The Introduction of Japanese Knotweed, Reynoutria Japonica, Into

The introduction of Japanese knotweed, Reynoutria japonica, into North America Author(s): Peter Del Tredici Source: The Journal of the Torrey Botanical Society, 144(4):406-416. Published By: Torrey Botanical Society https://doi.org/10.3159/TORREY-D-17-00002.1 URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/full/10.3159/TORREY-D-17-00002.1 BioOne (www.bioone.org) is a nonprofit, online aggregation of core research in the biological, ecological, and environmental sciences. BioOne provides a sustainable online platform for over 170 journals and books published by nonprofit societies, associations, museums, institutions, and presses. Your use of this PDF, the BioOne Web site, and all posted and associated content indicates your acceptance of BioOne’s Terms of Use, available at www.bioone.org/page/ terms_of_use. Usage of BioOne content is strictly limited to personal, educational, and non-commercial use. Commercial inquiries or rights and permissions requests should be directed to the individual publisher as copyright holder. BioOne sees sustainable scholarly publishing as an inherently collaborative enterprise connecting authors, nonprofit publishers, academic institutions, research libraries, and research funders in the common goal of maximizing access to critical research. Journal of the Torrey Botanical Society 144(4): 406–416, 2017. The introduction of Japanese knotweed, Reynoutria japonica, into North America1 Peter Del Tredici2 Arnold Arboretum of Harvard University, 1300 Centre Street, Boston, MA 02131 Abstract. This article presents the discovery of earliest known references to the cultivation of Japanese knotweed, Reynoutria japonica, in North America. As described in articles from 1868, 1872, and 1875 there were three distinct introductions of the plant in the 1860s, two from Europe and one from Japan. The European introductions consisted of the now widespread, seedless female clone introduced into commerce by Philipp von Siebold in the 1840s and a dwarf, seed-producing variety with reddish stems, probably also introduced by von Siebold. The introduction from Japan was sent by Thomas Hogg to his brother James’s nursery in New York City and produced ‘‘an abundance of rose-colored fruits.’’ Serendipitously, an herbarium specimen collected from Hogg’s plant in 1873 was discovered in in 2006 and its examination strongly suggests that the introduction consisted of at least one male and one female plant. Thomas Hogg’s independent introduction of the species from Japan could well explain the higher levels of genetic diversity displayed by Japanese knotweed populations in eastern North America compared to those in Europe. Key words: Fallopia japonica, George Thurber, James Hogg, Polygonum cuspidatum, Thomas Hogg, Torrey Botanical Club As remarkable as it may seem, the historical 2,500 m, where it reproduces from both seeds and details surrounding the introduction of Japanese rhizomes to form patches covering up to 100 m2 knotweed, Reynoutria japonica Houtt., into North (Zhou et al. 2003). The taxonomy of the Japanese America are unknown. The species is widely knotweed has a long and complicated history, but considered to be one of the most problematic recent molecular and morphological research invasive plants in the temperate world and its (Schuster, Wilson, and Kron 2011) has clearly intentional propagation and distribution has been established the priority of its original 1777 Latin banned by many European countries and American binomial, Raynoutria japonica Houtt. over the states (IUCN 2013). Reynoutria japonica is native more widely used names, Fallopia japonica to eastern Asia—encompassing Japan, Korea, (Houtt.) Ronse Decr. and Polygonum cuspidatum Taiwan, and southwest China—where it grows in Siebold and Zucc. a wide variety of habitats including riversides, swamp forests, disturbed forest edges, mountain Reynoutria japonica was successfully intro- slopes, and roadway verges (Beerling, Huntley, duced into Europe at Leiden in the Netherlands and Bailey 1995). One of its most well-studied by Phillip von Siebold in the early 1840s (Bailey natural occurrences is on the southeast slopes of and Conolly 2000) and into North America Mt. Fuji, on barren lava flows between 1,500 and sometime prior to 1873, the date of the earliest known herbarium specimen (Barney 2006). The 1 The author thanks Jacob Barney for his advice and species was widely cultivated on both continents his help in tracking down the oldest specimen of for a variety of utilitarian purposes and quickly Japanese knotweed from North America, Christina began spreading outside its intended planting Harris for help with the research on the writings of areas. As an invasive species, Japanese knotweed William Robinson, Walter Kittredge of the Harvard University Herbaria for his thoughtful comments, Koichi grows particularly well in riparian habitats, Watanabi for information concerning von Siebold’s abandoned agricultural fields, polluted postindus- introduction of Japanese knotweed, Marion Dietrich for trial wastelands, roadway verges, and infrastruc- help with German translations, and the Herbarium of the University of Massachusetts in Amherst for providing ture edges (Barney et al. 2006). Once established, the author with a scan of their historic specimen of the plant spreads aggressively from its deep Japanese knotweed. underground rhizomes and is highly resilient in 2 Author for correspondence: [email protected]. the face of repeated disturbance. In eastern North edu America, its wind-dispersed seeds have the doi: 10.3159/TORREY-D-17-00002.1 capacity to germinate on bare ground and establish ÓCopyright 2017 by The Torrey Botanical Society Received for publication January 17, 2017; first seedlings some distance from their source (Forman published September 13, 2017. and Kesseli 2003; Gammon et al. 2007, 2010). 406 2017] DEL TREDICI: INTRODUCTION OF JAPANESE KNOTWEED 407 Japanese Knotweed in Europe. Reynoutria of this arborescent, inextirpable plant. (Sie- japonica was first commercially distributed in bold 1863, translated by Townsend 1997) Europe in 1848 by Philipp von Siebold, a Bavarian Curiously, von Siebold’s description makes no doctor who worked for the Dutch government in mention the fact that the young shoots are edible in Japan between 1823 and 1829. Von Siebold had a spring, a lapse that he made up for by twice strong interest in botany and natural history and he referring to the plant as inextirpable; the descrip- sent a large shipment of live plants—over 500 tion also says nothing about the plant setting seed. different kinds—to the Netherlands upon his In 1866, shortly before he died at age 76, von departure from that country (Siebold 1863, Bailey Siebold asserted that ‘‘almost a thousand species or and Conolly 2000). Following his return to varieties of trees or shrubs, herbaceous and Europe, von Siebold settled in Leiden and, in bulbous plants from the magnificent flora of this 1842, cofounded the Royal Society for the fertile archipelago [Japan] are cultivated in my Advancement of Horticulture in the Netherlands acclimatization garden [in Leiden].’’ When two sanctioned by King Willem II. One goal of the British horticulturists visited von Siebold’s former organization was to commercialize the Japanese garden site in 1883, they reported—not unexpect- plants that von Siebold or other Dutch botanists edly—that it had been overrun by both R. japonica had collected in Japan. The venture was not and the giant knotweed (Raynoutria sachalinensis profitable and von Siebold bought out his partners (F. Schmidt) Nakai), which had been introduced in 1844. He renamed the enterprise Von Siebold & from northeast Asia into St. Petersburg, Russia, in Company and established an ‘‘acclimatization’’ 1864 (Sharman 1990, Bailey and Conolly 2000, nursery on property that he owned in Leiderdorp, Christenhusz and von Uffelen 2001). just across the river from Leiden (Compton and Thijsse 2013). Japanese Knotweed in Britain. Although In his catalogue from 1848, von Siebold first Japanese knotweed was first sent to England from offered Japanese knotweed for sale to the general China around 1825, this early introduction did not public (under the name Polygonum sieboldii) at the flourish and died without being distributed (Lind- exorbitant price of 500 francs for a ‘‘mother’’ plant ley and Paxton 1850). In 1850, von Siebold sent an plus 25 young ones. Eight years later, in his 1856 unsolicited shipment of plants—including R. catalogue, the price had dropped by a factor of japonica—to Kew Gardens in London in hopes eighty, down to 100 plants for 25 francs (Bailey that they would reciprocate by sending him some and Conolly 2000). This catalogue, as well as the of their newly collected plants from China and one from 1863, contained a glowing description of Japan. While there is no written record of the fate Japanese knotweed: of von Siebold’s Japanese knotweed plant after its arrival, secondary evidence suggests that it was This knotweed is one of our most planted in the garden and shared with at least one important introductions from Japan, a peren- nursery (Bailey and Conolly 2000). In an article nial ornamental plant, inextirpable, with about R. japonica from 1867, the famous horti- shining foliage, clusters of very graceful culturist William Robinson noted that ‘‘Mr. flowers, useful in creating groves, sheltering Standish [Standish & Co. of Ascot] has, I think, young plantings, and fortifying sandy hills a large stock of it, and there is plenty of it at Kew, and dunes. The plant, which can be cut in the or used to be.’’ Robinson goes on to take a not so spring many times over, provides an excellent subtle dig at the institution for failing to recognize forage for fattening livestock, which eat it out the ornamental potential of Japanese knotweed: of preference; the flowers, which appear in ‘‘This is a fine strong herbaceous species of a autumn, are very sweet and give bees winter genus which, as cultivated in our botanic gardens, food; the bitter and tonic root is a medicine of it does not appear likely to afford an elegant or a repute among the Chinese and Japanese; graceful subject.

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