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Some Important Aspects of Technology and Craft Production in the Indus Civilization with Specific Reference to Gujarat
Some Important Aspects of Technology and Craft Production in the Indus Civilization with Specific Reference to Gujarat Kuldeep K. Bhan This paper will briefly review the archaeological record of some of the aspects of the craft production in the Indus Tradition from the point of technology, as reflected in manufacturing cycles, possible workshops / activity areas, stock piling and dumping areas so far identified in the available archaeological record of Gujarat. The data presented here is mostly derived from three recently excavated Indus sites by the Department of Archeology and Ancient History, Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda in combination with the data obtained through ethnoarchaeological studies carried on the stone bead making at Khambhat, Gujarat by Jonathan Mark Kenoyer, Massimo Vidale and myself. With the adaption of rigorous excavations with emphasis on the recovery methods along with ethnoarchaeological studies a lot of fresh useful information regarding the various Indus crafts is beginning to get revealed. The study of the crafts and especially Indus Civilization crafts is growing field of investigation, though some South Asian archeologists still prefer to them as ‘miscellaneous small finds’. This fresh data thus obtained is the highlights of this paper. Keywords: Indus Civilization, Technology, Craft Production, Gujarat, Shell working, Beads, Faience. In this paper, I will be discussing some important aspects various industries, but I will confine myself to certain of the current research on craft production in the selected crafts like stone bead making, shell working Harappan phase of the Indus Tradition that corresponds and faience making, with specific reference to the (c. 2600 to 1900 BC) to the Integration Era (as defined in recent data recovered from the Harappan sites of Kenoyer 1991a). -
Oilseeds, Spices, Fruits and Flavour in the Indus Civilisation T J
Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports 24 (2019) 879–887 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/jasrep Oilseeds, spices, fruits and flavour in the Indus Civilisation T J. Bates Joukowsky Institute for Archaeology and the Ancient World, Brown University, United States of America ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Keywords: The exploitation of plant resources was an important part of the economic and social strategies of the people of South Asia the Indus Civilisation (c. 3200–1500 BCE). Research has focused mainly on staples such as cereals and pulses, for Prehistoric agriculture understanding these strategies with regards to agricultural systems and reconstructions of diet, with some re- Archaeobotany ference to ‘weeds’ for crop processing models. Other plants that appear less frequently in the archaeobotanical Indus Civilisation record have often received variable degrees of attention and interpretation. This paper reviews the primary Cropping strategies literature and comments on the frequency with which non-staple food plants appear at Indus sites. It argues that Food this provides an avenue for Indus archaeobotany to continue its ongoing development of models that move beyond agriculture and diet to think about how people considered these plants as part of their daily life, with caveats regarding taphonomy and culturally-contextual notions of function. 1. Introduction 2. Traditions in Indus archaeobotany By 2500 BCE the largest Old World Bronze Age civilisation had There is a long tradition of Indus archaeobotany. As summarised in spread across nearly 1 million km2 in what is now Pakistan and north- Fuller (2002) it can be divided into three phases: ‘consulting palaeo- west India (Fig. -
The Ancient Indus Valley New Perspectives ABC-CLIO’S Understanding Ancient Civilizations Series
The Ancient Indus Valley New Perspectives ABC-CLIO’s Understanding Ancient Civilizations Series The Aztecs Ancient Canaan and Israel The Ancient Greeks The Ancient Maya Ancient Mesopotamia The Incas The Romans The Ancient Indus Valley New Perspectives JANE R. McINTOSH Santa Barbara, California • Denver, Colorado • Oxford, England Copyright 2008 by ABC-CLIO, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, me- chanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, except for the inclusion of brief quotations in a review, without prior permission in writing from the publisher. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data McIntosh, Jane. The ancient Indus Valley : new perspectives / Jane McIntosh. p. cm. —(Understanding ancient civilizations series) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-57607-907-2 (hard copy : alk. paper) — ISBN 978-1-57607-908-9 (ebook) 1. Indus civilization. I. Title. DS425.M338 2008 934—dc22 2007025308 121110090812345678910 Production Editor: Anna A. Moore Editorial Assistant: Sara Springer Production Manager: Don Schmidt Media Editor: Jed DeOrsay Media Resources Coordinator: Ellen Brenna Dougherty Media Resources Manager: Caroline Price File Manager: Paula Gerard ABC-CLIO, Inc. 130 Cremona Drive, P.O. Box 1911 Santa Barbara, California 93116-1911 This book is also available on the World Wide Web as an ebook. Visit www.abc-clio.com for details. This book is printed on acid-free paper ∞ Manufactured -
Walking with the Unicorn Social Organization and Material Culture in Ancient South Asia
Walking with the Unicorn Social Organization and Material Culture in Ancient South Asia Jonathan Mark Kenoyer Felicitation Volume Edited by Dennys Frenez, Gregg M. Jamison, Randall W. Law, Massimo Vidale and Richard H. Meadow Archaeopress Archaeology Archaeopress Publishing Ltd Summertown Pavilion 18-24 Middle Way Summertown Oxford OX2 7LG www.archaeopress.com ISBN 978 1 78491 917 7 ISBN 978 1 78491 918 4 (e-Pdf) © ISMEO - Associazione Internazionale di Studi sul Mediterraneo e l'Oriente, Archaeopress and the authors 2018 Front cover: SEM microphotograph of Indus unicorn seal H95-2491 from Harappa (photograph by J. Mark Kenoyer © Harappa Archaeological Research Project). Back cover, background: Pot from the Cemetery H Culture levels of Harappa with a hoard of beads and decorative objects (photograph by Toshihiko Kakima © Prof. Hideo Kondo and NHK promotions). Back cover, box: Jonathan Mark Kenoyer excavating a unicorn seal found at Harappa (© Harappa Archaeological Research Project). ISMEO - Associazione Internazionale di Studi sul Mediterraneo e l'Oriente Corso Vittorio Emanuele II, 244 Palazzo Baleani Roma, RM 00186 www.ismeo.eu Serie Orientale Roma, 15 This volume was published with the financial assistance of a grant from the Progetto MIUR 'Studi e ricerche sulle culture dell’Asia e dell’Africa: tradizione e continuità, rivitalizzazione e divulgazione' All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the copyright owners. Printed in England by The Holywell Press, Oxford This book is available direct from Archaeopress or from our website www.archaeopress.com Contents Jonathan Mark Kenoyer and ISMEO – Occasions in Continuum ....................................................................................v Adriano V. -
Indus Civilization
This article was originally published in the Encyclopedia of Archaeology, published by Elsevier, and the attached copy is provided by Elsevier for the author's benefit and for the benefit of the author's institution, for non- commercial research and educational use including use in instruction at your institution, posting on a secure network (not accessible to the public) within your institution, and providing a copy to your institution’s administrator. All other uses, reproduction and distribution, including without limitation commercial reprints, selling or licensing copies or access, or posting on open internet sites are prohibited. For exceptions, permission may be sought for such use through Elsevier's permissions site at: http://www.elsevier.com/locate/permissionusematerial Kenoyer Jonathan Mark, Indus Civilization. In: Encyclopedia of Archaeology, ed. by Deborah M. Pearsall. © 2008, Academic Press, New York. Author's personal copy ASIA, WEST/Indus Civilization 715 Further Reading Pakistan, and is one of the earliest sites with evidence of farming (wheat and barley) and herding (cattle, sheep and goats) in South Allchin B (1997) The Rise of Civilization in India and Pakistan. Asia. Great Bath The earliest public water tank in ancient South Asia Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Mishra S (1995) Chronology of the Indian stone age: the impact of is one of the most spectacular features of Mohenjo-daro. recent absolute and relative dating attempts. Man and Environ- Indus script (Harappan script) Refers to the undeciphered ment XX(2): 11–16. writing system consisting of short strings of symbols found Misra VN (1989) Stone age India: An ecological perspective. Man on pottery and seals. -
Mobility and Variation in Chalcolithic North Gujarat, India (Ca 3600 – 1800 Bc)
University of Pennsylvania ScholarlyCommons Publicly Accessible Penn Dissertations Summer 2011 Mobility and Variation in Chalcolithic North Gujarat, India (Ca 3600 – 1800 Bc) Suzanne Harris University of Pennsylvania, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations Part of the Archaeological Anthropology Commons Recommended Citation Harris, Suzanne, "Mobility and Variation in Chalcolithic North Gujarat, India (Ca 3600 – 1800 Bc)" (2011). Publicly Accessible Penn Dissertations. 359. https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations/359 This paper is posted at ScholarlyCommons. https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations/359 For more information, please contact [email protected]. Mobility and Variation in Chalcolithic North Gujarat, India (Ca 3600 – 1800 Bc) Abstract Nine relatively obscure sites in the northern plain of Gujarat, India: Loteshwar, Santhli, Datrana, Nagwada, Langhnaj, Zekhada, Ratanpura and Kanewal; demonstrate a broad range of material culture traditions present in this region throughout the fourth through second millennia BC. This diversity results from the numerous economic strategies employed by the inhabitants of this region, the most important of which is mobility. Most of the sites reviewed in this work are the remains of temporary occupations, which are usually ascribed to pastoral nomads. Although pastoralism was an important subsistence strategy, a closer examination of the material culture and features at these sites shows there was a spectrum of approaches to mobility, which were related to different economic strategies. This work will show that despite many similarities, these sites do not represent a homogenous set of pastoralist camps. Instead, they document manifold activities, reflected through the uses of material culture and space. -
Durham E-Theses
Durham E-Theses Hidden agendas : testing models of the social and political organisation of the Indus Valley tradition Manuel, Mark James How to cite: Manuel, Mark James (2008) Hidden agendas : testing models of the social and political organisation of the Indus Valley tradition, Durham theses, Durham University. Available at Durham E-Theses Online: http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/1899/ Use policy The full-text may be used and/or reproduced, and given to third parties in any format or medium, without prior permission or charge, for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-prot purposes provided that: • a full bibliographic reference is made to the original source • a link is made to the metadata record in Durham E-Theses • the full-text is not changed in any way The full-text must not be sold in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders. Please consult the full Durham E-Theses policy for further details. Academic Support Oce, Durham University, University Oce, Old Elvet, Durham DH1 3HP e-mail: [email protected] Tel: +44 0191 334 6107 http://etheses.dur.ac.uk 2 Hidden Agendas: testing models of the social and political organisation of the Indus Valley Tradition Volume One The copyright of this thesis rests with the author or the university to which it was submitted. No quotation from it, or information derived from it may be published without the prior written consent of the author or university, and any information derived from it should be acknowledged. Mark James Manuel Department of Archaeology, Durham University Thesis submitted for degree of Ph.D May 2008 Two Volumes 01 SEP2008 TD Abstract This thesis tests existing models of the social and political organisation of the Indus Valley Tradition against an analysis of site distribution and function within Gujarat and Cholistan. -
Historic Civilization: Geographic Impact Impact Factor: 5.2 IJAR 2017; 3(7): 694-697 Received: 09-05-2017 Dr
International Journal of Applied Research 2017; 3(7): 694-697 ISSN Print: 2394-7500 ISSN Online: 2394-5869 Historic civilization: Geographic impact Impact Factor: 5.2 IJAR 2017; 3(7): 694-697 www.allresearchjournal.com Received: 09-05-2017 Dr. Amal Kumar Ghosh Accepted: 10-06-2017 Abstract Dr. Amal Kumar Ghosh Land, landscape and soil have major implications on physical, economic, social and cultural Associate Professor in development of a region. The three great ancient civilizations had also deep rooted in the earth with the Geography, Fakir Chand prevailing and inherited milieu. The Harappan Civilization, once flourished in ancient time, lasted for College, Diamond Harbour, hundreds of years covering present day India, Pakistan, Afghanistan, Iran and Iraq which have University of Calcutta, West Bengal, India nourished by the more or less essence of physiographic environment. The manifold reasons of initiation, flourishment, expansion and ultimate destiny might have been preserved in the lithospheric cover of the Earth. The present study asserts and makes an endeavour to sort out mostly natural causes responsible for the growth and decline of the Harappan Civilization. Keywords: Harappan, Historic, Civilization, Geographic, Maritime Introduction Civilizations may be characterized with large settlements, written script, high art and architecture, huge installations, unique administration and division of labour and social classes. Ancient civilizations were deep rooted mostly into the fertile surface cover although adverse physiographic and climatic regions often pushed the millions. The Indus, the Sumer and the Mesopotamia, the three great civilizations of the past had flourished in valleys of the three great rivers of the Indus, the Tigris and the Euphrates. -
South Asian Contributions to Animal Domestication and Pastoralism
South Asian contributions to animal domestication and pastoralism The Harvard community has made this article openly available. Please share how this access benefits you. Your story matters Citation Patel, Ajita K., and Richard H. Meadow. "South Asian Contributions to Animal Domestication and Pastoralism: Bones, Genes, and Archaeology." In The Oxford Handbook of Zooarchaeology, 280-303. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 2017. Published Version doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199686476.013.19 Citable link http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:37308546 Terms of Use This article was downloaded from Harvard University’s DASH repository, and is made available under the terms and conditions applicable to Other Posted Material, as set forth at http:// nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:dash.current.terms-of- use#LAA OUP UNCORRECTED PROOF – FIRSTPROOFS, Tue Oct 18 2016, NEWGEN The Oxford Handbook of ZOOARCHAEOLOGY Edited by UMBERTO ALBARELLA with MAURO RIZZETTO, HANNAH RUSS, KIM VICKERS, and SARAH VINER- DANIELS 1 00_oxfordhb-9780199686476-FM.inddOHB_ 575Wpp_ 3 UK Template Standardized 26- 05- 2016 and Last Modified on 18-10-2016 10/18/2016 5:27:53 PM OUP UNCORRECTED PROOF – FIRSTPROOFS, Tue Oct 18 2016, NEWGEN 3 Great Clarendon Street, Oxford, ox2 6dp, United Kingdom Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. It furthers the University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide. Oxford is a registered trade mark of Oxford University Press in the UK and in certain other countries © Oxford University Press 2017 The moral rights of the authors have been asserted First Edition published in 2017 Impression: 1 All rights reserved. -
Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Environmental Science
31/10/2017 Agriculture of Early India - Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Environmental Science Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Environmental Science The Agriculture of Early India Charlene Murphy and Dorian Q. Fuller Subject: Agriculture and the Environment Online Publication Date: Oct 2017 DOI: 10.1093/acrefore/9780199389414.013.169 Summary and Keywords South Asia possesses a unique Neolithic transition to agricultural domestication. India has received far less attention in the quest for evidence of early agriculture than other regions of the world traditionally recognized as “centers of domestication” such as southwest Asia, western Asia, China, Mesoamerica, South America, New Guinea, and Africa. Hunter-gatherers with agricultural production appeared around the middle of the Holocene, 4000 to 1500 , with the cultivation of domesticates and a correspondingly more sedentary lifestyle emerging at this time. Two thousand years ago South Asia was inhabited by farmers, with densely populated river valleys, coastal plains, urban populations, states, and even empires. While some of the crops that supported these civilizations had been introduced from other regions of the world, a large proportion of these crops had local origins from wild plants native to the subcontinent. As a case study for the origins of agriculture, South Asia has much to offer archaeologists and environmental scientists alike for understanding domestication processes and local transitions from foraging to farming as well as the ways in which early farmers adapted to and transformed the environment and regional vegetation. Information exchange from distant farmers from other agricultural centers into the subcontinent cannot be ruled out. However, it is clear that local agricultural origins occurred via a series of processes, including the dispersal of pastoral and agro-pastoral peoples across regions, the local domestication of animals and plants and the adoption by indigenous hunter-gatherers of food production techniques from neighboring cultures. -
Harappan Blade Implements: a Literature Review and Future Perspectives
Harappan Blade Implements: A Literature Review and Future Perspectives Ruman Banerjee1, V. N. Prabhakar2 and R. S. Bisht3 1. IIT‐ Gandhinagar, Archaeological Science Centre, Gujarat ‐ 382 355, India (Email: [email protected]) 2. Archaeological Survey of India, SI, 24 Tilak Marg, New Delhi – 110 001, India and IIT‐ Gandhinagar, Archaeological Science Centre, Gujarat ‐ 382 355, India (Email: [email protected]) 3. 9/19, Sector 3, Rajendra Nagar, Sahibabad, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh – 201 001, India (Email: [email protected]) Received: 20 September 2018; Revised: 17 October 2018; Accepted: 03 November 2018 Heritage: Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies in Archaeology 6 (2018): 276‐298 Abstract: This paper attempts to make a broad survey of the existing literature on Harappan stone tools, providing particular emphasis on Harappan blade implements. A lot of Harappan sites have been excavated, explored, documented and catalogued along with their material culture from different parts of India and elsewhere. Here we aim to delineate an insightful treatment of the stone blade materials recovered from different Harappan sites. Keywords: Harappa, Excavation, Rohri Chert, Blades, Technology, Ribbon Flake Blades, Review Introduction Approximately around 1500 Harappan sites (Nath, 2017; Shinde, 2017) are there in the states of Gujarat, Rajasthan, Punjab, Haryana, Chandigarh, Himachal Pradesh and Western Uttar Pradesh. In totality, these sites (Mughal, 1970, 1973) belong to Pre/Early Harappan phase, (Ravi and Kot Diji phase), Mature (Rheman -
THE FORGOTTEN an Approach on Harappan Toy Artefacts Elke Rogersdotter
ARCHAEOLOGYARCHAEOLOGY and and ENVIRONMENT ENVIRONMENT 20 20 ARCHAEOLOGY and ENVIRONMENT 20 THE FORGOTTEN an Approach on Harappan Toy Artefacts Elke Rogersdotter Toy Approach on Harappan THE FORGOTTEN an ARCHAEOLOGY and ENVIRONMENT 20 ARCHAEOLOGYARCHAEOLOGY and and ENVIRONMENT ENVIRONMENT 20 20 THETHE FORGOTTEN Elke Rogersdotter FORGOTTEN an Approach The Forgotten an Approach an Approach on Harappan Toy Artefacts on Harappan Toyon Artefacts Harappan Elke Rogersdotter The Forgotten: ToyTHE THEArtefacts If artefacts,an Approach traditionally on Harappan interpreted Toy as Artefacts toys, would show FORGOTTENFORGOTTEN upIf traditionallyas not being toy identifiedrandomly artefacts scattered would around show upbut as not being randomly scattered around but regulated, possibly regulated and possibly indicating visible patterns, would anan Approach Approach indicating visible patterns,Elke wouldRogersdotter these finds be able to tell these finds be able to tell archaeology something of onon Harappan Harappan relevance?archaeology something of relevance? ToyToy Artefacts Artefacts In Inthis this study, study, more more than thanThe 4,000 4,000 Forgotten year year old old fragments fragments of toyof toy interpretedinterpretedan Approachterracotta terracotta cartscarts on Harappanandand potterypottery discs Toydiscs will Artefactswill be invitedbe invitedto tell to their tell stories.their stories. BasedBased on on anan analysisanalysis ofof toy selected interpreted toy materials interpreted from a materialscoastal Harappanfrom the settlementcoastal Harappan in Gujarat, settlementIndia, this studyat If artefacts,Bagasradeals traditionally within Gujarat,a neglected interpreted India, field this of researchasstudy toys, deals in would archaeology, with showa up as notneglectedexploring being field a way ofrandomly ofresearch approaching in scatteredarchaeology, this kind of objectsexploringaround without a but way of approaching this kind of objects without being regulated andbeing possibly forced to abandon indicating their toy visible identifications.