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Study on Mechanical and Tribological Behaviour of Angora, Kenaf and Ramie Hybrid Reinforced Epoxy Composites

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Study on Mechanical and Tribological Behaviour of Angora, Kenaf and Ramie Hybrid Reinforced Epoxy Composites International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET) Volume 9, Issue 4, April 2018, pp. 11–20, Article ID: IJMET_09_04_002 Available online at http://iaeme.com/Home/issue/IJMET?Volume=9&Issue=4 ISSN Print: 0976-6340 and ISSN Online: 0976-6359 © IAEME Publication Scopus Indexed STUDY ON MECHANICAL AND TRIBOLOGICAL BEHAVIOUR OF ANGORA, KENAF AND RAMIE HYBRID REINFORCED EPOXY COMPOSITES Dr. Narendiranath Babu T, S.Sai Aravind, K.Sai Naveen Kumar and M.Sai Sumanth Rao School of Mechanical Engineering (SMEC), Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India ABSTRACT Now a days, the interest on using Natural Fibers is increasing day by day. They are also gaining attention as replacement of current used engineering materials for advanced applications. For that, they require best Mechanical properties. Mechanical and Tribological properties of one fiber differ from others. Our aim is to evaluate and compare the outputs of three natural fibers – Angora, Kenaf and Ramie. The mechanical properties like Tensile, Bending, Impact, Tribological and Brinell hardness are to be investigated by joining the normal fibers with Epoxy LY556 pitch and Hardener HY951 in a specific proportion. The tests must be rehashed for the given three strands and an aggregate of 15 samples are to be set up by hand lay-up strategy and tested. The specimens must be set up according to ASTM standards. From the overall observaon it has been discovered that Kenaf natural composite exhibited superior mechanical properes when compared with Angora and Ramie. Keywords: Natural composites; Angora, Kenaf, Ramie; Mechanical performance; Tribological properties Cite this Article: Dr. Narendiranath Babu T, S.Sai Aravind, K.Sai Naveen Kumar and M.Sai Sumanth Rao, Study on Mechanical and Tribological Behaviour of Angora, Kenaf and Ramie Hybrid Reinforced Epoxy Composites, International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology, 9(4), 2018, pp. 11–20. http://iaeme.com/Home/issue/IJMET?Volume=9&Issue=4 1. INTRODUCTION Now a days, many Synthetic fibers and artificial fibers are replaced by Natural fibers due to their less cost and light weight [1]. On comparison Synthetic fibers have mechanical properties better than Natural fibers but they are very cost which are utilized for complex applications [2]. We can obtain Natural fibers from plants, animals and minerals. These plants are abundantly found in Southern Asia. We can get benefited environmentally and http://iaeme.com/Home/journal/IJMET 11 [email protected] Dr. Narendiranath Babu T, S.Sai Aravind, K.Sai Naveen Kumar and M.Sai Sumanth Rao economically by the use of Natural fibers. Natural fibers are also a healthy fibers[3]. For Example we can get more comfort on a heart day by wearing a cotton T-shirt which is made from a Natural fiber. Natural fibers are one of the Renewable sources and also 100 percent Bio degradable [4]. Particularly, in automobile industry the attraction of natural fibers has been increasing due to their good Mechanical strength low weight and less cost [5]. Continuous advancement in the generation of natural fiber composites has basically centered around mechanical improvements and reduction of structural imperfections [6] to guarantee quality, reliability, cost diminishment and increased production rates. While processing of these produce organic waste and residues which can be used to generate electricity. Mainly these are of plant and animal fibers. Mwaikambo [7] described the mechanical and physical properties of natural fibers. Serviceability of those fibers are evaluated. Their aim is to maximize the amount of low cost natural fiber resource inside the composite. They proved untreated hemp fiber with lignin gives more strength. Mwaikambo 2006[7] evaluated the historical usage of plant fibers and also discussed the future of these fibers. Plant fibers were proved as an alternative for synthetic fibers. Yusuf Ali and Salit 2011. [8] Evaluated the composite of TPU reinforced with KENAF fiber was prepared. By changing various parameters it showed significant values in tensile properties. Md Uhazri et al. 2011[9] evaluated the effect of NAOH on Kenaf reinforced fiber with polyester composite and their study showed Mechanical properties of the composite are directly proportional with concentration of alkyl. Merlini et al. [10] contemplated the impact of alkalyene treatment on banana fiber and its reinforced composites. They treated banana fibers with 10 percent weight of NaOH and calculated fiber length, tesile strength of fiber and composite. Their study revealed alkali treatment improved interfacial bond between fiber and the matrix. Senthil kumar et al. [11] studied the experimental investigation on mechanical properties of jute fiber fortified composites with polyester and epoxy resin matrices. Their result showed that jute reinforced epoxy composite has metal mechanical properties than jute poly ester composites. Partha Haldar et al. [12] assessed the properties of sisal epoxy composite without and with the consideration of Aluminum powder. These composites are set up by hand layup and pressure forming strategies. A 5% addition of aluminum powder to sisal epoxy matrix displayed a considerable hike in both tensile and elastic strengths. The researchers proposed that the work can be further extended by addition of various types of fillers to the composite. 2. MATERIALS USED Angora, Kenaf and Ramie are the selected natural fibers for ths project. Kenaf is a plant fiber. It has good elasticity and flexibility. It is also very light in weight. Its bast quality can be assumed to hardwood.It has multicellural cells. Their diameter is in between 2 to 6 micrometers. It dosent easily absorbs lignin.Kenaf fiber[13] has good solid nature.It is also aganist to salt water disintegration. Ramie [14] is a leaf fiber. Even in wet conditions it shows a greater strength.It is the oldest natural fiber.Angora is an animal fiber.It is obtained from the hair of angora rabbit. It is very soft to touch.It absorbs water very easily and also dried easily.It is light in weight.It has good resistance to salt water damage.It also has better mechanial quality. Epoxy LY556 and hardener HY 951 were mixed in ratio of 10:1 which produces a solution which can give great adhesion between layers of the fibers and also improves their mechanical properties. Angora, Ramie [15]and Kenaf are represented by below figures 1,2,3 respectively. http://iaeme.com/Home/journal/IJMET 12 [email protected] Study on Mechanical and Tribological Behaviour of Angora, Kenaf and Ramie Hybrid Reinforced Epoxy Composites Figure 1 Kenaf Figure 2 Angora Figure 3 Ramie 3. FABRICATION PROCESS 0.1 molar NaOH solution is prepared and selected fibers are dipped into the solution which removes lignin in them after drying them for 4 days. They are cut into 30cm in length and rolled in a sheet of paper. Then they are crushed using Universal Testing Machine which increases bonding between the fibers. Moulds are prepared with wood according to ASTM standards which are discussed below. Total 15 samples were prepared. After this Epoxy resin and hardner were mixed in the ratio of 10:1 and fibers are kept uniaxially inside the mould. The moulds were dried for 12 days and specimens were removed carefully from the moulds without damaging their shape. ASTM Standards are represented by Table 1. Table 1 ASTM Standards to be Followed Tests ASTM S.no Conducted Standards 1 Tensile ASTM D638 2 Bending ASTM D790 3 Impact ASTM A370 4 Hardness ASTM E18-02 Wear and 5 ASTM G99 friction 4. TESTING OF COMPOSITES a) Tensile Test Young’s modulus, Ductility, Toughness and Type of fracture can be evaluated by Tensile Test. Instron Testing machine was used to determine all these. The Sample is made according to ASTM standards and kept vertically in the machine. A continuous tensile load acts on both sides of the specimen which eventually results in breakage of the specimen. Ultimate Tensile Strength of a material can be easily find out by the help of this test. ASTM D638 is the standard used for tensile test which was represented by Figure4 and specimens and setup are represented by Figure5. Figure 4 http://iaeme.com/Home/journal/IJMET 13 [email protected] Dr. Narendiranath Babu T, S.Sai Aravind, K.Sai Naveen Kumar and M.Sai Sumanth Rao Figure 5 Samples and Setup b) Flexural Test Instron Testing was used to determine bending strength of a material. The bending strength of material is ability it can withstand if bending forces are applied perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the material. The specimen is made according to ASTM standards which are already discussed. The Specimen is placed horizontally on the Instron testing machine and kept tight. This specimen acts as a Simple beam and load is applied on it perpendicularly. This test determines flexural strength and flexural modulus of a material. The setup used was three point bending flexural testing machine. ASTM D790 was the standard for specimen which is represented by Figure6 and Specimens and setup are represented by Figure7 Figure 6 Bending Test of sample (ASTM D790) Figure 7 Samples and Setup c) Hardness Test Hardness of material is determined by Rockwell hardness Test. Digital hardness testing machine is used to determine hardness of a material. Load is applied at five different positions on the specimen according to ASTM standards. Hardness of material is expressed as HR number. The type of intender used is 1/16th diameter steel ball. A major load of 100 kg and a minor load of 30 kg applied on the specimen and hardness is read on B scale. Fig 8 represents the specimens and the setup used for determine the hardness value. ASTM E18-02 is recommended for manufacturing specimens. Figure8 represents Setup and Specimens that are used for this test.
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