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Influence Du Génotype De Porte-Greffe Dans La Signalisation Azotée Et Le Développement Du Greffon Chez La Vigne Noe Cochetel

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Influence Du Génotype De Porte-Greffe Dans La Signalisation Azotée Et Le Développement Du Greffon Chez La Vigne Noe Cochetel Influence du génotype de porte-greffe dans la signalisation azotée et le développement du greffon chez la vigne Noe Cochetel To cite this version: Noe Cochetel. Influence du génotype de porte-greffe dans la signalisation azotée et le développe- ment du greffon chez la vigne. Biologie végétale. Université de Bordeaux, 2016. Français. NNT: 2016BORD0290. tel-01949305 HAL Id: tel-01949305 https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01949305 Submitted on 10 Dec 2018 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Année 2016 Thèse de doctorat Pour obtenir le grade de Docteur de l’Université de Bordeaux École doctorale des Sciences de la Vie et de la Santé Spécialité : Biologie végétale Par Noé COCHETEL Influence du génotype de porte-greffe dans la signalisation azotée et le développement du greffon chez la Vigne Soutenue publiquement le 9 décembre 2016 Devant le jury constitué de : M. Alain GOJON Directeur de recherche, INRA Montpellier Rapporteur Mme. Catherine RAMEAU Directrice de recherche, INRA Versailles Rapporteur M. Pierre COUTOS-THEVENOT Professeur, Université de Poitiers Examinateur M. Michel HERNOULD Professeur, Université de Bordeaux Président Sous la direction de : Virginie LAUVERGEAT, Maître de conférences, Université de Bordeaux. Titre : Influence du génotype de porte-greffe dans la signalisation azotée et le développement du greffon chez la Vigne Résumé : Ce travail de recherche a eu pour objectif de caractériser l’influence du génotype de porte- greffe sur le développement du greffon notamment à travers l’étude des mécanismes relatifs à la signalisation azotée et hormonale. Dans ce contexte, deux porte-greffes, 1103 Paulsen (1103P) et Riparia Gloire de Montpellier (RGM), induisant respectivement une forte et faible vigueur du greffon, ont été étudiés. Une analyse du transcriptome racinaire a été effectuée chez des plants greffés impliquant ces deux génotypes dans un système split-root où la disponibilité en azote était hétérogène. Une réponse plus prononcée a été observée pour le génotype RGM, ainsi qu’une régulation temporelle différente entre les deux génotypes, notamment concernant des gènes clés de la réponse au nitrate intervenant dans la régulation de la croissance des racines ou dans la signalisation hormonale. D’un point de vue développemental, une régulation étroite de la production des racines latérales et des rameaux latéraux par la disponibilité en azote a été mise en évidence chez RGM. D’autre part, les propriétés intrinsèques de chaque porte-greffe semblent être conférées au greffon induisant notamment une ramification plus importante de celui-ci lorsque le porte-greffe 1103P est utilisé. La caractérisation fonctionnelle des gènes impliqués dans la voie de biosynthèse des strigolactones et la réalisation de bio-essais ont permis de mettre en évidence la production de composés de type strigolactones chez la Vigne. Ces travaux suggèrent aussi une balance contrastée entre les strigolactones et les cytokinines au sein des deux génotypes, corrélée à leur capacité de contrôle de la croissance du greffon. L’ensemble de ces résultats a permis de mettre en évidence une réponse transcriptomique et développementale à la disponibilité en azote toujours plus prononcée pour le génotype connu pour conférer le moins de vigueur au greffon, RGM. Mots clés : Azote, Porte-greffe, Strigolactones, Vigne. Title: Rootstock genotype impact on nitrogen signalling and development of the scion in Grapevine Abstract: This work aimed to characterize the impact of the rootstock genotype on the scion development especially through the study of the mechanisms related to nitrogen and hormonal signalling. In that context, two rootstocks were studied, 1103 Paulsen (1103P) and Riparia Gloire de Montpellier (RGM), inducing high and low scion vigour, respectively. A transcriptomic analysis was performed on roots of grafted plants involving both genotypes, cultivated in a split-root system where the nitrogen availability was heterogeneous. A more pronounced response was observed for RGM together with a different temporal regulation between both rootstocks, in particular concerning the expression of key genes of the nitrate response involved in root growth regulation or in hormonal signalling. Concerning plant development, a clear impact of the nitrogen availability on the production of lateral roots and shoot branching was highlighted for RGM. Moreover, the intrinsic properties of each rootstock seemed to be conferred to the scion inducing especially a higher shoot branching when the rootstock 1103P was used. The functional characterization of the genes involved in the strigolactone biosynthesis pathway and bioassays highlighted the production of strigolactone-like compounds in Grapevine. These experiments suggest also a contrasted balance between strigolactones and cytokinins within each rootstock genotype, correlated with their ability to control the scion growth. Taking together, these results showed a pronounced transcriptomic and developmental response to nitrogen availability for the genotype conferring the lowest scion vigour, RGM. Keywords: Grapevine, Nitrogen, Rootstock, Strigolactones. UMR 1287 Ecophysiologie et Génomique Fonctionnelle de la Vigne ISVV Bordeaux, 210 Chemin de Leysotte, 33882 Villenave d’Ornon cedex, France Remerciements Durant cette thèse j’ai eu la chance de rencontrer beaucoup de personnes et de découvrir de multiples façons de penser. Pressé et stressé durant ces trois années, je tiens à prendre ici le temps d’exprimer mes remerciements à toutes ces personnes qui ont rendu possible et dans de si bonnes conditions cet exercice si particulier que représente une thèse de doctorat. Je tiens tout d’abord à remercier notre directeur d’Unité, Serge Delrot, pour son accueil dans ce laboratoire, ses conseils et d’avoir toujours fait son possible pour faciliter mon travail. Je remercie également les membres du jury qui ont accepté de participer à la soutenance et en particulier les rapporteurs, Catherine Rameau et Alain Gojon, qui ont bien voulu lire et évaluer ce manuscrit. Je me souviens… J’étais en stage de Master au sein de l’UMR Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie et la vision que j’avais de mon avenir professionnel que ce soit à court ou à long terme était particulièrement vague. Choisir le parcours Recherche sous-entendait passer un concours et réaliser une thèse, deux choses qui m’apparaissaient abstraites et insurmontables. Puis un jour, entre deux cafés, Michel Hernould me dit « Bon alors, Noé, tu es prêt à te lancer dans la recherche ? ». Je ne saurai résumer ce grand Monsieur. Fin psychologue et toujours à l’écoute de ses étudiants, il a su me donner confiance en moi. A travers cette phrase peut être banale pour lui et grâce aux nombreux conseils qu’il a su me donner, j’ai décidé de me lancer dans cette aventure que représente la Recherche. A ce sujet, je tiens à vous remercier, Michel, pour votre capacité d’écoute et votre patience, pour les bons conseils que vous m’avez fourni et pour vos ressources inépuisables en blagues « scientifiques » qui nous ont toujours fait sourire Norbert et moi. Ce qui m’amène ainsi à parler d’un autre Monsieur de la même UMR, qui est d’ailleurs son doctorant, Norbert Bollier, que j’appellerai ici Luc pour plus « d’inconvention ». Cet étudiant de ma promotion représente sans conteste l’un des plus brillants futurs chercheurs que j’ai pu rencontrer. Toujours en avance sur les autres et doté d’une capacité de recul assez impressionnante, j’ai pu le côtoyer dès mon stage de Master puis tout le long de ma thèse. Je tiens donc à te dire un grand merci, Luc, pour avoir été un fidèle acolyte lors de la réalisation de certains « dark projects », un super binôme lors des repiquages hebdomadaires des cals de tomates transgéniques, pour les discussions plus ou moins philosophiques autour de ce nombre incalculable de cafés que nous avons pu boire ensemble mais aussi pour tes conseils, ta lucidité et ta patience. Je remercie également tous les membres de cette équipe qui m’ont toujours accueilli dans les meilleures conditions que ce soit pour mes stages ou certaines expérimentations de ma thèse. Une autre rencontre a bien entendu été décisive pour la réalisation de ce projet, la rencontre de ma directrice, Virginie Lauvergeat. Il me semble que dès le début nous nous sommes très bien entendus. Attentionnée, à l’écoute, patiente, je ne saurai évoquer toutes tes qualités qui m’ont permis de me sentir aussi bien tout au long de cette thèse. Phénotypage sans fin, voire même nocturne, expérimentations à faire le weekend, corrections d’articles, de présentations orales ou de manuscrit sans répit, tu as toujours été là pour moi. Tu as aussi été une amie avec qui on peut discuter de tout et de rien. Bien entendu, nos deux logiques bien distinctes nous ont amené à débattre au sujet de nombreuses choses mais je suis assez fier que cela ait toujours été constructif. Je te remercie donc énormément Virginie, pour tout ce que tu m’as apporté et pour ce souvenir intense et captivant que je retiendrai de ces trois années. A mon arrivée dans l’UMR Ecophysiologie et Génomique Fonctionnelle de la Vigne, un petit groupe de personnes a grandement participé à mon intégration. Je tiens à dire un grand merci à ces anciens thésards du laboratoire, Julien, Éric, Landry et Pierre qui m’ont permis de « m’acclimater » très rapidement à cette nouvelle UMR et grâce à qui j’ai pu m’immiscer dans ce nouveau monde que représente la Vigne, notamment à travers la dégustation des produits dérivés de cette plante.
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