DOCSLIB.ORG

Bolivarian Revolution”

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Bolivarian Revolution” Special ’ Issue International Leninist Trotskyist Fraction March 2019 Collective for the Refoundation of the Fourth International Price US$2 e-mail: [email protected]● www.flti.ci.org Latin America THE SCAM OF THE “BOLIVARIAN REVOLUTION” SIDOR Strike 2013: “Diosdado we don’t believe neither in Socialists with Hummer nor in Communists with Rolex. We believe in the workers’ revolution” Socialist revolution or caricature of a revolution TABLE OF CONTENTS After having expropriated the Latin American revolution and having sold out Cuba to imperialism, the Boli-bourgeoisie departs from history in a sea of blood, hunger and sellout……….......…………3 THE RISE AND DECLINE OF CHAVEZISM* Presentation…......................................................................................................................................……5 Part I: The decline of Chavezism............................................................................................................….7 Part II: Chavez and the imposture of the Bolivarian Revolution – The expropriation of the anti- imperialist struggle of the masses…..........................................................................................................13 Part III: Permanent revolution vs staged revolution Discussions with the pro-Bolivarian left……......................................................................................…28 The fight against Capriles-Maduro-Obama pact…............................................................................…38 The utopia of the democratization of the regime of the Bolivarian constitution…….....................… 48 CUBA On the passing away of Fidel Castro The leader of the capitalist restoration in Cuba has died……..........................................…………… 51 The milestones of the capitalist restoration in Cuba…….............................................................……..59 A bourgeois constitution for a capitalist Cuba...............................................................................…… 64 * “The rise and decline of Chavezism”, socialist booklet published as e-book by Rudolph Klement Socialist Publishing House, 2014 Ebook available on: www.editorialsocialistarudolphklement.net Socialist Publishing House International Workers' Organizer 3 2018, May Day Workers’ Assembly to fight against imperialism and the capitalists The Bolivarian revolution, a caricature of a revolution After having expropriated the Latin American revolution and having sold out Cuba to imperialism, the Boli-bourgeoisie, departs from history in a sea of blood, hunger and sellout Statement of Liga Comunista de Trabajadores (Workers’ Communist League) of Venezuela “Those Bolivarians together with the Castroites put us Latin American workers out of sync with the heavy battalions of the workers of the imperialist metropolises, the greatest allies of the Latin American revolution. So the former two handed Cuba out to imperialists, restoring capitalism.” “Today Maduro has surrendered to imperialism, as a continuation of Chavez, who with famine and bullets imposes the sacking of Venezuela’s oil and natural resources, condemning the oppressed to barbarism.” come from Venezuela to pay countries. As in Ecuador, people to usurp them, supported by Cas- tribute to the martyrs of Chicago knocked down the IMF government, troism, by the WSF, which came to I of yesterday and today; to those fought against the plans of the oil continue the work of Stalinism -that who fought against the capitalist transnationals, overthrew the lackey had surrendered the USSR and given barbarism imposed on us by impe- governments like that of Lucio Guti- the workers states over, and so was rialism and the bourgeoisie. Against errez. Like the masses of Bolivian discredited. that barbarism that today we must workers who knocked down the gov- They offered us “socialism” and continue fighting, and about which ernment of Goni-Mesa; like the Ar- “anti-imperialism,” usurped our today I come to bring a reflection. gentine workers who made 2001 rev- struggles and led us to a series of That barbarism is embodied to- olution; like the Venezuelan workers detours. They prevented the work- day in the Bolivarians and the new who made the Caracazo. ing masses from taking power, that agents of imperialism. We have to It is on this set of processes, that is, they prevented the workers from draw several lessons today. in each of our countries, a set of leading the peasants and the unem- As we know, there was a set of bourgeois and opportunist agents of ployed to destroying the bourgeois Latin American revolutions in our the bourgeoisie mounted over them states and making our own class rule and starting the road to socialism, thus giving concrete realization to the anti-imperialist tasks of expro- priating the transnationals without compensation and expelling all the military bases, above all. The Bolivarians desynchronized each one of our revolutionary pro- cesses, dislocated them, divided them, after they mounted on these revolutions. For example, they came with Castro and Chavez here in Ar- gentina to say that it was necessary Obama and Raul Castro to support the Kirchners; to first 4 International Workers' Organizer work and produce and that they (the Kirchners) would then distribute the profits. Taking advantage of this pro- cess, later, they disengaged us from the struggle of the US workers who were fighting against the war in Iraq, who imposed mobilizations for the rights of immigrant workers in the United States and, responding to the world capitalist crash and the attacks of the imperialist bourgeoisie, pro- Empty shelves in Venezuela moted the movement “Ocuppy Wall Street” against 1% of parasites. finance the social security system survive, to prepare something to eat, Those Bolivarians along with Cas- and mobilizes the middle classes, with a salary that is not enough for troism, desynchronized us from the precisely taking advantage of the anything. There is no longer trans- heavy battalions of the workers of the fact that the workers have their or- portation, services have collapsed ... imperialist metropolises, the greatest ganizations kidnapped by the San- Children no longer go to school, first allies of the Latin American revolu- dinismo, and through the Church because they are not fed and they tion. Moreover, Castro and Chavez in mobilizes the peasants, something faint in class, (and to go) they have particular, sent to vote for Obama – a similar to what happens in Venezue- to get on construction trucks. Last black masked Bush-, to dress impe- la. This prevents the workers move- week a child fell from one of these rialism in a “democratic” disguise. ment from leading the poor peasants trucks and died and this is censored And once he was elected with all that against the attack of the bourgeoisie by the press. betrayal, they made agreements with and imperialism as a whole. It is terrible what happens; dis- imperialism. For what? To give Cuba That is the reality today; the re- eases that were believed to have been over by restoring capitalism, to take ality is that a Maduro surrenders to eradicated such as diphtheria and the Yankee flag to flutter over Hava- imperialism due to his fear of the measles have reappeared; they die of na again; to agree on the coup d’etat masses. He fears the revolutionary asthma, because they cannot control in Honduras with the fascist Lobo; masses and the workers more than hypertension, because there are no as- to make the workers in Bolivia sub- he fears imperialism, since after all pirin for children. It is a war of hunger mit to a pact with the fascists of the the latter is his master. And he has and looting that imperialism imposes Media Luna; to make the workers surrendered just as Lula has done in through its already direct agents. and peasants in Ecuador tolerate the Brazil. That same Lula that today This shows that the bourgeoisie is transnationals and their looting of the they are defending in the acts of the not even ready to feed its slaves. This oil from the east of the Amazon; to left, so that the masses and workers rotten system is no longer capable, sell out the peasant resistance in Co- do not take to the streets and attack even to feed those who it exploits. lombia, a treason that the FARC has imperialism and the bourgeoisie. And this is one of the biggest crimes carried out, added to the pacts. Maduro has given himself up to carried out by those who try to de- This is how they turned the rev- imperialism, as a continuation of ceive the workers, telling them that olutions astray. They have betrayed Chavez, who with famine and bul- this system can give us more, that we us and imposed so far the imperialist lets imposes the plundering of Ven- must fight for more democracy in or- looting and the payment for of exter- ezuela’s oil and natural resources, der to obtain better conditions, as if nal debts by the people, one of the condemning the oppressed to bar- this system could give better living cruelest mechanisms of looting and barism; that makes Macri look like conditions. It’s all a lie! plundering. The payment for of the he was a baby. Today in Venezuela, If the workers do not conquer external debt means, for example, people make long queues, hundreds power, destroy the bourgeois state, that the government of Daniel Or- of people in front of bakeries to get a tend to make their armed forces tega and Sandinismo imposes plans few loaves of bread that they can eat and impose their own domain -the against the workers, kidnaps the
Load more

Recommended publications
  • El Libertario (Venezuela) Parle En Français – 1
    El Libertario (Venezuela) parle en français – 1 Collection (en 2 parties) de textes tirés de notre édition imprimée ou liés à cette publication, un journal anarchiste vénézuélien publié en espagnol, depuis 1995, par le collectif de rédaction d’El Libertario. Jusqu'au début de 2012, nous avons publié 65 numéros, avec un tirage de 2000 à 2500 exemplaires par numéro. Il est distribué au Venezuela et 15 autres pays, étant le porte-parole de la presse anarchiste le plus connu et répandu en Amérique latine dans la période récente. Page Carrefour pour nulle part ……………………………..…….………………………………. 2 El Libertario du Venezuela ………………………………………………….……….……..... 4 Venezuela : la Révolution ne sera pas... pour tout de suite ! ………………………...………. 6 Déclaration Libertaire - Caracas // 29 janvier 2006 …………………………………...……. 7 Venezuela 2006 : Anarchisme en dépit de tout ………………………………………..……. 9 Hausse de la répression contre les manifestations …………………………………………. 13 Interview "La Libertaria", novembre 2007 ………………………………………………… 18 Venezuela 2008 : vision et proposition libertaire pour le moment actuel …………….…….. 23 L'anarchisme au Venezuela, passé et présent …………………………….………………… 27 A ceux qui ne veulent pas entendre : Chavisme et anarchisme au Venezuela aujourd’hui ...… 29 Manifeste solidaire avec les anarchistes et les mouvements sociaux de Venezuela …….…… 33 « Nous avons une vérité en face de nous et nous devons la dire. » ……………………....…. 34 Venezuela - La gauche non chaviste dialogue et réaffirme ses engagements …………….…. 37 Sur un air de... Chacha …………………………………………………………………….. 39 Nous n’avons pas besoin d’une autre guerre de plus ………………………………………. 43 Colombie / Venezuela - La révolution n’est pas possible sans la paix ...…………….…...…. 45 Chavez et l'anarchisme ……………………………………………………………….……. 47 Chomsky, le bouffon de Chavez …………………………………………………………... 50 Vetelca: Histoire de la première « maquiladora » bolivarienne …………………………..….. 53 Criminalisation et mort contre le peuple Yukpa ……………………………...…………….
    [Show full text]
  • Venezuela's Media War: Coexistence and Confrontation in the Struggles of the Bolivarian Revolution
    Venezuela’s media war: Coexistence and confrontation in the struggles of the Bolivarian Revolution by Douglas Amundaray B.A., Universidad Santa María, 2008 Extended Essay Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts in the School of Communication (Dual Degree Program in Global Communication) Faculty of Communication, Art and Technology © Douglas Amundaray SIMON FRASER UNIVERSITY Summer 2017 Copyright in this work rests with the author. Please ensure that any reproduction or re-use is done in accordance with the relevant national copyright legislation. Approval Name: Douglas Amundaray Degree: Master of Arts (Communication) Title: Venezuela's media war: Coexistence and confrontation in the struggles of the Bolivarian Revolution Program Co-Directors: Dr. Zhao Yuezhi, Dr. Adel Iskandar Katherine Reilly Senior Supervisor Associate Professor Date Approved: _______August 18, 2017____________________ ii Abstract In the midst of economic crisis and violent anti-government protests, the president of Venezuela, Nicolás Maduro, convoked a Constituent Assembly in May 2017. The initiative aims to transform the State and craft a new Constitution without consulting the Venezuelan people. The response of the population has intensified the division between government and opposition, generating unexpected turns that make it difficult for media to provide a proper and accurate coverage of events. This paper uses critical discourse analysis of newspaper‟s articles and Twitter trending topics to suggest that these media platforms have constructed a dichotomy. This dichotomy addresses the Constituent Assembly as a victory for the Bolivarian Revolution, but a misfortune for the opposition. It also denotes the use linguistic means to validate the political ideology of the media platforms analyzed.
    [Show full text]
  • How Did Chavismo Win 92% of the National Assembly?
    How did Chavismo win 92% of the National Assembly? On December 6 took place the election of the members of the National Assembly (AN), the unicameral Venezuelan parliament. The campaign was almost non-existent in much of the country and few voters went to the polls. In many places the lines to buy petrol were much longer than the lines to vote. According to official figures, the abstention was 69.5%. Pollsters estimated that the actual abstention would be between 80 and 90 percent. Venezuelan, Russian and Iranian state media, as well as Chavista media in the US and Europe, presented the result as an epic victory for Maduro. Without a doubt, it is a new turn of the screw of the Venezuelan bourgeois dictatorial regime, upon taking control of the last institution that it did not totally control. But the electoral result was guaranteed before the vote. Let’s see the mechanisms by which a popular support that barely reaches 14% was translated into a 92% majority of the National Assembly. The election of a parliament without functions The high abstention indicates that the working majority understood the irrelevance of the election. Voting could not have any impact on the disastrous national situation because the parliament had been de facto deprived of all its functions for several years. The last election in which there was any kind of contest was held in 2015. The punitive vote of millions of Venezuelans from the popular barrios, who repudiated the impoverishing economic austerity plan applied by Maduro, who cut food imports and salaries to pay off foreign debt, as well as rejection for the growing repression, gave two thirds of the National Assembly to the center-right opposition coalition, the Democratic Unity Table (MUD).
    [Show full text]
  • Mass Revolutionary Outbreak
    ﻤM اﻟﻠYﺎن ﺘa\ﻘcﺔ اﻟNXرﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟNXرة اﻟ\Nرﺔ ﻳﻮ ﻧﻴﻮ ﻣﺼﻄﻔﻰ أﺑﻮ ﺟﻤﻌﺔ أول ﺷﻬﻴﺪ ﰲ ﻣﻌﺮﻛﺔ ﻓﻚ ﺼcZﻔﺔ ﻤM اﻟﻌ`ﺎل واﻟ`JﻠNﻤMc اﻟﻌ Aب اﻟﺤﺼﺎر ﻋﻦ ﺣﻠﺐ July 2021 - #13 Facebook: Haqeqa Al Maqhoureen haqeqa-almaqhoureen.blogspot.com [email protected] English edition of the paper “The Truth of the Oppressed” ﺣﻘﻴﻘﺔ اﻟﻤﻘﻬ ﻳﻮ ﻮرﻧﻴﻮ ﻳﻦ ﻤM اﻟﻠYﺎن ﺘa\ﻘcﺔ اﻟNXرﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟNXرة اﻟ\Nرﺔ ﻣﺼﻄﻔﻰ أﺑﻮ ﺟﻤﻌﺔ أول ﺷﻬﻴﺪ ﰲ ﻣﻌﺮﻛﺔ ﻓﻚ ﺼcZﻔﺔ ﻤM اﻟﻌ`ﺎل واﻟ`JﻠNﻤMc اﻟﻌ Aب اﻟﺤﺼﺎر ﻋﻦ ﺣﻠﺐ Oil workers general strike, peasants revolts, IRAN urban insurrections… MASS REVOLUTIONARY OUTBREAK They fight for bread, water and against the regime of the dictatorship of the Ayatollahs The masses take to the streets in Khuzestan (Iran) Iranian oil workers on strike Syria After the fraudulent elections of the regime Wild bombings of al-Assad and Putin THE RESISTANCE DOES NOT SURRENDER 2 The Truth of the Oppressed Iran July 22, 2021 HUGE REVOLUTIONARY UPRISING FOR WATER IN KHUZESTAN PROVINCE They cannot be isolated! Let’s build a National Committee that coordinates all sectors that are in struggle throughout Iran Faced with the repression of the Ayatollahs ... Self-defense committees! Let’s march to the barracks to find the common soldiers so that they go over to the side of the people! Roadblock in Khuzestan or 8 consecutive days, in the province production after the capital Tehran, there is no to look for the rank and file soldiers, the work- of Khuzestan (located in the south-west water, no electricity, unemployment is rife and ers’ and poor peasants’ children under arms, Fof Iran, on the border with Iraq) the wages are not enough for making ends meet! so that they can take their weapons over to exploited masses have revolted against the The clergymen live like kings and the people the side of the people! For committees of murderous regime of the billionaire Iranian live like beggars! common soldiers! Let’s coordinate the factory, ayatollahs.
    [Show full text]
  • Venezuela: a Country Held Hostage
    Venezuela: A Country Held Hostage Under the global spotlight for the past two months, Venezuela is perhaps the most debated and at the same time misunderstood country in recent times. The truth embraces demanding paradoxes: a country ruined but rich in resources, with a civilian-military dictatorship kneeling before transnational capital, but claiming to be “socialist” and “anti- imperialist,” where a “worker president” has imposed capitalist semi-slavery working conditions, and where the new Chavista bourgeoisie and the traditional bourgeoisie live in the most obscene privilege, while the majority of the population is subjected to misery. It is a country hostage to a civilian-military dictatorship, and at the same time under siege by the USA. For every fundamental fact in the nation´s daily reality there are two mutually exclusive versions, plagued with falsifications that are functions of the propaganda war key to the dispute for power. This is the dense fog that has to be penetrated in order to appreciate the reality in Venezuela. Between blackouts and precarious Internet access, and in the heat of the political vortex, we will try to appreciate the unstable and changing situation. While these lines were being written, a conference was held in Rome between representatives of the US and Russian governments to discuss the Venezuelan crisis, which as expected, ended without agreement. At the same time, on the table there is an unscheduled call by the bourgeois opposition to march towards the presidential palace of Miraflores, in Caracas. COUP AND ECONOMIC COUNTERREVOLUTION On January 23, hundreds of thousands of Venezuelans took to the streets and an almost unknown member of the National Assembly proclaimed himself interim president, with the support of the U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • Pink Tide! Election of Left Oriented Governments in Latin America Beginning with Hugo Chavez and Venezuela in 1998
    Venezuela and the Pink Tide Alternatives to Capitalism, Socialism and Other Peter, 2/19/2021 Introduction-- Pink Tide! Election of left oriented governments in Latin America beginning with Hugo Chavez and Venezuela in 1998. Often new parties, less based in traditional working class, more on popular classes. In most countries of Latin America, majority of working population is in the informal sector (not part of the social security system, not covered by minimum wages, regulations of hours, rules on layoffs--e.g., domestic workers, selling goods and services on the street, small restaurants and grocery stores in one’s home, home work, farm work) Major role of social movements in development of new parties, ending rule of neoliberal parties Openly anti-neo-liberal in ideology, in practice, sometimes less so. Often developing of new constitution when in power, constituent assembly Often calling themselves, socialism for the 21st century, not Soviet model (pink not red) ; also anti- imperialist, against U.S. political domination Many defeated in last 10 years--some come back recently-Argentina, Bolivia (Luis Arce and MAS, Bolivia; Andre Arrauz (Union por la Esperanza came in first in Feb 7 election--runoff) Examples--Venezuela, Bolivia, Uruguay, Honduras (Manuel Zelaya overthrown in 2009), Paraguay, Ecuador, Argentina, Brazil, Mexico (2018? more next week), Nicaragua?, El Salvador. Venezuela Program- took classes there for 9 weeks in winter, 2009, 2012, year long program with Anne Fischel, huge demand in 2008-2009, less in 2011-2012, Shared knowledge in spring--videos, book, exhibits, talks Looking for alternative to capitalism, Lifelong interest in that and also opposing U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • Venezuela Socialist Speaks on Challenges to Bolivarian Process
    Venezuela Socialist Speaks on Challenges to Bolivarian Process https://internationalviewpoint.org/spip.php?article5042 Venezuela Socialist Speaks on Challenges to Bolivarian Process - Debate - Venezuela - Publication date: Tuesday 11 July 2017 Copyright © International Viewpoint - online socialist magazine - All rights reserved Copyright © International Viewpoint - online socialist magazine Page 1/5 Venezuela Socialist Speaks on Challenges to Bolivarian Process We are faced with the need to find or quickly give birth to another event like April 13, 2002. An important debate has opened up among the left, both within Venezuela and internationally, as a result of the recent turmoil in the country. In an attempt to bring the views of grassroots Venezuelan militants to an English-speaking audience, Green Left Weekly's Federico Fuentes interviewed Stalin Perez Borges. A lifelong union and socialist activist, Perez Borges is today a member of the United League of Chavista Socialists (LUCHAS), a radical current within the United Socialist Party of Venezuela (PSUV). LUCHAS was formed by a group of former leaders and activists of Marea Socialista (Socialist Tide), including many of its trade union militants. The decision to form LUCHAS came after Marea Socialista resolved to leave the PSUV and began taking an increasingly hostile approach to the Bolivarian process. Perez Borges is also on the consultative council of the Bolivarian Socialist Central of Workers (CSBT), Venezuela's largest trade union confederation. What are the fundamental explications for the current situation in Venezuela today? Is this the end of the Bolivarian process? No, I don't believe that this is the end of the Bolivarian process.
    [Show full text]
  • Venezuela, Equateur Et Bolivie : La Roue De L’Histoire En Marche1
    Venezuela, Equateur et Bolivie : la roue de l’histoire en marche1 Eric Toussaint I. Cinq éléments du contexte général Point 1 : Impact de la crise économique mondiale Le Venezuela, l'Equateur et la Bolivie ont été directement affectés par la crise capitaliste mondiale qui a éclaté à partir de 2007. La très forte chute du prix du pétrole au cours du 2e semestre 2008 a réduit drastiquement les recettes de l'Etat qui dépendent fortement de l'exportation des hydrocarbures. Dans le cas de l'Equateur, il faut ajouter l'importante réduction des envois des migrants à leurs familles d'origine (réduction de 27% au 1er trimestre 2009 par rapport au 1er trimestre 2008). Les migrants sont directement touchés par les licenciements massifs dans le secteur de la construction immobilière aux Etats-Unis et en Espagne (il y a environ 3 millions d’émigrés équatoriens). La Bolivie est également touchée par ce phénomène (-16% au cours du premier semestre de 2009 par rapport au premier semestre de 20082) tandis que le Venezuela n'a pas du tout été affecté dans la mesure où il y a très peu de travailleurs migrants vénézuéliens. La remontée du prix du baril de pétrole à un prix entre 50 et 70 dollars au cours des 2e et 3e trimestres 2009 a amélioré la situation, laquelle était de toute façon restée sous contrôle dans la mesure où les trois pays disposent d'importantes réserves de change accumulées entre 2004 et 2008. De ce point de vue, l'Equateur est le moins bien loti des trois, ce qui explique son action résolue pour réduire le service de la dette extérieure (voir plus loin).
    [Show full text]
  • Venezuela's Foreign Policy: a Mirage Based on a Curse
    Report November 2014 Venezuela’s foreign policy: a mirage based on a curse By Jean-Paul Marthoz Executive summary Venezuela’s foreign policy has been shaped by Hugo Chavez’s strategy of domestic and international polarisation. Although his death has blurred the readability of this foreign policy, it still appears to be driven by the will to reshape a continent and a world dominated by “U.S. imperialism”. This vision has resulted in a deliberate effort to promote Latin American integration as a bulwark against the U.S. and the so-called “Washington Consensus”. The corollary has been a close partnership with Cuba and forms of economic and political cooperation meant to undermine the Inter-American system. Beyond Latin America, Venezuela has privileged its relations with countries questioning U.S. leadership, even if this meant breaking with the country’s liberal internationalist tradition by openly collaborating with anti- Western authoritarian states and radical movements. Venezuela’s international influence was overestimated during Chavez’s rule. Despite its hyperactivism, the country was not able to play a consistent and significant role on the world scene. Chavismo has inspired a number of governments and social movements in Latin America, but it has also been seen as a spoiler and an unpredictable actor. Venezuela’s foreign ambitions have been a mirage based on a resource curse. Oil diplomacy has undoubtedly opened doors from Latin America to China and Africa, but Venezuela has failed to end its mono-commodity dependence. Both its foreign policy and domestic programmes remain hostage to fluctuations in oil prices and the country’s resource management policies.
    [Show full text]
  • DSA's Flawed International Outlook: the Appeal of the Mass Party And
    DSA’s Flawed International Outlook: The Appeal of the Mass Party and its Contradictions Hugo Chávez and Lula da Silva The Democratic Socialists of America has decided that as its international policy, it should principally work to establish political ties to leftist parties that are “mass parties of the working class.” These are parties, like the Workers Party (PT) of Brazil with over 1.5 million members or the United Socialist Party of Venezuela (PSUV) which claims over 7 million members. One can see the attraction: these are parties with not only numbers but also resources, influence, and political power. The discussion among many in the circles of the DSA International Committee and DSA’s National Political Committee suggests that only such so-called “mass parties” matter, while other organizations don’t merit the group’s attention because they are marginal, insignificant, or described as small sects. The entire emphasis of DSA’s international work is on political parties, with little consideration given to workers’ organizations or social movements. There’s something very contradictory in this position that needs to be pointed out. The parties that DSA has focused on weren’t always mass parties. Often, they began as just the kind of plebeian networks or far left grouplets that DSA eschews as irrelevant. At the time of their birth, DSA would have ignored them and would have chosen to work with other parties that had a mass working class following. DSA would thus have missed the most important historic developments of the era. To understand what this means, let’s look back at the history of the Brazilian PT and the Venezuelan PSUV and try to imagine how DSA’s international policy would have worked out in dealing with these parties at their beginnings, that is, had the mass party line been adopted decades ago.
    [Show full text]
  • Erdölrente, Politik Und Entwicklung
    Andreas Boeckh Erdölrente, Politik und Entwicklung 1. Einleitung Kein Land der Welt hat länger von einer Bodenrente gelebt als Venezuela und wohl kaum ein anderes Land wird länger davon leben. Wenn man den Übergang des Landes von einem unterentwickelten Agrarexportland zum Erdölland in der Zeit zwischen 1925 und 1930 verortet, dann hat Venezuela bis heute (2010) eine circa achtzigjährige Karriere als Ölrentier hinter sich. Seit 1925 hat das Erdöl mehr als 50% der Exporterlöse eingebracht und seit 1929 haben die staatlichen Einnahmen zu mehr als 50% ihren Ursprung im Ölsektor gehabt (Boeckh 2003: 142). Nach jetzigem Kenntnisstand ver- fügt Venezuela unter Einrechnung des Schweröls im Orinokobecken mit 360 Mrd. Fass über die größten nachgewiesenen Ölreserven der Welt (Isbell 2007: 3). Vorausgesetzt, dass das Öl auch in der Zukunft ein strategischer Rohstoff sein wird und dass sich die Weltmarktpreise auf einem Niveau bewegen, das eine kommerzielle Nutzung der gigantischen Schwerölreser- ven im Orinokobecken erlaubt, wird das Land auch für die nächsten 100 Jahre ein Rentier bleiben. In diesem Beitrag werden die ökonomischen und politischen Prägungen dargestellt, die das Land durch die Ölrente erfahren hat. Der Schwerpunkt liegt auf dem Entwicklungspfad, der das Land seit vielen Jahrzehnten aus- zeichnet. Dieser ist nicht nur durch ökonomische Parameter charakterisiert, sondern auch durch eigene Muster der politischen Problembearbeitung, durch spezifische Beziehungen zwischen Staat und Gesellschaft sowie para- doxerweise durch immerwährende und vergebliche Versuche, dem Schicksal eines Rentiers zu entkommen. Die dabei gewählte Perspektive lässt weniger die Brüche und Verwerfungen sichtbar werden, die das Land zweifellos auch erlebt hat, sondern die Kontinuitäten, die aus den Folgen der Ölrente resul- tieren.
    [Show full text]
  • Tesis LOS NEOLOGISMOS DE LA CRISIS VENEZOLANA
    Universidad de Concepción Facultad de Humanidades y Arte Traducción/Interpretación en Idiomas Extranjeros Tesina para optar al grado de Licenciado en Translatología LOS NEOLOGISMOS DE LA CRISIS VENEZOLANA: UN ESTUDIO CUALITATIVO SOBRE SU TRADUCCIÓN EN LA PRENSA EN INGLÉS Tesista: Vanessa Lorena Bastardo Zambrano Profesora guía: Dra. Carolin Isabel Adam Concepción, mayo de 2020 Se autoriza la reproducción total o parcial, con fines académicos, por cualquier medio o procedimiento, incluyendo la cita bibliográfica del documento. RESUMEN Cambios drásticos en el contexto social, político y económico de Venezuela han dado pie al surgimiento de nuevas realidades para los ciudadanos del país, quienes han utilizado neologismos para denominarlas. La presente investigación se enfoca en una serie de neologismos acuñados en Venezuela durante el período de 1999 hasta el presente y su traducción en la prensa escrita en inglés. Con este fin se seleccionaron trece neologismos surgidos de la crisis venezolana y se procedió a describir sus procedimientos de formación y sus significados. Posteriormente se realizó una búsqueda de equivalentes para estos neologismos en la prensa escrita en inglés, los cuales fueron clasificados de acuerdo con los procedimientos empleados para su traducción. Los neologismos en su mayoría fueron tomados de la investigación Los términos de la crisis venezolana de Lovón y Pita (2016) y se utilizó la clasificación de técnicas de traducción de Hurtado Albir y Molina (2001) para categorizar sus equivalentes en inglés. Además, también se hizo uso de las herramientas en línea Google Tendencias y Google Noticias para detectar los momentos en que se usaron más frecuentemente estos neologismos y para llevar a cabo la búsqueda de los equivalentes en inglés.
    [Show full text]