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Technical Report

Phase I 1997-2001

ITTO PROJECT PD 12/97 REV.1 (F)

Forest, Science and Sustainability:
The Bulungan Model Forest

ITTO

Copyright © 2002

International Tropical Timber Organization

International Organization Center, 5th Floor Pacifico - Yokohama 1-1-1 Minato - Mirai, Nishi - ku Yokohama - City, Japan 220-0012 Tel. : +81 (45) 2231110; Fax: +81 (45) 2231110 E-mail: [email protected] Web site: http://www.itto.or.jp

Center for International Forestry Research

Mailing address: P.O. Box 6596 JKPWB, Jakarta 10065, Indonesia Office address: Jl. CIFOR, Situ Gede, Sindang Barang, Bogor Barat 16680, Indonesia Tel.: +62 (251) 622622; Fax: +62 (251) 622100 E-mail: [email protected] Web site: http://www.cifor.cgiar.org

Financial support from the International Tropical Timber Organization (ITTO) through the Project PD 12/97 Rev.1 (F),   Forest, Science and Sustainability: The Bulungan Model Forest   is gratefully acknowledged

ii

Contents

Acronyms and Abbreviations Foreword iv vi
Acknowledgements Executive summary viii ix
1. 2. 3. 4.

  • Introduction
  • 1

Overview of Approaches and Methods General Description of the Bulungan Research Forest Research on Logging
48
23
4.a. Comparison of Reduced-Impact Logging and Conventional

  • Logging Techniques
  • 23

26
4.b. Reduced-Impact Logging in Indonesian Borneo:
Some Results Confirming the Need for New Silvicultural Prescriptions

4.c. Cost-benefit Analysis of Reduced-Impact Logging in

  • a Lowland Dipterocarp Forest of Malinau, East Kalimantan
  • 39

  • 57
  • 5.

6. 7.
Biodiversity Research in Malinau

  • People’s Dependencies on Forests
  • 109

Negotiating More than Boundaries: Conflict, Power and Agreement Building in the Demarcation of Village Borders

  • in Malinau
  • 131

8.

9.
Research in Bulungan Model Forest: The Management of

  • a Large, Multistakeholder Forest
  • 157

  • 162
  • Annex (In CD-ROM)

iii

Acronyms and Abbreviations

  • AAC
  • Annual Allowable Cut

DAS DBH DEM DR
Daerah Aliran Sungai (Watershed) Diameter at Breast Height Digital Elevation Model

  • ACIAR
  • Australian Centre for International

Agricultural Research
ACM Al
Adaptive Co-Management Aluminum
Dana Reboisasi (Reforestation Fund) Diameter at Reference Height Food and Agriculture Organization Iron
DRH FAO Fe

  • AMDAL
  • Analisis Dampak Lingkungan

(Environmental Impact Assessment)
ANOVA APHI
Statistical Analyses of Variance

  • FORDA
  • Forestry Research and Development

Agency
Asosiasi Pengusaha Hutan Indonesia (Association of the Indonesian Forest Concessionaires)
FPP GIS
Forest Products and People Geographic Information System Global Positioning System

  • asl
  • Above sea level

GPS

GTZ

  • BAF
  • Basal Area Factor

Deutsche Gessellschaft für Technische

Zusammenarbeit
BALITBANG Balai Penelitian dan Pengembangan
(Research and Development Center)

  • H
  • Hydrogen

Hectare Water
BAPPEDA Badan Perencanaan Pembangunan
Daerah (Regional Development Planning Board) ha H2O

  • HPH
  • BDMS
  • Bara Dinamika Muda Sukses, a name of

coal mining company
Hak Pengusahaan Hutan (Forest Concession Rights)
[BI]

Indonesian (Bahasa Indonesia)

  • HSI
  • Heavy Soil Impact

  • BI
  • Bifurcation index
  • Hue
  • (Soil) Dominant color

  • BIOMA
  • Yayasan Biosfer Manusia (Human

Biosphere Foundation)

  • ICRAF
  • International Center for Research in

Agroforestry
BIOTROP Southeast Asian Center for Tropical
Biology
IFAD IHH
International Fund for Agricultural Development

  • BRF
  • Bulungan Research Forest

Carbon
Iuran Hasil Hutan (Forest Product Royalties)
C

  • IHPH
  • Iuran Hak Pengusahaan Hutan (Forest

Concession License Fee)

  • C/N
  • Carbon to Nitrogen ratio

CD-ROM CEC
Compact Disc Read Only Memory Cation Exchange Capacity (Soil) Color Purity or Strength Center for International Forestry Research
INHUTANI Eksploitasi dan Industri Hutan (Forest
Exploitation and Industries), a name of the State-owned forest enterprise
Chrome CIFOR CIRAD

  • IPB
  • Institut Pertanian Bogor (Bogor

Agricultural University)
Centre de Cooperation Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement
IPPK IRD
Ijin Pemungutan dan Pemanfaatan Kayu (Wood Utilization and Harvesting Permitt)
CNV

C-Org CV
Conventional Logging Organic Carbon
Institut de Recherche pour le Développement
Commanditaire Vennootschap (Limited Partnership)

  • ITTO
  • International Tropical Timber

Organization

iv

  • IUCN
  • International Union for Conservation of

Nature and Natural Resources, now known as the World Coservation Union
RKPH RKT
Rencana Karya Pengusahaan Hutan (Forest Management Plan) Rencana Kerja Tahunan (Annual Work

  • Plan)
  • [K]

K
Kenyah language

  • Potassium
  • ROADENG Road Engineering

KCl LIPI

  • Potasssium Chloride
  • SD
  • Standard Deviation

Lembaga Ilmu Pengetahuan Indonesia (The Indonesian Institute of Sciences).

  • SDM
  • Sumber Daya Manusia (Human

Resources)
LSD LSI
Least Square Distance Low Soil Impact
SEKWILDA Sekretaris Wilayah Daerah (District
Secretary)
SFM SHK
Sustainable Forest Management
LUV

[M]
Local User’s Value Merap language Merap ethnicity
Sistem Hutan Kemasyarakatan (Forest Community System)

m

SOFTREE Computer software for inventory and topographic mapping

  • me/100g
  • Milli-equivalent (ionic concentration unit)/

100 grams

  • sp.
  • A species (name unknown)

  • Mg
  • Magnesium

spp.

SPSS species (plural) in a given genus
MLA

MOF MSI N
Multidisciplinary Landscape Assessment Ministry of Forestry
Statistical Packages for the Social Sciences ©
Moderate Soil Impact

Nitrogen
Tau ( ) TFF
Test statistic of Kendall’s rank coefficient Tropical Forest Foundation

  • Na
  • Sodium

  • TPn
  • Tempat Penimbunan Kayu Sementara

(Temporary Log Landing)
NARS NGO NH4OAc NRM NTFP [P]
National Agricultural Research System Non-Governmental Organization Ammonium Acetate

  • TPTI
  • Tebang Pilih dan Tanam Indonesia (The

Indonesian Selective Logging and Planting System).
Natural Resources Management

Non Timber Forest Product Punan language
UNESCO UNMUL USAID
United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization Universitas Mulawarman (Mulawarman University)

  • P
  • Phosphorus

p

Punan ethnicity
United States Agency for International

Development

  • PD
  • Project Document

PDM phi
Pebble Distribution Method
USDA

Value WCS WWF
United State Department of Agriculture (Soil) Color Brightness
Statistical measure of relationship strength
Wildlife Conservation Society

World Wide Fund for Nature

  • PMDH
  • Pembinaan Masyarakat Desa Hutan

(Community Assistance required from Forest Concessions)

  • PPT
  • Pusat Penelitian Tanah (Center for Soil

Research)

  • PT
  • Perseroan Terbatas (Limited Liability

Company)

  • p-value
  • estimated probability (of result occurring

by chance under a stated null hypothesis)
RePPPRoT Regional Physical Planning Programme for Transmigration

  • RIL
  • Reduced-Impact Logging

v

Foreword

Forest, Science and Sustainability: Bulungan Model Forest

the Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR) have played the leading role on the research side. Scientists and students from LIPI, CIRAD- Forêt, IRD, and several universities have also participated. Indonesia’s Ministry of Forestry, PT INHUTANI II, PTTrakindo Utama, Caterpillar Asia, the District Government of Malinau, several NGOs and dozens of local communities have all been heavily involved on the development and implementation side.
Specialists in tropical forestry generally agree that to achieve sustainable management of production forests one must be able to convince private companies that they can benefit from adopting forestry practices that cause less damage to the residual stand. Likewise, government agencies have to develop new rules and regulations based on solid economic and ecological data that reduce private companies’ administrative burdens and operating costs while keeping the environmental impact of production activities to a minimum. One must also find ways to reduce conflict between private companies, local communities, national and local governments and environmental organizations. That, in turn, requires better understanding of the needs and expectations of each party.
These things are much easier to say than to implement in the field. Nevertheless, over the last five years a unique partnership involving researchers from several institutions with government officials, private companies, NGOs, and local communities has made significant strides towards achieving these goals in the District of Malinau in East Kalimantan, Indonesia.
Through their experiments at a commercial scale, the researchers have been able to demonstrate that Reduced Impact Logging practices can not only reduce damage to the residual stand by 50%, they can also improve companies’ profits by increasing the productivity of their felling and skidding operations. The researchers also showed that companies could harvest 7–9 trees per hectare and still keep the damage to the residual stand and to soil and water resources at an acceptable level. If the companies follow these guidelines they probably wouldn’t need to engage in costly regeneration treatments. Thus, the government would no longer have to require such treatments and monitor their implementation. This is obviously of interest to both the companies and the government agencies. Since several companies such as PT INHUTANI II and PT Trakindo Utama have been involved in the process from the start they can feel completely confident about the reliability of the results.
The initial initiative for this partnership came from the Ministry of Forestry of Indonesia and the ITTO. The strong political support from the Ministry and the generous financial support and technical advice from ITTO provided a framework in which it was possible to attract additional contributions from the MacArthur and Ford Foundations,ACIAR, IFAD, CIRAD-Forêt, IRD, PT INHUTANI II, PT Trakindo Utama, Caterpillar Asia, LIPI, and others.

  • By using
  • a
  • new technique called

Multidisciplinary Landscape Assessment the researchers were able to carefully document which animal and plants species different groups of local people used and how important these species were to them. These efforts gave special attention to previously marginalized groups such as the Punan, who have traditionally been hunters and gatherers
Within the partnership, Indonesia’s Forestry
Research and Development Agency (FORDA) and

vi

and depend very heavily on the forests for their livelihoods. Such assessments, as well as systematic reviews of existing literature from other locations, are now beginning to serve as the basis for discussions about land use planning. They are also contributing to identifying new forestry practices and regulations that can help to protect those plant and animal species that communities value the most. This will help to minimize conflicts between companies and local communities resulting from practices that negatively affect the species that local people depend on.
Multistakeholder dialogues involving national and local government officials, private companies and local communities, and participatory mapping of community land claims provide other important tools for reducing conflict. Indonesia still has limited experience with these tools, so they must be tested to determine what is most likely to work under local conditions. Recent workshops at the district level and mapping exercises in some 22 villages have provided valuable lessons for how such methods could be used most effectively in the future.
To move from tests and validation to widescale implementation one needs to train and mentor local foresters, government officials and the students that will be the foresters of the future. Hence, from the beginning, capacity building has been an important part of this partnership.
As the two executing agencies involved in this effort, FORDA and CIFOR are extremely grateful for all of the support that we have received from ITTO, the Ministry of Forestry and the other agencies and groups mentioned above. We have a long-term commitment to working in the Malinau District. We are convinced that efforts such as these will go a long way towards advancing ITTO’s Year 2000 objective for sustainable forest management, and towards achieving the goals of all the groups that have taken part in the efforts in Malinau over the last few years. We hope that you will find this report of use in your own activities and we look forward to working together with you to achieve sustainable forest management in the coming years.

Ir. A. Fattah DS, MBA Director General
Dr. David Kaimowitz Director General
Forestry Research and Development Agency (FORDA) Ministry of Forestry of Indonesia
Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR)

vii

ꢀꢀAcknowledgements

CIFOR and FORDA, as the Project Executing Agencies, wish to thank ITTO, the Ministry of Forestry of the Republic of Indonesia, Cirad-Forêt, IRD, IHUTANI II, the Government of the District of Malinau, PT Trakindo Utama, CaterpillarAsia, the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation, the Ford Foundation, IFAD, ACIAR, LIPI, BIOMA, UNMUL, USAID, IPB, Konsortium Sistem Hutan Kemasyarakatan, and all partners and collaborators for their full support in the execution of the project. Special thanks and appreciation go to the members of the Project Steering Committee for their support and invaluable advice and criticism. Sincere thanks go to Prof. Jeffrey A. Sayer and Dr. Cynthia Mackie for kindly reviewing the report.

viii

Executive summary

Research in Bulungan Model Forest: the management of a large, multistakeholder forest

able to meet the same daily volume in a shorter time than using conventional techniques.
RIL is a silvicultural approach, but the techniques can also combine with the forest dwellers’ dependencies that the project’s biodiversity research highlighted. Reducing damage to forests during harvesting is the most obvious step in lessening the impact of logging on vertebrates. In particular, it is important to minimise the area of severely damaged forest.
RIL techniques, as part of a more moderate extraction regime, are essential, not only from the perspective of the growth and survival of the residual stand, but also the longer-term ecological sustainability of the forest. New silvicultural prescriptions should be considered as a way to improve forest-harvesting operations.
CIFOR’s research in the Bulungan Model Forest in Malinau, East Kalimantan took the form of a 3-year investigation into ways of achieving forest sustainability in a ‘large forest landscape’ with diverse, rapidly changing and conflicting uses. CIFOR took a challenging approach to the research that emphasized the need to devise better methods for an iterative research process so that all the key players could participate in defining research priorities to address long-term forest management and sustainability. The work proceeded along several complementary lines where technical, institutional and economic factors could be assessed and combined successfully. The lessons learned provide baseline information that will support longer-term research.

Biodiversity across the landscape

The main objective of the project’s research into the biodiversity of the area was to use multidisciplinary methods across the landscape to provide clear, and where possible, quantifiable, information on the local values placed on flora and fauna.
Our studies have provided baseline data on several major taxonomic groups. In many cases, and for plants and fish in particular, the records are part of a wider collection of information that includes geographical locations, ecological parameters and the needs and preferences of local communities.
The natural forest is threatened because current forest degradation is happening so fast. The forest understorey may be a key factor in conserving species that are valuable to local people, as well as preserving the habitat and controlling soil erosion

Reducing the impact of logging on the forest

The main objective of this work was to assess how far reduced-impact logging (RIL) can reduce logging damage under varying felling intensities. RIL significantly reduced damage to the residual stand, and the cost savings from RIL skidding outweighed the additional costs of training and supervision. One of the most important benefits was the significant reduction of wood waste left in the forest, representing a saving of about 11% for each cubic metre of commercial volume produced. Introducing RIL increases initial costs, but the fellers and skidder operators involved in the experiment found they were

ix

and water turbidity. The CIFOR research has allowed a GIS database to be started that could be used by all the stakeholders as one of the mechanisms for coordination and consensus on forest management.
The Malinau work has highlighted the need development and the immediate threat that encourages the illegal use of the forest.

Coordination and agreement in boundary negotiations

to understand in detail the effect that management techniques have on species important to the local people. There are also many species of global conservation interest in the Malinau area. Through our review of what we know about the sensitivities of these species it will be possible to formulate improved guidelines for forestry practices.
Boundary negotiations in Malinau highlighted the deeply political nature of coordination efforts among local communities, government and the private sector in the management of the forest landscape, and the uneven distribution of influence underlying them, even among seemingly homogenous community groups. The more intense the underlying struggle, the more fluid the interests, agreements and coordination are likely to be.
The research pursued mechanisms for constructive conflict management, focusing on the use of agreements to settle dispute. However, the work revealed that agreement building was not necessarily fair or acceptable to all the people concerned. Building a supportive political constituency through consultation and transparent decision making was key to creating a more lasting agreement.

Forest people’s dependency on forest products

CIFOR sought to investigate the nature of the forest dweller’s dependency on forest products in the Malinau landscape. Economic dependency on forest products is seldom the result of free choice; it is often the sole option available to forest people to generate cash income. The traders decide which product they want to buy; they organize the collecting and control the marketing chain. It is this dependency that needed to be understood.
Research among the Punan people showed that as soon as new options are made available— labouring for concessionaires, migration to Malaysia, etc.—the dependency on forest products is reduced. However, not all forest people are guaranteed equal rights to access these new opportunities.
The research demonstrated the nature of coordination and agreement making in Malinau and its current vulnerabilities. Very real gains have been made in empowering local communities to begin the process of asserting claims to their territories and of establishing debate about rights associated with those claims.

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