Geopolitische Zwangslage Und Nationale Identität: Die Konturen Der Innenpolitischen Konflikte in Armenien

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Geopolitische Zwangslage Und Nationale Identität: Die Konturen Der Innenpolitischen Konflikte in Armenien Geopolitische Zwangslage und nationale Identität: Die Konturen der innenpolitischen Konflikte in Armenien Inauguraldissertation zur Erlangung des Grades eines Doktors der Philosophie im Fachbereich Gesellschaftswissenschaften der Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität zu Frankfurt am Main vorgelegt von Volker Jacoby aus Oldenburg i. O. Matrikelnummer 670443 1998 (Einreichungsjahr) Volker Jacoby - Geopolitische Zwangslage und nationale Identität: Die Konturen der innenpolitischen Konflikte in Armenien 2 INHALTSVERZEICHNIS Inhaltsverzeichnis.................................................................................................... ..2 Verzeichnis der verwendeten Abkürzungen............................................................ ..6 1. Fragestellung.................................................................................... 10 1.1. Nation, Moderne, Bewusstsein und Narrative................................. 11 1.2. Nation und Modernisierung............................................................. 12 1.3. Das Scheitern von Nationsbildung .................................................. 15 1.3.1. Die Umsetzung von Nationalbewusstsein in konsensuales nationales Interesse.......................................................................... 16 1.4. Das „Kollektive“ und das „Kulturelle“ Gedächtnis......................... 17 1.5. Narrative .......................................................................................... 20 1.6. Narrative, Interessen und Handeln................................................... 23 1.7. Desintegration durch Nation?.......................................................... 24 1.8. Methode und Quellen ...................................................................... 25 2. Geopolitische Zwangslage: Integration vs. Desintegration in territorialer Teilung und politischer Fragmentierung .................. 28 2.1. Die geopolitische Lage des armenischen Siedlungsraums .............. 29 2.1.1. Kulturelle Integration: Die Rolle der Armenischen Kirche............. 32 2.1.1.1. Politische Desintegration: Das Schisma der Armenischen Kirche.. 34 2.1.2. Konflikte im Transkaukasus............................................................ 36 2.1.3. Politische Emanzipation: Dašnakcutjun, Hnčak und Armenakan ... 39 2.1.4. Bedingungen des Genozids im Osmanischen Reich........................ 44 2.1.4.1. Gegenwehr und Verlust: 1915 ......................................................... 48 2.1.4.2. Von der ‘Verfolgung’ der Täter zur Leugnung des Völkermords ... 51 2.1.4.3. Exkurs - Der schwierige Vergleich: Shoah und Völkermord an den Armeniern........................................................ 56 2.1.5. Zusammenfassung ........................................................................... 59 2.2. Die Armenier nach 1915 „Zwischen Hammer und Amboss“.......... 61 2.2.1. Hoffnung auf Russland: Der Verlust Westarmeniens...................... 63 2.2.1.1. Lenins „Dekret über Türkisch-Armenien“....................................... 65 2.2.2. Ein Armenischer Staat (1918 Bis 1920) .......................................... 67 2.2.2.1. Wahlen............................................................................................. 67 2.2.2.2. Eine Föderation mit wenig Rückhalt ............................................... 68 Volker Jacoby - Geopolitische Zwangslage und nationale Identität: Die Konturen der innenpolitischen Konflikte in Armenien 3 2.2.2.3. Die ungeliebte Unabhängigkeit ....................................................... 69 2.2.2.4. Sardarapat ........................................................................................ 71 2.2.2.5. 1918 Bis 1920: Aufbrechen politischer Konflikte........................... 72 2.2.2.6. Revolte der armenischen bol’ševiki................................................. 73 2.2.2.7. Westarmenier und Ostarmenier ....................................................... 75 2.2.2.8. „Die Sowjetisierung Armeniens war unausweichlich“.................... 78 2.2.2.9. Der 2./3. Dezember 1920................................................................. 80 2.2.2.10. Mit der Türkei - Gegen die Sowjetunion? ....................................... 88 2.2.2.11. Russisch-Türkische Verträge: Moskau und Kars ............................ 92 2.2.3. Zusammenfassung ........................................................................... 93 2.3. Sowjetarmenien: Dritte Macht und nationales Interesse - Die KPA auf der Suche nach ihrer Machtbasis ............................. 94 2.3.1. Die ersten Jahre: Kooptation ........................................................... 96 2.3.2. Konsolidierung der Sowjetmacht in Armenien .............................104 2.3.2.1. Aghasi Chandšjan..........................................................................105 2.3.2.2. Stabilisierung unter der Kontrolle Moskaus ..................................107 2.3.2.3. Die Kirche in Sowjetarmenien.......................................................109 2.3.2.4. Konzilianz unter der Kontrolle Moskaus.......................................110 2.3.3. Konsensualisierung........................................................................112 2.4. Die Diaspora als Gegenbild zu Sowjetarmenien: Konflikte um Armenien .................................................................116 2.4.1. Die ARF: Wandel in der Orientierung auf die Dritte Macht .........117 2.4.1.1. Repatriierung (Nergaght)...............................................................124 2.4.2. Zusammenfassung .........................................................................129 2.5. Der 24. April 1965 und seine Folgen in Sowjetarmenien und in der Diaspora........................................................................130 2.5.1. Dilemmata der Konsensualisierung in Sowjetarmenien................139 2.5.2. Dissens: Die Union der Nationalen Selbstbestimmung (AIM) und die Helsinki-Gruppe in Armenien ..........................................140 2.5.3. Diaspora: Die ARF im Wandel......................................................143 2.5.3.1. Diaspora: ASALA und JCAG .......................................................144 2.5.4. Diaspora: Die ARF seit Ende der sechziger Jahre. Mit der Sowjetunion für ein vereinigtes Armenien .......................152 2.6. Zusammenfassung .........................................................................154 Volker Jacoby - Geopolitische Zwangslage und nationale Identität: Die Konturen der innenpolitischen Konflikte in Armenien 4 3. Geopolitische Zwangslage und politische Konflikte um das nationale Interesse in der Gegenwart.......................................156 3.1. Perestrojka und die Karabach-Bewegung......................................156 3.1.1. Das Dreiecksverhältnis Moskau - Erevaner KP-Führung - Karabach-Bewegung ...................................................................174 3.1.1.1. Sumgait..........................................................................................178 3.1.1.2. Erosion...........................................................................................185 3.1.1.3. Mit dem Obersten Sowjet gegen die KP-Führung.........................191 3.1.1.4. Konzilianz......................................................................................193 3.1.1.5. Die Karabach-Frage.......................................................................197 3.1.1.6. Trennung von Moskau? .................................................................205 3.1.1.7. (Scheiternde) Repression und der Zerfall der KP in Armenien.....210 3.1.2. Zusammenfassung .........................................................................217 3.2. Der Streit um Berg-Karabach als Rahmenbedingung innerarmenischer Konflikte - Reflexe der geopolitischen Zwangslage ....................................................................................218 3.2.1. Perspektiven auf den Karabach-Konflikt.......................................220 3.2.1.1. Konflikte in und um Karabach 1918 bis 1921...............................221 3.2.1.2. Die Entstehung der NKAO............................................................229 3.2.1.3. Der Streit um das Kaukasische Albanien ......................................233 3.2.1.4. Das Dilemma der Sowjetischen Verfassung..................................238 3.2.1.5. Sowjetische Karabach-Politik nach 1988 ......................................240 3.2.1.6. Exkurs: Berg-Karabach mit oder gegen Moskau - Von der Autonomie zur Eigenstaatlichkeit? ...............................247 3.2.2. Zusammenfassung .........................................................................256 3.3. „Realpolitik“ vs. Identitätspolitik - Strukturen der innenpolitischen Konflikte in der Gegenwart................................257 3.3.1. Konflikte innerhalb der Karabach-Bewegung ...............................258 3.3.1.1. Der „beeindruckende Konsens“ ohne Parujr Hajrikjan (AIM)......259 3.3.1.2. Marginalisierung der pro-sowjetischen Fraktion in der Karabach-Bewegung............................................................263 3.3.2. Ausschluss der dritten Macht, Heraustreten aus der Opferrolle und realpolitische Regionalpolitik ...............................266 Volker Jacoby - Geopolitische Zwangslage und nationale Identität: Die Konturen der innenpolitischen Konflikte in Armenien 5 3.3.2.1. „Realpolitik“ mit geopolitischen Hindernissen .............................275 3.3.2.2. „Realpolitik“ und die innenpolitische Opposition.........................280 3.3.2.3. Exkurs: Der Konflikt zwischen
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