DOCSLIB.ORG

Circula R No

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Circula R No Circular No. 585 December 1940 • Washington, D. C UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE Ramie Fiber Production' ■ BRITTAIN B. ROBINSON, agronomist^ Division of Collón and Other Fiber Crops and Diseases, Bureau of Plant Industry CONTENTS Page Page Introduction - - - - 1 Fiber preparation - History and botany 2 Yields - -- Where cultivated 2 Production 10 Adaptation 4 Domestic market and importations 11 Soils and íertiliMrs 6 Manufacturing and uses II Culture — 6 Fiber characteristics and potential value. 13 Time and methods of harvesting-. 7 Summary 13 «M^MWMMI^a^iM INTRODUCTION Kamie is the name ii^ed to designate a stingless nettle plant and also the textile bast fiber obtained from the plant. This fiber plant has attracted an unusual amount of attention and financial exploita- tion. The interest in ramie has resulted because of the beautiful luster possessed by the fiber and its reported durability and great strength. It probably rank^ first among all vegetable fibers in respect to strength.^ The interest in this fiber was initiated when prizes were offered in India for improvements in methods of processing and has been great during the past 70 years. However, ramie is utilized little more today than it was 50 years ago. What obstacle^ prevent this fiber from being more extensively used, und why is it still a relatively unimportant or minor fiber? An effort will be made in this circular, while discussing some of the agri- cultural problems connected with the successful growing of the crop, to point out some of the obstacles that have impeded the production of this fiber and that mu^t be overcome if, under present economic conditions and competition from other plant fibers, a ramie industry is to be established in this country. A number of problems should be carefully considered by investors before the expenditure of capital. The purpose of this circular is to answer numerous general inquiries for information about ramie. The discussion on the agricultural I This circular is a revision of, and supersedes, Miscellaneous Circular No. un, Ramie, A Fiher-Ylelding '''"MAVTHrws,"j.°MEERiTT. TEXTILE FIBERS. Ed. 4, 1053 pp., Ulus. New York and London. 1924. 250613°—40 2 CIRCULAR 5 8 5, U. S. DEPARTMEKT OF AGRICULTURE problems involved in producing the ci'op is not intended to advon^t Its commercial culture but is intended to serve as information f persons mterested in experimental plantings and those who Zv ^ considermg the possibilities of establishing this crop in the United HISTORY AND BOTANY Ramie wa^ one of the principal plant fibers used' in the Orient for making cloth before the introduction of cotton, which took placVin China about 1300 A. D. Since then cotton has replaced rami; to î large extent. Although ramie seems to have been known in tho Orient during earliest recorded times, it apparently was not known m Europe, Africa, or America until much later. íío authentic rec" ords have been found of the occurrence or utilization of this fihpr m ancient Egypt, although statements mention its use by the earlv Egyptians but these were apparently made as the result of confusing ramie with flax. It was first described by Linnaeus, an eminent i^uropean botanist, in 1737 from specimens obtained from China but apparently it was not known as a fiber plant west of central Asia' until a century later. Boehmeria nivea (L.) Gaud, is the botanical name of the plant known as ramie. Several closely related species produce fiber but they are not so extensively utilized as B. nivea. It belongs to the nettle family but does not have the stinging hairs common amoníí nettles. However, the shrublike stem and leaves are covered with inconspicuous hairs. The plant grows from perennial roots that pro- duce stems or canes, as they are more commonly called. The canes may reach 8 feet in height and have little or no branching. They are small m diameter, usually less than one-half of an inch, and bear round to heart-shaped leaves that are dark green on the upper and white on the under surface. If the green stems are not cut and are allowed to mature, they usually turn brown and produce at the top clusters of male and female flowers, the latter developing very small SGGClS. If the canes are cut during the growing season to obtain the fiber, a new crop of canes begins to grow, and under favorable conditions three or four crops may be obtained in a season, as the growth may be very rapid. The name "rhea" is used in India in place of ramie and also was used formerly to designate the fiber produced in India. Although the name ramie is used in several languages to designate the common iber plant, the crude fiber, which is obtained in China, is known in commerce as China grass. This crude fiber is prepared by hand- cleaning in China and has adhering gums. It is in strands from 3 to 5 feet long, greenish to yellow in color, and rather stiff because of the gum present on the fiber. These gums must be removed in manufacturing to obtain the beautiful lustrous fiber that has the appearance of silk. WHERE CULTIVATED China grass has been exported from China and Japan for many years, and these countries were the only source of supply until about ladS when a small supply of fiber from acreage set out in the Philip- RAMIE FIBER PRODUCTION ,. Tslands was available for export. Although ramie is very P" lv\istributed in China, it is grown only in small patches and 'ïl\fiîd crop. The most productive areas are provinces along 'f YaLtze RWer, and Hankow and Kiukiang are the most impor- 'f exDorting Sers, although much of the Iber from the interior 'Î7e^I&Tghihè coastaf ports Shanghai, Tientsm, or Canton. ,1 Tanan it is grown only to a limited extent. 'VaX atteints to cultivate ramie in Russia were unsuccessful UepSt 3 ofTœnt attempts shows that out of 4,500 hectares (11119 is of ramie started in 1929, only 1,633 hectares (4,035 acres) ' A Í,. ^Q^c, Tnn«tlv in western Georgia, Union of Soviet Social- irrpubSs tetp're"^^^^^^^^ collective farms and 3 area on noncollective farms. It has been tried experimentally Älrn Europe, particularly in f-nœ and mo- r^^^^^^^^^^ talv. It was cultivated in France between 1888 and 1894 to supply mí erial for ramie cleaning-machine trials conducted by the French GÎvernment. However nfne of the machines were regarded as IflSa tiSe^afb^ widely, grown expe«^^^^ ever the only experiments of any size are believed to be one ot Ob S re'porte^d in Tanganyika Territory t in 1937 and one of about iOhpctares (99 acres) reported m Libya in 19áy. In India, ranüe griws wild in some regions Attempts.to cultivate the crop have not proved long lasting. The British Indian Govern- Snt oS.'as eLly .as isl, a prize of £5,(XX) for - machme to flpoorticste ramie. Trials were held m 1872 and in.l«79, but tne results were failures and the prize offer was later withdrawn. In cent vlaSuhere has been no ramie fiber exported from India, and appaientl^^^^^^^^^^^ only small areas cultivated m Bengal and Assam "ut'ltös"" Sie waÄfintroduced into the United States, .a^d sh;rüy theïea'fS found its way into a number of Central Amencan mnntries A number of attempts have-been made to start a ramie nZ y in the United States, Óentral America, ^f^ fou ^^^^«i™ Altl^onr^h the plant grows well in many sections of the Western Hem- tïer"f no Sïry has developed, probably because the machine ^TüÄä^äa't^eVpS^^^^^ been conducted along the South AtlaSk coast, the Wf of Mexico coast, and in California boutn Aiiamic c , experiment stations (fig. 1), Ä'^iS UniSd Asïï^^^^^^^^ o^f Agriculture. These ex- pSmeU haviproved the adaptability of the crop to certain re- perimems "ave p r ^^^^^^^ necessary for successful gions ^"^^^IfJ^ASrsive plantings have been made by companies the plant on a larger scale. ~ _,„ »rr nvTrtw mXSIBITION (SOVIET RAMIE).] Sovlet 4 CIRCULAR 585, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE ADAPTATION Ramie has been called a semitropical plant. Although it has bepr, ÎZ:TJTT''''^\''' the Tropics, its greatest commercial devel opment has been m the semitrop cal regions. It has been reported that It grows better where the winters are cool enough to induce Î resting period. However, severe freezing and repeated freezing and thawing are likely to kill the roots, especially f the frost reiches several inches m the ground. Plants seem to"^stand the winterfa Washington, D. C,, with some mulching, but mulching on a field scaî might be expensive. Eecent experiments in Italy^have indicated that a Japanese variety of ramie shows surprising resistance to cold FiGUBE "''^at3"orfh!f'si"?"*'"^"V"""''at one of the State agricultural experiment """S I'urvested stations. by haud-cutting This may account in part for reports that ramie is grown in nearly every province of China to some extent, indicating^ th^re must be So^^wr ft"'' '''''*^"^ ^""J^^ ?^^ conditions of northern China. Sîd condlinn ^'' "n '■''°/^' *^.'^r **^^t th« Pl^"t will grow under cold conditions as well as it does in the so-called semitropics. flTin,^frwll75-? K^f^"^'"- not,^«ach the roots and those having an annual well-distributed ramfall of at least 40 inches are the only ones recommended for this crop by some writers. ^ «ímíÍhit «/*! u^ repeated experiments have indicated that the vZt xSl J^^^'""^ ^]^^ rainfalls are adapted for growing 3!' f^^^^^g^ an abundance of moisture is necessary for heavy fifp nL^^""'^' T^i"""^ ^* harvesttime may cause a problem.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Effect of a New Continuous Production Technology of Ramie (Boehmeria Nivea) on Fiber Yield and Fineness
    INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURE & BIOLOGY ISSN Print: 1560–8530; ISSN Online: 1814–9596 11–339/MFA/2012/14–1–87–90 http://www.fspublishers.org Full Length Article Effect of a New Continuous Production Technology of Ramie (Boehmeria nivea) on Fiber Yield and Fineness LIU LI-JUN, TANG DI-LUO, DAI XIAO-BING, YU RUN-QING AND PENG DING-XIANG1 Key Laboratory of Huazhong Crop Physiology, Ecology and Production, Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China *Corresponding author’s e-mail: [email protected] ABSTRACT To resolve the bottleneck problems hindering the development of the ramie (Boehmeria nivea L. Gaud) cultivation industry, the feasibility of a new harvesting mode was investigated. This allows a continuous supply of ramie within a growing season and provided theoretical and technical support for industrialized production of ramie. Huazhu 4 was used and harvesting times were within 28 May to 21 October 7 days interval. Five harvesting modes were designed with 3 replications, with traditional harvesting mode as the control. The results showed that the range in fiber fineness among the five harvesting modes was 1659–1958 m/g. The mean in mode 1 was the highest of the five modes (1958 m/g) and was 6.47% higher than in controls. Compared to controls, the average fiber fineness in mode 5 was 1.96% higher, and that of mode 4 was the same as the controls. However, modes 2 and 3 had 9.79 and 5.55% lower mean fiber fineness compared with controls, respectively. The harvested yields of raw fiber in modes 2 and 3 were 21.50 and 5.04%, respectively higher than controls - with no increases in other modes.
    [Show full text]
  • A New Method for the Conservation of Ancient Colored Paintings on Ramie
    Liu et al. Herit Sci (2021) 9:13 https://doi.org/10.1186/s40494-021-00486-4 RESEARCH ARTICLE Open Access A new method for the conservation of ancient colored paintings on ramie textiles Jiaojiao Liu*, Yuhu Li*, Daodao Hu, Huiping Xing, Xiaolian Chao, Jing Cao and Zhihui Jia Abstract Textiles are valuable cultural heritage items that are susceptible to several degradation processes due to their sensi- tive nature, such as the case of ancient ma colored-paintings. Therefore, it is important to take measures to protect the precious ma artifacts. Generally, ″ma″ includes ramie, hemp, fax, oil fax, kenaf, jute, and so on. In this paper, an examination and analysis of a painted ma textile were the frst step in proposing an appropriate conservation treat- ment. Standard fber and light microscopy were used to identify the fber type of the painted ma textile. Moreover, custom-made reinforcement materials and technology were introduced with the principles of compatibility, durabil- ity and reversibility. The properties of tensile strength, aging resistance and color alteration of the new material to be added were studied before and after dry heat aging, wet heat aging and UV light aging. After systematic examina- tion and evaluation of the painted ma textile and reinforcement materials, the optimal conservation treatment was established, and exhibition method was established. Our work presents a new method for the conservation of ancient Chinese painted ramie textiles that would promote the protection of these valuable artifacts. Keywords: Painted textiles, Ramie fber, Conservation methods, Reinforcement, Cultural relic Introduction Among them, painted ma textiles are characterized by Textiles in all forms are an essential part of human civi- the fexibility, draping quality, heterogeneity, and mul- lization [1].
    [Show full text]
  • Natural Fibers and Fiber-Based Materials in Biorefineries
    Natural Fibers and Fiber-based Materials in Biorefineries Status Report 2018 This report was issued on behalf of IEA Bioenergy Task 42. It provides an overview of various fiber sources, their properties and their relevance in biorefineries. Their status in the scientific literature and market aspects are discussed. The report provides information for a broader audience about opportunities to sustainably add value to biorefineries by considerin g fiber applications as possible alternatives to other usage paths. IEA Bioenergy Task 42: December 2018 Natural Fibers and Fiber-based Materials in Biorefineries Status Report 2018 Report prepared by Julia Wenger, Tobias Stern, Josef-Peter Schöggl (University of Graz), René van Ree (Wageningen Food and Bio-based Research), Ugo De Corato, Isabella De Bari (ENEA), Geoff Bell (Microbiogen Australia Pty Ltd.), Heinz Stichnothe (Thünen Institute) With input from Jan van Dam, Martien van den Oever (Wageningen Food and Bio-based Research), Julia Graf (University of Graz), Henning Jørgensen (University of Copenhagen), Karin Fackler (Lenzing AG), Nicoletta Ravasio (CNR-ISTM), Michael Mandl (tbw research GesmbH), Borislava Kostova (formerly: U.S. Department of Energy) and many NTLs of IEA Bioenergy Task 42 in various discussions Disclaimer Whilst the information in this publication is derived from reliable sources, and reasonable care has been taken in its compilation, IEA Bioenergy, its Task42 Biorefinery and the authors of the publication cannot make any representation of warranty, expressed or implied, regarding the verity, accuracy, adequacy, or completeness of the information contained herein. IEA Bioenergy, its Task42 Biorefinery and the authors do not accept any liability towards the readers and users of the publication for any inaccuracy, error, or omission, regardless of the cause, or any damages resulting therefrom.
    [Show full text]
  • Zbwleibniz-Informationszentrum
    A Service of Leibniz-Informationszentrum econstor Wirtschaft Leibniz Information Centre Make Your Publications Visible. zbw for Economics Aragon, Corazon Working Paper Fiber Crops Program Area Research Planning and Prioritization PIDS Discussion Paper Series, No. 2000-30 Provided in Cooperation with: Philippine Institute for Development Studies (PIDS), Philippines Suggested Citation: Aragon, Corazon (2000) : Fiber Crops Program Area Research Planning and Prioritization, PIDS Discussion Paper Series, No. 2000-30, Philippine Institute for Development Studies (PIDS), Makati City This Version is available at: http://hdl.handle.net/10419/127739 Standard-Nutzungsbedingungen: Terms of use: Die Dokumente auf EconStor dürfen zu eigenen wissenschaftlichen Documents in EconStor may be saved and copied for your Zwecken und zum Privatgebrauch gespeichert und kopiert werden. personal and scholarly purposes. Sie dürfen die Dokumente nicht für öffentliche oder kommerzielle You are not to copy documents for public or commercial Zwecke vervielfältigen, öffentlich ausstellen, öffentlich zugänglich purposes, to exhibit the documents publicly, to make them machen, vertreiben oder anderweitig nutzen. publicly available on the internet, or to distribute or otherwise use the documents in public. Sofern die Verfasser die Dokumente unter Open-Content-Lizenzen (insbesondere CC-Lizenzen) zur Verfügung gestellt haben sollten, If the documents have been made available under an Open gelten abweichend von diesen Nutzungsbedingungen die in der dort Content Licence (especially Creative Commons Licences), you genannten Lizenz gewährten Nutzungsrechte. may exercise further usage rights as specified in the indicated licence. www.econstor.eu Philippine Institute for Development Studies Fiber Crops Program Area Research Planning and Prioritization Corazon T. Aragon DISCUSSION PAPER SERIES NO. 2000-30 The PIDS Discussion Paper Series constitutes studies that are preliminary and subject to further revisions.
    [Show full text]
  • A Biodegradable Ramie Fiber-Based Nonwoven Film Used for Increasing Oxygen Supply to Cultivated Soil
    applied sciences Article A Biodegradable Ramie Fiber-Based Nonwoven Film Used for Increasing Oxygen Supply to Cultivated Soil Wanlai Zhou *,† , Yanbin Niu †, Chaoyun Wang *, Yuanru Yang, Zhijian Tan , Yongjian Yi, Wang Yu and Hongying Wang Institute of Bast Fiber Crops, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha 410205, China; [email protected] (Y.N.); [email protected] (Y.Y.); [email protected] (Z.T.); [email protected] (Y.Y.); [email protected] (W.Y.); [email protected] (H.W.) * Correspondence: aruofl[email protected] (W.Z.); [email protected] (C.W.); Tel.: +86-731-8899-8517 (W.Z.); Tel./Fax: +86-731-8899-8501 (C.W.) † These authors contributed equally to this work and should be considered co-first authors. Received: 3 September 2018; Accepted: 18 September 2018; Published: 3 October 2018 Featured Application: Short-term plant cultivation within containers where anoxia often occurs. Abstract: Plastic agricultural nonwoven films are traditionally used as covering materials, and are prone to cause various ecological problems due to their poor biodegradability. In this paper, a ramie fiber/starch nonwoven film was prepared, and was used as bedding material, that was covered by cultivated soil as opposed to covering it. The biodegradability and porosity characteristics of the film were analyzed, and its effect on oxygen supply to soil was investigated. Results showed that the prepared film had good biodegradability (65.6% after 72 days), and had a loose and porous structure, with the main pore size being in the range of 250–300 µm. After the soil moisture content was reduced to about 44%, the oxygen concentration in the soil that was in close contact with the film, which padded the bottom surface of the plate, rose sharply and then kept stable at 20.1%, whereas soil directly in contact with the plate remained extremely anoxic (0.2%).
    [Show full text]
  • An Analysis of the Abaca Natural Fiber in Reinforcing Concrete Composites As a Construction Material in Developing Countries
    University of Northern Iowa UNI ScholarWorks Dissertations and Theses @ UNI Student Work 1988 An analysis of the abaca natural fiber in einforr cing concrete composites as a construction material in developing countries Rolando V. Magdamo University of Northern Iowa Let us know how access to this document benefits ouy Copyright ©1988 Rolando V. Magdamo Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.uni.edu/etd Part of the Construction Engineering and Management Commons, and the Materials Science and Engineering Commons Recommended Citation Magdamo, Rolando V., "An analysis of the abaca natural fiber in einforr cing concrete composites as a construction material in developing countries" (1988). Dissertations and Theses @ UNI. 865. https://scholarworks.uni.edu/etd/865 This Open Access Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Student Work at UNI ScholarWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations and Theses @ UNI by an authorized administrator of UNI ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. INFORMATION TO USERS The most advanced technology has been used to photo­ graph and reproduce this manuscript from the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from any type of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted.
    [Show full text]
  • 19. Principles of Yarn Requirements for Knitting
    19. Principles of Yarn Requirements for Knitting Errol Wood Learning objectives On completion of this lecture you should be able to: • Describe the general methods of forming textile fabrics; • Outline the fibre and yarn requirements for machine knitwear • Describe the steps in manufacturing and preparing yarn for knitting Key terms and concepts Weft knitting, warp knitting, fibres, fibre diameter, worsted system, yarn count, steaming, clearing, winding, lubrication, needle loop, sinker loop, courses, wales, latch needle, bearded needle Introduction Knitting as a method of converting yarn into fabric begins with the bending of the yarn into either weft or warp loops. These loops are then intermeshed with other loops of the same open or closed configuration in either a horizontal or vertical direction. These directions correspond respectively to the two basic forms of knitting technology – weft and warp knitting. In recent decades few sectors of the textile industry have grown as rapidly as the machine knitting industry. Advances in knitting technologies and fibres have led to a diverse range of products on the market, from high quality apparel to industrial textiles. The knitting industry can be divided into four groups – fully fashioned, flat knitting, circular knitting and warp knitting. Within the wool industry both fully fashioned and flat knitting are widely used. Circular knitting is limited to certain markets and warp knitting is seldom used for wool. This lecture covers the fibre and yarn requirements for knitting, and explains the formation of knitted structures. A number of texts are useful as general references for this lecture; (Wignall, 1964), (Gohl and Vilensky, 1985) and (Spencer, 1986).
    [Show full text]
  • FIBRE YIELDING PLANTS of INDIA Genetic Resources, Perspective for Collection and Utilisation
    Article FIBRE YIELDING PLANTS OF INDIA Genetic resources, perspective for collection and utilisation Anjula Pandey and Rita Gupta National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources, New Delhi-110012, India (excluding wood fibres) are grouped into Abstract soft fibres/ bast fibres, hard fibres or structural fibres and surface fibres. Bast The paper provides a brief overview of the major fibre yielding plants and fibres are exogenous in origin and are their uses in India. This account includes data mainly based on field experience, generally more durable, resistant to market surveys, ethnobotanical information and other relevant literature retting, bleaching and other processing available on this account. The enumeration of the species listed under various treatments. They are associated with plant families provides ready reference for use and commercial names of vascular tissues, such as phloem, pericycle important fibre types. The analysis provides the untapped wealth under this and cortex. Examples of bast fibres are category for widening the base of fibre genetic resources, future collections jute, hemp, flax, roselle, ramie, etc. and utilisation. The promising species thus indicated may provide scope for Structural fibres primarily associated with domestication and future cultivation. monocotyledonous plants are shorter, lignified cells surrounding vascular tissue. Introduction Gradual depletion of forest They are endogenous in nature, coarse, resources of plant based material resulted weaker, hard and brittle and thus less Among the plant species in loss of important diversity. The plant durable than the bast fibres. The common commonly used by man the fibre yielding fibres have specific qualities such as examples include Manila hemp, Sisal and plants hold the second position after the thermal insulation, resistance to water and Kittul fibres.
    [Show full text]
  • TEXTILES What Every Homemaker Should Know by Marion Weller, Division of Home Economics
    IDqr Jtutnrr.atty nf fltuursnta AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION DIVISION Special Bulletin No. 15 University Farm, St. Paul October 1917 PublisJ.ed hy the University of Minnesota, College of Agriculture, Extension Division, A. D. Wilson, Director, and distributed in furtherance of the purposes of the coOperative agri­ cultural extension work provided for in the Act of Congress of May 8, 1914. TEXTILES What Every Homemaker Should Know By Marion Weller, Division of Home Economics INTRODUCTION The women of this country are realizing that an intelligent expenditure of the family income is necessary to efficient homemaking. An examination of household budgets, compil ed by investigators-the budgets of individuals and families living on the lowest incomes adequate for physical efficiency-reveals the fact that from 15 to 25 per cent of the income is spent for clothing and home furnishings. It is, moreover, a fact that women are increasingly the I direct retail purchasers; 90 per cent of the money spent for home maintenance , in this country is spent by women. The homemaker who is the purchaser of the clothing and household fabrics should, therefore, know how to buy eco­ I I nomically, and it is the purpose of this bulletin to give to her such in formation concerning textile fabrics as may be helpful in planning and buying for the household. " There was a time when the production of textiles or woven fabrics for the home was entirely within the home. Women were the creators of these utili­ ties and ' controlled the quality of the product. They knew when a piece of cloth was all wool and what grade of wool went into it.
    [Show full text]
  • Revitalizing the Ramie Industry in the Philippines » - Si/Phi/82/801 Philippines
    OCCASION This publication has been made available to the public on the occasion of the 50th anniversary of the United Nations Industrial Development Organisation. DISCLAIMER This document has been produced without formal United Nations editing. The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this document do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO) concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries, or its economic system or degree of development. Designations such as “developed”, “industrialized” and “developing” are intended for statistical convenience and do not necessarily express a judgment about the stage reached by a particular country or area in the development process. Mention of firm names or commercial products does not constitute an endorsement by UNIDO. FAIR USE POLICY Any part of this publication may be quoted and referenced for educational and research purposes without additional permission from UNIDO. However, those who make use of quoting and referencing this publication are requested to follow the Fair Use Policy of giving due credit to UNIDO. CONTACT Please contact [email protected] for further information concerning UNIDO publications. For more information about UNIDO, please visit us at www.unido.org UNITED NATIONS INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT ORGANIZATION Vienna International Centre, P.O. Box
    [Show full text]
  • Report on International Travel to Latin America to Participate in the Development Op Pan-American Standards for Textiles
    NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS REPORT 8645 REPORT ON INTERNATIONAL TRAVEL TO LATIN AMERICA TO PARTICIPATE IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF PAN-AMERICAN STANDARDS FOR TEXTILES October 26 - November 14> 1964 s^i/ / By > ^ Josephine M. Blandford ^ Technologist (Textiles) / A/ Materials Evaluation Laboratory r? n <nb|> II. S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS <? Ci’ ^ d / ^ THE NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS The National Bureau of Standards is a principal focal point in the Federal Government for assuring maximum application of the physical and engineering sciences to the advancement of technology in industry and commerce. Its responsibilities include development and maintenance of the national stand- ards of measurement, and the provisions of means for making measurements consistent with those standards; determination of physical constants and properties of materials; development of methods for testing materials, mechanisms, and structures, and making such tests as may be necessary, particu- larly for government agencies; cooperation in the establishment of standard practices for incorpora- tion in codes and specifications; advisory service to government agencies on scientific and technical problems; invention and development of devices to serve special needs of the Government; assistance to industry, business, and consumers in the development and acceptance of commercial standards and simplified trade practice recommendations; administration of programs in cooperation with United States business groups and standards organizations for the development of international standards of practice; and maintenance of a clearinghouse for the collection and dissemination of scientific, tech- nical, and engineering information. The scope of the Bureau’s activities is suggested in the following listing of its four Institutes and their organizational units.
    [Show full text]
  • Study on the Evolution of Grass Cloth
    Asian Social Science; Vol. 12, No. 6; 2016 ISSN 1911-2017 E-ISSN 1911-2025 Published by Canadian Center of Science and Education Study on the Evolution of Grass Cloth LIAO Jiangbo1 & YANG Xiaoming2 1 College of Textiles, Donghua University, and Jiangxi Institute of Fashion Technology Culture Art Science Research Base, Songjiang, Shanghai, China 2 College of humanities, Donghua University. Songjiang, Shanghai, China Correspondence: YANG Xiaoming, College of humanities, Donghua University, Songjiang, Shanghai, 201620, China. E-mail: [email protected] Received: January 27, 2016 Accepted: March 28, 2016 Online Published: May 20, 2016 doi:10.5539/ass.v12n6p109 URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ass.v12n6p109 Foundation item: The year 2015 Jiangxi Province College of Humanities and social science research projects "Jiangxi grass cloth producting technology and its fabric redesign of research" (Project No., JC1522) stage of achievements. Abstract This paper gives literature and unearthed fragments of textiles inspection, it prove ramie and hemp textiles in China which have a long history. Because ramie textile fiber has excellent performance, ramie fiber was made of grass cloth, as the source of civilian clothing. In feudal Chinese society, under self-sufficient peasant economy mode, spinning and weaving promote the rapid development of grass cloth. However, with the rise of the cotton crop and the promotion of modern textile industry, manual ramie cloth begin to from the peak to the decline slowly. Keywords: ramie, grass cloth, agricultural society Ramie is regarded as "China grass". ramie raw materials for the production of clothing, it wear cool and humanoid in summer, so it is called summer cloth, or grass cloth, the kind of pure ecological rib fabrics and plain weave cloth was made of hand-made.
    [Show full text]