DOCSLIB.ORG

Durham E-Theses

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

Durham E-Theses Hidden agendas : testing models of the social and political organisation of the Indus Valley tradition Manuel, Mark James How to cite: Manuel, Mark James (2008) Hidden agendas : testing models of the social and political organisation of the Indus Valley tradition, Durham theses, Durham University. Available at Durham E-Theses Online: http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/1899/ Use policy The full-text may be used and/or reproduced, and given to third parties in any format or medium, without prior permission or charge, for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-prot purposes provided that: • a full bibliographic reference is made to the original source • a link is made to the metadata record in Durham E-Theses • the full-text is not changed in any way The full-text must not be sold in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders. Please consult the full Durham E-Theses policy for further details. Academic Support Oce, Durham University, University Oce, Old Elvet, Durham DH1 3HP e-mail: [email protected] Tel: +44 0191 334 6107 http://etheses.dur.ac.uk 2 Hidden Agendas: testing models of the social and political organisation of the Indus Valley Tradition Volume One The copyright of this thesis rests with the author or the university to which it was submitted. No quotation from it, or information derived from it may be published without the prior written consent of the author or university, and any information derived from it should be acknowledged. Mark James Manuel Department of Archaeology, Durham University Thesis submitted for degree of Ph.D May 2008 Two Volumes 01 SEP2008 TD Abstract This thesis tests existing models of the social and political organisation of the Indus Valley Tradition against an analysis of site distribution and function within Gujarat and Cholistan. It uses data form published survey undertaken in both regions, and from the Gujarat Environs Survey -a systematic archaeological survey of a 50 square kilometre block between the known sites of Bagasra and Kuntasi. A closer examination of the distribution and function of sites within Gujarat and Cholistan suggests that none of the existing models is congruous with the archaeological evidence. Instead, the models appear to be a greater reflection of archaeologist's own social and political backgrounds. Such ethnocentrism is evident throughout Indus studies, yet many of the models have been left unchallenged, and has entered into mainstream 'textbook' archaeology. The Gujarat Environ Survey has challenged these models, in particular Dhavalikar's model of Cultural Imperialism, and has identified that a series of contemporary settlement hierarchies may have been functioning in Gujarat at the same. Small non-urban sites, identified through the use of systematic survey methodologies, were engaged in similar activities to larger urban sites. This thesis argues that small sites were not subordinated to larger sites, and that normative views of social and political hierarchies are unfounded. Instead multiple hierarchies or heterarchies may have been in place across the same landscape. Finally, it argues that in order to develop our understanding of the social and political organisation of the Indus Valley Tradition, we need to dispense with top-down global models, and develop bottom-up models from systematically collected archaeological data Acknowledgements First of all I would like to thank the staff and students at the Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, in particular Dr. K. Krishnan for his hospitality and support during my research in India, for their help in undertaking the Gujarat Environs Survey. I would also like to thank Professor Kuldeep Bhan for graciously allowing me to use the facilities at the university and for supporting my research. I would also like to give a big thank you to my supervisor Robin Coningham for his guidance and support during the last four years. Also to my supervisory teams -Chris Knusel and Tim Taylor from the University of Bradford and Rob Witcher from Durham University for their input and comments over the last four years. I would also like to the Arts and Humanities Research Council for generously funding this research. Finally, I wish to acknowledge the support of my friends and family for their moral support throughout my thesis. Especially my parents, for their moral and financial support throughout my postgraduate and undergraduate years, and for supporting my decision to pursue a Ph.D. I would also like to thank my friends for providing me with numerous distractions over the years and for keepingme sane. Table of Contents Volume One Chapter One Introduction 1 - ............................................................................. 1.1 Introduction 1 ........................................................................................... 1.2 Looking For Elites 2 ................................................................................. 1.3 Aims Objectives 3 and ............................................................................. 1.4 From the "Harappan Civilisation" to the "Indus Valley Tradition"............ 4 1.5 Chapter Breakdown 6 .............................................................................. Chapter Two Palaeoenvironment 9 - ................................................................ 2.1 Introduction 9 ........................................................................................... Indus Valley Tradition 10 2.2 Extent and geography of the ............................ 2.2.1 Modern 10 climate ............................................................................. 2.2.2 Modern 11 agricultural systems ......................................................... 2.2.3 Gujarat 12 ......................................................................................... 2.2.3.1 Modern 12 geography and climate .............................................. 2.2.3.2 Modern 14 subsistence ............................................................... 2.2.4 Cholistan 15 ...................................................................................... 2.2.4.1 Modern 15 geography and climate .............................................. 2.2.4.2 Subsistence 16 ........................................................................... 2.2.5 Summary 16 ...................................................................................... 2.3 Palaeoclimatic and palaeoenvironmental research into the Indus Valley Tradition 17 .................................................................................................... 2.3.1 Palaeoclimate 17 ............................................................................... 2.3.1.1 The Thar Desert 18 ..................................................................... 2.3.1.2 The Arabian Sea 21 .................................................................... 2.3.1.3 The Himalayas 22 ....................................................................... 2.3.1.4 Summary 23 ............................................................................... 2.3.2 Hydrological 8000 BCE 25 changes within and since ........................ 2.3.2.1 Flam's hypothesis 26 .................................................................. 2.3.2.2 Upper Indus River 27 .................................................................. 2.3.2.3 Punjab Rivers 28 ......................................................................... 2.3.2.4 Lower Indus River 29 .................................................................. 2.3.2.5 Ghaggar-Hakra River 30 ............................................................. 2.3.2.6 Gujarat 33 ................................................................................... 2.3.2.7 Summary 34 ............................................................................... 2.4 Archaeozoological and archaeobotanical data from the Indus Valley, Gujarat Cholistan 36 and ....... ........................................................................ 2.4.1 The Indus Valley Tradition 36 ............................................................ 2.4.2 Gujarat 37 ......................................................................................... 2.4.3 Cholistan 39 ...................................................................................... 2.4.4 Summary 39 ..................................................................................... 2.5 Chapter 40 summary ............................................................................... Chapter Three - Indus Valley Chronoloav and Models of Political and Social Organisation 43 ................................................................................................. 3.1 Introduction 43 ......................................................................................... 3.2 Chronology 44 ......................................................................................... 3.2.1 Shaffer's Indus Valley Tradition 45 .................................................... 3.2.2 Early Food-Producing Era (c.6500 BCE 46 onwards) ........................ 3.2.3 Regionalisation Era (c. BCE) 47 «4000-2500/2300 ............................ 3.2.3.1 Balakot Phase (4000-3200 BCE) 48 ........................................... 3.2.3.2 Amri Phase (3600-3000 BCE) 49 ................................................ 3.2.3.3 Hakra Phase (3300-2700 BCE) 49 .............................................. 3.2.3.4 Ravi Phase (3300-2800 BCE) 50 ...............................................
Recommended publications
  • The-Story-Of-Ancient-Indian-People

    The-Story-Of-Ancient-Indian-People

    The Story Of The Ancient Indus People Mohenjo-daro - Harappa Yussouf Shaheen Culture and Tourism Department, Government of Sindh, Karachi All Rights Reserved Book’S name: The Story of the Ancient Indus People Mohenjo Daro-Harappa Writer: Yussouf Shaheen TitleL Danish Khan Layout: Imtiaz Ali Ansari Publisher: Culture and Tourism Department, Government of Sindh, Karachi Printer: New Indus Printing Press sukkur Price: Rs.700/- Can be had from Culture, Tourism, and Antiquities Department Book shop opposite MPA Hostel Sir Ghulam Hussain Hidaytullah Road Karachi-74400 Phone 021-99206073 Yussouf Shaheen The Story Of The Ancient Indus People Mohenjo-daro - Harappa Books authored by Yussouf Shaheen: Rise and Fall of Sanskrit Fall of Native Languages of the Americas Slave Nations Under British Monarchs Artificial Borders of the World Rise and Fall of gods – In Historical Perspective William the Bastard and his descendants World Confederation of the Peoples The World of Conquerors Truth Untold Seven other books in Sindhi and Urdu In the memory of my friend Abdul Karim Baloch A TV icon fully reflecting the greatness and wisdom of Mohenjo-daro and blessed with the enduring perception of a Weapon-Free Society created in the Indus Valley Civilization. © Yussouf Shaheen 2018 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical photocopying recording or otherwise , without the prior permission of the publisher. This book is sold subject to the condition that it shall not, by way of trade or otherwise, be lent, re-sold hired out or otherwise circulated without the publisher’s prior consent in any form of binding or cover other than that in which it is published and without a similar condition including this condition being imposed on the subsequent purchaser.
  • Bibliography

    Bibliography

    Bibliography Many books were read and researched in the compilation of Binford, L. R, 1983, Working at Archaeology. Academic Press, The Encyclopedic Dictionary of Archaeology: New York. Binford, L. R, and Binford, S. R (eds.), 1968, New Perspectives in American Museum of Natural History, 1993, The First Humans. Archaeology. Aldine, Chicago. HarperSanFrancisco, San Francisco. Braidwood, R 1.,1960, Archaeologists and What They Do. Franklin American Museum of Natural History, 1993, People of the Stone Watts, New York. Age. HarperSanFrancisco, San Francisco. Branigan, Keith (ed.), 1982, The Atlas ofArchaeology. St. Martin's, American Museum of Natural History, 1994, New World and Pacific New York. Civilizations. HarperSanFrancisco, San Francisco. Bray, w., and Tump, D., 1972, Penguin Dictionary ofArchaeology. American Museum of Natural History, 1994, Old World Civiliza­ Penguin, New York. tions. HarperSanFrancisco, San Francisco. Brennan, L., 1973, Beginner's Guide to Archaeology. Stackpole Ashmore, w., and Sharer, R. J., 1988, Discovering Our Past: A Brief Books, Harrisburg, PA. Introduction to Archaeology. Mayfield, Mountain View, CA. Broderick, M., and Morton, A. A., 1924, A Concise Dictionary of Atkinson, R J. C., 1985, Field Archaeology, 2d ed. Hyperion, New Egyptian Archaeology. Ares Publishers, Chicago. York. Brothwell, D., 1963, Digging Up Bones: The Excavation, Treatment Bacon, E. (ed.), 1976, The Great Archaeologists. Bobbs-Merrill, and Study ofHuman Skeletal Remains. British Museum, London. New York. Brothwell, D., and Higgs, E. (eds.), 1969, Science in Archaeology, Bahn, P., 1993, Collins Dictionary of Archaeology. ABC-CLIO, 2d ed. Thames and Hudson, London. Santa Barbara, CA. Budge, E. A. Wallis, 1929, The Rosetta Stone. Dover, New York. Bahn, P.
  • CHAPTER 3 Sorath Harappan CHAPTER 3

    CHAPTER 3 Sorath Harappan CHAPTER 3

    CHAPTER 3 Sorath Harappan CHAPTER 3 SORATH HARAPPAN (Regionality in Harappan sites of Saurashtra) 3.Introduction: The spread of Harappan culture into the regions of Punjab, Haryana, Rajasthan and Gujarat in the 3rd millennium B.C. is well accepted. The evidence for this expansion is noted in settlements as far south as Bhagatrav in Broach district of Gujarat, northeast wards into Manda in Jammu and Kashmir and more recently in Bhagvanpura in Haryana (Joshi 1995), west wards along the Makran coast of Pakistan to the Iranian border (Agarwal 1982a) and in the north to the Oxus valley of northern Afghanistan (Frankfurt 1981, 1984). A Harappan 'tradition' (Shaffer 1991) was formed. The shift from regional styles as seen at Kot Diji, Amri and Sothi, to more uniform characteristics at its peak or mature phase was the main feature of this tradition. This Harappan tradition was characterized by urban centralization, craft specialization and a diversified subsistence economy. The vast expanse of this tradition in the Greater Indus Valley has put forward many questions concerning the dissimilarities in the material and structural remains at excavated Harappan sites. This particular feature, first noted in the phase termed as 'Late Harappan' has been discussed at length by different scholars (Possehl 1977a-, Agrawal 1979', Dikshit 1979, 1984', Ghosh 1982', Rao 1982', Chitalwala 1985', Mughal 1990a, 1992b). It is believed that towards the close of the third millennium B.C. the Pan - Indus cultural integration of the Indus 67 Civilization was weakened and three regional cultural patterns emerged namely 1. Cemetery H in the region of Punjab 2.
  • Bharati Volume 4

    Bharati Volume 4

    SARASVATI Bharati Volume 4 Gold bead; Early Dynastic necklace from the Royal Cemetery; now in the Leeds collection y #/me raed?sI %/-e A/hm! #N/m! Atu?vm! , iv/Èaim?Sy r]it/ e/dm! -ar?t jn?m! . (Vis'va_mitra Ga_thina) RV 3.053.12 I have made Indra glorified by these two, heaven and earth, and this prayer of Vis'va_mitra protects the race of Bharata. [Made Indra glorified: indram atus.t.avam-- the verb is the third preterite of the casual, I have caused to be praised; it may mean: I praise Indra, abiding between heaven and earth, i.e. in va_kdevi Sarasvati the firmament]. Dr. S. Kalyanaraman Babasaheb (Umakanta Keshav) Apte Smarak Samiti Bangalore 2003 PDF Created with deskPDF PDF Writer - Trial :: http://www.docudesk.com SARASVATI: Bharati by S. Kalyanaraman Copyright Dr. S. Kalyanaraman Publisher: Baba Saheb (Umakanta Keshav) Apte Smarak Samiti, Bangalore Price: (India) Rs. 500 ; (Other countries) US $50 . Copies can be obtained from: S. Kalyanaraman, 3 Temple Avenue, Srinagar Colony, Chennai, Tamilnadu 600015, India email: [email protected] Tel. + 91 44 22350557; Fax 24996380 Baba Saheb (Umakanta Keshav) Apte Smarak Samiti, Yadava Smriti, 55 First Main Road, Seshadripuram, Bangalore 560020, India Tel. + 91 80 6655238 Bharatiya Itihasa Sankalana Samiti, Annapurna, 528 C Saniwar Peth, Pune 411030 Tel. +91 020 4490939 Library of Congress cataloguing in publication data Kalyanaraman, Srinivasan. Sarasvati/ S. Kalyanaraman Includes bibliographical references and index 1.River Sarasvati. 2. Indian Civilization. 3. R.gveda Printed in India at K. Joshi and Co., 1745/2 Sadashivpeth, Near Bikardas Maruti Temple, Pune 411030, Bharat ISBN 81-901126-4-0 FIRST PUBLISHED: 2003 2 PDF Created with deskPDF PDF Writer - Trial :: http://www.docudesk.com About the Author Dr.
  • POTTERY ANALYSIS of Kuntasl CHAPTEH IV

    POTTERY ANALYSIS of Kuntasl CHAPTEH IV

    CHAPTER IV POTTERY ANALYSIS OF KUNTASl CHAPTEH IV POTTBKY ANALYSIS OF KUNTASI IV-A. KUNTASI, A HARAPPAN SITE IN WESTKRN SAUKASHTKA IV-A-1. Gujarat and its regions The ancient site of Kuntasi (22" 53’ OO” N - 70“ :J2 ’ OO" H '; Taluka Maliya, Dislricl l^ajkot) lies about two kilomelres soulh- easl of the present village, on the right (north) bank of the meandering, ephemeral nala of Zinzoda. The village of Kuntasi lies just on the border of three districts, viz., Rajkot, Jamnagar and Kutch (Fig. 1). Geographically, Kuntasi is located at the north­ western corner of Saurashtra bordering Kutch, almost at the mouth of the Little Rann. Thus, the location of the site itself is very interesting and unique. Three regions of Gujarat^ : Gujarat is roughly divided into three divisions, namely Anarta (northern Gujarat), Lata (southern Gujarat from Mahi to Tapi rivers) and Saurashtra (Sankalia 1941: 4- 6; Shah 1968: 56-62). The recent anthropological field survey has also revealed major “ eco-cultural” zones or the folk regions perceived by the local people in Gujarat (North, South and Saurashtra) identical with the traditional divisions, adding Kutch as the fourth region (Singh 1992: 34 and Map 1). These divisions also agree well more or less with the physiographical divisions, which are also broadly divided into three distinct units, viz. the mainland or the plains of (North and South combined) Gujarat, the Saurashtra peninsular and Kutch (Deshpande 1992: 119)'. -72- The mainland or the plains of Gujarat is characleri zed by a flat tract of alluvium formed by the rivers such as Banas and Kupen X draining out into the Little Rann of Kutch, and Sabarmati, Mahi, Narmada, Tapi, etc.(all these rivers are almost perennial) into the Gulf of Khambhat.
  • Unit 6 Material Characteristics

    Unit 6 Material Characteristics

    UNIT 6 MATERIAL CHARACTERISTICS Structure Objectives Introduction From Villages to Towns.and Cities Harappan Civilization : Sources Geographical Spread Important Centres 6.5.1 Harappa 6.5.2 Mohenjodaro 6.5.3 Kalibangan 6.5.4 Lothal 6.5.5 Sutkagen-Dor Material Characteristics 6.6.1 Town-Planning 6.6.2 Pottery 6.6.3 Tools and Implements- 6.6.4 Arts and Crafts 6.6.5 The Indus Script 6.6.6 Subsistence Pattern Let Us Sum Up Key Words Answers to Check Your Progress Exercises 6.0 OBJECTIVES This Unit deals with the geographical extent and the material features of the Harappan Civilization. It describes the main sites of Harappan Civilization as well as the material remains which characterised these sites. After reading this Unit you should be able to : understand that there was continuity of population and material traditions between the Early Harappan and Harappan Civilization. know about the geographical and climatic aspects of the settlement pattern of Harappan Civilization, describe the specific geographical, climatic and subsistence related characteristics of the important centres of Harappan Civilization. learn about the material features of the impoitant Harappan sites and specially the uniformities in the material features of these sites. 6.1 INTRODUCTION In this Unit we discuss the geographical spread and material characteristics of the Harappan Civilization which aroge on the foundation of pastoral and agricultuial communities and small townships. It refers to the continuity of the population and material traditions between Early Harappan and Harappan Civilization. The geographical spread of Harappan Civilization with special reference to some important centres has been highlighted.
  • Walking with the Unicorn Social Organization and Material Culture in Ancient South Asia

    Walking with the Unicorn Social Organization and Material Culture in Ancient South Asia

    Walking with the Unicorn Social Organization and Material Culture in Ancient South Asia Jonathan Mark KenoyerAccess Felicitation Volume Open Edited by Dennys Frenez, Gregg M. Jamison, Randall W. Law, Massimo Vidale and Richard H. Meadow Archaeopress Archaeopress Archaeology © Archaeopress and the authors, 2017. Archaeopress Publishing Ltd Summertown Pavilion 18-24 Middle Way Summertown Oxford OX2 7LG www.archaeopress.com ISBN 978 1 78491 917 7 ISBN 978 1 78491 918 4 (e-Pdf) © ISMEO - Associazione Internazionale di Studi sul Mediterraneo e l'Oriente, Archaeopress and the authors 2018 Front cover: SEM microphotograph of Indus unicorn seal H95-2491 from Harappa (photograph by J. Mark Kenoyer © Harappa Archaeological Research Project). Access Back cover, background: Pot from the Cemetery H Culture levels of Harappa with a hoard of beads and decorative objects (photograph by Toshihiko Kakima © Prof. Hideo Kondo and NHK promotions). Back cover, box: Jonathan Mark Kenoyer excavating a unicorn seal found at Harappa (© Harappa Archaeological Research Project). Open ISMEO - Associazione Internazionale di Studi sul Mediterraneo e l'Oriente Corso Vittorio Emanuele II, 244 Palazzo Baleani Archaeopress Roma, RM 00186 www.ismeo.eu Serie Orientale Roma, 15 This volume was published with the financial assistance of a grant from the Progetto MIUR 'Studi e ricerche sulle culture dell’Asia e dell’Africa: tradizione e continuità, rivitalizzazione e divulgazione' All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the copyright owners. Printed in England by The Holywell Press, Oxford This book is available direct from Archaeopress or from our website www.archaeopress.com © Archaeopress and the authors, 2017.
  • Bannu Basin, N.W.F.P., Pakistan: a Review C.A

    Bannu Basin, N.W.F.P., Pakistan: a Review C.A

    Ancient Pakistan, Vol. XIX - 2008 PREHISTORIC AND HISTORIC CERAMIC PRODUCTION IN THE BANNU BASIN, N.W.F.P., PAKISTAN: A REVIEW C.A. Petrie, F. Khan, J.R. Knox, P. Magee, J.C. Morris and K.D. Thomas Introduction Since 1985, members of the Bannu Archaeological Project have been engaged in a long term research programme investigating the Prehistoric and Historic period archaeology of the Bannu Basin, which lies in the North West Frontier Province (N.W.F.P.), Pakistan. The survey and excavation of numerous Late Prehistoric archaeological sites, including Sheri Khan Tarakai, Girdai, Ter Kala Dheri, Lak Largai, Lewan, Islam Chowki and Tarakai Qila, and excavation of Historic period occupation at Ter Kala Dheri and the great mound site of Akra have shown that there is a clearly defined and often highly distinctive cultural sequence for the Bannu region that spans the period between c.4000 BC and c.AD 1200 (see Figure 1). Over the last 40 years, excavations have also been carried out at a number of sites on the Gomal Plain, which is a geographically distinct part of the N.W.F.P. that lies to the south of the Bannu Basin. The excavations at sites such as Gumla, Jhandi Babar A, Rehman Dheri and Ghandi Umar Khan (see Figure 1), have shown that in certain Late Prehistoric periods, there is a very close relationship between the cultural sequences of the Bannu and that Gomal regions, while in others, the cultural sequences of the two regions appear to take divergent trajectories. This is particularly significant for our understanding of patterns of social and economic development, and of interaction both within the N.W.F.P.
  • Tracing the Tradition of Sartorial Art in Indo-Pak Sub-Continen

    Tracing the Tradition of Sartorial Art in Indo-Pak Sub-Continen

    TRACING THE TRADITION OF SARTORIAL ART IN INDO-PAK SUB-CONTINEN ZUBAIDA YOUSAF Abstract The study of clothing in Pakistan as a cultural aspect of Archaeological findings was given the least attention in the previous decades. The present research is a preliminary work on tracing the tradition of sartorial art in the Indo-Pak Sub-Continent. Once the concept of the use of untailored and minimal drape, and unfamiliarity with the art of tailoring in the ancient Indus and Pre Indus societies firmly established on the bases of early evidences, no further investigation was undertaken to trace the history of tailored clothing in remote antiquity. Generally, the history of tailored clothing in Indo-Pak Sub-Continent is taken to have been with the arrival of Central Asian nations such as Scythians, Parthians and Kushans from 2nd century BC and onward. But the present work stretches this history back to the time of pre-Indus cultures and to the Indus Valley Civilization. Besides Mehrgarh, Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa, many newly exposed proto historic sites such as Mehi, Kulli, Nausharo, Kalibangan, Dholavira, Bhirrana, Banawali etc. have yielded a good corpus of researchable material, but unfortunately this data wasn’t exploited to throw light on the historical background of tailored clothing in the Indo-Pak Sub-Continent. Though we have scanty evidences from the Indus and Pre-Indus sites, but these are sufficient to reopen the discussion on the said topic. Keywords: Indus, Mehrgarh, Dholavira, Kulli, Mehi, Kalibangan, Harappa, Mohenjao- Daro, Clothing, Tailoring. 1 Introduction The traced history of clothing in India and Pakistan goes back to the 7th millennium BC.
  • Autochthonous Aryans? the Evidence from Old Indian and Iranian Texts

    Autochthonous Aryans? the Evidence from Old Indian and Iranian Texts

    Michael Witzel Harvard University Autochthonous Aryans? The Evidence from Old Indian and Iranian Texts. INTRODUCTION §1. Terminology § 2. Texts § 3. Dates §4. Indo-Aryans in the RV §5. Irano-Aryans in the Avesta §6. The Indo-Iranians §7. An ''Aryan'' Race? §8. Immigration §9. Remembrance of immigration §10. Linguistic and cultural acculturation THE AUTOCHTHONOUS ARYAN THEORY § 11. The ''Aryan Invasion'' and the "Out of India" theories LANGUAGE §12. Vedic, Iranian and Indo-European §13. Absence of Indian influences in Indo-Iranian §14. Date of Indo-Aryan innovations §15. Absence of retroflexes in Iranian §16. Absence of 'Indian' words in Iranian §17. Indo-European words in Indo-Iranian; Indo-European archaisms vs. Indian innovations §18. Absence of Indian influence in Mitanni Indo-Aryan Summary: Linguistics CHRONOLOGY §19. Lack of agreement of the autochthonous theory with the historical evidence: dating of kings and teachers ARCHAEOLOGY __________________________________________ Electronic Journal of Vedic Studies 7-3 (EJVS) 2001(1-115) Autochthonous Aryans? 2 §20. Archaeology and texts §21. RV and the Indus civilization: horses and chariots §22. Absence of towns in the RV §23. Absence of wheat and rice in the RV §24. RV class society and the Indus civilization §25. The Sarasvatī and dating of the RV and the Bråhmaas §26. Harappan fire rituals? §27. Cultural continuity: pottery and the Indus script VEDIC TEXTS AND SCIENCE §28. The ''astronomical code of the RV'' §29. Astronomy: the equinoxes in ŚB §30. Astronomy: Jyotia Vedåga and the
  • Program Wednesday Afternoon April 22, 2009 Wednesday Evening April

    Program Wednesday Afternoon April 22, 2009 Wednesday Evening April

    THURSDAY MORNING: April 23, 2009 23 Program Wednesday Afternoon April 22, 2009 [1A] Workshop NEW DEVELOPMENTS IN THE PRESERVATION OF DIGITAL DATA FOR ARCHAEOLOGY Room: L404 Time: 1:00 AM−4:30 PM Wednesday Evening April 22, 2009 [1] SYMPOSIUM ARCHAEOLOGY BEYOND ARCHAEOLOGY Room: Marquis Ballroom Time: 6:00 PM−9:00 PM Organizers: Michael Smith and Michael Barton Chairs: Michelle Hegmon and Michael Barton Participants: 6:00 Michael Smith—Just How Useful is Archaeology for Scientists and Scholars in Other Disciplines? 6:15 Tim Kohler—Model-Based Archaeology as a Foundation for Interdisciplinary and Comparative Research, and an Antidote to Agency/Practice Perspectives 6:30 Michael Barton—From Narratives to Algorithms: Extending Archaeological Explanation Beyond Archaeology 6:45 Margaret Nelson—Long-term vulnerability and resilience 7:00 Joseph Tainter—Energy Gain and Organization 7:15 Patrick Kirch—Archaeology and Biocomplexity 7:30 Rebecca Storey—Urban Health from Prehistoric times to a Highly Urbanized Contemporary World 7:45 Carla Sinopoli—Historicizing Prehistory: Archaeology and historical interpretation in Late Prehistoric Karnataka, India 8:00 Michelle Hegmon—Crossing Spatial-Temporal Scales, Expanding Social Theory 8:15 Robert Costanza—Sustainability or Collapse: What Can We Learn from Integrating the History of Humans and the Rest of Nature? 8:30 Robert Costanza—Discussant 8:45 James Brooks—Discussant Thursday Morning April 23, 2009 [2] GENERAL SESSION RECENT RESEARCH IN CENTRAL AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY Room: International C Time: 8:00
  • Indus Civilization (2500 BC-1750 BC)

    Indus Civilization (2500 BC-1750 BC)

    Harappan - Indus Civilization (2500 BC-1750 BC) 1. The oldest name - Indus Civilization. 2. According to archaeological tradition, the most appropriate name -Harappan Civilization (Harappa - the first discovered site). 3. According to geographical point of view, the most suitable name Inuds -Saraswati Civilization (the largest concentration of settlement - along the Indus - Saraswati river valley; 80% settlement along the Saraswati). 4. The most accepted period - 2500 BC - 1750 BC (by Carbon-14 dating). 5. John Marshall was the first scholar to use the term 'Indus Civilization'. 6. The Indus Civilization belongs to Proto-Historic Period (Chalcolithic Age / Bronze Age). 7. The Indus Civilization was spread over Sindh, Baluchistan, Punjab, Haryana, Rajasthan, Gujarat, Western U.P. and Northern Maharashtra. 8. Scholars generally believe that Harappa-Ghaggar-Mohenjodaro axis represents the heartland of the Indus Civilization. 9. The Northern-most site of Indus Civilization - Ropar (Sutlej)/Punjab (Earlier); Manda (Chenab)/Jammu-Kashmir (Now). i. The Southern-most site of Indus Civilization Bhagatrav (Kim) / Gujarat (Earlier); Daimabad (Pravara)/Maharashtra (Now). ii. The Eastern-most site of Indus Civilization - Alamgirpur(Hindon) / Uttar Pradesh. iii. The Western-most site of Indus Civilization - Sutkagendor (Dashk)/ Makran Coast, Pakistan—Iran Border. 10. Capital Cities - Harappa, Mohenjodaro Port Cities - Lothal, Sutkagendor, Allahdino, Balakot, Kuntasi i. Site--------->Harappa ii. River--------->Ravi iii. District--------->Sahiwal iv. State/Province--------->Punjab v. Country Excavators---->Pakistan Daya Ram Sahni(1921), Madho Swaroop Vatsa (1926),Wheeler (1946) i. Site--------->Mohenjodaro (Nakhlistan i.e. Oasis of Sindh) ii. River--------->Indus iii. District--------->Larkana iv. State/Province-------->Sindh v. Country Excavators---->Pakistan Rakhal Das Bannerji (1922), Mackay (1927) Wheeler (1930) i.