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Misiones Bolivarianas Sozialpolitik Und Transformationsprozesse In Misiones Bolivarianas Sozialpolitik und Transformationsprozesse in Venezuela (1999-2013) Inaugural-Dissertation Zur Erlangung des Doktorgrades der Philosophischen Fakultät der Universität zu Köln im Fach Iberische und Lateinamerikanische Geschichte Die Verteidigung fand im Juli 2014 erfolgreich statt. Das folgende Manuskript wurde von den Gutachtern angenommen Vorgelegt von Andrés Otálvaro aus Medellín, Kolumbien Köln, 12. Juni 2016 1 Inhaltsverzeichnis EINLEITUNG.................................................................................................................. 9 Historische Grundlagen der Sozialpolitik in Venezuela.............................................12 Bolivarianische Sozialpolitik und Theorie..................................................................21 Fokus und Methodologie der Untersuchung ..............................................................33 Warum Marginalität? Wissenschaftliche Repräsentationspolitik der Partizipation in gesellschaftlichen Randbereichen...............................................................................37 Methoden, Akteure und Räume der Forschung.......................................................... 44 Struktur der Arbeit...................................................................................................... 49 1.WAS SIND DIE „MISIONES BOLIVARIANAS“?.................................................... 51 1.1. Misiones und soziale Rechte...............................................................................55 1.2. Komitees als Schlüssel der neuen Institutionalisierung und der Basispartizipation an den Misiones ........................................................................... 58 1.3. Periodisierung der Misiones Bolivarianas ......................................................... 62 1.3.1. Beginn der bolivarianischen Sozialpolitik (1999-2003).............................62 1.3.2. Armuts- und Ausschlussbekämpfung (2003-2004).....................................65 1.3.3. Misiones unter dem Sozialismus des 21. Jahrhunderts (2005-2007) .........69 1.3.4. Globale Krisen und bolivarianische Sozialpolitik (2008-2010)..................71 1.3.5. Renaissance der Sozialprogramme (2011-2012).........................................73 1.3.6. Fortführung der Misiones: Gigantische Herausforderung der Regierung Nicolás Maduros seit 2013 ....................................................................................73 1.4. Bis dato existierende Misiones: Sozialräume und Entstehungsjahre (Stand: April 2014) .......................................................................................................................... 76 2. BOLIVARIANISCHE BILDUNGSTRANSFORMATIONEN.................................78 2.1. Grundlegende Merkmale der Bildungsmisiones.................................................79 2.2. Jenseits der Daten: Menschen, Statistik und weitere Komponenten der Sozialprogramme........................................................................................................ 84 2.3. Merkmale der parallelen Institutionalität der Bildungsmisiones........................90 2.4. Stärken, Schwächen und Kritik ..........................................................................93 2.5. Demokratische oder bolivarianisch-autoritäre Bildungsgesetze?.......................96 2.6. Priorisierung der Misiones: zur Diskussion der Bildungsqualität .....................97 3. AGRARREFORM IN VENEZUELA 1999-2012: LÄNDLICHE TRANSFORMATIONEN UND STRUKTURELLE HINDERNISSE DER LANDMISIONES......................................................................................................... 100 3.1. Exordium: Globale Lebensmittelkrisen und die noch nicht verstandene Notwendigkeit der Landreform.................................................................................100 3.2. Historische Hintergründe des ländlichen Venezuelas.......................................101 3.3. Die Agrarreform 2001 und die Problematik des Latifundiums........................108 3.4. Misiones auf dem Land: zur Durchsetzung eines „parallelen Agrarmodells“..113 3.5. Gegenwärtige Herausforderungen für die Agrarreform....................................117 3.6. Feldforschung im Kontext der „Misión Zamora“: „Fundo Campaña Admirable“ ...................................................................................................................................119 3.7. Exkurs: Der Besuch des Vizeministers. Ethnographie auf dem Land deckt tiefe hegemoniale Widersprüche auf.................................................................................126 3.8. Scheitert die Misión Zamora?...........................................................................128 3.9. „Frente Nacional Campesino Ezequiel Zamora“ (FNCEZ): auf der Suche nach 2 einer national organisierten bäuerlichen Mobilisierung ...........................................131 3.10. Bauernbewegungen, Gewaltstrukturen und Klassenjustiz auf dem Land......133 3.11. Schlüsse und Herausforderungen ...................................................................138 4. INSTITUTIONALISIERUNG, PARALLELISMUS UND BÜROKRATISIERUNG DER SOZIALPOLITIK................................................................................................ 145 4.1. Kann man überhaupt etwas Neues aufbauen? Neue Institutionalität, Reichweite der Staatlichkeit und die Misiones als Parallelstrukturen......................................... 145 4.2. Zentralismus und andere Fetische der Staatsmacht hinsichtlich kollektiv- experimenteller Neuorganisationen.......................................................................... 153 4.3. Personalisierung und Institutionalisierung in der Geschichte Venezuelas: Kult und Mythos um Simón Bolívar und Hugo Chávez. .................................................161 4.4. Gesetzliche Grundlagen, Temporalität und Sinn einer parallelen Institutionalität ...................................................................................................................................164 4.5. Komplexität und Grenzen der parallelen Institutionalisierung ........................172 4.6. Auf der Suche nach einer demokratisch-partizipativen Institutionalität?.........178 4.7. Experimentieren als Schlüssel zur neuen Institutionalisierung........................192 4.8. Vorläufige Schlussfolgerungen der Institutionalisierung..................................197 5. POLARISIERUNG, KLASSENFRAGE UND (KONTER)HEGEMONIALE TERRITORIALISIERUNG ......................................................................................... 206 5.1. Wie wurde die Klassenfrage von Hugo Chávez öffentlich (re)präsentiert? .....209 5.2. „Chavismo“ und „Oposición“...........................................................................214 5.3. Polarisierung und Politisierung der venezolanischen Gesellschaft .................216 5.4. Standpunkte des Chavismo und der Oposición zur Frage der Misiones..........223 5.5. Angriffe gegen die Misiones 2008: Klassenkonflikt und Wahlen....................226 5.6. Staatlichkeit und Rentenextraktionsmaschinerie ............................................. 232 5.7. Misiones als legitime Strategie der Räumlichkeit und der Territorialisierung innerhalb mächtiger Gewaltstrukturen. ....................................................................236 5.8. Die Haltung des MUD zu den Misiones: „chavistische“ Sozialpolitik von Henrique Capriles Radonsky ................................................................................... 242 5.9. Auf der Suche nach einer Theorie der Polarisierung im Lichte der Misiones- Politik........................................................................................................................259 5.10. Polarisierung im Kontext einer rassistischen Geschichte ..............................266 6. VORLÄUFIGES FAZIT ZU DEN MISIONES BOLIVARIANAS, ODER ZU BISMARCK IN VENEZUELA.................................................................................... 274 6.1. Zwei Diskursebenen zur Aktualität des Sozialen: „Desarrollismo“ und „Liberaldemokratie“ im polarisierten Venezuela......................................................276 6.2. Zur Frage der Mittelschicht als ideologische Bastion der Opposition..............283 6.3. „Boliburguesía“ und Verfall als prägende Prozesse der venezolanischen Mittelschicht............................................................................................................. 291 6.4. Formelle und informelle Gesellschaften...........................................................293 6.5. „Cuando la oligarquía se hace pueblo” - Über wechselseitige Prozesse der Mimesis in der Sozialpolitik..................................................................................... 296 6.6. Jenseits von Desarrollismo und Liberaldemokratie: Plädoyer für eine Rekonstruktion des Zusammenlebens ......................................................................300 7. INTERVIEWS.......................................................................................................... 310 7.1. Erste Feldforschung. Zeitraum: 14. November bis zum 08. Dezember 2007 (25 Interviews)................................................................................................................ 310 3 7.2. Zweite Feldforschung. Zeitraum: 02. Oktober 2009 bis zum 10. Januar 2010 (35 Interviews)................................................................................................................ 311 7.3. Dritte Feldforschung. Zeitraum: 25. Februar bis zum 28. März 2011 (19 Interviews)...............................................................................................................
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