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Introduction Notes Introduction 1. William W. Baldwin, Mau Mau Man-Hunt: The Adventures of the Only American Who Has Fought the Terrorists in Kenya, New York: Dutton, 1957, 18, 49, 98, 174. 2. New York Times, June 12, 1955. 3. The militant African opposition in Colonial Kenya was denoted as “Mau Mau,” not least by those who fought them. They have also been referred to as the Land and Freedom Army. The origin of the term “Mau Mau” is contested. See e.g., George Bennett, “Revolutionary Kenya: The Fifties, a Review,” Race, 8 (Number 4, 1967): 415–420, 415, MSS/10/87, Kenya National Archives–Nairobi: hereafter noted as KNA: According to this author, the first African who disclosed the existence of the liberation forces in a police station in Naivasha, Kenya, asserted, “ ‘I have been given MUMA,’ an oath. The European being neither able to pronounce nor spell [the term] correctly created his own pronunciation . ‘Mau Mau’.” But see P. Godfrey Okoth, United States of America’s Foreign Policy toward Kenya, 1952–1969, Nairobi: Gideon S. Were Press, 1992, 1: “Mau Mau” writes this author is a “garbled expression referring to a repeti- tion of the word ‘uma’ or ‘get out’ ” Note also the existence of the “Mau Escarpment,” an essential part of the topography of Kenya. Beryl Markham, whose writings about Kenya helped to bring this nation to a wider audience in the North Atlantic commu- nity, spoke wistfully about the “slopes of the Mau.” See Beryl Markham, West with the Night, Surrey, UK: Virago, 1984 [First published in 1942], 136. Max Yergan, an African American politico argued that Mau Mau means “quickly, quickly.” See Testimony of Max Yergan, February 20, 1953, Record Group 46, Records of the U.S. Senate, Internal Security Subcommittee of the Senate Judiciary Committee, Executive Session Transcripts, Box 19, National Archives and Records Administration–Washington, DC: hereafter noted as NARA-DC It was reported that a journalist with the New York Daily News said: Mau Mau means “ ‘the hidden ones’. Now you know.” See “Kenya News,” September 1956 (MAA), 2/5/19, KNA; a Phoenix newspaper spoke of Douglas Hertz, an elderly retired owner of a professional football team who reputedly introduced to the United States the “ ‘Mau Mau bird—a wild white guinea hen of Kenya’ . .” See “Kenya News,” January 1957, ARC (MAA), 2/5/219, KNA. 4. New York Times, January 6, 1957. 5. Louis E. Lomax, The Reluctant African, New York: Harper & Bros., 1960, 73–74. 6. Notes on Trip to Kenya, circa January 1938, Box 63, Ralph Bunche Papers, University of California-Los Angeles. 7. See e.g., Segregation between Blacks and Whites in British East Africa, 1917–1919, Room 2, Shelf 1281, Box 45, PC/Coast/1/1/367, KNA; Rules on Segregation of Races, Piece Dates 1918, Room 2, Shelf 1284, Box 54, PC/Coast/1/3/118, KNA. 242 NOTES 8. See e.g., Gerald Horne, Black and Red: W.E.B. Du Bois and the Afro-American Response to the Cold War, 1944–1963, Albany: State University of New York Press, 1986. 9. Louis E. Lomax, When the Word Is Given: A Report on Elijah Muhammad, Malcolm X and the Black Muslim World, Cleveland, OH: World, 1963, 150. 10. George Breitman, ed., Malcolm X Speaks: Selected Speeches and Statements, New York: Pathfinder, 1989, 106. 11. See e.g., Gerald Horne, From the Barrel of a Gun: The U.S. and the War against Zimbabwe, 1965–1980, Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2001, passim. 12. European Residential Area, DC/NGONG/4, Piece Dates 1953, Room 2, Shelf 1730, Box 2, KNA. At the same site, see also: European Housing Area, CS/2/10/51, Room 3, Shelf 2944, Box 58 [no date listed]. 13. Mombasa European Schools, CA/3/42, Piece Dates 1931–1957, Room 6, Shelf 4625, Box 4, KNA. 14. European Cemetery, PC/Coast/ 1/12/195, Piece Dates 1918–1927, Room 2, Shelf 1296, Box 90, KNA. 15. Caroline Elkins, Imperial Reckoning: The Untold Story of Britain’s Gulag in Kenya, New York: Henry Holt, 2005, xvi. 16. George Padmore, Pan-Africanism or Communism, Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1971, 233. Of course, North Africans might well disagree with this opinion: See e.g., Matthew Connelly, A Diplomatic Revolution: Algeria’s Fight for Independence and the Origins of the Post–Cold War Era, New York: Oxford University Press, 2002. 17. David Anderson, Histories of the Hanged: The Dirty War in Kenya and the End of Empire, New York: Norton, 2005, 5. 18. Washington Post, March 22, 1959. 19. John Gunther, Inside Africa, London: Hamish Hamilton, 1955, 309, 311, 318, 330. 20. Michael McIntosh, ed., Robert Ruark’s Africa, Camden, ME: Countrysport Press, 1991, 85; LIFE, February 16, 1953. See also Daniel Kanyandekwe, “Dreaming of Africa: American Writers and Africa in the Twentieth Century,” Ph.D. dissertation, State University of New York–Buffalo, 1996, 187. 21. Aidan Hartley, The Zanzibar Chest: A Story of Life, Love and Death in Foreign Lands, New York: Atlantic Monthly Press, 2003, 13. 22. Anderson, Histories of the Hanged, 79. 23. Winston Churchill, My African Journey: Sabbatical of a Lifetime, London: Mandarin, 1989 [First published in 1908], 17, 25, 32. 24. “Dispatch to the Officer Administering the Government of the Kenya Colony and Protectorate Relative to Native Labour,” from Winston Churchill, September 5, 1921, HD4875, London Metropolitan University. 25. John Chamberlain, “A Special Study of Kenyatta’s Kenya,” April 1968, Box 22, Ernest Lefever Papers–Stanford University. 26. Letter to Subaraskys, Benjamins, and Belesons, February 1, 1961, 60–471, Ford Foundation Archives-New York: hereafter noted as FFA. 27. Gerald Horne, The Deepest South: The U.S., Brazil and the African Slave Trade, New York: New York University Press, 2007, passim. 28. Robert S. Levine, ed., Martin Delaney: A Documentary Reader, Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2003, 322. 29. Pagan Kennedy, Black Livingstone: A True Tale of Adventure in the Nineteenth Century Congo, New York: Viking, 2002, 29. 30. Theodore Roosevelt, African Game Trails: An Account of the African Wanderings of an American Hunter-Naturalist, London: John Murray, 1928, 31. NOTES 243 31. Theodore Roosevelt, African and European Addresses, New York: Putnam’s, 1910, 162. 32. Mining Ordinance, Sole Prospecting License, Sir Northrup McMillan, Piece Dates, 1921–1924, Room 2, Shelf 186, Box 114, KNA. 33. Land Grants in Kenya, Kikuyu District, 1910, p. 109, DC/KBU/4/2, KNA: On May 5, 1911, Northrup McMillan was accorded 1376 acres of land, along with 403 more, then he transferred this land to Swedo African Coffee Company on August 31, 1913. At the same site, see also Periton to Sir Northrup McMillan concerning mortgage of land and pieces of land on the river, AG/22/283, Piece Dates 1920. 34. Report from Avra Warren, U.S. Consul, Nairobi, October 29, 1925, Microcopy 583, Roll 27, Records of the Department of State Relating to Internal Affairs of British Africa, File #840.1, National Archives and Records Administration–College Park, Maryland: hereafter noted as NARA-CP. 35. Report from Avra Warren, September 4, 1924, File #855, Microcopy 583, Roll 27, Records of the Department of State Relating to Internal Affairs of British Africa, NARA-CP. 36. Ethiopian Refugees in Kenya after the Italian Invasion, Piece Dates, 1937–1940, Room 2, Shelf 1436, Box 2, DC/ISO/2/3/8, KNA. 37. Joseph I. Touchette, Consul General, Mombasa to John Caldwell, U.S. Legation, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, Record Group 84, Foreign Service Posts of the Department of State, Kenya-Mombasa Consulate, General Records, 125.66–1610.1, Box 5, NARA-CP. 38. Incursions by Italians during Italo-Ethiopian Conflict, DC/MLS/1/2/2, Piece Dates 1902–1942, Room 2, Shelf 1491, Box 1, KNA. At the same site, see also: Gelubba Nomadic Ethnic Group living on Ethiopia-Kenya border, known as Merille in Ethiopia, engage in armed raiding, terrorizing the border, later armed by Italians, PC/ NFD4/4, Piece Dates 1932, Room 2, Shelf 1505, Box 16; Raids in Northern Frontier Districts by armed Abyssinians, DC/WAJ/2/1/1, Piece Dates 1925–1926, Room 2, Shelf 1539, Box 1; Defense of Moyale and Mandera, PC/GRSSA/2/6/2, Piece Dates 1933–1935, Room 2. Shelf 1381, Box 5 and Italo-Abyssinia War and King’s African Rifles, DC/MKS/10B/6/1, Piece Dates 1914–1938, Room 2, Shelf 1485, Box 10. 39. Japanese Competition in East African Import Markets, PP/5/1, Piece Dates 1933– 1934, Room 7, Shelf 909.274, Box 4, KNA. At the same site, see also Sunamoto Shoten, Japanese Firm of Importers Wants Direct Dealings with Local Suppliers, PC/ Coast/1/19/21, Piece Dates 1915, Room 2, Shelf 1303, KNA. 40. See e.g., Gerald Horne, Race War! White Supremacy and the Japanese Attack on the British Empire, New York: New York University Press, 2005, passim. 41. History of the War, 1940, PC/NZA/2/3/61, KNA. 42. Michela Wrong, “I Didn’t Do It for You”: How the World Betrayed a Small African Nation, New York: HarperCollins, 2005, 200. 43. Roger Ockrent, Oral History, July 8, 1971, Harry S. Truman Presidential Library- Independence, Missouri. 44. Report from Under Secretary of State, December 29, 1941, CS/2/9/19, Deposit No. 2/2648, File No. S.E 171.31, KNA. 45. Okete J.E. Shiroya, “The Impact of World War II on Kenya: The Role of Ex-Servicemen in Kenyan Nationalism,” Ph.D. dissertation, Michigan State University, 1968, 88, 94, 95, 96. 46. Francis Colby, Colonel, to Brigadier General Howard Snyder, February 5, 1943, Record Group 84, Foreign Service Posts of the Department of State, Nairobi Consulate, Box 1, NARA-CP.
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