Experimental Investigation of Mechanical Properties of Ramie-Flax Hybrid Fiber Composite

International Journal of Advanced Science and Technology Vol. 29, No. 2, (2020), pp. 4507 – 4518

[1]Juvvi Siva Naga Raju, 2sudhir Chakravarthy K, 3jabihulla Shariff Md, 4 Kurangi Sreenivasa Rao, 5 V Siva Prasad, 1,2,3 Assistant Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, PACE Institute of Technology and Sciences, Vallore , Ongole – 523272, Andhra Pradesh, India. 4,5 Assistant Professor, Department of Automobile Engineering, PACE Institute of Technology and Sciences, Vallore , Ongole – 523272, Andhra Pradesh, India [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected]

ABSTRACT: Composite equipment are generally uses nowadays as they are stronger and harder than other conventional materials used in our daily lives. What we are using here is Rami fiber that looks white silky, but has no stretch and elasticity. Rami is one strongest fibers is also strong when wet. In natural fiber reinforcement materials, flax is relatively expensive commercially available material that is needed. In this work, we are going to discover mechanical assets “Rami - Flax” cross composite. Different fractions of matrix fibers are going to be maintained.

1.1 Composite Materials Background

Recent technical advance in engineering and fabric art are great importance. Interest in advanced materials is growing rapidly, both in terms their research and application. As with any field, final limit on progress depends on materials. Composite materials are represented in this regard major step in continued effort optimization in materials. Due to its high with properties such as tensile, impact flexible strengths, rigidity fatigue properties, composite materials have advantages over other conventional materials, making design more versatile. For their many purposes, they are widely used in aerospace industry, in large number commercial mechanical engineering applications such as machine parts, internal combustion engine components, railway coaches, flywheels, process industries, sports Leisure equipment and marine structures. Biomedical equipment.

International Journal of Advanced Science and Technology Vol. 29, No. 2, (2020), pp. 4507 – 4518

1.2 Merits of Composites

Advantages over their conventional counterparts are variety design requirements with significant weight savings as well as strength to weight ratio. Some compensation compound resources are as follow:

● Tensile power alloys four to six times larger (depending on reinforcement) steel or aluminum. ● Improved torsional rigidity and impact characteristics. ● High tiredness patience limit (up to 60% final tensile power). ● Function 30% - 40% Lightweight any special aluminum arrangement design for same efficient purpose. ● Steel is less embedded energy compared to other structural metallic materials such as steel and aluminum. ● Alloys provide less noise and less vibrational broadcast than metals when in operation. ● Alloys are more versatile than metals meet presentation requirements difficult plan necessities. ● Long time reduces brilliant tiredness, crash, ecological fight and preservation. ● Alloys have lower time cycle rate compare to Metals.

Fig1.1: Classification of natural fibers

International Journal of Advanced Science and Technology Vol. 29, No. 2, (2020), pp. 4507 – 4518

Table 1.1: Physical properties of natural fibers

1.3 Hybrid composite

Hybrid alloys are extra higher alloys compare traditional FRP alloys. Hybrids reinforcement phase single matrix phase or multiple matrix phases single reinforcement step with multiple reinforcement multi-step matrix steps. They have better flexibility compared other fiber reinforced composites. Generally is high modulus fiber with low modulus fiber. High-modulus fiber provides fast load-bearing properties, low-modulus fiber composites cause greater loss and lower material costs. The mechanical properties hybrid alloys vary change quantity relation and stack order diverse ply.

2.1 Objective Present Project Work

In view above literature review, following objective was selected for current research project work:  Developing new set polyester base hybrid composite durable with rami and flax thread.  Assessment of mechanical property such as tensile strength, micro hardness impact strength water absorption behavior for these composites.  To study effect particle stricture such as particle loading on mechanical behavior of alloys.

International Journal of Advanced Science and Technology Vol. 29, No. 2, (2020), pp. 4507 – 4518

2. Materials and methods

Chapter have particulars about resources investigational design for composite fabrication and testing for composites. Raw materials used for fabrication 1. Ramie fiber 2. Flax fiber 3. Hardener 4. Epoxy Resin

Figure 2 Initial Ramie Fiber

Figure 3 Final Ramie Fiber 3. Composite fabrication Mixed manufacture is done by traditional way hand process. Mold 300 300 300 × 6 mm3is size was used. It is fully mixed with its corresponding hardening polyester resin in 10: 1 ratio. A mold release silicone cover is apply shape release slip next poured over sheet with chopped fiber and resin, which placed inside mold. The purpose release agent is remove mixture easily from molding later medicinal. Blend is allowed set in shape for 24 hours with pressure 20 kg on cast. Sample is then trimmed appropriate size for mechanical physical examination. In this method, all three program compound are designed with diverse work. Table number: shown in 3.1. Rami

International Journal of Advanced Science and Technology Vol. 29, No. 2, (2020), pp. 4507 – 4518

and flax fiber is added in 10% and 20% weight percentages improve mechanical properties alloys. 3.1 Hand lay-up technique Fiber piles from jute fiber cloth are cut to size. Suitable records fiber plies were use two every. Weight of thread consequently weight resin hardening. Epoxy and hardeners were mixed using glass rod in bowl. Care was taken not form bubbles. Failure material can occur air bubbles are trapped in matrix. In the later fabrication process, film was originally released was placed mold surface. Polymer coating is then sheets will applied. Then some kind fiber ply was placed proper rolling was done. The resin then applied again, wrapped in another type fiber ply. Rolling was done using cylindrical lightweight steel rod. This procedure was repeated until eight substituted fibers were laid. Polymer coating is done on top final ply, which is used ensure surface finish God. Finally placed on top release sheet. The light was rolling. Then mixture weighs 20 kg. 72 hours left let enough point for curative following harden.

Figure 4 Handy layup Technique 3.2 General overview Composite sheets are made from rami fiber with flax strand polyester matrix. Resin use is polyester resin. Weight fraction alloys is sustain at 20% fiber 80% resin. For each fiber taken, several plies are two, meaning total number hybrid composite used is plies four. natural hybrid composite fiber for testing mechanical properties hybrid composite fabrication cutting is done in desired shape.

3.3 Mould preparation

Mold is first made into mixture. 300 x 300 x 3 mm size molds should be made for required composite preparation. Take clean delicate surface wooden board and wash it

International Journal of Advanced Science and Technology Vol. 29, No. 2, (2020), pp. 4507 – 4518

thoroughly. We give wooden board cover with reactive but slim artificial piece known OCB (Odet-Cascadec-Ballore) piece. Then take ramie flax same size with mold. It was shown in below figure to understand perfectly.

Figure 5 Mould used for fabrication of the composite

3.4 Fiber preparation

Bring raw rami flax rinse with water dry. Then those fibers are quietly discrete by session tolerantly by hand. Then external case is distant by scissors is cut to required size. After it measured and kept for proper weight.

3.5 Polymer hardner mixture preparation For good compound measurement models the exact mixture must be very consistent. We take the exact quantity of polymer previously intended 10% its hardening. Then stir well until mixture becomes little warm. A bit extra to harden in process hardens. Hardener should taken very lightly, less excess hardening material damages mixture by forming smaller foams.

4 Experimental Procedure:- Subsequent trial were conduct on example: a. Tensile test b. Flexural test c. Impact test d. Compression test e. Hardness test

International Journal of Advanced Science and Technology Vol. 29, No. 2, (2020), pp. 4507 – 4518

4.1 Physical and Mechanical property tests:-

4.1.1 Tensile Strength Alloys tensile testing was carried out according to ASTM D3039 standards. Tests were performed using Universal Testing Machine (Tinus Olsen H10 KS) .The sample size was cut from composite cast size 120x20x3 mm3. The test was performed at constant pressure rate 2 mm / min. The tensile test arrangement is shown in Figure 3.7. The tensile strength is calculated by formula: S = F / A where F is maximum load (in Newtons); A region pattern.

Figure 6 Test sample of Tensile Test Specimen 1

Figure 7 Test sample of Tensile Test Specimen 2

Figure 8 Test sample of Tensile Test Specimen

International Journal of Advanced Science and Technology Vol. 29, No. 2, (2020), pp. 4507 – 4518

Figure.9 Loading arrangement for tensile test 4.2 Flexural strength Flexural strength alloy bends before reaching maximum tensile stress breaking point. Flexibility testing composites were performed according to ASTM D790-03 test standards. Loading arrangement for flexibility test is shown in Figure 3.8.1. Flexural strength is calculated by formula:  = 3FL / 2bt2where F maximum load (in Newtons); L is distance between supporters (in millimeters); b is width pattern (in millimeters) t, thickness (in millimeters).

Figure 10 flexural testing machine

Figure 11 Flexural Testing Specimen 1

Figure 12 Flexural Testing Specimen 2

International Journal of Advanced Science and Technology Vol. 29, No. 2, (2020), pp. 4507 – 4518

4.3 Impact Test This test is deliberate determine how sample known material reacts to sudden applied pressure. Testing determines whether material is rigid or brittle. It most commonly used for testing hardness metals, but similar tests for polymers, ceramics and alloys. Metallurgy sectors use impact testing. Effectiveness tests were conducted understand rigidity material. During testing, specimens were exposed to large amount strength in very short period time. For any given material, high energy impact strength implies can absorb large amounts energy before failure. As the impact strength increases, hardness material also increases its plasticity. The Schematic View Impact Tester is shown Figure 3.9. Pendulum was released from height pendulum to fit sample into tester. The relative values impact power different models are obtained directly from dial pointer. Sample mass for crash testing is 120x20x3mm3. Determines energy absorbed by material during the Impact Test fracture.

Figure 13 Impact tester 4.4 Compression Test Compression difficult is simple test way used institute compressive strength crush resistive fabric to improve after applying some compressive power within defined period. Compression test are use detect fabric performance in weight. Compression test is often ended for smash or crack. When test is conducted at interval, break detection can defined by type material being tested. When administered test limit, weight border deflection border is use. Size sample for impact testing is 10x10x3mm3.

International Journal of Advanced Science and Technology Vol. 29, No. 2, (2020), pp. 4507 – 4518

Figure 14 Compression Testing Machine

Figure 15 Compression Testing Specimen 4.5 Hardness Test Hardness is material's resistance to permanent deformation or loss. Hardness is generally taken one most important factors in controlling material resistance. In present study, Rockwell hardness tester measurement hardness mixed models are used according to ASTM D785 test standards. During the test small load 10 kg is applied to smooth surfaces larger load samples 100 kg. Hardness measurement is completed by measuring depth diamond impregnated indentation.

S. Spec Maxi Load at Tensile Youn Tensile NO imen mum Break stress at g’s strain at . label Load (N) Maximum modul break (N) (Standa Load us rd) (MPa) (mm/mm) (MPa)

1 2t1 2802. 2612.6 93.43 8644. 0.01966 84 3 22

2 2t2 2567. 2567.9 85.60 6652. 0.02267 93 3 35

3 2t3 2420. 2420.3 80.68 6142. 0.02350 39 9 32

Table 2: Tensile Properties of Composites of Test Specimens

International Journal of Advanced Science and Technology Vol. 29, No. 2, (2020), pp. 4507 – 4518

Graph 1: Specimen 1 Tensile Test Graph Detials

Graph 2: Specimen 2 Tensile Test Graph Details

Graph 3: Specimen 3 Tensile Test Graph Details

5. CONCLUSION

Experimental research on physical mechanical behavior Rami / flax fiber support cross compound leads to subsequent finish: 1. Successful preparation fusion Rami and flax fiber durable polyester composites by simple give lay up method. 2. It is recognized various properties alloys are greatly partial by fiber load fiber length. The null content mixtures increase with increase in both fiber loading fiber length. As fiber length

International Journal of Advanced Science and Technology Vol. 29, No. 2, (2020), pp. 4507 – 4518

increases, micro-hardness rate raise. As far as result fiber shipment is concerned, composites with 5wt% fiber stack show better rigidity value compared to 10wt% irrespective fiber length but for 30mm length. Gradual tensile and flexible strength is observed with increase fiber composites. However, there is decrease in strength properties. With increase in fiber length, it can observed tensile modulus increases regardless fiber loading.

5.1 Scope for future work There is much wider range for potential academic discover this field study. This labor could more extensive learn extra side compound, such as utilize extra probable filler progress cross alloys estimate their automatic and objective actions.

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