DOCSLIB.ORG

Atari-ST-Internals.Pdf

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Atari-ST-Internals.Pdf INTERNALS The authoritative insider's guide By K. Gerits, L. Englisch, R. Bruckmann A Data Becker Book Published by Abacus Software Third Printing, July 1986 Printed in U.S.A. Copyright © 1985 Data Becker GmbH Merowingerstr.30 4000 Dusseldorf, West Germany Copyright © 1985 Abacus Software, Inc. P.O. Box 7219 Grand Rapids, MI 49510 This book is copyrighted. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without the prior written permission of Abacus Software or Data Becker, GmbH. Every effort has been made to insure complete and accurate information concerning the material presented in this book. However Abacus Software can neither guarantee nor be held legally responsible for any mistakes in printing or faulty instructions contained in this book. The authors will always appreciate receiving notice of subsequent mistakes. ATARI, 520ST, ST, TOS, ST BASIC and ST LOGO are trademarks or registered trademarks of Atari Corp. GEM, GEM Draw and GEM Write are trademarks or registered trademarks of Digital Research Inc. IBM is a registered trademark of International Business Machines. ISBN 0-916439-46-1 Table of Contents 1 The Integerated Circuits 1 1.1 The 68000 Processor 3 1.1.1 The 68000 Registers 4 1.1.2 Exceptions on the 68000 7 1.1.3 The 68000 Connections 7 1.2 The Custom Chips 13 1.3 The WD 1772 Floppy Disk Controller 20 1.3.1 1772 Pins 20 1.3.2 1772 Registers 24 1.3.3 Programming the FDC 25 1.4 The MFP 68901 28 1.4.1 68901 Connections 28 1.4.2 The MFP Registers 32 1.5 The 6850 ACIAs 41 1.5.1 The Pins of the 6850 41 1.5.2 The Registers of the 6850 44 1.6 The YM-2149 Sound Generator 48 1.6.1 Sound Chip Pins 50 1.6.2 The 2149 Registers and their Functions 52 1.7 I/O Register Layout of the ST 55 2 The Interfaces 65 2.1 The Keyboard . 67 2.1.1 The mouse 71 2.1.2 Keyboard commands 74 2.2 The Video Connection 85 2.3 The Centronics Interface 88 2.4 The RS-232 Interface 90 2.5 The MIDI Connections 93 2.6 The Cartridge Slot 96 2.7 The Floppy Disk Interface 97 2.8 The DMA Interface 99 3 The ST Operating System 101 3.1 The GEMDOS 104 3.1.1 GEMDOS error codes and their meaning 139 3.2 The BIOS Functions of the Atari ST 140 3.3 The XBIOS 155 3.4 The Graphics 206 3.4.1 An overview of the "line-A" variables 226 3.4.2 Examples for using line-A opcodes 229 3.5 The Exception Vectors 234 3.5.1 The interrupt structure of theST 236 3.6 The STVT52 Emulator 242 3.7 The ST System Variables 247 3.8 The 68000 Instruction Set 255 3.8.1 Addressing modes 256 3.8.2 The instructions 260 3.9 The BIOS listing 268 4 Appendix - The System Fonts 443 4.1 The System Fonts 445 4.2 Alpahbetical listing of GEMDOS functions 447 11 List of Figures 1.1-1 68000 Registers 5 1.2-1 GLUE 14 1.2-2 MMU 16 1.2-3 SHIFTER 17 1.2-4 DMA 19 1.3-1 FDC1772 21 1.4-1 MFP 68901 29 1.5-1 ACIA6850 42 1.6-1 Sound Chip YM-2149 49 1.6-2 Envelopes of the PSG 53 2.1-1 6850 Interface to 68000 68 2.1 -2 Block Diagram of Keyboard Circuit 70 2.1.1-1 The Mouse 72 2.1.1-2 Mouse control port 74 2.1.2-1 Atari ST Key Assignments 84 2.2-1 Diagram of Video Interface 86 2.2-2 Monitor Connector 87 2.3-1 Printer Port Pins 88 2.3-2 Centronics Connection 89 2.4-1 RS-232 Connection 92 2.5-1 MIDI System Connection 95 2.6-1 The Cartridge Slot 96 2.7-1 Disk Connection 98 2.8-1 DMA Port 100 2.8-2 DMA Connections 100 3.4-1 Lo-Res-Mode 208 3.4-2 Medium-Res-Mode 210 3.4-3 Hi-Res-Mode 212 111 Chapter One The Integrated Circuits 1.1 The 68000 Processor 1.1.1 The 68000 Registers 1.1.2 Exceptions on the 68000 1.1.3 The 68000 Connections 1.2 The Custom Chips 1.3 The WD 1772 Floppy Disk Controller 1.3.1 1772 Pins 1.3.2 1772 Registers 1.3.3 Programming the FDC 1.4 The MFP 68901 1.4.1 68901 Connections 1.4.2 The MFP Registers 1.5 The 6850 ACIAs 1.5.1 The Pins of the 6850 1.5.2 The Registers of the 6850 1.6 The YM-2149 Sound Generator 1.6.1 Sound Chip Pins 1.6.2 The 2149 Registers and their Functions 1.7 I/O Register Layout of the ST Abacus Software Atari ST Internals The Integrated Circuits 1.1 The 68000 Processor The 68000 microprocessor is the heart of the entire Atari ST system. This 16-bit chip is in a class by itself; programmers and hardware designers alike find the chip very easy to handle. From its initial development by Motorola in 1977 to its appearance on the market in 1979, the chip was to be a competitor to the INTEL 8086/8088 (the processor used in the IBM-PC and its many clones). Before the Atari ST's arrival on the marketplace, there were no affordable 68000 machines available to the home user. Now, though, with 16-bit computers becoming more affordable to the common man, the 8-bit machines won't be around much longer. What does the 68000 have that's so special? Here's a very incomplete list of features: 16 data bits 24 address bits (16-megabyte address range!!) all signals directly accessible without multiplexer hassle-free operation of "old" 8-bit peripherals powerful machine language commands easy-to-learn assembler syntax 14 different types of addressing 17 registers each having 32-bit widths These specifications (and many yet to be mentioned here) make the 68000 an incredibly good microprocessor for home and personal computers. In fact, as the price of memory drops, you'll soon be seeing 68000-based 64K machines for the same price as present-day 8-bit computers with the same amount of memory. Abacus Software Atari ST Internals 1.1.1 The 68000 Registers Let's take a look at 68000 design. Figure 1.1-1 shows the 17 onboard 32-bit registers, the program counter and the status register. The eight data registers can store and perform calculations, as well as the normal addressing tasks. Eight-bit systems use the accumulators for this, which limits the programmer to a total of 8 accumulators. Our 68000 data registers are quite flexible; data can be handled in 1-, 8-, 16- and 32- bit sizes. Even four-bit operations are possible (within the limits of Binary Coded Decimal counting). When working with 32-bit data, all 32 bits can be handled with a single operation. With 8- and 16-bit data, only the 8th or 16th bit of the data register can be accessed. The address registers aren't as flexible for data access as are the data registers. These registers are for addressing, not calculation. Processing data is possible only with word (16-bit) and longword (32-bit) operations. The address registers must be looked at as two distinct groups, the most versatile being the registers AO-A6. Registers A7 and A7' fulfill a special need. These registers are used as the stack pointer by the processor. Two stack pointers are needed to allow the 68000 to run in USER MODE and SUPERVISOR MODE. Register A7 declares whether the system is in USER or SUPERVISOR mode. Note that the two registers work "under" A7, but the register contents are only available to the respective operating mode. We'll discuss these operating modes later. The program counter is also considered a 32-bit register. It is theoretically possible to handle an address range of over 4 gigabytes. But the address bits A24-A31 aren't used, which "limits" us to 16 megabytes. The 68000 status register comprises 16 bits, of which only 10 bits are used. This status register is divided into two halves: The lower eight bite (bits 0 to 4 proper) is the "user byte". These bits, which act as flags most of the time, show the results of arithmetical and comparative operations, and can be used for program branches hinging on those results. We'll look at the user byte in more detail later; for now, here is a brief list: BIT 0 = Carry flag BIT 1 = Overflow flag BIT 2 = Zero flag BIT 3 = Negative flag BIT 4 - extend flag Abacus Software Atari ST Internals Figure 1.1-1 68000 Registers 31 16 15 8 7 D 0 j D 1 D 2 DATA D 3 REGISTERS D 4 D 5 D 6 . D7 1 31 A 1 A 2 ADDRESS REGISTERS A 3 A 4 A 5 A6- 31 System Stack Pointer SSP A7 STACK POINTER User Stack Pointer OSP 31 24 23 PC PROGRAM I L COUNTER 15 8 7 I Sys Byte I User Byte I gj> STATUS REGISTER Abacus Software Atari ST Internals Bits 8-10, 13 and 15 make up the status register's system byte.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Processor Replacement Card, Version 3 CPU Accelerator for the Atari ST(E) Series
    Processor Replacement Card, Version 3 CPU Accelerator for the Atari ST(E) Series © 2003 WRS Software-Design, Humboldtstrasse 12, 45886 Gelsenkirchen IMPRINT PAK68/3 Processor Replacement Card, Version 3 CPU Accelerator for the Atari ST(E) Series Developer: Holger Zimmermann Copyright © 2003 WRS Software-Design All Rights Reserved. The copyright to the hardware extension PAK68/3, including the GAL equations, lies with the developers. Reproduction is permitted for private use only! Distributor/Supplier: WRS Software-Design W. Rohmann & R. Skuplik GbR Humboldtstrasse 12 45886 Gelsenkirchen TEL: 0209 - 87 30 01 FAX: 0209 - 87 30 02 E-Mail: [email protected] WWW: http://www.wrsonline.de Documentation: R. Skuplik, H. Zimmermann 2nd Edition from 01/11/2000 Limitation of Liability We reserve the right to make changes to the hardware, the GAL equations or the documentation withhout restriction. We are not responsible for the accuracy of the manual or damage resulting from the use of the hardware. Every modification done to your own computer system is performed at your own risk! We are always grateful for suggestions to improve the manual. Page 1 PAK68/3 Table of Contents Table of Contents 1. Before Starting 3 1.1 Notes 3 1.2 Delivery Options 3 1.3 Requirements 3 1.4 Features of the PAK68/3-030 5 2. Building the PAK68/3 5 2.1 Prerequisites 5 2.2 Clock Buffering – Part 1 6 2.3 The Construction 7 3. Installing the PAK68/3 8 3.1 Preparing the Mainboard 8 3.2 Preparing the PAK 11 3.3 Installing the PAK 12 3.4 Initial Testing 12 4.
    [Show full text]
  • Atari Game Systems and Atari Computers for the Index Page / Site Listing
    Best Electronics Specializing in Replacement Parts and Accessories for all Consumer Based Atari Game Systems and Atari Computers for the Index page / Site listing One of the more common Atari Questions / E-Mails we get, do you really have that Atari part or Atari item in stock. I have checked the world wide Internet and you are the only one that lists it? I noticed that your that your Atari web page(s) have not been updated (bottom of each Best Web page has a last updated date) for weeks, months or years? When we cleared out the local Atari Sunnyvale Warehouses here over a 10 to 15 year period, we hauled in thousands and thousands of Pallets of Atari Goods. Some Atari items we have a lifetime supply of (hence why the Best Atari web page for that product never gets updated) and other Atari items have sold out fast to the world wide Atari users and collectors. Bests Atari Hall of fame A little background into why Best Electronics was started 35 years ago and a short list of Best Exclusive made Atari Products, Atari Upgrade kits, Replacement and Upgraded Atari parts Best has developed / produced in the last 35 years in the Atari business. See why some of the Best made exclusive Atari items and stock Atari products we carry, even show up on E- Bay after they are purchased direct from Best Electronics and resold with a big mark up by E-bay Atari sellers! All Atari World Wide Atari CX78 JoyPad Owners! On June 17, 2019 after 16+ months work, Best has released a CX78 Upgrade Gold Kit that will fix / cure the known Atari CX78 JoyPad problems that causes them to fail early and it also Enhances / Upgrades the stock Atari made CX78 JoyPad features / functions! On June 17, 2019 Best released another Upgraded Atari replacement part.
    [Show full text]
  • The Atari™ Compendium ©1992 Software Development Systems Written by Scott Sanders Not for Public Distribution
    The Atari™ Compendium ©1992 Software Development Systems Written by Scott Sanders Not for Public Distribution Introduction The following pages are a work in progress. The Atari™ Compendium (working title) is designed to be a comprehensive reference manual for Atari software and hardware designers of all levels of expertise. At the very least, it will (hopefully) be the first book available that documents all operating system functions, including any modifications or bugs that were associated with them, from TOS 1.00 to whatever the final release version of Falcon TOS ends up being. GEMDOS, BIOS, XBIOS (including sound and DSP calls), VDI, GDOS, LINE-A, FSM, AES, MetaDOS, AHDI and MiNT will be documented. Hardware information to the extent that information is useful to a software programmer will also be covered. This volume will not include hardware specifications used in the creation of hardware add-ons, a programming introduction designed for beginners, or an application style guide. All of the aforementioned exclusions will be created separately as demand for them arise. In addition, I also plan to market a comprehensive spiral- bound mini-reference book to complement this volume. By providing early copies of the text of this volume I hope to accomplish several goals: 1. Present a complete, error-free, professionally written and typeset document of reference. 2. Encourage compatible and endorsed programming practices. 3. Clear up any misunderstandings or erroneous information I may have regarding the information contained within. 4. Avoid any legal problems stemming from non-disclosure or copyright questions. A comprehensive Bibliograpy will be a part of this volume.
    [Show full text]
  • The Human Machine Art Interface: Arcade Port Aesthetics and Production Practices
    The Human Machine Art Interface: Arcade Port Aesthetics and Production Practices Kieran Nolan GV2 Research Group School of Computer Science and Statistics Trinity College, Dublin +353-868227888 [email protected] ABSTRACT This research focuses on the aesthetic properties and production processes of arcade to home computer game ports during the 1980s and 1990s, in particular arcade titles originating in Japan that were licensed by UK based software houses for the 8-bit and 16-bit microcomputer market. The conversion teams worked within the unique constraints of 6 main platforms, namely the ZX Spectrum, Amstrad / Schneider CPC, Commodore 64, Atari ST, Commodore Amiga, and MS-DOS PC. In all the examples discussed, the original arcade cabinet was used as the core audiovisual and gameplay reference. As a human mediated process, the conversion of the digital material of arcade game to home computers not only bore the audiovisual constraints of the target platforms, but also the creative signatures of the conversion teams. The most successful home ports succeeded in capturing the essence of the arcade originals, while positively augmenting the gameplay, narrative, and overall aesthetic. Keywords arcade, home computer, video game, art, aesthetics, port, conversion, platform INTRODUCTION This paper concentrates on the creative processes and aesthetic properties, both audiovisual and interactive, of arcade to home computer game conversions in the 1980s and 1990s. It focuses mainly on arcade games licensed by third party developers for conversion to western 8-bit and 16-bit microcomputer platforms by UK based software houses, with findings based on first hand interaction with home arcade ports, alongside developer interviews sourced from video game magazines of the period.
    [Show full text]
  • An Introduction to the Video Games World
    An introduction to the video games world S. Natkin, [email protected] http://cedric.cnam.fr/ htpp://www.enjmin.fr/ 1 The six cycles of the video game history: the starting point Each cycle start with a new technology, a fast growth, a much faster collapse with a prefiguration of the next cycle. End of the 60 some pong and spacewar games as computer demonstrators The following conditions are fulfilled in the early 70: – A powerful toy industry – TV sets in many family – Practice of mechanical games (flippers) in arcade rooms – Growth of the chlidrens purchasing power – Computer are used for other purposes than business ans scientific computation In 1972 Intels presents the first micro processor. The Video Game history can start 2 1972-1976: Atari 1 1972 Nolan Bushnell creates the first VG company Atary and the first commercial CG: Pong (arcade) 100000 pieces are sold in a few months 1976 the Pong Console: great and immediate sucess. Warner buys Atari for 28 millions $ 1977 increasing number of one game consoles with poor games Xmas 1977 first fall out of the CG industry 1976 Apple II 3 1977-1983: Atari 2 1977 Atari VCS, 323 millions $ sales, 20 millions profit 1978 Pac Man 22 millions game will be sold 1983 too much poor games, compared to micro computers, VG looks as an old fashioned gadget: “the end of VG” 1983 Nitendo NES 4 1983–1989 Home computers In Japan instantaneous success of the NES: low price, licensing and quality control by Nintendo, games for 8-10 child In US and Europe, growth of the home computer market: Commodore,
    [Show full text]
  • Atari, Creative Making & Zombie Computers: Robbo. Solucja
    Marecki: Atari, Creative Making & Zombie Computers Atari, Creative Making & Zombie Computers: Robbo. Solucja. Piotr Marecki Jagiellonian University [email protected] Abstract In 1989, Janusz Pelc wrote the game Robbo on an 8-bit Atari, one of the first personal computers, which enjoyed a cult-like status in Poland before the fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989. Robbo, a small robot, collects screws and has to get through 56 planets. The game has achieved cult status, spawning hundreds of remixes and modifications. Beginning in the 1980s, fans (once mainly young boys, today adult men) played this game, collecting screws and running away from enemies such as bats, flying eyes, devils etc., while drinking beer, smoking cigarettes, eating crisps and telling jokes. One of the places where you play Robbo are the so-called demoparties, which gather computer geeks, technology nerds and fans of old computers. They are the heroes of Robbo. Walkthrough (2018), the first computer generated book published in Polish asRobbo. Solucja. The game’s basis is a text generator with soundtrack, made using technology original to the Atari. The concept and text was created by Piotr Marecki. The project was presented as part of the wild compo during the demoparty Silly Venture 2017 in Gdańsk. The program lasts 56 minutes and generates walkthrough for the 56 individual planets. However, it is looped, so it generates an inexhaustible amount of solutions, one of which contains a published book. All of the elements of the work – text, music, code, composition, as well as graphics – were created by Polish Atari enthusiasts.
    [Show full text]
  • Retro Desktops for Retro Computers
    Retro desktops for retro computers From 8-bit to Atari, Amiga & friends François Revol [email protected] Little boxes from the 80s ● 8bit CPU (6502, z80…) ● Up to 64kB of RAM, sometimes more (banking) ● Text display (≤40 columns); �� ● Graphics (no standard, lots of restrictions) ● Sound: synth chip (YM, SID…) ● Cassette tape, floppy if you’re lucky; RS-232 ● Usually running Microsoft BASIC Contiki [BSD] ● Started as a multitasking OS for C64 ● Ported to many other 8bit (1.x; fork & archive), – then to sensor nodes (IoT) for 2.0 ● Protothreads (switch()-based coroutines) ● IPv4 & v6 (Cisco-certified!) ● “Graphical” User Interface (CTK) + VNC server ● Web browser, IRC… Contiki Contiki – about.c #include <string.h> #include "contiki.h" #include "ctk/ctk.h" #include "lib/petsciiconv.h" static struct ctk_window aboutdialog; static struct ctk_label aboutlabel1 = {CTK_LABEL(2, 0, 28, 1, "The Contiki Operating System")}; static struct ctk_label aboutlabel2 = {CTK_LABEL(3, 2, 28, 1, "A modern, Internet-enabled")}; static struct ctk_label aboutlabel3 = {CTK_LABEL(6, 3, 20, 1, "operating system and")}; static struct ctk_label aboutlabel4 = {CTK_LABEL(6, 4, 20, 1, "desktop environment.")}; static char abouturl_petscii[] = "http://www.sics.se/~adam/contiki/ "; static char abouturl_ascii[40]; static struct ctk_hyperlink abouturl = {CTK_HYPERLINK(0, 6, 32, "http://www.sics.se/~adam/contiki/", abouturl_ascii)}; static struct ctk_button aboutclose = {CTK_BUTTON(12, 8, 5, "Close")}; PROCESS(about_process, "About Contiki"); AUTOSTART_PROCESSES(&about_process);
    [Show full text]
  • 1987- 88 Catalog
    1987-88 Catalog THE SHAPES OF THINGS TO COME •' I ELECTRONIC ARTS® SIMULATIONS 1 The Shapes of Things to Come Chuck Yeager's The cube. The sphere. The tetrahedron. When Advanced Flight ·We started out five years ago, all we had were Trainer TM three shapes, a handful of software artists­ by Gen. Chuck Yeager and and one vision: to make the best, most inno­ Ned Lerner vative software money can buy. • The catalog you're holding now is a celebra­ tion of that vision-over 140 products designed to stretch your imagination and make your per­ sonal computer worth owning. Products like Commodore 64, IBM/Tandy Chuck Yeager's Advanced Flight Trainer, Climb into the cockpit with Chuck Yeager, the greatest test pilot of the fastest and most realistic flight program them all' Learn the basics of flying Cessnas-and the thrill of testing ever. Like Starflight-still America's favorite Mach-speed aircraft. Take an X-3 or an F-18 out for a joyride. Shatter the sound barrier in the Bell X-1. Test and evaluate aircraft using ac­ PC space fantasy. Like Earl Weaver Baseball tual evaluation charts. Follow Yeager through death-defying obstacle and Ferrari Formula One, from our new courses and complex maneuvers-you'll learn it all from one of the Sports Legends line of world-class sports great heroes of aviation! software. • 14 different aircraft at your • Fly to the edge of space, and e It's also a celebration of five years of command-including three push experimental aircraft to growth, bringing with it new ideas like the fantasy experimental planes the limit Deluxe Creativity Series-the software no • Fly Yeager's wing in the forma­ • Realistic instrument panel and Amiga or Apple IIGS owner would be without.
    [Show full text]
  • A Rationale for Carboplatin Treatment and Abdominal Hyperthermia in Cancers Restricted to the Peritoneal Cavity1
    (CANCER RESEARCH 52, 1252-1258, March 1, 1992] A Rationale for Carboplatin Treatment and Abdominal Hyperthermia in Cancers Restricted to the Peritoneal Cavity1 Gerrit Los,2 Oskar A. G. Smals, Marianne J. H. van Vugt, Martin van der Vlist, Leo den Engelse, J. Gordon McVie, and H. M. Pinedo Divisions of Experimental Therapy [G. L., M. J. H. v. V., M. v. d. V., H. M. P.] and Chemical Carcinogenesis [L. d. E.J, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, 121 Plesmanlaan, 1066 CX Amsterdam, and Department of Radiotherapy, University of Amsterdam, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam [O. A. G. S.J, The Netherlands, and Cancer Research Campaign, London, England [J. G. M.J ABSTRACT cDDP3 is one of the most effective drugs available for i.p. treatment of ovarian carcinoma (9). Trials of single agent cDDP The purpose of this study was to optimize the treatment of cancers restricted to the peritoneal cavity by combining i.p. chemotherapy with or cDDP based combination therapy ¡.p.,in patients with abdominal hyperthermia. In vitro experiments demonstrated that the residual small volume ovarian cancer who had failed to respond uptake of carboplatin into CC531 tumor cells was increased at tempera to i.v. cDDP treatment, have demonstrated beneficial clinical tures higher than 41.5°Catdose levels of 5 and 50% cell kill. Carboplatin- results; 30% complete remissions after single agent cDDP DNA adduct formation and cytotoxicity, however, were already increased treatment (10) and 65% clinically free of disease after cDDP at temperatures of about 40°C,indicating that carboplatin-DNA adduct based combination therapy (11).
    [Show full text]
  • Atari Hard Disk File Systems Reference Guide
    ATARI HARD DISK FILE SYSTEMS REFERENCE GUIDE Jean Louis-Guérin (DrCoolZic) Version 1.2b September 2014 Table of Content How to Read this Document ............................................................................................... 5 PART I – ATARI HARD DISK FILE SYSTEM PARTITIONING GUIDE ............................... 7 Chapter 1. Partitioning Information ................................................................................. 8 1.1 Hardware Consideration .......................................................................................................... 8 1.2 Hard Disk File System Primer ................................................................................................. 8 1.3 Preparing a Drive ..................................................................................................................... 9 Chapter 2. Types of Partition used on Atari ..................................................................10 2.1 TOS Partitions ....................................................................................................................... 10 2.2 DOS/FAT Partitions ............................................................................................................... 10 2.2.1 Type and Limit of DOS/FAT Partitions .............................................................................. 10 2.2.2 Small DOS/FAT Partitions ................................................................................................. 10 2.2.3 Large DOS/FAT Partitions ................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Atari ST FD / HD Programming
    Atari ST FD/HD Programming Jean Louis-Guerin (DrCoolZic) V1.2 – November 2019 Atari ST Floppy Drives Programming Table of Content Table of Content .............................................................................................................................................. 2 Introduction...................................................................................................................................................... 3 Description of the Atari Disk Drive Hardware Interface .............................................................................. 3 Memory / DC Data Transfers ........................................................................................................................ 4 Read Transfers from FDC to Memory ...................................................................................................... 4 Write Transfers from Memory to FDC ...................................................................................................... 5 Transfer Chronogram .................................................................................................................................... 5 DMA Programming .......................................................................................................................................... 6 General Atari ST DMA Connection Block Diagram ...................................................................................... 6 DMA Registers Address Map .......................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Engineering Hardware Specification of the Atari ST Computer System
    Engineering Hardware Specification of the Atari ST Computer System The Atari Corporation Sunnyvale, California 7 January 1986 / Table of Contents ( 1. System Architecture 1 2. Main Syste~ ........•.... 4 2.1. Microprocessor Unit 4 2.2. Memory Configuration 4 2.3. Direct Memory Access 5 3. Graphics Subsystem ••.••. 7 3.1. Video Display Memory • e,_ 7 3.2. Video Configuration 8 4. Music Subsystem •••••• 10 4.1. Sound Synthesizer 10 4.2. Musical Instrument Communication 10 5. Device Subsystems •••••.• 12 5.1. Intelligent Keyboard 12 5.2. Video Interface 14 5.3. Parallel Interface 15 5.4. RS232 Interface 16 5.5. MIDI Interface 17 5.6. Disk Drive Interface 18 6. Components 23 (-~ 7. Expansion 24 8. Memory Map 25 9. I/O Map 27 10. Interrupt Table 31 11. Case Design 32 12. Power Supply 33 Appendix A ikbd Keyboard Layout 34 Appendix B References 35 Appendix C Notes ................................... 36 Atari Corp Confidential 7 January 1986 1 THE SCOPE OF THIS DOCUMENT is limited to a description of the ST computer system hardware characteristics and <: idiosyncrasies. This document does not provide a detailed description of ST component parts, peripheral devices, dev­ ice protocols, or software. References are provided for detailed inquiry. 1. System Architecture GraPhiCs / Music 1 /Subsystem 1Subsystem / ---------- 1 --------1 ~;!~em 1-------- 1 ---------- The ST Device --------1 Subsystems 1 The hardware architecture of the Atari Corporation ST (Sixteen/Thirty-two) computer system consists of a main sys­ tem, a graphics subsystem, a music subsystem, and several device subsystems (most of the device subsystems require ST resident intelligence).
    [Show full text]