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Perantau Bugis Dalam Narasi Sejarah: Sebuah Kritik Historiografi

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Perantau Bugis Dalam Narasi Sejarah: Sebuah Kritik Historiografi PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PERANTAU BUGIS DALAM NARASI SEJARAH: SEBUAH KRITIK HISTORIOGRAFI Tesis Untuk memenuhi persyaratan mendapat gelar Magister Humaniora (M.Hum.) di Program Magister Ilmu Religi dan Budaya, Universitas Shanata Dharma Yogyakarta Disusun Oleh: U M A R Nim: 136322018 PROGRAM MAGISTER ILMU RELIGI DAN BUDAYA UNIVERSITAS SANATA DHARMA YOGYAKARTA 2018 PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI iv PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI v PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI vi PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PERANTAU BUGIS DALAM NARASI SEJARAH: SEBUAH KRTIK HISTORIOGRAFI Umar ABSTRAK Perantau Bugis hadir dalam berbagai narasi sejarah. Setiap sejarawan tentu memiliki cara yang berbeda dalam proses penarasiannya. Narasi sejarah tersebut melahirkan berbagai pengertian tentang perantau Bugis. Salah satu pengertian yang sering dilekatkan oleh para sejarawan terhadap perantau Bugis adalah lekat dengan kehidupan bahari. Penelitian ini mengkaji bagaimana sejarawan menghadirkan perantau Bugis dalam narasi sejarahnya. Penelitian ini memakai model penelitian narasi sejarah yang dikembangkan oleh Hayden White. Ada tiga konsep Hayden White yang dipakai dalam penelitian ini, yaitu konsep Representasi, individu dan Moral. Konsep-konsep tersebut digunakan sebagai perangkat teoretis untuk menganalisa empat teks sejarah tentang perantau Bugis yang telah dipilih. Hasil analisa tersebut sekaligus menjadi kritik historiografi. Melalui penelitian ini ditemukan bahwa setiap sejarawan memiliki identifikasi yang berbeda tentang perantau Bugis dalam setiap narasinya. Orang Bugis di Johor diidentifikasi lekat dengan kekuasaan oleh Kesuma. Orang Bugis di Bali diidentikkan dengan perdagangan oleh Suwitha. Orang Bugis di Kamal Muara lekat dengan Nelayan menurut Said dan Prabowo. Terakhir orang Bugis di Ambon diidentikkan dengan Islam oleh Sholeh. Setiap sejarawan memiliki posisi yang berbeda dalam menarasikan perantau Bugis. Kecenderungan kesimpulan mereka tidak lepas dari latar belakang mereka masing-masing. Kata kunci: Perantau Bugis, Narasi sejarah, Hayden White, Kritik Historiografi. vii PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI BUGINESE MIGRANTS IN HISTORICAL NARRATIVES: A HISTORIOGRAPHICAL CRITIQUE Umar Abstract Buginese migrants are present in various historical narratives. Every historian also has a different way in presenting their narrating process. Those historical narratives gave birth to various notions of Buginese migrants. One of the notions often attributed by historians to Buginese migrants is their lives are almost always associated with the sea. The purpose of this research is to examine how historians present Buginese migrants in their historical narratives. This research uses the historical narrative research model developed by Hayden White. There are three Hayden White’s concepts used in this study, among others, the concept of Representation, Individual, and Morals. These concepts are theoretical tools to analyze four historical texts about Buginese migrants. The results of these analyses become a historiographical critique. This research found that every historian has a different identification of Buginese migrants in each of their narratives. The Buginese people in Johor are identified as closely connected with power by Kesuma. Buginese people in Bali are associated with trade by Suwitha. The Buginese people in Kamal Muara are closely associated with fishermen by Said and Prabowo. Lastly, Buginese people in Ambon are associated with Islam by Sholeh. Each historian has a different position in narrating Buginese migrants. Their tendencies are affected by their own background. Keywords: Buginese Migrants, Historical Narratives, Hayden White, Historiographical Critique viii PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI KATA PENGANTAR Tesis ini bermula dari pengalaman saya yang memilih meninggalkan kampung halaman, namun selalu ragu menyebutnya sebagai prantauan. Keraguan itu muncul karena apa yang saya alami sepertinya tidak seheroik cerita pengalaman perantauan orang Bugis yang pernah saya dengar. Akan tetapi, Proses pengerjaan tesis ini tetap saya ibaratkan sebagai perjalanan manusia Bugis yang memilih merantau, meninggalkan tanah kelahiran untuk menjalani kehidupan. Dalam prosesnya, kehidupan seperti menuntun saya memilih kuliah di program studi Ilmu Religi dan Budaya (IRB) Universitas Sanata Dharma, yang tidak pernah terbayang sebelumnya. Pengerjaan tesis ini merupakan proses terakhir di IRB sebagai syarat untuk merampungkan studi, sebelum melanjutkan perjalanan kehidupan lainnya. Ada banyak pihak yang terkait selama proses pengerjaan tesis ini dan selama saya menempuh studi di IRB. Pertama dan teristimewa ucapan terima kasih kepada kedua orang tua dan saudara-saudara saya, tanpa mereka studi ini tidak mungkin rampung. Terima kasih saya haturkan kepada Dr. FX. Baskara T. Wardaya, S.J selaku pembimbing tesis ini. Terima kasih kepada Dr. G. Budi Subanar, S.J selaku direktur pascasarjana yang telah memperkenalkan IRB dan memberi kemudahan lainnya berupa fasilitas beasiswa penelitian. Kepada ketua program studi Ilmu Religi dan Budaya, Dr. Y. Tri Subagya. Kepada dosen-dosen lainnya Dr. St. Sunardi, Prof. Dr. A. Supratiknya, Dr. Katrin Bandel, Dr. Bagus Laksana, S.J, Dr. Alb. Budi Susanto S.J, Dr. Y. Devi Ardhiani terima kasih atas transfer ilmunya dan telah mewarnai pengetahuan saya selama ini. Kepada Mbak Desi dan Mbak Dita juga terima kasih. Kepada teman-teman IRB 2013, Cahyo, Pomat, Hans, Alexander Koko, Anto, Anne, Umi, Vina, Padmo, Felo, Jolni, Andre, Pak Riwi, Efraem, Alfons, Mas Lukas, Ali Antoni, Yekti dan generasi lainya yang selama ini bersama-sama melakoni proses di IRB. Terima kasih kepada teman-teman belajar bersama Pusdep. Kepada Gogor yang menyediakan trova studio sebagai tempat merampungkan tesis ini. Kepada sahabat Ipul, Noe, Cunni dan abdi yang lebih dulu selesai terima kasih telah menjadi teman ngopi membuat sulawesi selalu menarik walaupun kita berada di tanah seberang. Kepada teman sekaligus guru di Pusat Kajian Representasi Sosial terima kasih atas dorongan dan semangatnya untuk belajar tentang masyarakat kita sendiri. Tak lupa ucapan terima kasih kepada orang yang pernah mampir dan ikut mewarnai perjalanan kehidupan saya. Paling penting terima kasih dan puji syukur kepada Allah SWT yang selalu memberi jalan pada setiap kesulitan yang saya hadapi selama ini serta selalu memberi jalan dalam melakoni kehidupan selanjutnya. ix PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI DAFTAR ISI HALAMAN JUDUL ......................................................................................... i HALAMAN PERSETUJUAN DOSEN PEMBIMBING............................... ii HALAMAN PENGESAHAN........................................................................... PERNYATAAN KEASLIAN KARYA ........................................................... LEMBAR PERSETUJUAN KARYA ILMIAH ............................................ ABSTRAK ......................................................................................................... iv ABSTRACT ........................................................................................................ v KATA PENGANTAR....................................................................................... vii DAFTAR ISI...................................................................................................... ix DAFTAR GAMBAR......................................................................................... x DAFTAR LAMPIRAN ..................................................................................... xi BAB I. PENDAHULUAN ................................................................................ 1 A. Latar Belakang .............................................................................................. 1 B. Tema Penelitian ............................................................................................ 6 C. Rumusan Masalah ......................................................................................... 6 D. Tujuan Penelitian .......................................................................................... 6 E. Manfaat Penelitian ........................................................................................ 7 F. Tinjauan Pustaka ........................................................................................... 7 G. Kerangka Teori.............................................................................................. 12 1. Representasi ............................................................................................ 16 2. Individu ................................................................................................... 17 3. Moral....................................................................................................... 18 H. Metode........................................................................................................... 19 I. Sistematika penulisan.................................................................................... 19 BAB II. PERKEMBANGAN HISTORIOGRAFI BUGIS............................ 22 A. Peran Pemerintah Kolonial ......................................................................... 26 B. Aktivitas Ilmuan Asing selain Pemerintah Kolonial .................................. 29 C. Narasi Intelektual Lokal............................................................................... 33 D. Jejak Tertulis orang Bugis di Tanah Rantau...............................................
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