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Civis Agricola Civis agricola EN ASIA, EUROPA, AMÉRICA, OCEANÍA, Y ÁFRICA, DESDE EL ÚLTIMO MÁXIMO GLACIAL, SOCIEDADES ITINERANTES ADOPTARON VIDA SEDENTARIA PERMANENTE PARA EVOLUCIONAR ECONOMÍAS AGRÍCOLAS Canis lupus A. F. MARTIN 2021 Contracubierta: Figura del Arte Rupestre de Coahuila, Mexico -Sierra de Jimulco, Gruta La Gualdria- Civis agricola EN ASIA, EUROPA, AMÉRICA, OCEANÍA, Y ÁFRICA, DESDE EL ÚLTIMO MÁXIMO GLACIAL, SOCIEDADES ITINERANTES ADOPTARON VIDA SEDENTARIA PERMANENTE PARA EVOLUCIONAR ECONOMÍAS AGRÍCOLAS Columba palumbus -Kensington Gardens, London- A. F. Martin, 2014-2021 Programa Exordio Canis lupus familiaris Agricultura y selección de plantas. La economía agrícola Domesticación Último Máximo Glacial Canis lupus familiaris Conocimiento de los cereales, y elaboración de harinas Europa Este Asia -Ohalo II- China La vida sedentaria y la adopción progresiva de la economía agrícola Younger Dryas Adopción de la agricultura ASIA Suroeste Asia Levante Anatolia Irán India Quinghai Tibet Plateau Norte China Sur China Central Asia Kazakhstan La Ruta de La Seda Arabia EUROPA AMÉRICA Brasil Andes -Perú- Mesoamérica Norte América OCEANÍA Australasia Melanesia Micronesia Polinesia ÁFRICA Este África Transferencias marítimas a Este África Transferencias terrestres a África Sahara Oeste África Marruecos Zuid-Africa Domesticidad Mus musculus Passer domesticus Felis silvestris catus Domesticación Bos primigenius taurus -Toro- Bos primigenius indicus -Cebú- Bos grunniens -Yak- Sus scrofa domestica -Puerco- Capra hircus -Chivo- Ovis aries -Cordero- Gallus gallus domesticus -Gallo- Equus caballus -Caballo- Equus africanus asinus -Asno- Lama glama -Llama- Vicugna pacos -Alpaca- Taurotragus oryx -Eland Común- Selección de caractéres adaptativos para la agricultura Oryza rufipogon -Arroz- Hordeum spontaneum -Cebada- Hordeum vulgare ssp. vulgare var. hexastichon v Triticum dicoccum -Farro- Triticum monococcum -Escanda- Triticum aestivum -Trigo Vulgar- Triticum araraticum Zea mays parviglumis -Maíz- Solanum sp. -Papa- Sorghum arundinaceum -Sorgo- Pennisetum glaucum -Mijo perla- Vitis vinifera ssp. sylvestris – Vid- Musa spp. -Banano- Citrus spp. -Cítricos- Ananas comosus -Piña- Saccharum spp. -Caña Azucarera- Cocos nucifera -Cocotero- Theobroma cacao -Cacao- Coffea spp. -Cafeto- Ficus carica -Higuera- Lycopersicon esculentum -Tomate- Allium spp. -Ajos, Cebolla, Puerros…- Malus domestica Pyrus communis Mangifera indica El Pan de Cereales y Tubérculos Tipología de Las Cuchillas para Las Hoces Vitis vinifera ssp. vinifera: El Vino de Uvas Olea europea: El Aceite de Oliva Primera Agricultura y Domesticación en España vi Civis agricola Exordio Los homíninos evolucionaron El Habla, la relación vocal entre los hijos y la madre, dentro de la unidad biológica, la familia. Las articulaciones para vocalizar fueron cada vez más numerosas, y los movimientos para articular más complejos y eficientes. Las familias de homíninos, cuando la species estaba habilitada para hablar, organizaron sociedades. La sociedad es anterior a La Ciudad y La Civilización. Las sociedades primitivas iniciaron La Ciudad: Los primeros sistemas de relaciones entre las familias. La comunicación estimuló a los miembros de las sociedades primitivas para construir La Lengua. Las sociedades primitivas originaron las lenguas primordiales. La construcción de la lengua fue simultánea al progreso de la civilización -la edificación de la ciudad-: Los conjuntos de sistemas para comunicar la sociedad. La sociedad primitiva fue una sociedad tecnológica, lingüística, empresarial, laboral… La sociedad actual es una sociedad industrial. PRÓLOGO ción; Extensas redes para la transcripción y la coexpresión entre un Canis lupus familiaris. El ancestro salvaje de los perros sería el lobo población creciente de progenitores silvestres; Variación Genética gris, Canis lupus . Los ancestros de los lobos actuales euroasiáticos Críptica, preexistente a los primitivos agricultores para inducir los -Canis lupus, chinos, israelíes, y crotas- y los ancestros de Basenji más importantes rasgos de selección en circunstancias específicas; -Canis lupus familiaris- y Dingo -Canis lupus dingo- habrían divergi- y Expectativas hereditarias imprevisibles. Plasticidad son propieda- do ~30-50 miles de años anteriores al presente-. Los ejemplares des de un único genotipo para, la edad inmadura, expresar rápido domesticados más antiguos, el individuo recuperado en Razboi- uno o más fenótipos durante la acreción del organismo por las vías nichya Grotto -Altai Mountains, Southern Siberia, ~33 miles de años metabólicas disponibles como respuesta a las alteraciones del bio- CAL BP-, y el individuo recuperado en Goyet -Belgium, 31.68 miles topo y los agentes de stress. La Variación Genética Críptica intro- de años CAL BP-, presentaron el volumen característico de la den- duciría rápida variación fenotípica a una población. Diversos facto- tadura carnasial de los lobos: P4 maxilar, y M1 mandibular. El res -CO2 Atmosférico, Luz, Temperatura...- podrían inducir variación individuo Badyarikha River, Tardío Pleistoceno, 25.69 ± 0.22 ka BP, fenotípica después de una sola generación. La Variación Fenotípica 30.8 ka CAL BP, con una masa del organismo estimada a 39.8 sería Adaptativa, Desadaptativa, o Neutral, podría acelerar o retra- kilogramos; -Dientes perdidos I, C, y P1, y alveolos obliterados-, se- sar La Evolución, podría mejorar la adaptación de la población a ría otro posible ejemplar antiguo domesticado. La morfología de los nuevos entornos y a climas particulares. Los fenotipos plásticos se- cráneos y mandíbulas de los perros vivientes durante Paleolítico es rían hereditarios y, después de ser estables, permanecerían en to- única, y presenta caracteres intermedios entre los lobos y los perros dos los entornos -Asimilación Genética-. recientes; los perros no son una variación natural de los lobos Epigenética. Herencia Epigenética Transgeneracional, son proce- durante El Pleistoceno. Los Lobos vivientes durante El Peistoceno sos bioquímicos que activan o silencian la expresión génica. Pre- perpetuaron íntegros, sin fracturas, todos los dientes. El individuo sentan heredabilidad minorada: Los efectos podrían aparecer rever- Ulakhan Sular 1346, Tardío Pleistoceno, 13.925 ± 0.07 ka BP, 17.2 sibles e inestables a las siguientes generaciones. Plantas ejempla- ka CAL BP, con una masa del organismo estimada a 21.8 res influidas por La Herencia Epigenética Transgeneracional: Zea kilogramos; -Diente P1 perdido y alveolo obliterado, y diente C roto- mays, Brassica napus -Canola, o Colza-. Ejemplos de efectos mo- fue clasificado como perro asiático, viviente durante El Paleolítico. duladores a la variabilidad del fenotipo: Magnitud de la proliferación El individuo Altai Razboinycha Grotto, Tardío Pleistoceno, 29.915 ± de las semillas a Canola; Maduración a las frutas -Tomate-; Altura 1 ka BP; con una masa del organismo estimada a 26.02 kilogramos, de la planta; Tiempo para La Floración. Gran parte de la metilación fue clasificado como perro, viviente durante El Paleolítico, y al ADN está asociada a elementos transponibles -Transposones- y presenta similitud con el individuo Ulakhan Sular. Los perros Husky variaciones de la secuencia del ADN. Durante la selección al maíz siberianos -Siberian Husky-, y los perros de Groenlandia -Green- ocurrieron alteraciones de la metilación del ADN -sugiere selección land Sledge Dog- presentan relación genética con El Lobo de de un objetivo para una diferente expresión génica-. La Naturaleza Taimyr viviente El Tardío Pleistoceno. La media de la masa del del Biotopo induce plasticidad fenotípica. La selección sería respon- organismo estimada a los lobos vivientes durante El Tardío Pleis- sable de los fenotipos estables duraderos en el nido civilizado del toceno es 41.81 kilogramos, a los lobos septentrionales recientes Biotopo Antrópico. es 39.9 kilogramos, y a los perros vivientes durante El Paleolítico es La difusión de species seleccionadas para la agricultura por todo el 31.22 kilogramos. planeta revela la mayor aptitud de los taxones selectos y sugiere Los perros asistieron las actividades cotidianas a Orator technolo- como las relaciones simbióticas de selección y domesticación son gicus. Hacia 15 miles de años anteriores al presente, en Siberia pe- consideradas entre las relaciones mutuales más exitosas. rros domésticos tirarían trineos. En Siberia, desde aquel tiempo fue- LOS RASGOS SELECCIONADOS PARA LA AGRICULTURA ron criados perros para cumplir funciones específicas: Para tirar Acreción de las dimensiones de las semillas. Respuesta adaptativa trineos; y más masivos, para cazar osos, y renos. Los perros viaja- temprana a la selección para la agricultura correlacionada entre las ron con las gentes desde Asia a América después del Último species de cereales y legumbres con plántulas mayores. Máximo Glacial. En América los perros asistirían las acciones para Menor dispersión natural de las semillas, con minoración de la pér- cazar desde un tiempo anterior a 9.2 miles de años BP. En África, dida de semillas por destrucción. La perpetuación de la semilla Early Hunter Age, 8-12 miles de años anteriores al presente, los unida a la planta es una característica distintiva de la selección para perros asistirían las acciones para cazar. En La Península Arábiga, la agricultura. El uso temprano de hoces para cosechar permitió la desde el milenio 10º anterior al presente, los perros asistirían las selección de plantas con espiguillas irrompibles. La pérdida de se- acciones para cazar; los homíninos cazadores adiestraron
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