Peter M. Dziuk * Note: If Autumn olive is removed when berries are present it should be burned to avoid establishment of new plants. Alternatively, the berries Mature Plants can be collected, boiled and turned into a delicious jam! Sources

◆ Michigan Department of Natural Resources. (2012). Autumn Olive. Retrieved from https://mnfi.anr.msu.edu/invasive-species/AutumnOliveBCP.pdf ◆ Penn State University. (2020). Autumn Olive. Retrieved from https://extension.psu.edu/autumn-olive ◆ University of New Hampshire. (2018). Invasive in the Spotlight: Autumn Olive. Retrieved from https://extension.unh.edu/blog/invasive-spotlight-autumn-olive ◆ Missouri Department of Conservation. Autumn Olive. Retrieved from https://nature.mdc.mo.gov/discover-nature/field-guide/autumn-olive ◆ New Hampshire Department of Agriculture. Autumn Olive Elaeagnus umbellata Fact Sheet. Retrieved from https://www.agriculture.nh.gov/publications-forms/documents/autumn-olive.pdf ◆ Michigan Invasive Species. State of Michigan. Autumn Olive. Retrieved from https://www.michigan.gov/invasives/0,5664,7-324-68002_71240_73850-368763--,00.html ◆ Emily Collins, Columbia University. (2002). Introduced Species Summary Project Russian Olive. Retrieved from http://www.columbia.edu/itc/cerc/danoff- burg/invasion_bio/inv_spp_summ/Elaeagnus_angustifolia.htm ◆ Warne, Amanda. Ontario Invasive Plant Counsil. (2018). Autumn olive (Elaeagnus umbellata) Best Management Practices in Ontario. Retrieved from https://www.ontarioinvasiveplants.ca/wp- content/uploads/2018/05/OIPC_BMP_AutumnOlive_Mar122018_D5_WEB.pdf Japanese Barberry Berberis thunbergii Origin of Species

INTRODUCED AS AN ORNAMENTAL PLANT FROM ESCAPED INTO THE WILD AND JAPAN & CHINA NATURALIZED Where can it be found?

Home gardens

Deep in the woods

Along woodland edges Key ID Features

Leaves alternate, oval, small, Foliage varies from green to dark red smooth edge

Small, yellow flowers produce Stems have single spines red fruit in spring Berries will remain on the plant in winter General Features

Bushes can grow 3 to 6 feet Found in dense forested areas serrated

thorns Common Look-alike

American Barberry (Berberis canadensis) • Leaves are serrated instead of smooth • Holds thorns in clusters rather than single along the stem Cause for Concern

I. Displaces native species II. Disrupts ecosystems III. Creates an environment that encourages black-legged ticks i. Increases risk of Lyme disease (Penn State Research) IV. Can be spread easily by birds and other wildlife Control & Removal

SCENARIO ACTION KEYS

PULL PLANT IS NOT WELL WEAR GLOVES AND BE ESTABLISHED CAUTIOUS OF THORNS

DIG REMOVE THE ENTIRE ROOT MINOR GROWTH/CANNOT PULL SYSTEM

CUT USE MONTHLY CUTTING AND MOWING IN FULL SCALE GROWTH CONJUNCTION FOR BEST RESULTS (STUNTING BERRY REPRODUCTION) Disposal

• Try and contain the berries as much as possible to avoid dispersal

• Bag and seal (kills the plant)

• Either compost or bring to your county yard waste center

• Ashland, NH Transfer Station & Recycling Center • Holderness, NH Transfer Station For Additional Information

On Identification: Click Here

On Removal: Click Here

On Penn State Tick Research: Click Here

For any additional questions, please contact [email protected] Multiflora Rose Rosa multiflora Arrival to the U.S.

• Brought to U.S. from Japan in 1866 as rootstock for ornamental roses • 1930s • Used as highway medians to reduce headlight glare and create a crash barrier • Living fences for roaming livestock • 1960s • State conservation depts. encouraged use for wildlife cover and food (cottontail rabbit, bobwhite, and pheasant)

iucngisd.org Current Spread

• Birds • eat and defecate seeds in new areas • Seeds can remain viable for up to 20 years in the soil

• Layering • Occurs when cane tips grow towards the ground • Roots form in the soil and

create new plant Plant James H. Miller, USDA Forest Service, Bugwood.org Where it’s found • Highly aggressive and colonizes: • old fields pastures • roadsides • open woodlands • forest edge habitats

• Thrives in well-drained soil

• Shade-tolerant, but will grow in sunny open areas Species ID

• Can reach 10-15 feet tall UNH Extension • Arching stems/canes

• Thorns are curved and sometimes paired

• Alternate compound leaves

• 5-11 leaflets (2 inches in length)

• Ovate leaflets are toothed with a pointed tip Species ID con’t. • Clusters of white fragrant flowers (May/June) • Small, bright red fruits (AKA rose hips) • Develop in summer, remain throughout winter

UMass Extension Mass Audubon Look-Alikes

Multiflora rose Native Roses • Leafs out early spring • Leafs out late spring • Fringed stipules at base of leaf • Stipules are not fringed • Thorns are curved (cat’s claws) • Thorns are straight and have and often paired smaller bristly spines in between • White flowers • Pink flowers

Multiflora Rose Native Rose

Fringed Stipules Ohioplants.org UNH Extension Uwgb.edu Why is it a problem?

FORMS DENSE LOSS OF HIGH SEED NO EFFECTIVE THICKETS VALUABLE PRODUCTION PREDATORS HABITAT Mechanical Removal

• Individual plants can be dug up/pulled by hand • Remove all roots to prevent re-sprouting • Monitor area for new sprouts

For large/old thickets • Repeat process monthly for 3-4 months in

spring/summer Ecolandscaping.or g • Continue process for 2-4 years *Goats are effective at removing thickets of multiflora rose and are often not deterred by thorns* Chemical Removal

Applications made in the dormant season reduce likelihood of damaging native species

• Cut stump to 1 inch from ground

• Use paint brush or sponge to apply glyphosate herbicide to stump

• If you are near a wetland, use wetland approved herbicide After Removal

• Remove any dead and cut material to allow grass and other native vegetation to take root

• Burn the removed material if permitted in your area

• Annual maintenance is a must to prevent multiflora rose from re- establishing References For Identification and Fact Sheets For Removal • https://www.agriculture.nh.gov/publi • https://www.ecolandscaping.org/07/l cations-forms/documents/multiflora- andscape-challenges/invasive- rose.pdf plants/multiflora-rose-an-exotic- • https://gobotany.nativeplanttrust.org invasive-plant-fact-sheet/ /species/rosa/carolina/ • http://www.nifatrees.org/Resources/ • https://extension.unh.edu/blog/invasi Documents/Invasives/multiflora- ve-spotlight-multiflora-rose rose.pdf • • https://blueridgeprism.org/wp- https://extension.psu.edu/multiflora- content/uploads/2017/06/Multiflora- rose-management-in-grass-pastures- Rose-Factsheet-5-27-17-VDOF-w-Box- an-integrated-approach FINAL.pdf Japanese knotweed

Fallopia japonica

Reynoutria Japonica- Japanese knotweed, Anneli Salo, 2011 Reported Distribution of Japanese Knotweed

Japanese knotweed US distribution, Invasive.org, 2020 State Responses to Japanese Knotweed

States with listings of Japanese Knotweed, Invasive.org, 2018 Japanese Knotweed preferred habitat

- Prefer sun, but shade tolerant

- No preference in soil types

- Tolerant of high moisture soils

- Common along stream beds

- Frequent along roadsides

- Thrive in planted landscapes

Expansion of Japanese Knotweed, USFWS-NE, 2011 Origin and Spread of Japanese Knotweed

- Native to eastern Asia - Imported in the late 1800s - Spread vegetatively - High transport with water colonies - Only spread through seed in the presence of giant knotweed or Bohemian knotweed - Rhizomes encourage local spread - Fragments can start new populations - Also recover partially-destroyed

Fallopia japonica rhizome, Klarerwiki, 2007 systems Identifying characteristics of R. japonica Buds in Early Spring

Japanese Knotweed, Swale Crouch, 2018 Alternating Red-Green Hollow Stem

Knotweed, Ancatdubh43, 2007 Large, shield or heart shaped leaves

Expansion of Japanese Knotweed, USFWS-NE, 2011 Flowers tend to appear in late summer

Reynoutria japonica in Brastad 4, W. Carter, 2019 Winter: Hollow Collapsing Brown Canes

Japanese Knotweed by the Tavy, Derek Harper, 2008 Control Methods of Japanese Knotweed Physical Excavation

- Only successful if all biomass is removed - Challenging (see photo) - Rhizomes can go 10 ft deep and 22 ft out from plant - Any remains will regrow - Cutting is most effective in summer - Only suppresses, doesn’t eliminate - Digging works year-round

Japaness Knotweed Removal UK, 2011 Smothering

- Most effective in spring - Only employ after cutting to prevent punctures - Use multiple layers to smother - Reduces risk of tearing - Weight helps repress growth - Trampling helps reduce punctures

Japanese Knotweed Invasion, Daniel Buckles, 2018 Chemical approaches

- Not ideal treatment - Environment and health impacts - Challenging to fully eradicate - Most effective in summer or fall - Susceptible to most herbicides - Glyphosates are preferred - Triclopyr and picloram also effective - Herbicides impact the rhizomes - Apply directly to foliage

Treatment of Knotweed, USFWS-NE, 2010 Sources

Scientific name Japanese Knotweed Habitat Japanese Knotweed Spread Japanese Knotweed Identification Japanese Knotweed Rhizome Spread Physical Control Methods Japanese Knotweed Herbicide Information Get to Know Oriental Bittersweet (Celastrus orbiculatus) By LRCC-SLA Member, Dena Summer 2020 Identifying this Invasive Species

► Deciduous, woody vines with bark that ranges from light brown to medium brown with a white pith ► The perennial vine can grow up to 40-60 feet tall ► Blunt-toothed, alternating leaves that are glossy and oval in shape Identifying this Invasive Species

►Small, greenish-yellow five- petaled flowers that bloom in spring

►The fruit starts green and as it ripens, it turns from yellow to orange in fall

(Rebecca Finneran, MSU Extension) How Oriental Bittersweet Came to the U.S.

►It was brought to the U.S. in the mid-1800s from eastern Asia as an ornamental plant ►Birds eat the fruits and distribute the seeds to new areas as they fly ►It is currently found in most of the eastern U.S.

(Rebecca Finneran, MSU Extension) Native Species Similar to Oriental Bittersweet Often the Oriental Bittersweet is confused with the native plant, American Bittersweet. Oriental Bittersweet American Bittersweet ► Grows very large, very rapidly (up ► Grows only 15-20 ft tall to 40-60 ft) ► Larger fruits (1/2 inch diameter) ► Smaller fruits (less than 1/2 inch ► Fruit and flowers at the ends of diameter) vines ► Fruit and flowers located along the stem Oriental Bittersweet vs American Bittersweet

(MN Department of Agriculture) Why Oriental Bittersweet is a Problem in the U.S.

► Wide variety of habitats: roadsides, grasslands, woodlands, marshes, along rivers and streams ► Climbs trees and other vegetation, restricting the host plant from access to water, nutrients, and sunlight ► Weight added from Oriental Bittersweet makes host plant susceptible to storm damage

(EDDMapS. 2020. Early Detection & Distribution Mapping System. The University of Georgia - Center for Invasive Species and Ecosystem Health.) How to Control/Remove Oriental Bittersweet

► Light Infestation ► Hand-pulling, especially before they bear fruit ► Make sure to pull out the roots ► Heavy Infestation ► Cut the stems ► Remove as many roots as possible ► Coat remaining fresh-cut stems, foliage, and bark with herbicides in early summer through winter ► Monitor for new shoots in areas where it is growing What to do with Oriental Bittersweet After Removal Options:

► Place the vines in trash bags and dispose of them ► Bake the vines in the sun on a tarp ► Or bake the vines on a paved surface

These options will kill the roots and seeds. It can take between 1-7 years, depending on your methods, to remove Oriental Bittersweet from your area. References

► Finneran, Rebecca. “Oriental Bittersweet: An Aggressive, Invasive Plant.” MSU Extension, Michigan State University, 13 Nov. 2015. ► “Oriental Bittersweet.” NH Department of Agriculture, Markets & Food. ► Pavlovic, Noel B., et al. “American and Oriental Bittersweet Identification.” Www.glsc.usgs.gov, U.S. Geological Survey. ► Prince, Kristin. “Invasive in the Spotlight: Oriental Bittersweet.” UNH Extension, 26 Apr. 2018.