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The Southern Flank of NATO, 1951-1959: Military Stategy Or Poltical Stabilisation? Chourchoulis, Dionysios

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The Southern Flank of NATO, 1951-1959: Military Stategy Or Poltical Stabilisation? Chourchoulis, Dionysios The southern flank of NATO, 1951-1959: military stategy or poltical stabilisation? Chourchoulis, Dionysios The copyright of this thesis rests with the author and no quotation from it or information derived from it may be published without the prior written consent of the author For additional information about this publication click this link. https://qmro.qmul.ac.uk/jspui/handle/123456789/702 Information about this research object was correct at the time of download; we occasionally make corrections to records, please therefore check the published record when citing. For more information contact [email protected] 1 THE SOUTHERN FLANK OF NATO, 1951-1959. MILITARY STRATEGY OR POLITICAL STABILISATION? Dionysios Chourchoulis Thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Queen Mary University of London Department of History September 2010 2 ABSTRACT In 1951-52, the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation established the Southern Flank, a strategy for the defence of the eastern Mediterranean in the Cold War involving Greece, Italy and Turkey. Among its many aims, the Southern Flank sought to mobilize Greece and Turkey as allies and integrate them into the Western defence system. Throughout 1950s, the alliance developed the Southern Flank and in 1959, it was finally stabilized as fractious Greek-Turkish relations were improved by the temporary settlement over Cyprus. These events are the focus of this thesis. It examines, among other things, the initial negotiations of 1951-52, the Southern Flank‟s structure and function and relative value in NATO‟s overall policy, and its response to the challenges of the eastern Mediterranean in the early Cold War. It explores not only the military aspects of the Southern Flank (e.g. the establishment of its headquarters and NATO‟s command structure; the special role of each member state; military planning and the lack of unity in command) but also the more controversial political aspects. Hence, it analyses the admission of Greece and Turkey to NATO, the short-lived military cooperation between these states and Yugoslavia during 1953-55 and the deterioration in Greek-Turkish relations from 1955 due to Cyprus. It also focuses on the part played by other major members of the alliance, principally the United States and Britain, in Southern Flank politics and strategy. Thus, it considers how the US and UK viewed the power balance between the three Southern Flank members and how the Americans sought to influence affairs through financial, military and technical assistance, including the construction of US bases in Greece and Turkey. More generally, the thesis also assesses the threat posed to the Southern Flank at various points by rising tensions in the Middle East. 3 CONTENTS Abstract 2 Contents 3 Acknowledgements 4 List of Abbreviations 5 List of Maps 8 Introduction 12 1. The Road to NATO‟s First Enlargement: From the Association of Greece 39 and Turkey to NATO to their Full Admission, January 1951-February 1952. 2. The Establishment of NATO‟s Southern Flank: Command Reorganisation 87 and Arrangements and Regional Defence, February 1952-March 1953. 3. The Ascendancy of the Southern Flank of NATO, 1953-1954. 143 4. The Disintegration of the South-eastern Frontier, autumn 1954 - 199 summer 1956. 5. Continuing Crisis and New Challenges, autumn 1956-autumn 1957. 252 6. From the Brink of Dissolution to Revival, autumn 1957-1959. 308 Conclusion: The Southern Flank – Military Strategy or Political 361 Stability in Depth? Bibliography 372 4 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS There are a number of institutions and individuals whom I must thank for their assistance in the production of this thesis. I am particularly grateful to the Greek State Scholarships Foundation (IKY) for funding my studies in London (2006-10); to the Central Research Fund of the University of London for providing two grants which made it possible for me to consult the National Archives and Records Administration in College Park, Maryland, the Dwight D. Eisenhower Presidential Library in Abilene, Kansas, and the NATO Archive in Brussels; I am also indebted to the archivists Christopher Abraham and Giorgos Polydorakis for their critical help during my research in the Dwight D. Eisenhower Presidential Library and the Historical Archive of the Greek Foreign Ministry respectively, as well as to the other staff in the NATO Archive and the NATO Library, in NARA, and in the National Archives at Kew Gardens, UK. My greatest thanks must go to my supervisor, Dr James Ellison, for his invaluable guidance and advice. Many thanks are due to two dear friends and colleagues, Emmanuel Koumas and Eirini Karamouzi, for their continuous support and help, as well as to Nadia Orfanidou, Vasia Oikonomou and Grigoria Kalyvioti for their encouragement. Last, but certainly not least, my parents and my sister deserve my warmest thanks for their constant faith and support during my long student life, and it is to them that this thesis is dedicated. 5 List of Abbreviations ACE: Allied Command Europe AC&W: Air Control and Warning system AFMED: Allied Forces Mediterranean [NATO] AFSOUTH: Allied Forces Southern Europe [NATO] BJSM: British Joint Staff Mission (in Washington) [UK] CAS: Chief of the Air Staff [UK] CENTO: Central Treaty Organisation CIGS: Chief of the Imperial General Staff [UK] CINCAFMED: Commander in Chief Allied Forces Mediterranean [NATO] CINCMED: Commander in Chief Mediterranean [UK] CINCMELF: Commander in Chief Middle East Land Forces [UK] CINCNELM: Commander in Chief Naval Forces Eastern Atlantic and Mediterranean [US] CINCSOUTH: Commander in Chief Allied Forces Southern Europe [NATO] CNO: Chief of Naval Operations [US] COMAIRSOUTH: Commander Air Forces Southern Europe [NATO] COMLANDSOUTH: Commander Land Forces Southern Europe [NATO] COMALANDSOUTHEAST: Commander Land Forces South-Eastern Europe [NATO] COMSTRIKFORSOUTH: Commander Striking Forces Southern Europe [US/NATO] COS: Chiefs of Staff [UK] C&R: Control and Reporting system D-Day: the unnamed day on which an operation commences or is due to commence; this may be the commencement of hostilities or any other operation HALFSEE: Headquarters Allied Land Forces South-Eastern Europe [NATO] JAMMAT: Joint American Military Mission for Aid to Turkey [US] JCS: Joint Chiefs of Staff [US] JUSMAGG: Joint United States Military Aid Group to Greece [US] 6 LANDSOUTHEAST: Land Forces South-Eastern Europe [NATO] LOC: Lines of Communication MAAG: Military Assistance Advisory Group [US] M-day: is the day on which mobilisation commences or is due to commence MEC: Middle East Command MEDO: Middle East Defence Organisation M+15(/+30, etc): referring to 15 (or 30, etc) days following the mobilisation day NAC: North Atlantic Council [NATO] NATO: North Atlantic Treaty Organisation NSC: National Security Council [US] SACEUR: Supreme Allied Commander Europe [NATO] SACLANT: Supreme Allied Commander Atlantic [NATO] SACME: Supreme Allied Commander Middle East SETAF: Southern European Task Force [NATO] SHAPE: Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers Europe [NATO] SIXATAF: Sixth Allied Tactical Air Force [NATO] SLOC: Sea Line(s) Of Communication SOFA: Status of Forces Agreement STRIKFORSOUTH: Naval Striking and Support Forces Southern Europe [US] TO&E: Table of Organization and Equipment (a document published by the US Department of Defense which prescribes the organisation, staffing, and equipage of units). Archives ADM: Admiralty records APA: Athanassios Politis Archive CAB: Cabinet records 7 C-M: Memorandum to the North Atlantic Council C-R: North Atlantic Council Summary Record C-VR: Verbatim Record of North Atlantic Council Ministerial Meeting DDEL: Dwight D. Eisenhower Library DEFE: Ministry of Defence records DDRS: Declassified Document Retrieval System FO: Foreign Office records FRUS: Foreign Relations of the United States HAGFM: Historical Archive of the Greek Foreign Ministry IPA: Ioannis Politis Archive KKA: Konstantinos Karamanlis Archive MC: Military Committee document MCM: Military Committee Memorandum MRC: Military Representatives Committee document NARA: National Archives and Records Administration NATO: NATO Archive PO: Private Office of the NATO Secretary General document PREM: Prime Minister Papers SG: Standing Group document SGM: Standing Group Memorandum TNA: The National Archives WO: War Office records 8 List of Maps 1.1 Map of the Mediterranean Sea 1.2 Map of Turkey 1.3 Map of Italy 1.4 Map of Greece 9 1.1 Map of the Mediterranean Sea 1.2 Map of Turkey 10 1.3 Map of Italy 11 1.4 Map of Greece 12 INTRODUCTION The subject of this thesis – „The Southern Flank of NATO, 1951-1959: Military Strategy or Political Stabilisation?‟ – is defined chronologically. The Southern Flank was created in 1951 by the NATO powers and initially comprised only of Italy. There were, however, concurrent negotiations for its expansion to include Greece and Turkey once those states had been admitted to the Atlantic Alliance. Once that had been achieved, the strength of the Southern Flank was jeopardised until a short-lived settlement of the Cyprus problem enabled a temporary revival of Greek-Turkish relations and the restoration of normalcy in the region by the end of the 1950s. These are the events at the centre of this thesis which is a historical study focusing on political-diplomatic as well as a military history. It covers the many aspects that occupied NATO‟s Southern Flank in its first nine years. Among them are the reasons why NATO sought its enlargement just three years after its formation; the various stages of the
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