DOCSLIB.ORG

CELAL BAYAR and POLITICAL LEADERSHIP, 1937-1960 a Ph.D

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
CELAL BAYAR and POLITICAL LEADERSHIP, 1937-1960 a Ph.D CELAL BAYAR AND POLITICAL LEADERSHIP, 1937-1960 A Ph.D Dissertation by AHU YĠĞĠT Department of Political Science Ġhsan Doğramacı Bilkent University Ankara January 2013 CELAL BAYAR AND POLITICAL LEADERSHIP, 1937-1960 Graduate School of Economics and Social Sciences of Ġhsan Doğramacı Bilkent University by AHU YĠĞĠT In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in THE DEPARTMENT OF POLITICAL SCIENCE ĠHSAN DOĞRAMACI BĠLKENT UNIVERSITY ANKARA January 2013 I certify that I have read this thesis and have found that it is fully adequate in scope and in quality, as a thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Political Science. --------------------------------------- Professor Metin Heper Supervisor I certify that I have read this thesis and have found that it is fully adequate in scope and in quality, as a thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Political Science. -------------------------------------- Professor Tanel Demirel Examining Committee Member I certify that I have read this thesis and have found that it is fully adequate in scope and in quality, as a thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Political Science. --------------------------------------- Assistant Professor Nur Bilge Criss Examining Committee Member I certify that I have read this thesis and have found that it is fully adequate in scope and in quality, as a thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Political Science. --------------------------------------- Assistant Professor Ġlker Aytürk Examining Committee Member I certify that I have read this thesis and have found that it is fully adequate in scope and in quality, as a thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Political Science. --------------------------------------- Assistant Professor Berrak Burçak Examining Committee Member Approval of the Graduate School of Economics and Social Sciences --------------------------------------- Professor Erdal Erel Director ABSTRACT CELAL BAYAR AND POLITICAL LEADERSHIP, 1937-1960 Yiğit, Ahu Ph.D., Department of Political Science Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Metin Heper January 2013 This dissertation sets its objective as studying Celal Bayar‟s leadership from 1937 to 1960 in order to present the portrait of Bayar as a political leader. The interactive approach is employed to structure this analysis. In line with this approach, external and internal resources of Bayar‟s leadership are defined. External resources are considered with regard to institutional and non-institutional aspects. The non-institutional resources referred to are the main characteristics of economy, of international relations and of political regime in 1937-1960. Institutional aspect of Bayar‟s leadership in 1937-1960 is studied with regard to executive offices he held. With regard to the internal resources of leadership, the effects of certain life experiences on Bayar‟s politics and his understanding of major political concepts such as democracy and secularism are discussed. Primary and secondary resources, as well as interviews with his close circle provide the material for this study. In the conclusion part, the impact of certain internal iii resources on his leadership, such as his commitment to the main principles of the Republican regime is acknowledged but it is pointed out that external resources, such as Atatürk‟s trust in him, had a greater impact on his leadership. It is also observed that the portrait of Bayar as a political leader falls in a category in between a state elite and a political elite. Regarding the interactive approach, it is concluded that under non-institutionalized regimes, the institutional offices lose their defining characteristics on leadership and that other resources such as the leader‟s relations with other leaders and his/her interpretation of political office gains extra emphasis. Keywords: Political leadership, Celal Bayar, the Democrat Party, the Interactive Approach iv ÖZET CELAL BAYAR VE SİYASİ LİDERLİK, 1937-1960 Yiğit, Ahu Doktora, Siyaset Bilimi Bölümü Tez Yöneticisi: Prof. Dr. Metin Heper Ocak 2013 Bu çalıĢma 1937-1960 yılları için Celal Bayar‟ın liderliğini incelemekte ve bir siyasi lider olarak Celal Bayar‟ın portresini çizmektedir. Bu analizin çerçevesini interaktif yaklaĢım belirlemektedir. Bu yaklaĢımın ıĢığında Bayar‟ın liderlik kaynakları içsel ve dıĢsal etkenler olarak incelenmekte ve bu etkenlerin Bayar‟ın liderliği üzerindeki etkileri tartıĢılmaktadır. Bu çalıĢmada dıĢsal etkenler kurumsal ve kurumsal olmayan özelliklerine göre değerlendirilmiĢtir. Ele alınan kurumsal olmayan dıĢsal etkenler arasında 1937-1960 yılları için ekonominin durumu, uluslararası iliĢkiler ve siyasi rejim yer almaktadır. Bayar‟ın liderliğini etkileyen kurumsal dıĢsal etkenler olarak da baĢbakanlık ve cumhurbaĢkanlığı ele alınmıĢtır. ÇalıĢmada değinilen içsel liderlik etkenleri arasında Bayar‟da iz bırakan hayat ve siyaset tecrübeleriyle demokrasi ve laiklik gibi belirli baĢlı siyasal kavramları yorumlaması yer almaktadır. Bu çalıĢma için Bayar‟ın yakınlarıyla görüĢmeler de dahil olmak üzere birincil ve ikincil kaynaklar v kullanılmıĢtır. ÇalıĢmanın sonuç kısmında, Bayar‟ın belirli içsel kaynaklarının liderliği üzerindeki önemine dikkat çekilmekte ancak netice itibariyle bazı dıĢsal etkenlerin Bayar‟ın siyasi hayatı açısından daha belirleyici olduğu sonucuna varılmaktadır. Bunun yanısıra, bir siyasetçi olarak Bayar‟ın devlet seçkinleriyle siyasi seçkinler arasında bir yerde bulunduğuna dikkat çekilmektedir. Ġnteraktif yaklaĢım açısındansa, kurumsallaĢmamıĢ rejimlerde liderlik pozisyonlarının pratikte önemlerini bir ölçüde yitirdikleri ve bu pozisyonların yerine incelenen liderin sistemdeki diğer liderlerle iliĢkileri ve kendi pozisyonunu yorumlaması gibi baĢka etkenlerin önem kazandıkları gözlenmektedir. Anahtar kelimeler: Siyasi liderlik, Celal Bayar, Demokrat Parti, Ġnteraktif YaklaĢım vi ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I received so much meaningful help during this long process. First and foremost, I would like to thank my supervisor Prof. Dr. Metin Heper for his endless support and wisdom. I also benefited a great deal from the suggestions brought forward by my committee members, Prof. Dr. Tanel Demirel, Assistant Prof. Dr. Berrak Burçak, Assistant Prof. Dr. Ġlker Aytürk and Assistant Prof. Dr. Nur Bilge Criss. Prof. Dr. Sabri Sayarı of Sabancı University and Prof. Dr. Kutsal YeĢilkağıt of Utrecht University provided valuable comments in the earlier stages of this research. I am grateful to TÜBĠTAK, The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey for the research grant they provided for a term of six months. I am also in debted to Leiden University‟s School of Asian, African, and Amerindian Studies, Turku University‟s Department of Contemporary History and Political Science, the Kone Foundation (Finland) and the Finnish Ministry of Education for their generosity and warm welcome. My friends had been a great moral support and I should mention Pelin Ayan, Sezen YaraĢ, Aylin Gürzel, Ġpek Oskay, Edip Bekaroğlu and Ville Laamanen in particular. I cannot thank my parents enough for all the support they provided throughout this process and also for their patience. I, literally, could not have completed this study without my husband Aaretti Siitonen‟s endless support. vii TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT .......................................................................................................... iii ÖZET ...................................................................................................................... v ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ................................................................................... vii TABLE OF CONTENTS ................................................................................... viii CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION ......................................................................... 1 1.1 An Introduction to the Study of Political Leadership .................................... 1 1.2 Objectives of the Study and the Theoretical Backdrop ................................. 3 1.3 Literature Review .......................................................................................... 6 1.4 Resources and Methodology........................................................................ 10 1.5 Organization of the Study ............................................................................ 15 CHAPTER II: THE INTERACTIVE APPROACH IN THE STUDY OF LEADERSHIP AND THE NON-INSTITUTIONAL RESOURCES OF LEADERSHIP IN 1923-1960 ............................................................................ 18 2.1. Interactive Approach in the Study of Leadership ....................................... 18 2.1.1 External Resources ................................................................................ 21 2.1.1.1 The Institutional Aspect of the External Leadership Resources .. 23 2.1.1.1.1 Characteristics of the Executive Position ................................ 23 2.1.1.1.2 The Leader‟s Relations with Other Executive Leaders and the Legislative Body ..................................................................................... 25 2.1.1.1.3 Relations with the Non-executive Branches of the State ......... 26 2.1.1.2 Non-institutional Aspects of External Resources of Leadership ... 27 viii 2.1.1.2.1 The Historical Context ............................................................. 27 2.1.1.2.2 International Context and Economic Background ................... 28 2.1.2 Internal Resources ................................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • 105. Yilinda Çanakkale Muharebelerine Bakiş © T.C
    105. YILINDA ÇANAKKALE MUHAREBELERİNE BAKIŞ © T.C. KÜLTÜR VE TURİZM BAKANLIĞI ÇANAKKALE SAVAŞLARI GELİBOLU TARİHİ ALAN BAŞKANLIĞI 3692 Çanakkale Savaşları Kitapları Dizisi ISBN: 978-975-17-4793-8 Editör Katkı Sunanlar Barış BORLAT Eda Karaca Burhan SAYILIR Gökşen Özen Gülper Ulusoy Editör Yardımcısı Kübra Beşkonaklıoğlu Aslıhan KERVAN Nevim Arıkan Serhat Kahyaoğlu Yayına Hazırlayan Utkan Emre Er Redaktör Yasemin BİRTANE Birinci Baskı 500 adet Ankara, 2020 Tasarım ve Baskı Kapak Fotoğrafı Miralay Mustafa Kemal (ATATÜRK) 5846 sayılı Kanun’dan doğan tüm hakları (tasarım, çoğaltma, yayma, umuma iletim, temsil ve işleme) Çanakkale Savaşları Gelibolu Tarihi Alan Başkanlığına aittir. Her hakkı saklıdır. Kaynak gösterilerek yapılacak kısa alıntılar dışında yayıncının izni olmaksızın hiçbir yolla çoğaltılamaz. 105. Yılında Çanakkale Muharebelerine Bakış. Ankara: Kültür ve Turizm Bakanlığı, 2020. 514 s.; rnk. res.: 21 cm. (Kültür ve Turizm Bakanlığı yayınları; 3692, Çanakkale Savaşları Gelibolu Tarihi Alan Başkanlığı Çanakkale Savaşları Kitapları Dizisi). ISBN: 978-975-17-4793-8 I. Borlat, Barış, Sayılır, Burhan. II. seriler 956.1 Çanakkale siperlerinde saatlerce süren ateş muharebesinden galip çıkan er bakışlı yiğitler çevresi TAKDİM Çanakkale Tarihi Alanı, Birinci Dünya Savaşı muharebe alanları içerisinde günümüze kadar korunarak gelebilen nadir sahalardan birisidir. Bu nedenle gerek Avrupa’dan gerekse ülkemizden askerî tarih çalışması yürüten değerli araştırma- cıların da önemli bir çalışma sahasıdır. Bu durumun günümüze kadar gelebilme- sinde bölgenin önce Milli Park statüsü ile koruma altına alınması daha sonra Tarihi Alan Başkanlığı idari yapısına dönüşmesinin önemli bir yeri vardır. Günümüzde de bu yaklaşım ile “açık hava müzesi” olması yolunda çalışmalarımıza devam etmek- teyiz. Çanakkale Tarihi Alanı, eskiçağdan günümüze kadar tarihlenen birçok kül- tür ve yerleşime de ev sahipliği yapmıştır.
    [Show full text]
  • The Southern Flank of NATO, 1951-1959: Military Stategy Or Poltical Stabilisation? Chourchoulis, Dionysios
    The southern flank of NATO, 1951-1959: military stategy or poltical stabilisation? Chourchoulis, Dionysios The copyright of this thesis rests with the author and no quotation from it or information derived from it may be published without the prior written consent of the author For additional information about this publication click this link. https://qmro.qmul.ac.uk/jspui/handle/123456789/702 Information about this research object was correct at the time of download; we occasionally make corrections to records, please therefore check the published record when citing. For more information contact [email protected] 1 THE SOUTHERN FLANK OF NATO, 1951-1959. MILITARY STRATEGY OR POLITICAL STABILISATION? Dionysios Chourchoulis Thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Queen Mary University of London Department of History September 2010 2 ABSTRACT In 1951-52, the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation established the Southern Flank, a strategy for the defence of the eastern Mediterranean in the Cold War involving Greece, Italy and Turkey. Among its many aims, the Southern Flank sought to mobilize Greece and Turkey as allies and integrate them into the Western defence system. Throughout 1950s, the alliance developed the Southern Flank and in 1959, it was finally stabilized as fractious Greek-Turkish relations were improved by the temporary settlement over Cyprus. These events are the focus of this thesis. It examines, among other things, the initial negotiations of 1951-52, the Southern Flank‟s structure and function and relative value in NATO‟s overall policy, and its response to the challenges of the eastern Mediterranean in the early Cold War.
    [Show full text]
  • 27 Mayıs 1960 Askeri Müdahalesi'nden 15 Temmuz
    Çağdaş Türkiye Tarihi Araştırmaları Dergisi Journal Of Modern Turkish History Studies Geliş Tarihi : 23.03.2020 Kabul Tarihi: 23.06.2020 XX/Özel Sayı (2020), ss. 243-283. 27 MAYIS 1960 ASKERİ MÜDAHALESİ’NDEN 15 TEMMUZ DARBE GİRİŞİMİ’NE TÜRKİYE’DE SİYASÎ YASAK VE MAHKÛMİYETLER Nurullah KIRKPINAR* Fevzi ÇAKMAK** Öz Birkaç yıl sonra bir asrı devirecek olan Türkiye Cumhuriyeti devletinin geçmişinde askeri müdahale, muhtıra ve darbe teşebbüsleri gibi Türk siyasal yaşamını ters-düz eden birçok olay örgüsü vardır. 1923’te kurulan genç Cumhuriyet, 27 Mayıs 1960 ve 12 Eylül 1980’de olmak üzere iki askeri müdahale; 12 Mart 1971 ve 28 Şubat 1997’de olmak üzere iki askeri muhtıra; 15 Temmuz 2016 tarihinde de bir darbe teşebbüsü ile karşı karşıya kaldı. 15 Temmuz dışında, bu süreçlerin aktif aktörü olan Türk Silahlı Kuvvetleri, her askeri darbe ve muhtıradan sonra devlet yönetiminde yeni oluşumlara yöneldi. İşte bu anlamda askeri müdahaleyi gerçekleştirenlerin öncelikli amaçlarından biri, kurum olarak sivil denetimi mümkün olduğu kadar uzaklaştırmak oldu. Bu bağlamda, 15 Temmuz haricinde geçmişteki askeri darbe ve muhtıralar her alanda olduğu gibi siyaset kurumuna da çok zarar vermişti. Bu darbe ve muhtıralardan sonra parti kapatmaları, siyasî davalar, tutukluluklar ve idamlar yaşandı. Aktörleri, oluşum, gelişim ve sonuçlarıyla diğerlerinden ayrı ele alınması gereken 15 Temmuz darbe girişiminde ise Türk milletinin iradesini arkasına alan siyaset kurumu, tarihte ilk kez bir darbe girişiminin başarısız kalmasında önemli rol oynadı. 1960, 1971, 1980 ve 1997’deki oluşumlardan (1960 ve 1980 olanı) bütün siyasilerin iktidardan indirilip sonradan yerlerine yeni bir siyasi düzen kurulması şeklinde gerçekleşmişti. Diğer ikisi (1971 ve 1997) ise askeri gücün, devlet yönetimindeki siyasiler üzerinde baskı kurması şeklindeydi.
    [Show full text]
  • The Impact of American Aid on the Turkish Military, 1947–60
    Cold War History ISSN: (Print) (Online) Journal homepage: https://www.tandfonline.com/loi/fcwh20 Lost in translation or transformation? The impact of American aid on the Turkish military, 1947–60 Serhat Guvenc & Mesut Uyar To cite this article: Serhat Guvenc & Mesut Uyar (2021): Lost in translation or transformation? The impact of American aid on the Turkish military, 1947–60, Cold War History, DOI: 10.1080/14682745.2020.1866551 To link to this article: https://doi.org/10.1080/14682745.2020.1866551 Published online: 08 Feb 2021. Submit your article to this journal Article views: 206 View related articles View Crossmark data Full Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at https://www.tandfonline.com/action/journalInformation?journalCode=fcwh20 COLD WAR HISTORY https://doi.org/10.1080/14682745.2020.1866551 Lost in translation or transformation? The impact of American aid on the Turkish military, 1947–60 Serhat Guvenca and Mesut Uyar b aKadir Has University, Istanbul, Turkey; bAntalya Bilim University, Antalya, Turkey ABSTRACT KEYWORDS US–Turkish relations were marked by the primacy of military actors US-Turkey Relations; NATO; during the Cold War. This is considered to be the consequence of Turkish military; Military the so-called special relationship between the US and Turkish mili­ transformation; Foreign taries based on mutual trust. However, historical record suggests military assistance; US Foreign relations that the two militaries clashed over a number of institutional, strategic and cultural matters from the onset. The US military assistance did not result in Turkish military’s transformation along the US military system. Nevertheless, it precipitated a long overdue generational change within a decade.
    [Show full text]
  • The Making of Modern Turkey
    The making of modern Turkey Turkey had the distinction of being the first modern, secular state in a predominantly Islamic Middle East. In this major new study, Feroz Ahmad traces the work of generations of reformers, contrasting the institution builders of the nineteenth century with their successors, the ‘Young Turks’, engineers of a new social order. Written at a time when the Turkish military has been playing a prominent political role, The Making of Modern Turkey challenges the conventional wisdom of a monolithic and unchanging army. After a chapter on the Ottoman legacy, the book covers the period since the revolution of 1908, examining the processes by which the new Turkey was formed. Successive chapters then chart progress through the single-party regime set up by Atatürk, the multi-party period (1945– 60) and the three military interventions of 1960, 1971 and 1980. In conclusion, the author examines the choices facing Turkey’s leaders today. In contrast to most recent writing, throughout his analysis, the author emphasises socio-economic changes rather than continuities as the motor of Turkish politics. Feroz Ahmad is a professor of history at the University of Massachusetts at Boston. He is the author of The Young Turks (1969) and The Turkish Experiment in Democracy 1950–75 (1977). The Making of the Middle East Series State, Power and Politics in the Making of the Modern Middle East Roger Owen The making of modern Turkey Feroz Ahmad London and New York First published 1993 by Routledge 11 New Fetter Lane, London EC4P 4EE Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada by Routledge 29 West 35th Street, New York, NY 10001 Transferred to Digital Printing 2002 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2003.
    [Show full text]
  • 7 Military Intervention, Institutional Restructuring, and Ideological Politics, 1960–1971
    7 Military intervention, institutional restructuring, and ideological politics, 1960–1971 The military coup of 27 May 1960 was the first and the last successful military intervention made from outside the hierarchical structure of Turkey’s armed forces. There have been two other interventions (on 12 March 1971 and 12 September 1980) but these were the work of the High Command with the lower ranks kept at bay. The reason for this important change was the new role that the High Command assigned for itself after 1960 and transformed the very character of the Turkish armed forces. Until the Democrats came to power, the armed forces of Turkey were perhaps the most respected institution of the republic. The role that the soldier played in the national struggle and the creation of the new state gave him an honoured place in Kemalist society. The heroes of Kemalist Turkey. were soldiers like Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, Fevzi Çakmak, and Ismet Inönü to name only those who are the best known in the West. Society was taught to honour its military heroes and they were always visible on the newly established holidays like Victory Day (30 August) and Republic Day (29 October). Other important battles of the national struggle were also commemorated each year. The army was also influential in decision making especially where national defence was involved. Thus railway construction often reflected strategic rather than economic concerns. The same was true for certain factories; the steel plant at Karabük was placed inland, and not near the Black Sea coast, so that enemy ships could not attack it.
    [Show full text]
  • Ismet Inönü Iktidarina Yönelik Darbe Girişimleri Ve 6 Haziran 1950 Tasfiye Hareketi
    Çağdaş Türkiye Tarihi Araştırmaları Dergisi Journal Of Modern Turkish History Studies Geliş Tarihi : 20.02.2019 Kabul Tarihi: 30.07.2019 XIX/38 (2019-Bahar/Spring), ss. 195-219 CUMHURİYET TARİHİNDE BİR ORDU-SİYASİ ERK ÇATIŞMASI: İSMET İNÖNÜ İKTİDARINA YÖNELİK DARBE GİRİŞİMLERİ VE 6 HAZİRAN 1950 TASFİYE HAREKETİ Şakire ÇİMENLİ* Öz Cumhuriyet Halk Fırkası (CHP) iktidarının İkinci Dünya Savaşı sırasında ve sonrasında ordu içinde yaptığı düzenlemeler, 1946 seçimlerindeki baskın tavırları, ordunun ABD standartlarına göre yeniden şekillendirilmesi askeri kanadı rahatsız etmiş ve iktidara karşı -1941 yılından itibaren- ordu içinde darbeyi öngören örgütlerin kurulmasına neden olmuştur. Bu örgütlerden biri Seyfi Kurtbek’in kurduğu “Hücum Ordusu”dur. Kurulan diğer örgütler Muzaffer Tuğsavul, Ahmet Ekrem Türker, Nazmi Dora ve Fahri Belen gibi komutanlarla temasa geçmişlerdir. Türk Silahlı Kuvvetleri’nde oluşan bu örgütlerin CHP iktidarını yıkma amaçlı destek verdikleri parti 1946’da kurulan Demokrat Parti (DP) olmuştur. 1950’de iktidarı devralan DP, İsmet İnönü’nün yüksek dereceli komutanlar üzerindeki nüfuzundan tedirgin olmuş ve bu tedirginlik DP’yi bir darbe girişimi endişesine sevk etmiştir. Bu endişeyi seçimlerin hemen sonrasında Menderes’e gelen bir albayın, üst dereceli komutanların İsmet İnönü ile görüştükleri yönündeki söylemi daha da arttırmıştır. Bu gelişmeler üzerine DP iktidara bağlı bir ordu yaratma düşüncesi ile Genelkurmay Başkanı dahil olmak üzere üst dereceli komutanları tasfiye kararı almıştır. Anahtar Kelimeler: İsmet İnönü,
    [Show full text]
  • Anhang 1.1 Chronologie Des Osmanischen Reiches
    Anhang 1.1 Chronologie des Osmanischen Reiches Ab dem 7. Jahrhundert nach Christus wurde Ostrom mit seiner Hauptstadt Konstan­ tinopel (Byzanz) von der aufstrebenden Welt des Islam bedrängt, stellte aber noch über Jahrhunderte eine bedeutende Regionalmacht dar. Ab dem 11. Jahrhundert wanderten turksprachige Muslime nach Kleinasien ein. 1453 wurde das auf einen Stadtstaat geschrumpfte Konstantinopel, das allerdings Hauptstadt der christlichen Orthodoxie war, vom türkischen Sultan des Herrscherhauses Osman erobert. Es wurde zum glanzvollen Zentrum eines neuen Imperiums. Istanbul wurde der spätere Name der Stadt. Einige historische Daten des Osmanenstaates werden hier knapp wiedergegeben. 1. In Kleinasien und Südosteuropa entsteht eine neue Großmacht Islamisierung und Einwanderung nach Kleinasien 950-1050 Die türkmenischen Oghusen im Sold des persischen Buchara; um 970 nimmt der Oghuse Selcuk (Seldschuk) den Islam an. 1037-1072 Die Seldschuken Tognl Beg Mehmet und Alp Arslan Kriegsherren im Iran und in Bagdad. 1071 schlägt Alp Arslan Byzantiner bei Malazglrt. 1072-1107 Türkmenen wandern in Anatolien ein. Süleyman macht Konya (Ikoni­ um) zur Hauptstadt des seldschukischen Teilreichs Rum ("römisches Gebiet"). 1096-1204 Kreuzzüge der Lateiner. 1176 unterliegen die Byzantiner den Rumse1- dschuken bei Denizli (Myriokephalon). 1204 plündern die Kreuzritter Konstantinopel. 1206-1277 1206-27: Cengiz (Dschingis Kltan) Groß-Chan der Mongolen, welche die Seldschuken unterwerfen (1243: Schlacht am Kösedag) und zweite türkmenische Westwanderung auslösen. In Konya gründet Mevlana CelaJeddin Rumi (1207-73) mystischen Derwischorden. Ab 1277: Karaman-i Mehmet Beg türkmenischer Emir in Konya: Türkisch statt persisch Amtssprache in Anatolien. Aufstieg der Osmanen in Anatolien und Rumelien 1281-1326 Gazi Osman 1., Namensgeber der Osmanen, erkämpft mit seinem türk• menischen Hirtenstamm bei Bursa ein Kleinemirat von 18.000 qkm.
    [Show full text]
  • T.C. Ankara Üniversitesi Türk Inkilap Tarihi Enstitüsü Demokrat Parti Döneminde Ordu-Iktidar Ilişkileri
    T.C. ANKARA ÜNİVERSİTESİ TÜRK İNKILAP TARİHİ ENSTİTÜSÜ DEMOKRAT PARTİ DÖNEMİNDE ORDU-İKTİDAR İLİŞKİLERİ Doktora Tezi Tamer Nalbant Ankara-2019 T.C. ANKARA ÜNİVERSİTESİ TÜRK İNKILAP TARİHİ ENSTİTÜSÜ DEMOKRAT PARTİ DÖNEMİNDE ORDU-İKTİDAR İLİŞKİLERİ Doktora Tezi Öğrencinin Adı Tamer Nalbant Tez Danışmanı Prof.Dr. Bige Sükan Ankara-2019 ÖZET Türkiye Cumhuriyeti’nin kurulması ve İnkılapların gerçekleştirilmesinden sonra, hedeflenen demokratik hayatın gereği olarak Atatürk döneminde iki defa çok partili siyasi hayata geçiş denemesi yapılmış, ancak bilinen nedenlerden dolayı başarılı olamamıştır. Cumhurbaşkanı İnönü, İkinci Dünya Savaşı’nın, çağdaş demokratik düzeni önceleyen Batı Bloğu’nun galibiyeti ile sonuçlanmasından sonra, aynı bloğun içerisinde yer alan Türkiye Cumhuriyeti için de çok partili demokratik hayata geçişin zamanı geldiğine inanmıştır. Cumhurbaşkanı İnönü, partisi içerisinde ortaya çıkan görüş ayrılıklarının yarattığı parti içi muhalefeti bunun için bir fırsat olarak görmüş ve partisindeki muhaliflerin önünü açarak yeni bir siyasi partinin doğuşuna müsaade etmiştir. Demokrat Parti’nin kurulması ile ülkemizde üçüncü çok partili siyasi hayat başlamıştır. Çalışmanın konusu, Türkiye’de çok partili hayata geçişi müteakip 14 Mayıs 1950 tarihinde yapılan genel seçimler ile iktidara gelen Demokrat Parti’nin 27 Mayıs 1960’da bir askeri müdahale ile görevden uzaklaştırılmasına kadar olan iktidarı döneminde ordu ile arasındaki ilişkilerdir. Demokrat Parti iktidarının ilk günlerinde ordu üst kademesi ile iktidar arasında başlayan gerginlik, ordu üst komuta kademesinde yapılan tasfiyeler ve atamalar, tayin ve terfilerde hükümetin rolü, iktidarın muhalefete ve Genelkurmay’a danışmadan verdiği iddia edilen Kore Savaşı’na giriş kararı, Türkiye’nin NATO’ya girişi tezin konusunu oluşturmaktadır. Bu konular Cumhuriyet Arşivi’nde bulunan belgeler, ulusal basın ve dönem ile ilgili yazılan gerek bilimsel gerekse anı kitaplarından istifade etmek suretiyle ortaya konulmuştur.
    [Show full text]
  • The Joint American Military Mission to Aid Turkey: Implementing The
    THE JOINT AMERICAN MILITARY MISSION TO AID TURKEY: IMPLEMENTING THE TRUMAN DOCTRINE AND TRANSFORMING U.S. FOREIGN POLICY, 1947-1954 By HOWARD ADELBERT MUNSON IV A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy WASHINGTON STATE UNIVERSITY Department of History MAY 2012 To the Faculty of Washington State University: The members of the Committee appointed to examine the dissertation of Howard Adelbert Munson IV find it satisfactory and recommend that it be accepted. ____________________________________ Noriko Kawamura, Ph.D., Chair ____________________________________ Matthew Sutton, Ph.D. ____________________________________ Robert Staab, Ph.D. ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The most important people who aided me in the writing of this dissertation are my family and the members of my dissertation committee. My wife Brenda deserves the most singular thanks for her various forms of support, from providing the financial support and child care that made writing this dissertation possible, to listening aloud to every page and offering feedback and encouragement. I would also like to thank my father for helping to inspire my love of history in the first place, and for being an outside reader for this dissertation, in the second. Next, my sister has the distinction for being my only research assistant, not only giving me a place to stay in Washington D.C., but also helping me sift through thousands of documents at the National Archives. I would also like to thank my fellow graduate student, Caleb Sparks, for timing his family’s vacation to D.C. so that he could help me drive back to Pullman Washington in thirty- two hours of Indy rock and philosophical discussion.
    [Show full text]
  • "An Appropriate Commemoration Worth of a Great Leader and Reformer" Voice of the Atatürk Society of America
    Voice of OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE ATATÜRK SOCIETY OF AMERICA | SUMMER 2006 "An Appropriate Commemoration Worth of a Great Leader and Reformer" Voice of The Atatürk Society of America 4731 Massachusetts Ave. NW Washington DC 20016 Phone 202 362 7173 Fax 202 363 4075 E-mail [email protected] www.ataturksociety.org Executive Board President Timur Edib Vice President Filiz Odabas-Geldiay Treasurer Members Mirat Yavalar Bulent Atalay Secretary Nilufer Culha Ilknur Boray Ferhan Kilical Board of Trustees Hudai Yavalar, Chairman, Founding President Adm. William J.Crowe Jr. Prof. Ali Dogramaci Prof. Talat Halman Prof. Suna Kili Hon. Greg Laughlin Dr. Andrew Mango Hon. Richard Perle Orhan Tarhan, Past President Prof. Behram Kursunoglu, Former Trustee Recipients of Atatürk Awards Peace & Democracy Award Senator Robert C. Byrd Richard Holbrooke Adm. William J. Crowe Jr. Secularism & Democracy Award The Turkish General Staff ASA MISSION STATEMENT Orhan Tarhan Science is Guidance Award The Atatürk Society of America (ASA) is an independent non-profit organization founded Prof. Behram Kursunoglu in Washington DC in 1995 with the objective of promoting Atatürk’s political legacy. Universality of Civilization & Peace ASA understands Atatürk’s political philosophy to be: Award Sovereignty belongs to the people. People alone administer people. Public sovereignty Prof. Bernard Lewis cannot be shared with any other authority, including a religious authority. Dr. Andrew Mango Rational education ensures absoluteness of public sovereignty rationality in politics. Education & Modernization Award Science leads to progress. Doctrines, including religious ideologies, hinder progress. Prof. Turkan Saylan The contemporary civilization is the common heritage of mankind. All nations must participate in it through progress.
    [Show full text]
  • Download Here
    Turkey The Quest for Identity RELATED TITLES FROM ONEWORLD Argentina: A Short History, Colin M. Lewis, ISBN 1–85168–300–3 Britain: A Short History, T.A. Jenkins, ISBN 1–85168–266–X Egypt: A Short History, James Jankowski, ISBN 1–85168–240–6 India and South Asia: A Short History, David Ludden, ISBN 1–85168–237–6 Ireland: A Short History, Joseph Coohill, ISBN 1–85168–238–4 Japan: A Short History, Mikiso Hane, ISBN 1–85168–239–2 Morocco: From Empire to Independence, C.R. Pennell, ISBN 1–85168–303–8 Pakistan: At the Crosscurrent of History, Lawrence Ziring, ISBN 1–85168–327–5 The Palestine–Israeli Conflict: A Beginner’s Guide, Dan Cohn-Sherbok and Dawoud El-Alami, ISBN 1–85168–332–1 Pre-Industrial Societies: Anatomy of the Pre-Modern World, Patricia Crone, ISBN 1–85168–311–9 Russia: A Short History, Abraham Ascher, ISBN 1–85168–242–2 Slavery and Freedom in Colonial Brazil, A.J.R. Russell-Wood, ISBN 1–85168–288–0 Turkey The Quest for Identity Feroz Ahmad For my sister Ameena, and to the memory of my brother Farid, 1935–2000 TURKEY: THE QUEST FOR IDENTITY Oneworld Publications (Sales and Editorial) 185 Banbury Road Oxford OX2 7AR England www.oneworld-publications.com © Feroz Ahmad 2003 All rights reserved. Copyright under Berne Convention A CIP record for this title is available from the British Library ISBN 1–85168–241–4 Cover design by Design Deluxe Typeset by Saxon Graphics, Derby, UK Printed and bound in Finland by WS Bookwell NL08 Contents Preface viii Acknowledgements xi Notes on transcription xii Abbreviations xiii Maps xvi 1 THE OTTOMANS:
    [Show full text]